APPH 6651
Human Anatomy
Summer 2008
Instructor:
Linda Rosskopf
404-378-0955 (home)
404-918-9622 (cell)
404-894-6273 (office until May 23)
linda.rosskopf@ap.gatech.edu
Thomas Abelew, Ph.D
404-727-6774 (office)
678-612-1193 (cell)
Office: School of Medicine, PB 81
thomas.abelew@emory.edu
Class meets: May 28 – July 11 on Emory University campus
M-Th 8 am -12 noon lab in cadaver lab in Physiology Bldg. on Clifton Rd
1 pm -3 pm lecture in classroom TBA
We will also meet one Friday: May 30
4 credits
Required Text, laboratory guide, atlas: Books available at Major's Book Store, inside
Engineer's Bookstore on Marietta Street just off GT campus.
Textbook: Moore, K.L., Agur, M.R.. Essential Clinical Anatomy (3rd ed.), Lippincott, Williams
& Wilkins. ISBN 0-7817-6274-X
Lab guide: Tank, P.T., Grant’s Dissector, 14th ed., Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
ISBN-13 978-0781774314
Atlas:
Netter, F.H., Atlas of Human Anatomy, 3rd ed., Icon Learning Systems.
ISBN 1-929007-11-6
OR
Agur, A.M. & Lee, M., Grant’s Atlas of Anatomy, 11th ed., Lippincott Williams &
Wilkins. ISBN 07817-4255-2.
OR
Clemente, C.D., Anatomy: A Regional Atlas of the Human Body, 5th ed.,
Lippencott Williams & Wilkens. ISBN 0781751039
We recommend using the most current textbook and lab guide (as listed above).
Atlas editions are not critical, so if later or earlier editions are available, feel free to
use those.
Course Objectives: At the completion of the course, students will demonstrate:
1. A working knowledge of anatomical terms.
2. Knowledge of the structure, location, action, innervation, blood supply and attachments
of individual muscles.
3. Knowledge of bones as well as classification and function of joints and supporting
tissues.
4. Knowledge of the components of the peripheral nervous system.
5. Ability to identify and describe the organs.
Evaluation of performance:
3 written and 3 practical exams. Point value for each TBA.
Grading Scale:
> 90
80-89
70-79
60-69
< 60
=A
=B
=C
=D
=F
Required Materials:
Lab coat, latex exam (non-sterile) gloves, available at drug stores and stores like Target,
Costco, Sam’s and such near the pharmacy section.
Dissecting instruments:
forceps (2)—one flat and one mouse tooth,
probe
scalpel (#4), to fit #22 blades
#22 scalpel blades
Scissors (2)—dissection (pointed) and blunt end
The instruments need to be better than those used in biology class.
Source for dissecting instruments & clothing:
Majors Book Store, inside the Engineer’s Bookstore just off campus near GT (on
Marietta St. across from the Goodwill Store) has ordered for us a complete set in a tri-fold case
with everything except the mouse tooth forceps. The cost is about $20.00. The mouse tooth
forceps are available separately at Major’s Bookstore or at Emory Med. Bookstore for about $3.
Emory University Medical Bookstore has kit in brown plastic snap cases that is
lacking the dissecting scissors and mouse tooth forceps. About $27. Forceps are available “a la
cart” there (about $2), but scissors are not. Scissors are available at the Engineer's Bookstore.
Online, Carolina Science at www.carolina.com has everything individually. If you
prefer this option, call or email me and I may be able to help you chose. The total cost of same
tools is very comparable to bookstores, about $25-$27. You just don’t get the carrying case,
which is also available for about $5.
Lab coats and “scrubs” are also available at the Engineer’s Bookstore. Scrubs are not required,
but you may want to wear them to preserve your regular clothes. Emory bookstore also stocks
scrubs. I believe Engineer’s has slightly cheaper prices. Some drug stores, like Walgreen's,
also carry scrubs.
Anatomy Laboratory: Guide for Dissection
Introduction
A. Read Information for Students Studying Human Anatomy (posted in the gross anatomy lab).
Sections on general conduct, laboratory requirements and care of cadavers provide specific
guidelines for the students while studying in the anatomy lab.
1. Lockers are available for storage of supplies in the Physiology Building just down the
hall from the cadaver lab.
2. Students are responsible for the purchase of lab coats, gloves, masks and dissecting
tools.
3. Models and bones should be studied with clean hands only and at a dry station.
4. Susan Brooks is with the Emory body donor program and helps us
out of the goodness of her heart. Please be very respectful in dealing with her.
5. At times, other students (from the medical school and/or physical therapy) will share
the lab with us. The Anatomy/Physiology Building is their home, so please be
respectful.
6. General housekeeping within the laboratory area will be performed by each dissection
group. This includes:
a. returning supplies and tools to proper place
b. assuring all paper and trash (including that in sinks) are placed in proper
receptacle
c. assuring cadavers are sufficiently moistened, covered, wrapped and bags
zipped to prevent drying
d. assuring no personal belongings are left in the lab
B. General Instructions for Dissection:
1. The purpose of dissection is:
a. to expose structures of the human body which cannot be seen or visualized in
the living.
b. to investigate these structures.
1. as to their characteristic makeup by close inspection and palpation
2. as to their spatial relationship to each other
3. as to their possible function in the living
2. Never expose a part of the body without detailed knowledge of the structures to be
expected. Always have an atlas and dissection manual by your side when dissecting.
Details of the manual dissection are secondary to details of knowledge of the
structures exposed.
3. Dissection means exposing, cleaning and separating structures to their fullest possible
extent. No structure of importance can be fully understood unless thoroughly cleaned
and separated from surrounding tissues. The cadaver assigned to a student becomes
his/her responsibility. Use all measures available to keep the body moist. A part
allowed to dry out can never be fully restored.
4. Skin incisions are made according to instruction given in your dissecting manual. Skin
is always removed as thinly as possible to safeguard underlying structures and
prevent unnecessary drying out of tissue to be studied later. After removal of the skin,
the subcutaneous layer is to be inspected as to:
a. the amount of fatty tissue
b. the superficial veins
c. the cutaneous nerves--?? Very few (ask for each dissection if we don’t address)
d. the lymph nodes
e. in a few instances, skin muscles are to be dissected before the subcutaneous
layer is removed. These are.
1. platysma: found in the anterior neck
2. palmaris brevis: found in the palm of the hand
3. muscles of facial expression
5. Veins are usually bluish. Nerves are white and glistening. When in doubt, use a
probe and search for a lumen (open middle space) or tease longitudinally to identify as
a nerve. Only large superficial veins and occasionally cutaneous nerves need to be
preserved. Remove small superficial veins. Inspect termination of cutaneous nerves
before removal. They end superficially in skin. The subcutaneous layers are removed
by placing the blade of the scalpel (or probe) parallel to the course of fibers of the
underlying muscle. This will avoid cutting muscle fibers at a right angle which
destroys your dissection.
Large veins are usually filled with hardened blood. They are more bluish than
arteries. Walls are more pliable. On investigation, valves may be found. Medium
sized veins (deep veins) are identified by their destination. Walls are thinner than
those of equal sized arteries. They may be empty or filled with blood at interruptions.
If veins are empty, they are collapsed. Arteries do not collapse, i.e. their lumen
remains open at all times due to the thicker elastic walls. Medium sized veins may be
sacrificed whenever indicated. Small veins are identified as veins by their lumen.
They are usually collapsed, and may be sacrificed.
6. Large arteries are filled with hardened blood; they are usually accompanied by a large
vein. Their walls are thick, firm and elastic. Medium sized arteries may be filled or
empty. The walls are elastic, palpate them. They are usually accompanied by two
veins of equal or larger size. Identify them by their origin. Small arteries are identified
by their origin. The walls are still thicker than those of equal sized veins. Small
arteries may usually be sacrificed. If in doubt about whether a structure is a small
artery or nerve, probe for a lumen and tease longitudinally.
7. Muscles are cleaned from as much superficial and deep fascia as possible. Do not
mistake broad tendons for fascia. Consult illustrations. Medium-sized arteries, deep
veins and motor nerves are found between and deep to the muscle exposed.
Muscles must be thoroughly cleaned and separated from surrounding and underlying
structures to study their functions on the cadaver. This is the main objective of the lab
work. All time and effort are wasted unless the student undertakes a thorough study
of all possible function of a muscle. This is done by:
 Palpating its thickness throughout
 Inspecting all attachments to bone and soft tissue
 Inspecting fiber course
 Moving the part involved to the greatest extent possible (avoid tearing
muscles)
 Gently pulling on long tendons whenever indicated
Obtain a “clear mental picture” of each muscle before it is separated from its
attachment. In general, deep muscles are dissected with greatest care without
detaching the superficial layer of muscles. Where this is not possible, special
instruction will be given.
8. Nerves are white and glistening. Inspect termination of cutaneous nerves before
removal. They end superficially in the skin. Motor nerves, as a rule (although, not
always), are wrapped in a connective tissue sheath together with one artery and two
accompanying deep veins. They are identified by their color—white and glistening—
and they may be teased longitudinally. Connective tissue fibers sometimes mistaken
for smaller nerves tear easily, while nerves do not. Separate nerves carefully from
arteries and veins. Clean off all connective tissue. Trace nerves as far as possible in
both directions at all times.
Take special precaution not to cut motor nerves transversely. When cleaning nerves,
always keep your knife lengthwise. As a rule, with few exceptions, motor nerves
enter the muscle from underneath. It is important to trace nerves into the muscle to
find the point of entrance—the motor point. Fibers bundles may be traced into the
muscle tissue.
9. Tendons are to be cleaned and separated from surrounding tissue with great care.
They are identified by their color—white and glistening. Many of them are cord-like,
others are flat and can be traced toward their muscle belly. Tendons must be traced
and cleaned to the bone. Avoid cutting tendons at all times. When cleaning tendons,
keep your knife lengthwise. Tendon sheath, where present, must be exposed and
cleaned. They are cut longitudinally and inspected before removal. Consult
illustrations and text. An attempt should be made to find at least one bursa—
subdeltoid, olecranon or patellar bursa are most readily found. Consult text and
illustrations.
10. Joints and ligaments may be exposed and studied after all muscles in the area have
been studied. In general, it is wise to maintain the muscle picture on one side of the
body and expose joints on the opposite side. Clean joints of all muscle and
connective tissue. Clean joint capsule and surrounding ligaments. The joints may be
opened by cutting through the joint space. Characteristic structures within the joint
may then be studied.
General Procedure:
Since the dissection must proceed from surface to deep, more important structures are
often met only as dissection proceeds. Therefore, a region should be considered part of
the whole body, and studied as such. To integrate the structures found in one region with
another, it is important to understand whole systems and their relationship to each other.
This entails wider reading than the region under examination may call for. For example,
if the median nerve in the axilla is uncovered, we need to know more than we can see.
How is it formed? What is a mixed nerve? Where does it receive the impulses it
conveys? What muscle group does it innervate? Etc.
A. Muscle:
1. form, shape size, position
2. origin and insertion (fleshy, tendinous, aponeurotic)
3. nerve supply (peripheral nerve, spinal segments)
4. blood supply, venous and lymphatic drainage
5. immediate relations (anterior, posterior, med., lat., sup., inf.)
6. structure (longitudinal, pinnate, bipennate, multipennate, fan shaped, etc)
7. actions and uses.
8. development, variations and anomalies
B. Bone
1. type or classification and location
2. form, shape, size, appearance, articulations
3. parts: shaft (surfaces and borders), extremities (articulations)
4. muscles and ligaments attached to each border and surface
5. relation to region and body as a whole
6. variations and anomalies
7. ossification
C. Joint
1. class and type
2. bones entering into its formation
3. capsule
4. bursae
5. ligaments
6. movements (with muscles involved)
7. nerve and blood supply
8. development and anomalies
D. Blood vessels and nerves:
1. size, source, situation
2. course and terminal branches
3. collateral branches, anastomoses
4. structures and areas supplied
5. variations and anomalies
Study Methods
A. Before class, read the assigned readings sufficiently to acquaint yourself with the
structures under study for the day. Use the textbook, syllabus, dissection guide and
atlas to prepare for class. The reading for the day can be found at the top of the first
page of the daily notes. Make sure you are familiar with the dissection procedure
scheduled for each day before coming to class. Read the dissection manual well so
you know what structures you will be uncovering and have a general idea of how go
about the dissection.
SUGGESTION: assign one person to be the “navigator” each day. That person
should know precisely what the dissection will be that day. He/she will direct other
students for the day. This role should rotate.
B. In the lab, always have an atlas of anatomy open, along with your dissection manual.
These will be invaluable sources of information as you learn the structure’s location
and relationship to surrounding structures. Before asking for help in identification, it is
expected that you will try to find the answer yourself using the available resources and
discussions with your lab partners. In the process, your depth of understanding as
well as your information retention will be maximized.
C. Review class notes.
D. Learn anatomy by regions, common innervations and common actions (and common
blood supply if appropriate).
For example: anterior compartment of arm
Musculocutaneous nerve
Flexion of shoulder or elbow
Profunda brachii (humeral) artery
Class & Lab Schedule 2008
Classroom:
Day Date
Room
L 1 W May 28
B23
Orientation/Dissection
Intro (1-2:30)
153A
Morning: usually
Lab/Dissection (8-12*)
LECTURE: Introduction (10-12)
Afternoon: usually
Lecture (1-3*)
LAB:
Back (3-5)
T 2 Th May 29
153A
Back dissection (ABC)
Spinal cord, nerves
L 3 F May 30
_____________
T 4 M June 2
153A
back(con’t), spinal cord (ABC)
Neck
153A
Neck dissection (CDE)
Shoulder Girdle
T 5 T June 3
(arm)
Whitehead
Shoulder girdle dissection (EAB)
Axilla, brachium
Axilla, arm dissection (BCD)
Forearm, elbow
Conf rm 400
L 6 W June 4
153A
L 7 Th June 5
_____________
8 M June 9
B23
Elbow, forearm dissection (DEA)
Hand, wrist
---
Hand/wrist dissection (ABC)
No lecture
9 T June 10
178P
open study
lab open until 1pm
10 W June 11
153A
Written Exam 1 (10am – 12noon)
Practical exam 1
T 11 Th June 12
_____________
T 12 M June 16
153A
153A
LECTURE: Gluteal region,
NO LAB
post thigh, hip joint (10-12)
Gluteal, posterior thigh (CDE/AB)
Anterior/medial
thigh/knee
L 13 T June 17
B23
L 14 W June 18
B23
15 Th June 19
--______________
16 M June 23
153A
17 T June 24
153A
18 W June 25
Anterior/medial thigh dissection
(EAB/CD)
Leg, knee dissection (BCD/EA)
Leg, ankle
Foot, ankle dissection (DEA/BC)
No lecture
Foot
open study
open study
lab open until 1pm
B23
Written Exam 2 (10am – 12noon)
Practical exam 2
T19 Th June 26
178P
______________
LECTURE: Head, face (10-12)
NO LAB
T 20 M June 30
B23
Head, face dissection (ABC/DE)
Brain, cranial nerves
21 T July 1
----
Head (con’t.), brain
no lecture
T 22 W July 2
&
153A
L 23 Th July 3
153A
______________
24 M July 7
----
(CDE/AB)
Finish head/face/brain (EAB/CD)
Trunk wall (thoracic
abdominal)
Trunk wall dissection (BCD/EA)
Trunk contents
Thoracic/Abdominal contents
no lecture
(DEA/BC)
25 T July 8
----
open study
26 W July 9
----
open study
lab open until 1pm
27 Th July 10
153A
Written Exam 3
Practical exam 3
* = Lab and lecture times occasionally vary.
Dissections will be done in rotating groups of 3 students. Each of you will be labeled with a
letter
A...E. Your assignments for dissection are noted above on the schedule. The dissecting group
will be responsible for teaching the classmates who are not involved in that dissection.
Rooms:
153A is in the Anatomy wing of the School of Medicine Bldg.
178/B is in the Physiology wing of the School of Medicine Bldg.
B23 is in the basement of the Physiology wing
Access to the anatomy lab is in the basement of the Physiology wing