HISTORIC PRESERVATION – 2013
SYLLABUS
970:521:47848
762:448:01:47840
COURSE SYLLABUS
(Spring 2013)
Room 261 CSB
Thursday, 6:10 – 8:40
—
Historic Preservation:
History, Architecture
Programs, and Policy
RUTGERS UNIVERSITY
Urban Planning and Policy Development
David Listokin, Ph.D.
Item
Page
1.
Historic Preservation: Background and Course Scope/
Learning Objectives
2
2.
Course Organization; Class Topics, Readings, and Dates;
and Course Requirements
3
3.
Academic Integrity and Office Hours/ Communication
4
4.
Table 1 – Class Sessions, Dates, and Topics
5
5.
Table 2 – Class Readings by Class Number (see also Table 3)
6
6.
Table 3 – Course Readings (Bibliographic Detail)
(see also Table 2)
8
7.
Selected Additional Readings
9

course number for Graduate Urban Planning and Policy Development (access Sakai on this number)
course number for Undergraduate Planning and Public Policy

LISTOKIN
Professor
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HISTORIC PRESERVATION – 2013
SYLLABUS
COURSE SYLLABUS
—
Historic Preservation:
History, Architecture, Programs, and Policy
1.
HISTORIC PRESERVATION:
BACKGROUND AND COURSE SCOPE
The purview and scope of historic preservation has expanded significantly.
Whereas it once focused on nationally significant places of history and
architectural achievement, today a wide variety of resources deemed important to
the nation, state, and local community—from archaeology to engineering—are
being preserved. Historic preservation was once mainly a private activity; today,
although the private emphasis remains, there are many public programs and
regulations. The “numbers” of preservation reflect the expansion of the field. In
1970, there were about 2,500 listings on the federal National Register of Historic
Places and roughly 200 local historic district commissions; as of 2011, National
Register listings exceed 80,000, and there were more than 2,000 local historic
commissions.
Although many applaud historic preservation as a long overdue strategy
essential for revitalizing urban areas and beyond, critics charge that preservation
is too broadly applied and that preservation regulations are an unwarranted
public intervention into, and taking of, property. Proponents and antagonists of
preservation are working on legislative, legal, and other fronts to support their
respective positions. There are also design considerations. How can design
respect historical motifs while creating anew?
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
This introductory course overviews the theory and practice of historic
preservation. At the conclusion of this course, the student will understand: (1) the
background, context and history of the historic preservation movement in the
United States; (2) appreciation and recognition of the major and changing styles
of American architectural history; and (3) historic preservation theory,
mechanisms, and policies, ranging from landmark designation to tax incentives;
and (3) economic, social, and other impacts of preservation.
LISTOKIN
Professor
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HISTORIC PRESERVATION – 2013
2.
SYLLABUS
COURSE ORGANIZATION
The course objectives, organization, and requirements are discussed in class
one. An overview and history of historic preservation is presented in class two. A
student preservation field visit (not at Rutgers) comprises class three. (Students
individually select a community; research its preservation history and relate that
local history to the national experience; and secure photographs/images of
architecturally “interesting” buildings.) A condensed overview of American
architectural history is presented in classes four and five. (This will include
reference to some of the student-secured photographs of buildings from the class
three preservation field visit.) Federal and state preservation programs are
considered in classes six through eight. There is a midterm in class nine covering
the subjects covered in class two and classes four through eight. The midterm will
consist of both short answers and essays. Local preservation programs and
mechanisms are considered in class ten. Legal issues from the government
preservation regulations are briefly reviewed in class eleven. Because of their
significance, property and income tax incentives (e.g., historic preservation tax
credits and property tax abatements) are reviewed separately in classes twelve
and thirteen. Class fourteen considers the relationship between preservation,
housing and economic development. A final exam, covering the materials from
classes ten through fourteen is tentatively scheduled for May 9. The final will
consist of both short answers and essays. One essay question on the final exam
will be derived from our Sunday walking tours.
There are a number of Sunday walking tours in both New Jersey (February
24 and March 10) and New York City (April 7). The walking tours are enjoyable
outings, so do attend.
CLASS TOPICS, READINGS, and DATES
The date and subject matter of each class and associated readings are detailed in
Tables 1 – 3 on pages 5 through 9.
COURSE REQUIREMENTS
The course requirements relate as follows with respect to the final grade:
1. Midterm (March 28— 45 points)
2. Final (May 9— 45 points)
3. Class Participation (10 points)
While attendance will not formally affect the final grade, you need to attend
classes to do well in the course.
LISTOKIN
Professor
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HISTORIC PRESERVATION – 2013
3.
SYLLABUS
ACADEMIC INTEGRITY
I expect the highest level of academic integrity. Please see me if you have any
issues or questions in this regard (e.g., citation and attribution). Also review the
University’s Academic Integrity Policy here:
http://academicintegrity.rutgers.edu/integrity.shtml
OFFICE HOURS/COMMUNICATION
I will have office hours before class (and by appointment) in Room 487. My office
phone is 848-932-2148; fax is 732-932-2363. My email address is
listokin@rci.rutgers.edu.
Feel free to contact me at any time on any matter.
LISTOKIN
Professor
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HISTORIC PRESERVATION – 2013
SYLLABUS
4. Table 1
HISTORIC PRESERVATION: HISTORY, ARCHITECTURE
PROGRAMS, AND POLICY
— CLASS SESSIONS, DATES, AND TOPICS —
Class
Date
Topic
1
January 24
Course overview
2
January 31
Historic Preservation Background: Definition, Scope, Basis, and
History
3
February 7
Student Preservation Field Visit (not in-class at Rutgers)
4
February 14
American Architectural History – Overview (1)
5
February 21
American Architectural History – Overview (2)
February 24
Sunday Preservation Walking Tour – East Jersey Olde Towne
(Piscataway)
6
February 28
Historic Preservation Implementation: Federal Programs and
Regulations
7
March 7
Historic Preservation Implementation: Federal Programs and
Regulations (continued)
March 10
Sunday Preservation Walking Tour – Newark
March 14
Historic Preservation Implementation: State Programs and Regulations
March 16-24
Rutgers Spring Break (no class)
9
March 28
Midterm
10
April 4
Historic Preservation Implementation: Local Programs and
Regulations
April 7
Sunday Preservation Walking Tour – New York City
11
April 11
Legal Preservation Issues
12
April 18
Historic Preservation Financing and Tax Incentives: Theory
13
April 25
Historic Preservation Financing and Tax Incentives: Practical
Applications, and Introduction to Historic Preservation, Public Finance
and the Property Tax
14
May 2
Historic Preservation: Housing, Economic Development, and Social
Dimensions
8
May 9
(tentative)
LISTOKIN
Professor
Final
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HISTORIC PRESERVATION – 2013
SYLLABUS
5. Table 2
HISTORIC PRESERVATION: HISTORY, ARCHITECTURE
PROGRAMS, AND POLICY
— CLASS READINGS BY CLASS NUMBER (see Tables 1 and 3) —
Class (see Table 1)
Reading Number (see
Table 3)
2
(Historic Preservation
Basis and History)
1A
3
6a-6b
4 and 5
(American
Architectural History)
6 and 7
(Federal
Preservation
Programs)
8
(State Preservation
Programs)
Page
Preface - 34
1-10
all
1B
9-99 (required) (class 3)
1C
1-39 (optional) (class 3)
1B
100-267 (required) (class 4)
1C
40-95 (optional) (class 4)
1A
35-80
6c
5-27
6e
29-35
9
1-16 (omit state/local at 8-12)
10
For reference only
1A
81-116
2
45-70
6c
28-38
6e
35-38
14a
For reference only
(Continued on next page)
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Professor
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HISTORIC PRESERVATION – 2013
Class (see Table 1)
10
(Local Preservation
Programs)
SYLLABUS
Reading Number (see
Table 3)
Page
1A
117-156; 313-352
6c
38-45
12
all
14b
For reference only
11
(Legal Preservation
Issues)
12 and 13
(Financing and Tax
Incentives)
14
(Housing, Economic
Development, and
Social Issues)
9
17-44
11
all
11a
all
1A
279-351
4
skim
6e
Tax credits – 1-24; 38-43; Appendix
Resource X-2, 10-16; Appendix Resource
X-3, 17-27 (skim appendix)
6e
Property Tax – 24-29; Appendix Resource
X-4, 20-27 (skim appendix)
13
all (skim)
1A
353-493
3
10-38
5
all
6d
all (skim)
6e
Appendix Resource X-5, 28-81 (skim)
7
all (skim)
8
all (skim)
14c
LISTOKIN
Professor
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HISTORIC PRESERVATION – 2013
SYLLABUS
6. Table 3
HISTORIC PRESERVATION: HISTORY, ARCHITECTURE
PROGRAMS AND POLICY
—COURSE READINGS —
REQUIRED READINGS –
PURCHASE (Available at
Rutgers Bookstore*)
*1A. Stipe, Robert E. 2003. A Richer Heritage. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
ISBN-10: 0807854514, ISBN-13: 978-0807854518 (Required)
1B. Handlin, David. 2004. American Architecture, 2nd ed. New York: Thames and Hudson.
ISBN-10: 0500203733, ISBN-13: 978-0500203736 (Required)
1C. Poppeliers, John and Chambers, Allen. 2003. What Style is It?: A Guide to American
Architecture. New York: Wiley. ISBN-10: 0471250368, ISBN-13: 0471260364 (Optional)
REQUIRED READINGS –
ON SAKAI ‘RESOURCES’
2. Beaumont, Constance. 1996. Smart States, Better Communities : How State Governments can
Help Citizens Preserve Their Communities. National Trust for Historic Preservation.
3. Conde, Sarah. 2007. “Striking a Match in the Historic District: Opposition to Historic
Preservation and Responsive Community Building.” Georgetown University Law Center.
4. Government Accountability Office. 2012. Limited Information on the Use and Enforcement of
Tax Effectiveness of Tax Expenditures Could be Mitigated by Congressional Action.
5. Listokin, David, Barbara Listokin and Michael Lahr. 1998. “The Contribution of Historic
Preservation to Housing and Economic Development.” Housing Policy Debate 9(3), 43-478.
6. David Listokin (Rutgers) and Michael Tomlan (Cornell). Draft Preservation Chapters:
a) Chapter 1 – “A Mirror Through Time”
b) Chapter 2 – “A Different Way of Thinking”
c) Chapter 3 – “The Regulatory Framework”
d) Chapter 4 – “Historic and Economic Development”
c) Chapter 5 – “Financing Historic Preservation”
7. Listokin, David, Michael Lahr, Charles Heydt and David Stanek. 2010. First Annual Report of
the Economic Impact of the Federal Historic Tax Credit.
8. Mason, Randall. 2005. Economics and Historic Preservation. Brookings Institution Discussion
Paper
9. Miller, Julia. 2004. A Layperson’s Guide to Historical Preservation Law. Washington D.C.
National Trust for Historic Preservation.
(Continued on next page)
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Professor
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SYLLABUS
10. National Park Service, Cultural Resources. 2006. Federal Historic Preservation Laws. The
Official Compilation of U.S. Cultural Heritage Statues.
11. Penn Central Transportation Co. v. City of New York 438. U.S. 104 57
11a. Reap, James and Melvin Hill. 2005. “Law and the Historic Preservation Commission: What
Every Member Needs to Know.” Cultural Resources Partnership Notes, National Park
Service Heritage Preservation Services, Cultural Resources.
12. Roddewig, Richard 2000. Preparing a Historic Preservation Ordinance. Chicago, IL:
American Planning Association, Planning Advisory Service, Report Number 374.
13. Schwartz, Harry. 2010. “State Tax Credits for Historic Preservation.”
14a. Appendix Compilation – New Jersey Preservation Resources .
14b. Appendix Compilation – New York City Preservation Resources.
14c. Preservation Critiques and Commentary
7. SELECTED ADDITIONAL READINGS
Ballon, Hilary, and Kenneth Jackson. Robert Moses and the Modern City: The
Transformation of New York. New York: W. W. Norton, 2007.
Barthel, Diane. Historic Preservation. Rutgers UP, 1996.
Brolin, Brent C. “Epilogue” in The Battle of St. Bart’s. New York: William Morrow and
Company, Inc. 1988. pg 251-261.
Caro, Robert. The Power Broker: Robert Moses and the Fall of New York. New York:
Knopf, 1974.
Cavillo, Daniel T. “From Penn Central to United Artists’ I and II: The Rise to Immunity
of Preservation Designation from Successful Takings Challenges.” Boston College
Environmental Affairs Law Review; Spring95, Vol. 22 Issue 3, p593, 30p.
Costonis, John J. 1989. Icons and Aliens: Law Aesthetics, and Environmental Change.
Chicago: Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois.
Duerksen, Christopher J. A Handbook on Historic Preservation Law. Baltimore, MD:
Conservation Foundation, 1983. 351-376.
Duerksen, Christopher J. and Richard J. Roddewig. 1994. Takings Law in Plain English.
Washington, DC: National Trust for Historic Preservation/Clarion Associates.
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Professor
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HISTORIC PRESERVATION – 2013
SYLLABUS
Faller, Christine. “Economic Hardship and Historic Preservation of Non-Profits:
Balancing Individual Burden with Community Benefit” Georgetown Law Center. 2008.
Includes a few case studies including Penn, St. Bart's and a few others.
http://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1029&context=hpps_
papers
Fishman, Robert. Robert Moses and the Modern City. New York: W.W. Norton, 2007.
Fitch, James Marston. 1996. Historic Preservation: Curatorial Management of the Built
World. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia.
Flint, Anthony. Wrestling with Moses: How Jane Jacobs Took on New York’s Master
Builder and Transformed the American City. New York: Random House, 2009.
Foundation for San Francisco’s Architectural Heritage. “A Preservation strategy for
downtown San Francisco.” National Trust. 1982.
"Grand Central Terminal." New York Architecture Images. 10 May 2008
<http://www.nyc-architecture.com/MID/MID031.htm>.
Hosmer, Charles B. 1965. Presence of the Past: A History of the Preservation
Movement in the United States before Williamsburg. New York: Putnam’s Sons.
Hershman, Mendes. “Critical Legal Issues in Historic Preservation” 12 Urb. Law. 19
(1980)
http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/urban12&div=10&g_sent=1&colle
ction=journals
Jacobs, Jane. The Death and Life of Great American Cities. New York: Random House,
1961.
Kayden, Jerold S. "Celebrating Penn Central." Planning Magazine. June 2003.
Lang, Glenna, and Marjory Wunsch. Genius of Common Sense: Jane Jacobs and the
Story of The Death and Life of Great American Cities. Boston: David R. Godine, 2009.
Lang, Margaret V. “Penn Central Transportation Co. V. NYC: Fairness and
Accommodation Show the Way Out of the Takings Corner” 13 Urb. Law. 89 (1981)
http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/urban13&div=14&g_sent=1&colle
ction=journals
Lichfield N. (1988) Economics in Urban Conservation, Cambridge University Press.
Listokin, David. 1997. Growth Management and Historic Preservation: Best Practices
for Synthesis. The Urban Lawyer 29(2):199-213
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Professor
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HISTORIC PRESERVATION – 2013
SYLLABUS
Listokin, David, et. al,. 1982. Landmark Preservation and the Property Tax: Assessing
Landmark Buildings for Real Taxation Purposes. New Brunswick, NJ: Center for Urban
Policy Research and New York Landmarks Conservancy.
Listokin D, Listokin B and Lahr M (1998) The Contributions of Historic Preservation to
Housing and Economic Development, Housing Policy Debate, 9(3),431-478
Loflin, John J. et. al,. “Historic Preservation in the American City: A New York Case
Study.” Law and Contemporary Problems, Vol. 36, No. 3, Historic Preservation
(Summer, 1971), pp. 362-385
Marcus, Norman. “Grand Slam Grand Central Terminal Decision: A Euclid for
Landmarks, Favorable Notice for TDR and a Resolution of the Regulatory/Taking
Impasse.” 7 Ecology L.Q. 731 (1978-1979)
http://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/eclawq7&div=24&g_sent=1&coll
ection=journals
Mason R (2005) Economics and Historic Preservation a; A Guide and Review of the
Literature, The Brookings Institution Metropolitan Policy Program, Discussion Paper.
Miller, Julia H. A Layperson's Guide to Historic Preservation Law. Washington D.C.:
National Trust, 2000. 22-27.
Morris, Marya. Innovative Tools for Historic Preservation. Planning Advisory Service
Report Number 438. Chicago: American Planning Association, 1992.
Moy, Cindy. 1996. “Reformulating the New York City Landmarks Preservation Law’s
Financial Hardship Provision: Preserving the Big Apple”
https://litigationessentials.lexisnexis.com/webcd/app?action=DocumentDisplay&crawlid=1&doctype=cit
e&docid=14+Cardozo+Arts+%26+Ent+LJ+447&srctype=smi&srcid=3B15&key=0e995
9213dd6118e6f07710a7e08660e
Murtaugh, William J. 1997. Keeping Time. New York: McGraw Hill.
New York City Charter, 3020. Governing the establishment and regulation of landmarks,
landmark sites, interior landmarks, scenic landmarks and historic districts. [It is the last
chapter in the document, Chapter 74, pg. 331-335].
http://www.nyc.gov/html/charter/downloads/pdf/citycharter2004.pdf
The NYC Landmarks Preservation Commission Rules, 1998. Updated 2003.
http://www.nyc.gov/html/lpc/downloads/pdf/pubs/rules.pdf
New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission website.
Maps - http://www.nyc.gov/html/lpc/html/maps/historic_district.shtml
Publications Page - http://www.nyc.gov/html/lpc/html/forms/publications.shtml
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Professor
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HISTORIC PRESERVATION – 2013
SYLLABUS
Includes the New York City Landmarks Book, various master plans for several historic
districts
New York City Independent Budget Office. “Impact of Historic Districts on Residential
Property Value.”
http://www.nylandmarks.org/maps/historic_properties_fund/
"New York Preservation Archive Project :: Archives - Grand Central Terminal." NYPAP
New York Preservation Archive Project. Web. 08 Sept. 2009.
<http://www.nypap.org/archives/110>.
NYTimes Online. “Ask about Preserving New York’s Historic Districts.” Q&A with
Simeon Bankoff, executive director of the Historic Districts Council.
http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/03/23/ask-about-preserving-new-yorks-historicdistricts/
PENN CENTRAL TRANSP. CO. V. NEW YORK CITY. No. 438 U.S. 104. US
Supreme Court. 26 June 1978.
[Downloadable from WestLaw—follow this link
http://www.libraries.rutgers.edu/cms/indexes/descriptions/westlaw and be sure to allow
pop-ups for the Westlaw Site. You will not be able to download anything without doing
so.]
Pogrebin, Robin. “Looking at Landmarks.” NYTimes online.
http://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2008/11/25/arts/2008_LANDMARK_FEATURE.ht
ml
Four part series on preservation-development in New York from the New York Times
that ran in 2008. Includes interactive map.
“Preservation Law." Eastern Michigan University. Web. 08 Sept. 2009.
<http://www.emich.edu/public/geo/preservlaw.html>.
“Robert Moses and the Modern City: Remaking the Metropolis.” The Museum of the
City of New York Exhibition Materials.
“Robert Moses and the Modern City: The Road to Recreation.” Queens Museum of Art
Exhibition Materials.
“Robert Moses and the Modern City: Slum Clearance and the Superblock Solution.”
Columbia University’s Miriam and Ira D. Wallach Art Gallery Exhibition Materials.
Robinson S and Peterman J.E. (1989) Fiscal Incentives for Historic Preservation,
Government Finance Officers Association, Washington.
Roddewig, Richard J. Preparing a Historic Preservation Ordinance. American Planning
Association (February 1983)
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Professor
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HISTORIC PRESERVATION – 2013
SYLLABUS
Rypkema D. (2005) The Economics of Historic Preservation: A Community Leaders
Guide, National Trust for Historic Preservation, Washington DC, 2nd Ed.
Schlichting, Kurt C. Grand Central Terminal: Railroads, Engineering, and Architecture
in New York City. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 2001.
Sheehy, John A. "Religious Landmark Preservation under the First and Fifth
Amendments: St. Bartholomew’s Church v. City of New York." St. John's Law Review
(1991): 553-76.
Steinberg, Theodore. “Chapter 5 - Three-D Deeds: The Rise of Air Rights in New York
[Penn Central and Beyond]” in Slide Mountain: Or, The Folly of Owning Nature.
University of California Press. 1995.
Stipe, Robert E., and Antoinette J. Lee. 1987. The American Mosaic: Preserving a
Nation’s Heritage. International Council on Monuments and Sites. Preservation Press.
Tyler, Norman. Historic Preservation An Introduction to Its History, Principles, and
Practice. Boston: W. W. Norton & Company, 1999.
Van Oers R. “Towards new international guidelines for the conservation of historic urban
landscapes (HUL)s” City & Time 3 (3): 3. [online] URL: http://www.cecibr.org/novo/revista/docs2008/CT-2008-113.pdf Accessed January 22, 2010
White, Bradford J. and Richard J. Roddewig. (1994) Preparing a Historic Preservation
Plan, American Planning Association, National Trust for Historic Preservation,
Washington
Wood, Anthony. 2008. Preserving New York: Winning the Right to Protect a City’s
Landmarks. New York: Routledge.
Online Resources:
*Historic Preservation Law 101 for New York Lawyers (includes city, state, and national
policies and law)
Gives a solid context for what sorts of constraints New York City preservationists are
contending with in terms of law. (Short and sweet.)
http://www.nysba.org/AM/Template.cfm?Section=Home&TEMPLATE=/CM/ContentDi
splay.cfm&CONTENTID=29928
Public Access Portal to the Laws of the City of New York
Searchable index for the Laws of NY.
http://24.97.137.100/nyc/
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Professor
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HISTORIC PRESERVATION – 2013
SYLLABUS
World Heritage Cities
This site has links to all of the international charters involving preservation.
http://www.ovpm.org/index.php?module=pagesetter&func=viewpub&tid=1&pid=30&m
m=1038
Housing Policy Debate, Special Issue 9(3), 1998
http://www.mi.vt.edu/web/page/794/sectionid/580/pagelevel/2/parentid/580/interi
orHPD.asp
Advisory Council on Historic Preservation
http://www.achp.gov/economic-general.html
National Trust for Historic Preservation
http://www.preservationnation.org/
ICOMOS
http://www.international.icomos.org/home.htm
UNESCO – World Heritage Sites
http://whc.unesco.org/en/list
Case Study on Bethesda Terrace and Arcade Restoration in Central Park
Small case study from a preservation firm’s portfolio
http://www.spsrepair.com/Case%20Study/tabid/530/contentid/591/Default.aspx
Greenwich Village Society for Historic Preservation homepage
Extremely useful site with interactive maps, lists of current, proposed and past projects.
http://www.gvshp.org/_gvshp/index.htm
Friends of Moynihan Station – website with history, description, and archived articles.
http://www.moynihanstation.org/newsite/
Times article on the proposed Moynihan Station
http://www.nytimes.com/2007/11/02/opinion/02fri3.html?ex=1351742400&en=903e6b3
60a7b952e&ei=5124&partner=permalink&exprod=permalink
Various Cases:
All of these cases should be downloadable from WestLaw—follow this link
http://www.libraries.rutgers.edu/cms/indexes/descriptions/westlaw and be sure to allow
pop-ups for the Westlaw Site. You will not be able to download anything without doing
so.
Manhattan Club v. Landmarks Preservation Commission of the City of New York, 51
Misc. 2d 556, 559- 560 (1966)
Penn Central Transp. Co. v. City of New York, 438 U.S. 104, 114 (1978)
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Professor
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HISTORIC PRESERVATION – 2013
SYLLABUS
Lutheran Church in America v. City of New York, 35 N.Y.2d 121 (1974)
Church of St. Paul and St. Andrew v. Kent L. Barwick, et al, Landmarks Preservation
Commission, 67 N.Y.2d 510 (1986)
Shubert Organization, Inc. v. Landmarks Preservation Com'n of the City of New York,
N.Y.A.D. 1 Dep't., 1991
St. Bart’s v. New York:
Article from 1990 after case was decided.
http://www.nytimes.com/1990/09/13/nyregion/church-s-landmark-status-isupheld.html?scp=9&sq=%22st.+bartholomew%27s+church%22&st=nyt
Judge Rules in Lawsuit on Building of Tower
http://www.nytimes.com/1987/07/11/nyregion/judge-rules-in-lawsuit-on-building-oftower.html?scp=7&sq=%22st.+bartholomew%27s+church%22&st=nyt
Court Backs St. Bart's in Tower Legal Battle - April 29, 1987
http://www.nytimes.com/1987/04/29/nyregion/court-backs-st-bart-s-in-tower-legalbattle.html?scp=8&sq=%22st.+bartholomew%27s+church%22&st=nyt
LISTOKIN
Professor
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