11.3 and 11.4 Review Questions
1.
To maintain the internal environment of the body (homeostasis), humans use the excretory
system and some other organ systems. Two other systems are needed to control the process of
homeostasis.
(a)
State the names of the two other organ systems that are used to control homeostasis.
(2)
(b)
Define the term excretion.
(2)
(c)
The kidney produces urine, which consists of water with substances dissolved in it. State
two substances that are dissolved in the urine of a healthy person.
(2)
(d)
The kidneys may produce a larger volume of urine on one day than on the next day.
Suggest reasons for variation in the volume of urine produced per day
(3)
(Total 9 marks)
2.
Compare the composition of blood arriving at the kidney with the composition of blood carried
away from it.
(Total 4 marks)
3.
Explain the control of ADH (antidiuretic hormone) secretion.
(Total 6 marks)
4.
Blood vessels carry blood to and from the kidney. Draw a labelled diagram to show the internal
structure of the kidney, including the vessels that are connected to it.
(Total 5 marks)
5.
Outline early embryo development in the human until implantation in the uterus.
(Total 4 marks)
6.
The umbilical cord connects the fetus to the mother during pregnancy. The following is a
drawing of a cross section of an umbilical cord.
(a)
(i)
Annotate the drawing above to show an artery.
(1)
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11.3 and 11.4 Review Questions
(ii)
Briefly explain the structural features which lead to your choice above.
(2)
(b)
The umbilical vein carries substances from the mother to the embryo. State two of these
substances.
(2)
(c)
The umbilical cord is joined to the placenta. Throughout pregnancy the placenta secretes
hormones. Changes in the levels of these hormones control the timing of birth. Oxytocin,
a hormone which is not produced by the placenta, is also involved in the process of birth.
Briefly describe the role of oxytocin.
(2)
(Total 7 marks)
7.
Compare the processes of spermatogenesis and oogenesis.
(Total 7 marks)
8.
Outline the process of fertilization in humans.
(Total 6 marks)
9.
Draw a labelled diagram of an adult male reproductive system.
(Total 4 marks)
10.
Draw a labelled diagram of a mature sperm.
(Total 3 marks
11.
Draw a labelled diagram of the reproductive system of a human female.
(Total 6 marks)
12.
Describe the structure and function of the placenta.
(Total 6 marks)
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11.3 and 11.4 Review Questions
1.
(a)
(b)
(c)
nervous;
endocrine;
2
removal of waste from the body;
products of metabolism / toxic waste products;
2
salts / sodium ions / chloride ions;
nitrogenous wastes / urea / ammonia / uric acid / creatinine;
hormones / drugs;
2 max
Do not award credit for water, glucose and sugar.
(d)
kidneys maintain water balance / amount of water that the body needs to
remove varies from day to day;
reason for water variation eg exercise, temperature, humidity;
amount of water / fluid drunk / present in body may vary;
amount of water lost in sweat / breathing may vary;
amount of salt eaten / present in body may vary;
intake of alcohol / other named diuretic;
3 max
[9]
2.
Accept answers referring to blood flow to the kidney instead
of in the renal artery and blood flow from the
kidney instead of in the renal vein.
more oxygen in the renal artery / less in the renal vein /
oxygenated versus deoxygenated;
less carbon dioxide in the renal artery / more in the renal vein;
more urea in the renal artery / less in the renal vein;
more ammonia / ethanol / toxins / hormones in the renal artery /
less in the renal vein;
Reject answers for the points above if "none " instead of "less" is indicated.
more salt / NaCl / N+ / Cl– ions (in total) in renal artery than in renal vein;
more water (in total) in renal artery than in renal vein;
lower salt concentration /
higher water concentration in vein than in artery with ADH;
[4]
3.
Award [4 max] for:
produced in hypothalamus;
via neurosecretory cells;
passes from hypothalamus to (posterior) pituitary;
attached to carrier protein / neurophysin;
(stored) in posterior pituitary / neurohypophysis;
released under stimulus by osmoreceptors in hypothalamus;
osmoreceptors stimulated by high blood plasma concentration / reduced blood pressure;
increases water reabsorption (in kidneys);
Award [2 max] for:
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11.3 and 11.4 Review Questions
site of action is collecting duct;
promotes constriction of blood vessels;
increases blood pressure;
there is a negative feedback control of ADH / vasopressin secretion;
[6]
4.
Award [1] for each of the following structures
clearly drawn and correctly labelled.
cortex shown at the edge of kidney;
medulla shown inside the cortex (with pyramids);
pelvis shown on the concave side of the kidney;
ureter shown connecting with the pelvis / on concave side / hilum;
renal artery shown connected to the concave /
pelvis side / away from cortex;
renal vein shown connected to the concave /
pelvis side / away from cortex;
[5]
5.
fertilized egg called a zygote;
cell divides by mitosis;
early divisions of zygote result in reduction in quantity of
cytoplasm per cell / no increase in overall size;
first divisions occur while zygote in fallopian tube / oviduct;
several divisions result in the formation of a bundle of cells called a morula;
further divisions result in a hollow ball of cells /
fluid filled ball of cells / blastocyst;
implantation occurs up to seven days after fertilization;
[4]
6.
(a)
(i)
one artery labelled
(ii)
thick wall (relative to oval structure / vein);
thickness in wall because of fibres (collagen, elastic, muscle);
narrow lumen (relative to oval structure / vein);
Do not accept inside is smaller for narrow lumen
umbilical cord has two arteries (and one vein);
(b)
1
2 max
glucose / carbohydrates;
amino acids;
do not accept “nutrients”
antibodies;
water;
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11.3 and 11.4 Review Questions
(c)
fats / fatty acids and glycerol;
oxygen;
minerals / vitamins;
2 max
oxytocin produces uterine contraction;
regulated by positive feedback;
more contractions produce more oxytocin;
oxytocin stimulates milk ejection (in lactation);
2 max
[7]
7.
both involve meiosis;
both involve cell proliferation / mitosis (before meiosis);
both involve cell growth / enlargement (before meiosis);
LH / FSH involved in both;
testes versus ovaries;
spermatogenesis starts at puberty versus oogenesis
starts in the fetus;
spermatogenesis until death versus oogenesis until menopause;
spermatogenesis continuously versus oogenesis in a cycle;
millions of sperm daily versus one egg per month;
ejaculation of sperm any time versus ovulation in middle
of menstrual cycle;
four sperm per meiosis / spermatogonium versus one
egg per meiosis / oogonium;
spermatogenesis involves equal divisions versus oogenesis
involves unequal cell / cytoplasm divisions;
no polar bodies in spermatogenesis versus 2 or 3 polar
bodies in oogenesis;
spermatogenesis involves Sertoli /
nurse cells versus oogenesis does not;
meiosis II completed before fertilization in spermatogenesis
versus after in oogenesis;
testosterone needed for spermatogenesis versus
not needed for oogenesis;
[7]
8.
sperm enters oviduct (fallopian tube) / sperm swims towards egg /
(secondary) oocyte / ovum;
sperm attracted to egg / sperm attach to receptors in zona pellucida / chemotaxis;
acrosome reaction / release of (hydrolytic) enzymes from acrosome;
penetration of zona pellucida / jelly coat;
membranes of egg and sperm fuse / sperm (head) penetrates egg membrane;
cortical reaction / granules released to the outside of egg;
zona pellucida hardens / fertilization membrane forms to prevent polyspermy;
nucleus of secondary oocyte completes meiosis II;
fusion of nuclei / (diploid) zygote forms;
6 max
[6]
9.
Award [1] for each two of the following structures clearly drawn and correctly labelled.
Connections between organs must be correct for full marks.
penis;
scrotum;
prostate gland;
sperm duct;
urethra / urinary tract;
seminal vesicle;
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11.3 and 11.4 Review Questions
bladder;
testes;
epididymis;
sperm duct / Vas deferens;
Cowper’s gland;
seminiferous tubules;
erectile tissue;
[4]
10.
For a diagram of a mature sperm, award [1] for each of the
following structures clearly drawn and labelled correctly.
acrosome;
head with nucleus;
tail;
middle piece with mitochondria;
[3]
11.
Award [1] for each of the following structures, clearly labelled and
drawn in the correct position relative to the other organs, up to [6 max].
ovary;
oviduct / fallopian tube;
uterus;
cervix;
vagina;
vulva / labia;
clitoris;
endometrium;
[6]
12.
structure: [3 max]
placenta is composed of fetal and maternal tissues;
villi increase surface area;
vascularization / capillaries within placental villi;
intervillous spaces through which maternal blood flows;
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11.3 and 11.4 Review Questions
function: [4 max]
secretes estrogen to maintain uterine lining;
secretes progesterone to maintain uterine lining;
gas / nutrient exchange for fetus;
removes waste products;
acquiring passive immunity / antibodies cross placenta;
secretes HCG;
[6]
7