Briefly describe each of the sources of new knowledge. What is the
accepted role of each source of knowledge in modern scientific
psychological research?
1.
There is only one accepted source of new knowledge and that is empiricism. The others, which include,
authority, rational induction and intuition are accepted as useful sources of hypotheses.
2.
Intuition-knowledge based on feelings, beliefs, or "gut instinct"Authority-knowledge based on a
"credible" sourceational-Inductive Arguement-knowledge based on past research as well as combining
that knowledge with new knowledge to comply with our current problem.Empericism-knowledge based
on library research, forming a hypothesis, setting up an experiment to test the hypothesis, collecting
data, and then analyzing that data to statistically make a conclusion on the research hypothesis.The
only accepted scource of knowledge in modern scientific psychological research is empericism.
3.
The sources of new knowledge are authority, intuition, scientific empiricisim, and an educated guess.
Authority, intuition, and an educated guess are all sources of hypotheses, but scientific empiricism is the
only source of new knowledge.
4.
Different sources of knowledge are things like what you feel is right (I think that toads give you warts),
what someone you think is right says is right (mom said that toads will give you warts), things you've
seen (my brother was playing with a toad and then he got a wart), things you've tested (I had my brother
play with the toad and my neighbor played with a lizard, and only my brother got warts). All of these are
sources of hypotheses, a way to come up with ideas to test, but only the empirical research, testing, is
an acceptable scientific source of knowledge.
5.
There are gernerally four sources of knowledge; intuition, authority, rational induction, and empiricism.
Intuition is knowledge that is gained through a feeling or thought that might turn out to be true. Authority
is a source of knowledge that you gain from your parents, or a book that tells you that this is the way
things are and thats that. Rational induction is a source of knowledge by reasoning and proofs. This
type of knowledge comes about by supposing one thing and then giving a proof of it, or any other way
you want to do a proof. Empiricism is knowledge gained through careful observation, manipulation of
variables thourgh the scientific method, repeating research designs, and taking in data to interpet.
Empiricism is the accepted role of knowledge in psychological research because psychologists use
statistics and believe in probablistic conclusion. That people behave generally in one way in most
situations and using statistics to decide if two variables are related. The others are not accepted
sources of psychological. Authority, intuition are not accepted sources of knowledge for psychological
research because they are not grounded in any source of statistics or observable facts. Rational
induction is not an accepted source of knowledge because it involves proof and certaintiy, which
psychologists do not go for.
6.
Descriptive knowledge is useful in discriminating, measuring or defining different behaviors or
characteristics. Predictive knowledge is useful in determining a statistical relationship between two
behaviors or characteristics and whether they are related. Understanding is useful in determining
whether changes in one behavior or characteristic influences changes in another behavior or
characteristic. Descriptive knowledge is used in attributive hypotheses and are accepted as sources of
knowledge in defining behavior or characteristics. Predictive knowledge is used in attributive
hypotheses and is useful in determining if there is a relationship between two behaviors or
characteristics. Understanding is used in causal hypotheses and is useful in determining if there is
probabalistic evidence that one behavior or characteristic has an effect on another behavior or
characteristic.
7.
Empirical Research is a scientifically conducted study when yields results which are cauasally
interpretable. While rational induction is more logical thinking based on observation. Observation is the
process of objectivly viewing a situation and making inferences based therin.
Empirical Research is the only way to attain fact in modern scientific psychological research. However,
rational induction, observation and research are all valid ways to obtain a hypothesis.
8.
The sources of new knowledge are rational induction, scientific empiricism, intuition and authority. The
only acceptable source of knowledge is scientific empiricism. Scientific empiricism requires a research
hypothesis be formed and tested, that the study is published in an article to be scrutinized by other
scientists. It also requires that the experiment is replicated exactly as it was the first time to ensure the
applicability of the findings to that particular set of variables and subjects. Moreover Scientific
empiricism dictates that similar studies with slight variations on the first study be performed to confirm
the generalizability of the results to similar situations. All other sources of knowledge are acceptable for
research hypotheses but are questionable because they have not withstood the rigors of Scientific
Empiricism.
9. The four sources of new knowledge include intuition (beliefs), authority (the influence of someone with
more experience), rational induction (relating to previous knowledge or tying two ideas together to
create a new one), and scientific empiricism (programmatic research). Scientific empiricism is the only
accepted source of new knowledge whereas intuition, authority, and rational induction are accepted
sources of hypotheses.
10. There are four sources of new knowledge: intuition, authority, rational-inductive, and scientific
empiricism. Intuition is based on what one thinks will happen, authority is based on what one
is told will happen, rational-inductive is based on a sort of cause and effect, that is, if this,
then that, and scientific empiricism is based on research. All four are good sources for a
research hypothesis, but scientific empiricism is the only accepted source of new scientific
knowledge.
11. The only source of new knowledge is scientific empiricism. There are other sources of
research hypotheses including intuition, which is something you have a feeling about,
authority which is taking the word of someone who was right in the past and knows what they
are talking about and rational inductive which says that one things leads to a second so it
logically leads to a third.
12. There are four different types of knowlege. The first is Intuition, this is where you use what
you feel is the right answer. The second type of knowledge is authority, an example of this
would getting information from a professior who understands the knowledge. The third ttpe of
knowledge is Rational induction, here you are gathering past knowlegde and making
knowlege from that. The next type of knowlege is empirical, this is the only accetable type of
knowledge that can be useed in modern scientific psychological research.