123 REFERENCES 1. Abe H., Cheung T. and Bell A.T. (1993), ‘The activity of transition metal nitrides for hydrotreating quinoline and thiophene’, Catal. Lett., Vol.21, No.1-2, pp.8-11. 2. Aboul-Gheit and Kadry A. (1985), ‘Comparison of the hydrodenitrogenation of the petroleum model nitrogen compounds quinoline and indole’, Appl. Catal., Vol.16, No.1, pp.39-47. 3. Ahuja S.P., Derrien M.L., Page L. and Jean F. (1970), ‘Activity and selectivity of hydrotreating catalysts’, Ind. Eng. Chem. Pro. Res. Dev., Vol.9, No.3, pp.272-281. 4. Ali M.A., Tatsumi T. and Masuda T. (2002), ‘Development of heavy oil hydrocracking catalysts using amorphous silica-alumina and zeolites as catalyst supports’, Appl. Catal. A: Gen., Vol.233, No.1-2, pp.77-90. 5. Atanasova P., Halachev T. and Kraus M. (1988), ‘Effect of phosphorus on the surface concentration of molybdenum and nickel in the oxide form of nickel-molybdenum/alumina catalysts and on their hydrodesulphurization activity’, Appl. Catal. A: Gen., Vol.38, No.2, pp.235-240. 6. Atanasova P., Uchytil J., Kraus M. and Halachev T. (1990), ‘Effect of calcination and water extraction on the distribution of the active components in the oxide form of phosphorus-nickel-molybdenum/ alumina catalysts for hydrodesulfurization’, Appl. Catal. A: Gen., Vol.65, No.1, pp.53-68. 7. Beck J.S., Vartuli J.C., Roth W.J., Leonowicz M.E., Kresge C.T., Schmitt K.D., Chu C.T.W., Olson D.H. and Sheppard E.W. (1992), ‘A new family of mesoporous molecular sieves prepared with liquid crystal templates,’ J. Am. Chem. Soc., Vol.114, No.27, pp.10834-10843. 8. Benitez A., Ramirez J., Fierro L.G. and Lopez A.A. (1996), ‘Effect of fluoride on the structure and activity of NiW/Al2O3 catalysts for HDS of thiophene and HDN of pyridine’, Appl. Catal. A: Gen., Vol.144, No.1-2, pp.343-364. 124 9. Benitez A., Ramirez J., Vazquez A., Acosta D. and Lopez A.A. (1995), ‘Influence of alumina fluoridation on the dispersion and hydrotreating activity of W/Al2O3 catalyst’, Appl. Catal. A: Gen., Vol.133, No.1, pp.103-119. 10. Borade R.B. and Clearfield A. (1995), ‘Synthesis of Al rich MCM-41’, Catal. Lett., Vol.31, pp.267-272. 11. Bunch A.Y. and Ozkan U.S. (2002), ‘Investigation of the reaction network of benzofuran hydrodeoxygenation over sulfided and reduced Ni-Mo/Al2O3 catalysts’, J. Catal., Vol.206, pp.177-187. 12. Caceres C.V., Fierro J.L.G., Lazaro J., Lopez A.A. and Soria J. (1990), ‘Effect of support on the surface characteristics of supported molybdena catalysts’, J. Catal., Vol.122, No.1, pp.113-125. 13. Candia R., Soerensen O., Villadsen J., Topsoe N.Y., Clausen B.S. and Topsoe H. (1984), ‘Effect of sulfiding temperature on activity and structure of cobalt-molybdenum/γ-alumina catalysts. II’, Bull. Des. Soc. Chimi. Belges., Vol.93, No.8-9, pp.763-773. 14. Chakraborty B. and Viswanathan B. (1999), ‘Surface acidity of MCM-41 by in situ IR studies of pyridine adsorption’, Catal. Today, Vol.49, No.1-3, pp.253-260. 15. Chen C.Y., Burkett S.L., Li H.X. and Davis M.E. (1993), ‘Studies on mesoporous materials synthesis mechanism of MCM-41, Mesoporo. Microporo. Mater., Vol.2, pp.27-34. 16. Cheng M., Kumataa F., Saitoa T., Komatsub T. and Yashimab T. (1999), ‘Preparation and characterization of Mo catalysts over AlMCM-41/γ-Al2O3 extruded supports’, Appl. Catal. A: Gen., Vol.183, No.1, pp.199-208. 17. Choi J.G., Brenner J.R., Colling C.W., Demczyk B.G., Dunning J.L. and Thompson L.T. (1992), ‘Synthesis and characterization of molybdenum nitride hydrodenitrogenation catalysts’, Catal. Today., Vol.15, No.2, pp.201-22. 18. Cid R., Lopez A.A., Orellana F. and Fierro J.L.G. (1986), ‘Stability and catalytic properties of molybdenum-containing Y-type zeolite catalysts calcined by an isobaric thermal decomposition procedure’, Polyhedron, Vol.5, No.1-2, pp.187-190. 125 19. Cid R., Orellana F. and Lopez A.A. (1987), ‘Effect of cobalt on stability and hydrodesulfurization activity of molybdenum containing Y zeolites’, Appl. Catal. A: Gen ., Vol.32, pp.327-336. 20. Cid R., Villaseor J., Orellana F., Fierro J.L.G and Lopez A.A. (1985), ‘Surface and catalytic properties of alumina-, silica-, and NaY zeolitesupported CoMo catalysts’, Appl. Catal.,Vol.18, pp.357-372. 21. Corma A., Grande M.S., Gonzalez-Alfaro V and Orchilles A.V. (1996), ‘Cracking activity and hydrothermal stability of MCM-41 and its comparison with amorphous silica-alumina and a USY zeolite’, J. Catal., Vol.169, pp.375-382. 22. Corma A., Martinez A., Martinez-Soria V. and Monton J.B. (1995), ‘Hydrocracking of vacuum gas oil on the novel mesoporous MCM-41 aluminosilicate catalyst’, J. Catal., Vol.153, No.1, pp.25-31. 23. Cruz-Reyes J., Avalos-Borja M., Lopez Cordero R. and Lopez A.A. (1994), ‘Influence of phosphorus on the structure and the hydrodesulphurization and hydrodenitrogenation activity of W/Al2O3 catalysts’, Appl. Catal. A: Gen., Vol.120, No.1, pp.147-162. 24. Davidova N., Kovacheva P. and Shopov D. (1985), ‘Nickel and/or molybdenum containing zeolites as catalysts for hydrodesulfurization’, Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal., Vol.24, (Zeolites: Synth., Struct., Tech. Appl.), pp.659-665. 25. Davidova N., Kovacheva P. and Shopov D. (1986), ‘ESR study of zeolites containing transition metals and their hydrodesulfurizing activity’, Zeolites, Vol.6, No.4, pp.304-306. 26. DeCanio E.C., Edwards J.C., Scalzo T.R., Storm D.A and Bruno J.W. (1991), ‘FT-IR and solid-state NMR investigation of phosphorus promoted hydrotreating catalyst precursors’, J. Catal., Vol.132, No.2, pp.498-511. 27. Delce G. M. and Thompson L.T. (1996), Proc. Mater. Res. Soc. Sym., Ad. Catal. Mat., Bostan, USA. 28. Diaz-Real R.A., Mann, Ranveer S., Sambi and Inderjet S. (1993), ‘Hydrotreatment of Athabasca bitumen derived gas oil over nickelmolybdenum, nickel-tungsten, and cobalt-molybdenum catalysts’, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., Vol.32, No.7, pp.1354-1358. 126 29. Dufresne P., Payen E., Grimblot J. and Bonnelle J.P. (1981), ‘Study of Ni-Mo-γ-Al2O3 catalysts by X-ray photoelectron and Raman spectroscopy. Comparison with Co-Mo- γ-Al2O3 catalysts’, J. Phy. Chem., Vol.85, pp.2344-2351. 30. Eijsbouts S., de Beer V.H.J and Prins R. (1991), ‘Hydrodenitrogenation of quinoline over carbon-supported transition metal sulfides’, J. Catal., Vol.127, No.2, pp.619-630. 31. Eijsbouts S., Sudhakar C., de Beer V.H.J and Prins R. (1991a), ‘Hydrodenitrogenation of decahydroquinoline, cyclohexylamine and o-propylaniline over carbon-supported transition metal sulfide catalysts’, J. Catal., Vol.127, No.2, pp.605-618. 32. Eijsbouts S., van Gestel J.N.M., van Veen J.A.R., de Beer V.H.J. and Prins R. (1991b), ‘The effect of phosphate on the hydrodenitrogenation activity and selectivity of alumina-supported sulfided Mo, Ni, and Ni-Mo catalysts’, J. Catal., Vol.131, No.2, pp.412-432. 33. Eijsbouts S.D., de Beer V.H.J. and Prins R. (1988), ‘Periodic trends in the hydrodenitrogenation activity of carbon-supported transition metal sulfide catalysts’, J. Catal., Vol. 109, No.1, pp.217-20. 34. Eswarmoorthi I., Sundaramurthy V. and Lingappan N. (2004), ‘Hydroisomerisation of C6-C7 n-alkanes over Pt loaded zirconium containing Al-MCM-41 molecular sieves’, Microporo. Mesoporo. Mater. Vol.7, pp.109-115. 35. Farag H., Whitehurst D.D. and Mochida I. (1998), ‘Synthesis of active hydrodesulfurization carbon-supported Co-Mo catalysts. Relationships between preparation methods and activity/selectivity’, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., Vol.37, No.9, pp.3533-3539. 36. Fitz C.W. Jr. and Rase H.F. (1983), ‘Effects of phosphorus on nickelmolybdenum hydrodesulphurization/hydrodenitrogenation catalysts of varying metals content’, Ind. Eng. Chem. Pro. Res. Dev., Vol.22, No.1, pp.40-44. 37. Fornes V., Vazquez M.I. and Corma A. (1986a), ‘Surface interaction of Ni/Mo oxides on ultrastable Y zeolites’, Zeolites, Vol.2, pp.125-128. 38. Frost C.M. and Jensen H.B. (1973), ‘Hydrodenitrification of crude shale oil’, Preprints-American Chemical Society, Division of Petroleum Chemistry, Vol.18, No.1, pp.119-128. 127 39. Furimsky E., Ranganathan R. and Parsons B.I. (1978), ‘Catalytic hydrodenitrogenation of basic and non-basic nitrogen compounds in Athabasca bitumen distillates’, Fuel, Vol.57, No.7, pp.427-430. 40. Gil A., Gandia L. M. and Vicente M.A. (2000), ‘Recent advances in the synthesis and catalytic applications of pillared clays’, Catal. Rev.– Sci. Eng., Vol.42, No.1-2, pp.145-212. 41. Hadjiloizou G.C., Butt J.B., Dranoff and Joshua S. (1992), ‘Catalysis and mechanism of hydrodenitrogenation: the piperidine hydrogenolysis reaction’, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., Vol.31, No.11, pp.2503-2510. 42. Hayashi E., Iwamatsu E., Mohammad Elias Biswas, Sanada Y., Shakeel Ahmed, Halim Hamid and Yoneda T. (1999), ‘Characterization of high surface area smectite supported cobalt oxides catalysts for hydrodesulfurization by means of TPR, TPS and ESR’, Appl. Catal. A: Gen., Vol.179, pp.203-216. 43. Hedoire C-E., Louis C., Davidson A., Breysse M., Mauge F. and Vrinat M. (2003), ‘Support effect in hydrotreating catalysts: hydrogenation properties of molybdenum sulfide supported on β-zeolites of various acidities’, J. Catal., Vol.220, No.2, pp.433-441. 44. Ho T.C. (1988), ‘Hydrodenitrogenation catalysis’, Catal. Rev. – Sci. Eng., Vol.30, No.1, pp.117-160. 45. Ho T.C., Chianelli R.R. and Jacobson A.J. (1994), ‘Promotion effects in bulk metal sulfide catalysts’, Appl. Catal. A: Gen., Vol.114, pp. 127-139. 46. Ho T.C., Mottangna A. and Steger J.J. (1984), Proc. 8th Int. Cong. Catal. DECHEMA, pp.11-257. 47. Houssenbay S., Mauge F., Duchet J.C., Lavalley J.C., Payen E. and Kasztelan S. (1991) ‘Sulphided state of nickel molybdenum catalysts supported on zirconia and aluminates’, Catal. Today, Vol.10, No.4, pp.561-577. 48. Iannibello A., Marengo S. and Girelli A. (1982), ‘Bauxite-based catalysts in heavy crude oil hydrotreating’, Appl. Catal., Vol.3, No.3, pp.261-272. 49. Inagaki S., Fukushima Y. and Kuroda K. (1993), ‘Synthesis of highly ordered mesoporous materials from a layered polysilicate’, J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun., Vol.8, pp.680-682. 128 50. Iwamatsu E., Hayashi E., Sanada Y., Shakeel Ahmed., Syed Ahmed Ali., Lee. A.K.K., Halim Hamid and Yoneda T. (1999), ‘Temperatureprogrammed desorption and reductionofsulfided alumina-pillared montmorillonite’, Appl. Catal. A: Gen., Vol.179, pp.139-144. 51. Jenny M. Jones., Ronald A. Kydd, Michael Boorman P. and Phyllis H. van Rhyn (1995), ‘Ni-Mo/Al2O3 catalysts promoted with phosphorus and fluoride’, Fuel, Vol.74, Issue 12, pp.1875-1880. 52. Jian M. and Prins R. (1998), ‘Determination of the nature of distinct catalytic sites in hydrodenitrogenation by competitive adsorption’, Catal. Lett., Vol.50, No.2, pp.9-13. 53. Jones D.J., Aptel G., Markus Brandhorst., Mélanie Jacquin., José Jiménez-Jiménez, Antonio Jiménez-López, Pedro Maireles-Torres, Ireneusz Piwonski, Enrique Rodríguez-Castellón, Jerzy Zajac and Jacques Rozière (2000), ‘Surface area mesoporous titanium phosphate: synthesis and surface acidity determination’, J. Mater. Chem., Vol.8, pp.1957-1963. 54. Joo H.S. and Guin J.A. (1996), ‘Activity of noble metal-promoted hydroprocessing catalysts for pyridine HDN and naphthalene hydrogenation’, Fuel Pro. Tech., Vol.49, No.1-3, pp.137-155. 55. Kaluza, L., Zdrazil M. and Zilkova N. and Cejka J. (2002), ‘High activity of highly loaded MoS2 hydrodesulfurization catalysts supported on organized mesoporous alumina’, Catal. Commn., Vol.3, pp.151-157. 56. Katritzky A.R. (1985), ‘Hand book of heterocyclic chemistry’, Pargamon press. 57. Katzer J.R. and Sivasubramanian R. (1979), ‘Process and catalyst needs for hydrodenitrogenation’, Catal. Rev. Sci. Eng., Vol.20, No.2, pp.155-208. 58. Kim J-W., Longstaff D.C. and Hanson F.V. (1998), ‘Catalytic and thermal effects during hydrotreating of bitumen-derived heavy oils’, Fuel, Vol.77, No.15, pp.1815-1823. 59. Kim K.S. and Winograd N. (1974), ‘X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic studies of nickel-oxygen surface using oxygen and argon ionbombardment’, Surf. Sci., Vol.43, No.2, pp.625-643. 129 60. Klimova T., Calderon M. and Ramirez J. (2003), ‘Ni and Mo interaction with Al-containing MCM-41 support and its effect on the catalytic behavior in DBT hydrodesulfurization’, Appl. Catal. A: Gen., Vol.240, pp.29-40. 61. Kloprogge J.T., Welters W.J.J., Booy E., de Beer V.H.J., van Santen R.A., Geus J.W. and Jansen J.B.H. (1993), ‘Catalytic activity of nickel sulfide catalysts supported on Al-pillared montmorillonite for thiophene hydrodesulfurization’, Appl. Catal. A: Gen., Vol.97, pp.77-85. 62. Kohno T., Yokono T., Sanada Y., Yamashita K., Hattori H. and Makino K.(1986), ‘High temperature, high pressure ESR study of molybdenum-containing catalysts’, Appl. Catal., Vol.22, pp.201-210. 63. Kosslick H., Landmesser H. and Fricke R.J. (1997), ‘Acidity of substituted MCM-41 type mesoporous silicates probed by ammonia’, J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans., Vol.93, pp.1849-1854. 64. Kosslick H., Lischke G., Parlitz B., Storek W. and Fricke. (1999), ‘Acidity and active sites of Al-MCM-41,’ Appl. Catal. A : Gen., Vol.84, pp.49-60. 65. Kostova N.G., Spojakina A.A., Minchev C.I., Mavrodinova V.P., Neinska Y.G. and Dimitrov M.D. (2002), ‘Si-MCM-41 supported HDS catalysts prepared with different molybdenum sources’, Bul. Bulg. Chem. Commn., Vol.34, No.3-4, pp.505-515. 66. Kozhevnikov V.I. (1995), ‘Heteropoly acids and related compounds as catalysts for fine chemical synthesis,’ Catal. Rev.-Sci. Eng., Vol.37, pp.311-352. 67. Kresge C.T., Leonowicz M.E., Roth W.J., Vartuli J.C. and Beck J.S. (1992), ‘Ordered mesoporous molecular sieves synthesized by a liquid crystal template mechanism’, Nature, Vol.359, pp.710-712. 68. Kumar S. D. and Mohan S. J. (1979), Indian Patent, 146409. 69. Landau M.V. (1997), ‘Deep hydrotreating of middle distillates from crude and shale oils’, Catal. Today, Vol.36, No.4, pp.393-429. 70. Landau M.V., Vradman L., Herskowitza M., Koltypinb Y. and Gedanken A. (2001), ‘Ultrasonically Controlled DepositionPrecipitation Co-Mo HDS Catalysts Deposited on Wide-Pore MCM Material’, J. Catal., Vol.201, No.1, pp.22-36. 130 71. Laredo G.C. and. Cortes C.M. (2003), ‘Kinetics of hydrodesulfurization of dimethyldibenzothiophenes in a gas oil narrow-cut fraction and solvent effects’, Appl. Catal. A: Gen., Vol.252, No.2, pp.295-304. 72. Laredo G.C., Reyes J.A.D.H., Cano J.L.D. and Casitillo J.J.M. (2001), ‘Inhibition effects of nitrogen compounds on the hydrodesulfurization of DBT’, Appl. Catal. A. Gen., Vol.207, pp.103-112. 73. Le Page J.F. (1987), Appl. Heterogeneous Cat., Technip., Paris, pp.143 74. Ledoux M.J. and Djellouli B. (1989), ‘Hydrodenitrogenation activity and selectivity of well-dispersed transition metal sulfides of the second row on activated carbon’, J. Catal., Vol.115, No.2, pp.580-590. 75. Ledoux M.J. and Djellouli B. (1990), ‘Comparative hydrodenitrogenation activity of molybdenum, Co-Mo and Ni-Mo/γ-Al2O3 catalysts’, Appl. Catal., Vol.67, pp.81-91. 76. Ledoux M.J., Michaux O., Giorgio A. and Panissod P. (1986), ‘The influence of sulfide structures on the hydrodesulfurization activity of carbon-supported catalysts’, J. Catal., Vol.102, No.2, pp.275-288. 77. Lee V. and Gioia F. (1986), ‘Effect of hydrogen pressure on catalytic hydrodenitrogenation of quinoline’, Ind. Eng. Chem. Pro. Des. Dev., Vol.25, No.4, pp.918-925. 78. Leglise J., Janin A., Lavalley J.C. and Cornet. D. (1988), ‘Nickel and molybdenum sulfides loaded into zeolites: activity for catalytic hydrogenation’, J. Catal., Vol.114, No.2, pp.388-397. 79. Lemberton J.L., Gnofam N. and Perot G. (1992), ‘Effect of the zeolite content on the hydrodenitrogenation of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinoline over sulphided NiMo on aluminacatalysts’, Appl. Catal. A: Gen., Vol.90, pp.175-182. 80. Leviveld R.G., Ros T.G., van Dillen A.J., Geus J.W. and Koningsberger D.C. (1999), ‘Influence of Si/Al ratio on catalytic performance of (Co)Mo/Saponite catalysts’, J. Catal., Vol.185, No.2, pp.513-523. 81. Lewis J.M. and Kydd R.A. (1991), ‘Adsorption mechanism of phosphoric acid on γ-alumina’, J. Catal., Vol.132, No.2, pp.465-467. 131 82. Leyrer J., Vielhaber B., Zaki M.I., Zhuang S., Weitkamp J. and Knoezinger H. (1985), ‘Structure and surface properties of supported oxides’, Mater. Chem. Phy., Vol.13, No.3-4, pp.301-314. 83. Li X., Wang A., Sun Z., Li C., Ren J., Zhao B., Wang Y., Chen Y. and Hu Y. (2003), ‘Effect of surface proton exchange on hydrodesulfurization performance of MCM-41-supported catalysts’, Appl. Catal. A : Gen., Vol.254, No.2, pp.319-326. 84. Li Z. and Gao L. (2002), ‘Investigation of the dispersion of MoO3 onto the support of mesoporous silica MCM-41’, Appl. Catal. A: Gen., Vol.236, No.1-2, pp.163-171. 85. Li Z., Gao L. and Zheng S. (2002), ‘Investigation of the dispersion of MoO3 onto the support of mesoporous silica MCM-41’, Appl. Catal. A: Gen., Vol.236, pp.163-171. 86. Maheswari R., Shanthi K., Sivakumar T. and Narayanan S. (2003), ‘Beckmann rearrangement over phosphotungstic acid/SiMCM-41 cyclohexanone oxime to ε-caprolactam’, Appl. Catal. A: Gen., Vol.248, pp.291-301. 87. Mauchausse C., Mossanega H., Turlier P. and Dalmon J.A. (1988), ‘Proc. 9th Inter. Cong. Cat. (Calgary)’. In : Phillips M.J and Ternan M. (Eds.), Vol.2, pp.775-785. 88. Michelson G.A. (1973), US Patent Nos. 3749633, 3749644, 3755148, 3755150 and 3755196. 89. Miki Y. and Sugimoto Y. (1999), ‘Hydrodenitrogenation of isoquinoline’, Appl. Catal. A: Gen., Vol.180, pp.133-140. 90. Miller J.T. and Hineman M.F. (1984), ‘Non-first-order hydrodenitrogenation kinetics of quinoline’, J. Catal., Vol.85, No.1, pp.117-126. 91. Morales M.M. and Ramirez de Agudelo (1986), ‘Promoter role of octahedral Co (and Ni) in modified Co(Ni)Mo-Al2O3 catalysts for hydrodesulfurization reactions’, Appl. Catal., Vol.23, No.1, pp.23-34. 92. Muralidhar G., Massoth F.E. and Shabtai J. (1984), ‘Catalytic functionalities of supported sulfides. II. Effect of support on molybdenum dispersion’, J. Catal., Vol.85, No.1, pp.53-62. 132 93. Muralidhar G., Massoth F.E. and Shabtai J. (1994), ‘Catalytic functionalities of supported sulfides. I. Effect of support and additives on the cobalt-molybdenum (CoMo) catalyst’, J. Catal., Vol.85, No.1, pp.44-52. 94. Muralidhar G., Rana M.S., Maits S.K., Srinivas B.N., Prasad Rao T.S.R., Song C., Hsu S. and Mochida I. (2000), ‘Chemistry of diesel fuels’, C.8, p.157. 95. Nag and Nabin K. (1987), ‘A comparative study on the dispersion and carrier-catalyst interaction of molybdenum oxides supported on various oxides by electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis’, J. Phy. Chem., Vol.91, No.9, pp.2324-2327. 96. Nagai M. and Masunaga T. (1988), ‘Hydrodenitrogenation of a mixture of basic and non-basic polynuclear aromatic nitrogen compounds’, Fuel, Vol.67, pp.771-774. 97. Nat P.J. and Wogt. E.T.C.W 094/26847 (1994) 98. Ng K.Y.S and Gulari E. (1985), ‘Molybdena on titania. I. Preparation and characterization by Raman and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy’, J. Catal., Vol.92, No.2, pp.340-354. 99. Nishijima A., Shimada H., Sato T., Yoshimura Y. and Hiraishi. J. (1986), ‘Support effects on hydrocracking and hydrogenation activities of molybdenum catalysts used for upgrading coal-derived liquids’, Polyhedron, Vol.5, No.1-2, pp.243-247. 100. Occelli. M.L. and Rennard. R.J. (1988), ‘Hydrotreating catalysts containing pillared clays’, Catal. Today, Vol.2, No.2-3, pp.309-319. 101. Okamoto Y., Maezawa A. and Imanaka T. (1989), ‘Active sites of molybdenum sulfide catalysts supported on Al2O3 and TiO2 for hydrodesulfurization and hydrogenation’, J. Catal., Vol.120, No.1, pp.29-45. 102. Okamoto Y., Maezawa A. H. and Imanakakane T. (1988), ‘Proc. 9th Inter. Cong. Cat. (Calgary)’, In : Phillips M.J and Ternan M. (Eds.), Vol.1, p.11. 103. Okamoto Y., Maezawa A., Kane H. and Imanaka T. (1989a), ‘Highly dispersed molybdenum sulfide catalysts prepared from Mo(CO)6 encaged in a zeolite’, J. Mol. Catal., Vol.52, No.3, pp.337-348. 133 104. Papadopoulou Ch., Vakros J., Matralis H.K., Voyiatzis G.A. and Kordulis Ch. (2004), ‘Preparation, characterization, and catalytic activity of CoMo/γ-Al2O3 catalysts prepared by equilibrium deposition filtration and conventional impregnation techniques’, J. Coll. Inter. Sci., Vol.274, pp.159-166. 105. Park Y-C., Oh E-S. and Rhee H-K. (1997), ‘Characterization and catalytic activity of WNiMo/Al2O3 catalyst for hydrodenitrogenation of Pyridine’, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., Vol.36, No.12, pp.5083-5089. 106. Pecoraro T.A. and Chianelli R.R. (1981), ‘Hydrodesulfurization catalysis by transition metal sulfides’, J. Catal., Vol.67, No.2, pp.430-445. 107. Portefaix J.L., Catterot M., Dalmon A. and Mauchausse C. (1989), ‘Advances in catalysis’. In : Ocelli M.L. and Antonym R.G. (Eds), Elsevier Science publishers, p.243. 108. Prins R. (2001), ‘Catalytic hydrodenitrogenation’, Adv. Cat., Vol.46, pp.399-464. 109. Prins R., Jian M. and Flechsenhar (1997), ‘Mechanism and kinetics of hydrodenitrogenation’, Polyhedron, Vol.16, No.18, pp.3235-3245. 110. Quincy R.B., Houalla M., Proctor A. and Hercules D. M. (1989), ‘Surface structure and thiophene hydrodesulfurization activity of molybdenum/titania catalysts’, J. Phy. Chem., Vol.93, No.15, pp.5882-5888. 111. Ramanathan S., Yu C., Oyama C. and Ted S. (1998), ‘New catalysts for hydroprocessing: bimetallic oxynitrides. II. Reactivity studies’, J. Catal., Vol.173, No.1, pp.10-16. 112. Ramirez J., Fuentes S., Díaz G., Vrinat M. and Michele. (1989), ‘Hydrodesulphurization activity and characterization of sulphided molybdenum and cobalt-molybdenum catalysts comparison of alumina-, silica-alumina- and titania-supported catalysts’, Appl. Catal. A: Gen ., Vol.52, No.3, pp.211-223. 113. Ramos-Galvan C.E., Sandoval-Robles G., Castillo-Mares A. and Dominguez J.M. (1997), ‘Comparison of catalytic properties of NiMo/Al2O3 with NiMo supported on Al-, Ti-pillared clays in HDS of residual oils’, Appl. Catal. A: Gen., Vol.150, pp.37-52. 134 114. Rangwala H.A., Dalla Lana I.G., Otto F.D., Yeniova H. and Al-Nuaimi K. (1990), ‘Influence of catalyst properties and operating conditions on hydrodenitrogenation of quinoline’, Energy and Fuels, Vol.4, No.5, pp.599-604. 115. Rives A., Payen E., Hubaut R., Vazquez P., Pizzio L., Caceres C. and Blanco M. (2001), ‘Silica and alumina impregnated with dimethylformamide solutions of molybdophosphoric or tungstophosphoric acids for hydrotreatment reactions’, Catal. Lett., Vol.71, No.3-4, pp.193-201. 116. Robert M., William J., Zhaohua L., Maria D. A. and Jacek K. (1996), ‘Acidity and catalytic activity of the mesoporous aluminosilicate molecular sieve MCM-41’, Catal. Lett., Vol.37, pp.113-120. 117. Saban M.D., Skala D.U., Jovanovic J.A., Mayn V.W. and Rahimian I.G.H. (1992), ‘Hydrodenitrogenation of Aleksinac shale oil distillates in a pilot trickle-bed reactor’, Fuel Proc. Tech., Vol.30, No.1, pp.15-31. 118. Sakata Y. and Hamrin Jr C.E. (1983), ‘Comparison of hydrodesulfurization and hydrodenitrogenation over API reference clays, silica, alumina, and cobalt molybdate’, Ind. Eng. Chem. Pro. Res. Dev., Vol.22, No.2, pp.250-255. 119. Salerno P., Mendioroz S. and Lopez Agudo A. (2004), ‘Al-pillared montmorillonite-base NiMo catalysts for HDS and HDN of gas oil: influence of the method and order of Mo and Ni impregnation’, Appl. Catal. A : Gen., Vol.259, pp.17-28. 120. Sambi I.S., Khulbe K.C., Mann and Ranveer S. (1982), ‘Catalytic hydrotreatment of heavy gas oil’, Ind. Eng. Chem. Pro. Dev., Vol.21, No.4, pp.575-580. 121. Sarbak Z. and Lewandowski M. (2001), ‘Catalytic elimination of nitrogen organic compounds from the coal-liquid and structural properties of Ni/Mo catalysts supported on NaX and NaY zeolites modified with transition metal cations’, Appl. Catal. A : Gen., Vol.208, No.1-2, pp.317-321. 122. Satterfield C. N. and Gultekin S. (1981), ‘Effect of hydrogen sulfide on the catalytic hydrodenitrogenation of quinoline’, Ind. Eng. Chem. Proc. Des. Dev., Vol.20, No.1, pp.62-68. 135 123. Satterfield C.N. and Yang S.H. (1984), ‘Catalytic hydrodenitrogenation of quinoline in a trickle-bed reactor. Comparison with vapor phase reaction’, Ind. Eng. Chem. Pro. Des. Dev., Vol.23 No.1, pp.11-19. 124. Schlatter J.C., Oyama S.T., Metcalfe J.E. III and Lambert J.M. Jr., (1988), ‘Catalytic behavior of selected transition metal carbides, nitrides, and borides in the hydrodenitrogenation of quinoline’, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., Vol.27, No.9, pp.1648-1653. 125. Shanthi K., Pillai C.N. and Kuriacose J.C. (1989), ‘Hydrodenitrogenation of simple aromatic amines on molybdena catalysts’, Appl. Catal., Vol.46, No.1-2, pp.241-249 126. Shanthi K., Pillai C.N. and Kuriacose J.C. (1991), ‘Hydrodenitrogenation of simple aromatic amines on molybdena catalysts: Nature of active sites’, Ind. J. Chem., Vol.30A, pp.584-587. 127. Shimada H., Sato T., Yoshimura Y., Hiraishi J. and Nishijima. A. (1988), ‘Support effect on the catalytic activity and properties of sulfided molybdenum catalysts’, J. Catal., Vol.110, No.2, pp.275-284. 128. Sivasanker S. (2002), ‘Catalysis : Principle and Applications’, Viswanathan B., Sivasanker S. and Ramaswamy A.V. (Eds.), Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi, pp.362-376. 129. Song C. and Madhusudan Reddy. K. (1999), ‘Mesoporous molecular sieve MCM-41 supported Co–Mo catalyst for hydrodesulfurization of dibenzothiophene in distillate fuels’, Appl. Catal. A: Gen., Vol.176, No.1, pp.1-10. 130. Sun M. and Prins R. (1999), ‘Influence of sulphidation and fluoridation on the HDN of o-toluidine over tungsten catalysts ex ammonium tetrathiotungstate’, Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal., Vol.127 (Hydrotreatment and Hydrocracking of Oil Fractions), pp.113-120. 131. Sundaramurthy V., Dalai A.K. and Adjaye J. (2005), ‘Effect of EDTA on hydrotreating activity of CoMo/γ-Al2O3 catalyst’, Catal. Lett. Vol.102, No.3-4, pp.299-306. 132. Sychev M., de Beer V.H.J., Kodentsov A., Van Oers E.M. and Van Santen R.A. (1997), ‘Chromia and chromium sulfide-pillared clays: preparation, characterization and catalytic activity for thiophene hydrodesulfurization’, J. Catal., Vol.168, No.2, pp.245-254. 136 133. Tanev P.T. and Pinnavia T.J. (1995), ‘A neutral templating route to mesoporous molecular sieves,’ Science, Vol.267, pp.865-867. 134. Topsoe H., Candia R., Topsoe N.Y. and Clausen B.S. (1984), ‘On the state of the cobalt-molybdenum-sulfur model’, Bull. Des Soc. Chimi. Belges., Vol.93, No.8-9, pp.783-806. 135. Turaga U.T. and Song C. (2003), ‘MCM-41-supported Co-Mo catalysts for deep hydrodesulfurization of light cycle oil’, Catal. Today, Vol.86, No.1-4, pp.129-140. 136. Vissers J.P.R., Groot C.K., Van Oers E.M., De Beer V.H.J. and Prins R. (1984), ‘Carbon-supported transition metal sulfides’, Bull. Des Soc. Chimi. Belges., Vol.93, No.8-9, pp.813-821. 137. Vogelaar B.M., Steiner P., Dick Van Langeveld A., Eijsbouts S. and Moulijn J.A. (2003), ‘Deactivation of Mo/Al2O3 and NiMo/Al2O3 catalysts during hydrodesulfurization of thiophene’, Appl. Catal. A: Gen., Vol.251, pp.85-92. 138. Volpe L. and Boudart M. (1985), ‘Compounds of molybdenum and tungsten with high specific surface area I. Nitrides’, J. Solid State Chem., Vol.59, No.3, pp.332-347. 139. Vuurman M. and Wachs I. E. (1992), ‘In situ Raman spectroscopy of Alumina-supported metal oxide catalysts’, J. Phys. Chem., Vol 96, pp.5008-5016. 140. Wachs I. E. and Hardcastle F. D. (1988), ‘Proc. 9th inter. cong. cat. (Calgary)’. In : Phillips M.J. and Ternan M. (Eds.), Vol.3, p.1449. 141. Wagner C.D., Riggs W.M., Davis L.E., Movlder J. F. and Mullenberg G.E. (1979), ‘Hand book of X-ray Photoelectron spectroscopy’, ed., Perkin – Elmer corporation 80 142. Wang A., Li X., Chen Y., Han D., Wang Y., Hu Y. and Kabe T. (2001), ‘Deep hydrodesulfurization over W-based catalysts supported by siliceous MCM-41’, Chem. Lett., Vol.30, No.5, p.474. 143. Wang A., Wang Y., Kabe T., Chen Y., Ishihara A., Qian W. and Yao P. (2002), ‘Hydrodesulfurization of dibenzothiophene over Siliceous MCM-41 supported catalysts II. Sulfided Ni–Mo Catalysts’, J. Catal., Vol.210, No.2, pp.319-327. 137 144. Wang A., Wang Y., Kabe T., Chen Y., Ishihara A.I. and Qian W. (2001), ‘Hydrodesulfurization of dibenzothiophene over Siliceous MCM-41supported catalysts’, J. Catal., Vol.199, No.1, pp.19-29. 145. Wang I. and Chang R.C. (1989), ‘Catalytic hydrodesulfurization and hydrodenitrogenation over cobalt-molybdenum on titania-zirconiavanadia’, J. Catal., Vol.117, No.1, pp.266-274. 146. Wilson M.F. and Kriz J.F. (1984), ‘Upgrading of middle distillate fractions of a syncrude from Athabasca oil sands’, Fuel, Vol.63, No.2, pp.190-196. 147. Xiao S. and Meng Z. (1994), ‘X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy characterization of the reduction and oxidation behaviour of Ni-containing HZSM-5 zeolites’, J. Chem. Soc. Fara. Trans., Vol.90, No.17, pp.2591-2595. 148. Yang S. H. and Satterfield C. N. (1983), ‘Some effects of sulfiding of a nickel-molybdenum (NiMo)/alumina catalyst on its activity for hydrodenitrogenation of quinoline’, J. Catal., Vol.81, No.1, pp.168-78. 149. Ying J.Y., Mehnert C.P. and Wong M.S. (1999), ‘Synthesis and applications of supramolecular-templated mesoporous materials’, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed., Vol.38, pp.56-77. 150. Yokono T., Iyama S., Sanada Y., Yamaguchi T. and Iizuka T. (1984), ‘Dehydrogenation of coal over catalysts: evaluation of catalysts for liquefaction’, Sekiyu Gakkaishi., Vol. 27, No.6, pp.512-518. 151. Yu F., Duo L., Gang S. and Xiaojun B. (2006), ‘Synthesis of ZSM5/SAPO-11 composite and its application in FCC gasoline hydroupgrading catalyst’, Catal. Today., Vol.114, pp.388-396 152. Zaki M.I., Vielhaber B. and Knoezinger H. (1986), ‘Low-temperature carbon monoxide adsorption and state of molybdena supported on alumina, titania, ceria, and zirconia. An infrared spectroscopic investigation’, J. Phy. Chem., Vol.90, No.14, pp.3176-3183. 153. Zhao D., Luan Z. and Kevan L. (1997), ‘Synthesis of thermally stable mesoporous hexagonal aluminophosphate molecular sieves’, Chem. Commun., Vol.11, pp.1009-1010. 138 LIST OF PUBLICATIONS In Journals 1. Sasirekha N.R., Sardhar Basha S.J. and Shanthi K. (2005), ‘Photocatalytic performance of Ru doped anatase mounted on silica for reduction of carbon dioxide’, Appl. Catal. B: Environ., Vol. 62, pp. 169-180. 2. Sardhar Basha S.J., Sasirekha N.R., Maheswari R. and Shanthi K. (2006), ‘Mesoporous H-AlMCM-41 supported NiO-MoO3 catalysts for Hydrodenitrogenation of o-Toluidine I. Effect of MoO3 loading’, Appl. Catal. A. General (In Press). 3. Sardhar Basha S.J., Sangeetha P., Mahendiran C., Shanthi K., and Narayanan S., ‘Mesoporous H-AlMCM-41 supported NiO-MoO3 catalysts for Hydrodenitrogenation of o-Toluidine and cyclohexylamine. II. Influence of the order and method of impregnation’, Appl. Catal. A: General (Communicated). 4. Sardhar Basha S.J., Vijayan P., Shanthi K. and Setua K., ‘Synthesis and characterization of H-AlMCM-41 supported NiO–MoO3 catalyst for HDN of cyclohexylamine - Influence of MoO3 loading’, Catal. Comm., (Communicated). 5. Sardhar Basha S.J. and Shanthi K., ‘Mesoporous AlMCM-41 and SiMCM-41 supported NiO-MoO3 catalysts for Hydrodenitrogenation of o-propyl aniline: Influence of order of impregnation’, Stud. Surf. Sci. Catal. (Communicated). Papers presented in International / National Conferences / Symposia 1. Sardhar Basha S.J. and Shanthi K., ‘H-AlMCM-41 as support for NiMo catalysts in the removal of Nitrogen from simple amines’, 16th Catsymp & IST Indo-German conference, held during February, 2003 at Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India 139 2. Sardhar Basha S.J. and Shanthi K., ‘HDN of aromatic amines over Ni–Mo / MCM – 41’, Chemists’ Meet 2004 held during March, 2004 at Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India. 3. Sardhar Basha S.J. and Shanthi K., ‘Hydrodenitrogenation activity of Ni-Mo/Al-H-MCM-41: Effect of order of impregnation’, 17th National Symposium on Catalysis held during January 2005 at Central Salt and Marine Chemicals Research Institute, Bhavnagar, Gujarat, India. 4. Sardhar Basha S.J. and Shanthi K., ‘Hydrodenitrogenation Activity of Ni-Mo/ H-AlMCM-41: Effect Of Si/Al Ratio on H-AlMCM-41’, National Workshop On Catalysis For Energy, Held During February, 2006 at Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India 5. Sardhar Basha S.J., Vijayan P. and Shanthi K., ‘Catalytic activity of NiO-MoO3/ H-AlMCM-41 for hydrodenitrogenation of OPA and MCHA’, National seminar on Frontier Chemistry, held during March, 2006 at Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin, Kerala, India. 6. Sardhar Basha S.J. and Shanthi K., Mesoporous AlMCM-41 and SiMCM-41 supported NiO-MoO3 catalysts for Hydrodenitrogenation of o-propyl aniline. Influence of order of impregnation, Accepted for poster presentation, IMMS (2006), During June, 2006 at China 7. Sardhar Basha S.J., Vijayan P. and Shanthi K., ‘Hydrodenitrogenation of o-Toluidine and Cyclohexylamine: Influence of supports on the NiO-MoO3 catalysts’, Accepted for poster presentation, XXIX Annual BZA conference, During August, 2006 at UK. 140 VITAE Mr. S. J. Sardhar Basha was born on July 1977 in Omalur, Salem District, Tamil Nadu. His parents are Mr. S. John Basha and Mrs. E. Pheritha. He had his schooling at Sri Ramakrishna Saradha Higher Secondary School, Salem. He received his Bachelor’s degree in Science from University of Madras through Government Arts College, Salem-7 and obtained his Master’s Degree of Science in General Chemistry from same university through New College, Chennai. He completed his Master of Philosophy from University of Madras through the same college. He joined in Department of Chemistry, Anna University as a full-time research scholar in January 2002. He has carried out his research work in the fascinating and demanding field of Heterogeneous Catalysis and its application in petroleum engineering chemistry. He joined as a Junior Research Fellow (JRF) in the DRDO funded project in April 2003. He has two international papers to his credit. He has participated and presented at national and international conferences, national symposia and workshops. His current research interest includes physico-chemical studies and catalytic application of mesoporous aluminophosphate based molecular sieves.