APA
Basic In-Text Citation:
 After the intervention, children increased in the number of books read per week (Smith & Wexwood,
2010).
 Smith and Wexwood (2010) reported that after the intervention, children increased in the number of
books read per week.
o AND:
 as in Smith and Wexwood above, written as an ampersand (&) inside parentheses and as
the word and outside of parentheses
o PERIOD:
 = outside of citation at the end of the sentence (in ex#1 above)
Direct Quotations:
 According to Palladino and Wade (2010), “a flexible mind is a healthy mind” (p. 147).
 In 2010, Palladino and Wade noted, “[A] flexible mind is a healthy mind” (p. 147).
 In fact, “a flexible mind is a healthy mind” (Palladino & Wade, 2010, p. 147).
 “[A] flexible mind is a healthy mind,” according to Palladino and Wade’s (2010, p. 147) longitudinal
study.
 Palladino and Wade’s (2010) results indicate that “a flexible mind is a healthy mind” (p. 147).
o PERIOD:
 only one
 = outside of citation at the end of the sentence
o QUOTATION MARKS:
 at the end of the borrowed material & before the citation
o COMMAS after Introductory Verbs:
 Intro Verb + Comma + Quot.Marks
 in ex#2, note the comma after the intro verb “noted”
 (the “a” needs to be capitalized b/c it starts a new sentence)
o BRACKETS:
 not used w/ellipses
 are used with [sic] or [emphasis added] & statistics [n = 41]
 & with any changes made to a direct quote (as in ex#2,4)
 “If you must add or slightly change words within a quotation for reasons of
grammar or clarity, indicate the change with square brackets (p.173).”
o ELLIPSES:
 3 dots for omitted words in the same sentence
 4 dots for omitted words over several sentences (4th dot = period)
 *no brackets for either
 “Typically, ellipses are used only within a quotation, not at the beginning or at the end of
a quotation.”
o PAGE NUMBERS:
 When you have DIRECT QUOTES, you need to include page numbers from the source,
as shown in the examples
 APA Publication Manual says, “When quoting, always provide the author, year, and
specific page citation” (p.170). – page # OR para.#
 https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/01/
 http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2011/01/writing-in-text-citations-in-apa-style.html
 http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2010/03/how-to-cite-direct-quotations.html
 http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2011/04/ellipseswhen-and-how.html
 http://blog.apastyle.org/apastyle/2013/06/block-quotations-in-apa-style.html
 http://rdc.libguides.com/content.php?pid=51657&sid=2837385