Lithosphere
L > E
Heat flowing in Earth's core below the lithosphere causes
tectonic plates to crush into each other and increase the
chances for volcanic eruptions.
E > L
Ash from the eruption settles in the surrounding soil and
makes it more fertile for agriculture.
Volcanic activity has built up mounds of lava from the
bottom of the ocean creating new land.
Dual eruption of Mt Pinatubo created double the effects on
the lithosphere.
Volcanic lava burnt up plants and trees; damaged roots of
plants in the soil.
Lava not fully released stayed in the ground, making hot
spots in the earth.
L > H
Rock, soil, and ash displaced by the eruption also settled
in surrounding waters.
Biosphere
E > B
The ash from the volcanic blash damages thousands of homes,
buildings, and infrastructures.
The eruption brought 10 billion metric tons of magma and 20
million tons of SO2.
300 people were killed.
Localized areas were sterilized (adding other chemicals to
the already unstable areas).
Nutrients in rock will benefit life in the end. (Ash is a
nutritious soil component. It is good for farming and great
for ecosystems).
B > E
Scientists are studying this eruption to learn further
information regarding ecological succession. Due to the
eruption, scientists are able to determine forms of life,
order, and growth on the areas surrounding Mt. Pinatubo.
(Usually goes, bacteria, algae, lichens and mosses, and
then on up the eukaryotic ladder).
Archaebacteria are able to thrive in areas where magma has
come into contact with ground water. The Pinatubo Crater
is currently being studied.
E > B > A
Heat and volcanic ejecta (lava, cinders, ash and gases)
damage the air, much of which damaged further life in the
biosphere.
Further ejecta effected the biosphere due to the
pyroclastic flows, ash, and lahars (mudslides that contain
rainwater mixed with pyroclastic materials).
This also
harmed the atmosphere due to evaporation.
E > B > L > A > H
Gases emitted from volcanoes can integrate with moisture in
the air and become acid rain (furthering the damage done to
the lithosphere and atmosphere).
When plates in the ocean shift (possibly due to the small
earthquake that occurred in April 1990 prior to eruption),
sulfur is spewed from the hydrothermal vents at the bottom
of the ocean. This sulfur in turn, feeds microbes. These
microbes are at the bottom of the food chain. It all comes
full circle, effecting the lithosphere, biosphere,
atmosphere, and hydrosphere!
Atmosphere
E>A
During volcanic eruptions magma releases its dissolved
gases into the atmosphere. Gases are also released from
“old” magma that either remains below ground (for example,
as an intrusion) or is rising toward the surface. In this
case, gases may escape continuously into the atmosphere
from the soil, volcanic vents, fumaroles, and hydrothermal
systems.
Hydrosphere
E > H
Mount Pinatubo had a huge effect on the river systems
because it was a major river sources that a lot of other
rivers got their source from.
The river systems got completely clogged because of the
sediment from the volcanoes eruption. On the same day that
the volcano happened there was also a typhoon. Those rains
mixed with the ash from the volcano and caused huge
landslides.
E > A > H
Volcanic eruptions release gases and pyroclastic material
into the atmosphere that combine with the water vapor. In
the year 1815 a cool period was linked to this erosion of
Mt. Tambora resulting in snow and freezing temps in May
over the Northern hemisphere killing many crops. This
would be E > A > H > A > B
E > L > H
Eruption results in lava flows then a collaspe of the
magma chamber and crater lake - type caldreas are created
over time collecting rain water becoming a lake .
E > A > H
Geyers (young volcanos) release water into the atmosphere
which aids the water cycle.
E > L > B > H > A
Eruptions create lahar (mudflows) which follow streams
melting ice and snow causing a change in landscape killing
living things in it's path, next evaporation occurs then
water vapor enters the atmosphere.
E > A > G > H
Warming > Volcanic cooling > H > Ice cap melting
E > L > H
Submerged volcano causes change to sea floor (earthquake)
effects sea water with CO2 released and other chemical
interactions.
E > A > H > B
Volcanoes emit hazardous gases like sulfer dioxide that
make acid rain. Acid rain goes back into the ocean which
can destroy life in the oceans.
E > H > A
When lava goes into the ocean the lava can turn the water
into steam that would go back into the atmosphere.
The boiling and reactions produce a large white plume,
locally known as lava haze or laze, which contains a
mixture of hydrochloric acid (HCl) and concentrated
seawater.
The magma produces bubbles, which increase in number and
size, positively correlating with the gas volume.
Ultimately the gas volume may exceed the melt volume,
producing a magma foam. The rapidly expanding gas bubbles
of the foam can lead to explosive eruptions in which the
melt is fragmented into pieces of volcanic rock, known as
tephra.
Together with the tephra and entrained air, volcanic gases
can rise tens of kilometers into Earth's atmosphere. Once
airborne, the winds may blow the eruption cloud hundreds to
thousands of kilometers from a volcano. The gases spread
from an erupting vent as acid aerosols (tiny acid
droplets), compounds attached to tephra particles, and
microscopic salt particles.
Mt. Pinatubo created a layer of aerosols in the upper
reaches of the atmosphere. These aerosols eventually made
their way around the globe, contributing to a temporary
worldwide cooling.
However, during the two years following the volcanic
eruption, the Arctic Oscillation caused winter warming over
land areas in the high and middle latitudes of the Northern
Hemisphere, despite a cooling effect from the (aerosols)
volcanic particles that blocked sunlight.
It appears that the temperature changes, caused by a
radiative effect of the volcanic aerosols in the two lower
layers of the atmosphere, the troposphere and the
stratosphere, can lead to a positive Arctic Oscillation
phase.