MariClim
24 April-1 May 2006 cruise
R/V Jan Mayen
Isfjorden-Kongsfjorden
Edited by Ragni Olssøn and
Norwegian Polar Institute
Tromsø
Table of content
Table of content .......................................................................................................................... 2
About the MariClim project ....................................................................................................... 2
Main stations .............................................................................................................................. 3
Participants ................................................................................................................................. 4
Phytoplankton......................................................................................................................... 5
Zooplankton ........................................................................................................................... 6
Microbial degradation of carbon components in ice-covered Arctic waters........................ 13
Pelagic fish and zooplankton distribution in Kongsfjorden, Krossfjorden and
Kongsfjordrenna/shelf .......................................................................................................... 17
Mercury levels in an Arctic Marine food-chain ................................................................... 21
Distribution and abundance of Little Auks and Kittiwakes in relation to oceanographic
features and food availability ............................................................................................... 24
Genetics, physiology and fish diversity ............................................................................... 28
Moorings in Kongsfjorden ................................................................................................... 30
Station and sampling list .......................................................................................................... 32
About the MariClim project
“Marine ecosystem consequences of climate induced changes in water masses off WestSpitsbergen (MariClim)”
Project manager: Geir Wing Gabrielsen, Norwegian Polar Institute (NPI), Project
management group: Haakon Hop (NPI) and Harald Svendsen (University of Bergen).
The overall goal of this project is to determine the influence of climate variability and change
on the energy transfer in the marine pelagic ecosystem in different water masses on the west
coast of Spitsbergen. The project will compare the pelagic food webs in fronts involving
Arctic (ArW) and Atlantic water masses (AW) in this high-Arctic region.
The extent of the ice cover in the Nordic Seas in spring has decreased since 1860 due to the
net thermal effect of the northbound currents (Vinje 2001). A continuation of this trend is
predicted by general circulation models (GCMs, IPCC 2000). Variations in the inflow of AW
and outflow of ArW masses are shown to be strongly related to changes in the atmospheric
pressure systems over the Arctic Ocean (Proshutinsky et al. 1999) and the North Atlantic
Oscillation (Dickson et al. 2000) on inter-annual and decadal scales. This would change the
relative amount of source water (ArW and AW), which is mixed and transformed into water
masses on the shelf off West-Spitsbergen and also in the adjacent fjords.
2
The new Arctic Marine Laboratory in Ny-Ålesund, gives this project a unique opportunity to
perform controlled experiments on the energy transfer on marine food chains. The
Kongsfjorden, shelf and fjord system (Fig. 1) is particularly suitable in Arctic for studies of
effects of climate change because it lies adjacent to both Arctic and Atlantic water masses. In
addition, there is a significant amount of observations available from this area (reviews, Hop
et al. 2002; Svendsen et al. 2002). The inclusion of these observations and existing time-series
for this area is imperative for the detection of changes. In particular we have long time series
of zooplankton composition for this area. The relative composition of zooplankton depends on
water masses and sea ice concentration. Changes in the zooplankton composition will result in
altered energy transfer within the pelagic food web with potential consequences for growth
and survival of seabirds.
Main stations
3
Participants
Name
Jørgen Schou Christiansen
Sven-Erik Fevolden
Kyrre Lydersen
Mathias Langaard Madsen
Haakon Hop
Kristen Fossan
Fredrik Broms
Anette Wold
Arve Kristiansen
Fanny Narcy
Ansgar Diederich
Kriss Rokkan Iversen
Lena Seuthe
Sindre Johannesen
Jorg Welcker
E-mail
joergenc@nfh.uit.no
sveinf@nfh.uit.no
kyrrel@nfh.uit.no
Matias.Madsen@nfh.uit.no
haakon@npolar.no
kristen@npolar.no
fredrik@npolar.no
anette@npolar.no
arve.kristiansen@imr.no
narcy@obs-vlfr.fr
a.diederichs@bioconsult-sh.de
Kriss.Iversen@nfh.uit.no
Lena.Seuthe@nfh.uit.no
Sindre.Johannessen@bio.uio.no
jorg@npolar.no
Institution
NCFS
NCFS
NCFS
NCFS
NPI
NPI
NPI
NPI
IMR
NPI/LOV
NPI
NFCS
NFCS
UiO/UNIS
NPI
Position
Researcher
Researcher
Technician
PhD student
Researcher
Technician
PhD student
Technician
Technician
PhD student
Assistant
PhD student
Technician
Ms student
Iris Jæger
Philip Riel
Anke Krey
Eike Stübner
irj022@student.uit.no
phiriel@yahoo.de
anke_krey@articmail.com
eikes@stud.ntnu.no
NCFS/NPI Ms student
NPI
Assistant
NCFS
Assistant
UNIS
Ms student
Activity
Fish
Fish
Instruments
Fish; zooplankton
Acoustic, diving
Accoustic; CTD
Acoustic
Zooplankton
Fish; zooplankton
Microzooplankton
Seabirds
Microorganisms
Microorganisms
Fish
Seabirds
Zooplankton;
seabirds
Diving; zooplankton
Phytoplankton
Benthos
Phytoplankton
Participants
Else Hegseth and Anke Krey, NCFS
Sampling
During the MariClim cruises with Jan Mayen and Lance water samples from several depths were taken for phytoplankton abundance, chlorophyll
and nutrients along and across Kongsford.
Water was sampled with Niskin bottles at standard depths and at chlorophyll maximum. Samples from all depths were frozen for nutrient
analyses.
Lugol was added to samples from 5-6 depths for phytoplankton abundance. In addition, at some stations net samples (20 µm) were taken from
20-30 m depth up to the surface and preserved with formalin. Water from all depths was filtered for chlorophyll profile (GF/F filters).
Table 1 Phytoplankton sampling Kongsfjord (MariClim cruise „Jan Mayen“ 24.04.-01.05.06)
Date
Station Sample ID
25.04.06 Kb5*
06MAR001
25.04.06 Kb3
06MAR008
25.04.06 Kb2
06MAR032
25.04.06 Kb1
06MAR036
26.04.06 Kb0
06MAR047
26.04.06 V12
06MAR066
26.04.06 V10
06MAR079
26.04.06 V6
06MAR093
28.04.06 Kb4
06MAR121
28.04.06 M12
06MAR138
28.04.06 M14
06MAR139
28.04.06 M15
06MAR140
28.04.06 M17
06MAR141
28.04.06 M24
06MAR142
28.04.06 M26
06MAR143
28.04.06 M28
06MAR144
* net sample (10 µm) taken
Depth [m]
78
343
300
346
326
220
290
1120
75
170
315
270
100
211
270
175
Chlorophyll maximum Secchi disk
(fluorescence) [m] reading [m]
10
~5
15
5
10, 40
4
10
~4.5
10- 40
5
10
~6
~5-15 (mixed)
15
~10
~12
0-30 (zickzack peaks)
5
?
4
?
~5
?
not taken
?
4
?
4
?
4-5
?
4
Sampling depth [m] preserved in lugol
0 5 10 15 20 30 40 50 65
0 5 10 15 20 30 50 75 100 150
0 5 10 20 30 40 60 75 100 150
0 5 10 15 20 30 50 75 100 150
0 5 10 15 20 30 40 50 75 100
0 5 10 15 20 25 50 75 85 100
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 50 75 100
0 5 10 20 30 50 75 100 200 210
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 50 70
0 5 10 15 20 30 50 75 100 150
0 5 10 15 20 30 50 75 100 140
0 5 10 15 20 30 50 65 80 120
0 5 10 15 20 30 50 75 80
0 5 10 15 20 50 75 100 150 195
0 5 10 15 20 30 50 75 100 150
0 5 10 15 30 50 75 100 150
200
200
250
150
150
150
300
275
315
250
200
250
500
188
191 325
175 230
200 250
Zooplankton
Participants
Anette Wold (NPI), Fanny Narcy (NPI/LOV) and Kristen Fossan
Background (from MariClim proposal)
Kongsfjorden’s pelagic food web is composed of both boreal and Arctic species (Hop et al.
2002), as a consequence of the presence of both AW and ArW masses as well as glacial
inputs. Because Kongsfjorden receives variable climatic signals between years, it functions as
a climate indicator on a local scale. A marked shift in the zooplankton composition has been
observed between years with cold water and warm water. In the "warm year" of 1997, C.
finmarchicus dominated, whereas in the "cold year" of 1996 the much larger C. glacialis
made up 50% of the Calanus community (Kwasniewski et al. 2003). The amphipod Themisto
libellula has been shown to rely on Arctic water masses to thrive (Dalpadado 2002).
The size spectrum and energy content of the key zooplankton species in Arctic ecosystems
determine their value as food sources for intermediate and upper trophic levels. For example
in the dominant herbivorous Calanus species, C. glacialis and C. hyperboreus contain 10 and
25 times more energy (lipids), respectively, than C. finmarchicus (Scott et al. 2000). Also, the
large Arctic Calanus species contain 50% more energy (per unit dry weight) than juvenile
Themisto libellula (Hop et al. 1997). The ingestion of different prey types therefore has
consequences for the energetic values of Polar cod (Hop et al. 1997). The availability of prey
and their energy values subsequently influence the growth and survival of seabird chicks that
are fed these organisms.
Objectives
H2: Variability in water circulation patterns is the main mechanism regulating the distribution and size structure of zooplankton and pelagic fish.
Objective 2.1: Determine how variations in water mass characteristics affect the spatial and
temporal distribution of zooplankton.
H3: Changes in size and energy content of key zooplankton prey will influence the energy
transfer in the pelagic food web with consequences for growth and survival of Little auk and
Black-legged kittiwake chicks.
Objective 3.1: Determine predator-prey relationships in selected components of the pelagic
system.
Methods
In order to answer objective 2.1 (distribution and size structure of zooplankton) we have taken
samples of different size fractions of zooplankton at different locations and depths. Mesozooplankton including small copepods was sampled with a WP2 (1 closing net, mesh size
63μm, opening 0.25m2), a Multi Plankton Sampler (5 closing nets, mesh size 180μm,
opening 0.25m2) and a WP3 (1 closing net, mesh size 1000μm, opening 1m2). While macrozooplankton was collected with MIK net (1 net, mesh size 1.5 mm and 500 μm at the end,
opening 12.56 m2) and Krill trawl (see Table xx for list of zooplankton abundance stations)
CTD measurement was taken with s Seabird SBE 911 Plus at all zooplankton station and
additional stations were also taken (see Table xx for list of CTD stations)
The WP2 community samples of small copepods will be analysed at Laboratoire
Oceanologique de Villefranche (LOV), Multinet and WP3 samples will be analysed at
Institute of Oceanography Polish Academy of Science (IOPAS) and MIK net and Krill trawl
samples will be analysed at Institute of Marine Research (IMR) in Bergen.
Samples for lipid and stable isotope analysis were taken of the main zooplankton species as
well as polar cod in order to answer objective 3.1. The samples were taken with WP2, WP3,
MIK net, Krill trawl (see above for specifications) and bottom trawl (see fish section for
specification). The zooplankton samples were collected from 200-50m, we avoided the
surface water due to a massive bloom of phaeocystis. Immediately after sampling the samples
were put in bucket and added plenty of sea water and placed in the cold room. The main
zooplankton species were then sorted and frozen at -80ºC as soon as possible.
Lipid samples will be analysed at LOV and at UNILAB, Tromsø while IFE, Kjeller will do
the stable isotope analysis.
7
Activities
Table xx. List of CTD stations
Station
Latitude
(desimal)
Latitude
(degrees)
Longitude
(desimal)
Longitude
(degrees)
Kb5
Kb4
Kb3
Kb2
Kb1
78.890
78.920
78.960
78.990
79.010
7853.788
7854.63
7857.241
7858.683
7900.672
12.430
12.200
11.940
11.660
11.410
1226.446
1211.789
1157.377
1143.909
1125.664
Kb0
V15
79.040
79.026
7902.776
7901.705
11.130
10.900
1108.359
1053.744
V14
79.020
7901.225
10.480
1029.349
V13
79.001
7859.881
10.010
959.834
V12
V11
V3
V2
V1
V10
V9
V8
V7
V6
78.980
78.954
78.947
78.942
78.937
78.940
78.929
78.923
78.911
78.900
7858.786
7857.205
7856.857
7856.581
7856.185
7855.955
7855.621
7855.363
7854.621
7854.389
9.500
8.940
8.840
8.740
8.650
8.540
8.480
8.370
8.200
7.770
929.767
856.181
850.101
844.033
838.653
832.817
828.501
821.710
812.878
746.240
CTD transect C
M11
M12
M13
M14
Kb1
M15
M16
M17
79.980
79.983
79.989
79.000
79.012
79.025
79.041
79.048
7958.8200
7958.9500
7959.3500
7900.0000
7900.7200
7901.5100
7902.4400
7902.9000
11.321
11.332
11.349
11.389
11.430
11.485
11.538
11.564
1119.2400
1119.9200
1120.9300
1123.3300
1125.8000
1129.1100
1132.2700
1133.8300
CTD transect D
M17
M18
M19
M20
M21
M22
Kb0
79.048
79.049
79.050
79.050
79.050
79.050
79.050
7902.9000
7902.9600
7902.9700
7902.9700
7903.0000
7903.0000
7903.0000
11.564
11.500
11.440
11.369
11.300
11.205
11.130
1133.8300
1130.0000
1126.4000
1122.1500
1118.0000
1112.3100
1107.8000
8
Table xx. List of stations and sampling depths for zooplankton abundance samples.
Stn
Lat.
Long.
V6
V10
V12
Kb0
Kb1
Kb2
Kb3
Kb4
Kb5
78.90
78.94
78.98
79.04
79.01
78.99
78.96
78.92
78.89
7.77
8.54
9.50
11.13
11.41
11.66
11.94
12.20
12.43
B. depth
(m)
1125
291
224
315
352
330
329
93
96
WP2 (m)
MPS (m)
WP3 (m)
MIK (m)
0-200*2
1200-600-200-50-20-0
Bot-200-100-50-20-0
Bot-200-100-50-20-0
Bot-200-100-50-20-0
Bot-200-100-50-20-0
Bot-200-100-50-20-0
Bot-200-100-50-20-0
Bot-20-0
Bot-50-20-0
1100-600-200-50-0
Bot-200-50-0
Bot-200-50-0
Bot-200-50-0
Bot-200-50-0
Bot-200-50-0
Bot-200-50-0
Bot-50-20-0
Bot-50-20-0
Bot-0
Bot-0
Bot-0
Bot-0
Bot-0
0-200*2
0-200*2
Bot-0
Bot-0
Table xx. List of stations and sampling depths for zooplankton lipid and stable isotope
samples.
Stn
Lat.
Long.
V6
Kb0
Kb3
TR4
TR5
TR9
78.90
79.04
78.96
7.77
11.13
11.94
B. depth
(m)
1125
315
329
WP2 (m)
WP3 (m)
MIK (m)
200-50
200-50
200-50
200-50
200-50
200-50
Bot-0
Bot-0
Bot-0
Bottom
trawl
X
X
X
In addition Fanny Narcy and Lena Seuthe conducted a feeding experiment with Calanus
nauplii from station Kb3
9
Samples
Table xx. Zooplankton abundance samples
sampleID
06MAR 002
06MAR 005
06MAR 009
06MAR 010
06MAR 029
06MAR 011
06MAR 016
06MAR 029
06MAR 045
06MAR 030
06MAR 033
06MAR 061
06MAR 037
06MAR 042
06MAR 045
06MAR 046
06MAR 088
06MAR 048
06MAR 049
06MAR 118
06MAR 054
06MAR 061
06MAR 128
06MAR 062
06MAR 067
06MAR 071
06MAR 073
06MAR 074
06MAR 080
06MAR 085
06MAR 088
06MAR 089
06MAR 094
06MAR 099
06MAR 100
06MAR 117
06MAR 118
06MAR 119
06MAR 123
06MAR 125
06MAR 128
06MAR 129
06MAR 145
06MAR 146
06MAR 157
station
Kb5
Kb5
Kb3
Kb3
Kb3
Kb3
Kb3
Kb3
Kb1
Kb3
Kb2
Kb0
Kb1
Kb1
Kb1
Kb1
V10
Kb0
Kb0
V6
Kb0
Kb0
Kb4
Kb0
V12
V12
V12
V12
V10
V10
V10
V10
V6
V6
V6
V6
V6
V6
Kb4
Kb4
Kb4
Kb2
TR4 (83)
TR5 (84)
TR9 (88)
sampling
date
25.04.2006
25.04.2006
25.04.2006
25.04.2006
25.04.2006
25.04.2006
25.04.2006
25.04.2006
25.04.2006
25.04.2006
25.04.2006
26.04.2006
25.04.2006
25.04.2006
25.04.2006
25.04.2006
26.04.2006
25.04.2006
25.04.2006
27.04.2006
25.04.2006
26.04.2006
28.04.2006
26.04.2006
26.04.2006
26.04.2006
26.04.2006
26.04.2006
26.04.2006
26.04.2006
26.04.2006
26.04.2006
26.04.2006
26.04.2006
26.04.2006
27.04.2006
27.04.2006
27.04.2006
28.04.2006
28.04.2006
28.04.2006
25.04.2006
28.04.2006
28.04.2006
30.04.2006
time
(GMT)
02:09
02:36
05:35
06:09
12:40
06:43
07:28
12:40
19:41
13:20
15:56
02:45
18:14
18:43
19:41
20:51
14:40
22:37
23:14
02:44
23:44
02:45
02:15
03:38
08:10
08:32
09:07
09:22
12:32
13:12
14:40
15:00
19:35
20:34
20:50
02:23
02:44
05:14
01:29
01:38
02:15
15:20
21:37
23:22
05:00
gear
WP3
MPS
WP2 63
WP2 63
MIK
MPS
WP3
MIK
MIK
MIK
WP3
MIK
MPS
WP3
MIK
KTR
MIK
WP2 63
MPS
MIK
WP3
MIK
MIK
MIK
MPS
WP3
MIK
MIK
MPS
WP3
MIK
MIK
MPS
WP2 63
WP3
MIK
MIK
KTR
MPS
WP3
MIK
MPS
BTR
BTR
BTR w/ fishlift
Sampling depth (m)
70-50-20-0
60-50-20-2
200-0
200-0
289-199-99-49-49-0
300-200-50-0
263-0
265-0
300-200-50-0
289-199-99-50-20-0
300-200-50-0
299-0
150-0
200-0
269-199-99-49-19-0
310-200-50-0
300-0
300-0
199-100-49-49-0
200-50-0
210-0
200-0
268-199-99-50-19-0
270-200-50-0
270-0
270-0
1038-600-199-49-19-0
200-0
1080-600-200-50-0
50-0
1100-0
200-0
49-19-3
70-50-20-0
70-0
289-199-99-49-19-0
10
Table xx. Lipids and stable isotope samples
sampleID
06MAR 019
06MAR 019
06MAR 019
06MAR 019
06MAR 019
06MAR 019
06MAR 019
06MAR 019
06MAR 019
06MAR 019
06MAR 019
06MAR 019
06MAR 019
06MAR 019
06MAR 019
06MAR 019
06MAR 019
06MAR 019
06MAR 057
06MAR 057
06MAR 057
06MAR 057
06MAR 057
06MAR 057
06MAR 057
06MAR 057
06MAR 057
06MAR 057
06MAR 057
06MAR 057
06MAR 057
06MAR 057
06MAR 057
06MAR 107
06MAR 107
06MAR 107
06MAR 107
06MAR 107
06MAR 107
06MAR 107
06MAR 107
06MAR 107
06MAR 107
06MAR 107
06MAR 107
06MAR 117
06MAR 117
06MAR 117
06MAR 117
06MAR 117
06MAR 119
06MAR 119
06MAR 119
06MAR 119
06MAR 119
06MAR 119
station
Kb3
Kb3
Kb3
Kb3
Kb3
Kb3
Kb3
Kb3
Kb3
Kb3
Kb3
Kb3
Kb3
Kb3
Kb3
Kb3
Kb3
Kb3
Kb0
Kb0
Kb0
Kb0
Kb0
Kb0
Kb0
Kb0
Kb0
Kb0
Kb0
Kb0
Kb0
Kb0
Kb0
V6
V6
V6
V6
V6
V6
V6
V6
V6
V6
V6
V6
V6
V6
V6
V6
V6
V6
V6
V6
V6
V6
V6
species
Calanus finmarchicus
Calanus finmarchicus
Calanus glacialis
Calanus glacialis
Calanus finmarchicus
Calanus finmarchicus
Calanus glacialis
Calanus glacialis
Thysanoessa inermis
Thysanoessa inermis
Thysanoessa inermis
Thysanoessa inermis
Thysanoessa longicaudata
Thysanoessa longicaudata
Thysanoessa longicaudata
Thysanoessa longicaudata
Thysanoessa raschii
Thysanoessa spp.
Calanus glacialis
Calanus glacialis
Calanus glacialis
Calanus glacialis
Calanus glacialis
Calanus finmarchicus
Calanus finmarchicus
Calanus finmarchicus
Calanus finmarchicus
Thysanoessa spp.
Thysanoessa spp.
Thysanoessa spp.
Thysanoessa spp.
Thysanoessa spp.
Thysanoessa spp.
Calanus hyperboreus
Calanus hyperboreus
Calanus hyperboreus
Calanus hyperboreus
Calanus hyperboreus
Calanus hyperboreus
Calanus hyperboreus
Calanus glacialis
Calanus finmarchicus
Calanus finmarchicus
Calanus finmarchicus
Calanus finmarchicus
Euchaeta glacialis
Euchaeta glacialis w/eggs
Euchaeta glacialis
Themisto abyssorum
Themisto abyssorum
Thysanoessa spp.
Thysanoessa spp.
Thysanoessa spp.
Thysanoessa raschii
Thysanoessa raschii
Loligo squid
stage / length
(mm)
AF
CV
AF
CV
AF
CV
AF
CV
15-20
>20
>20
>20
<15
15-20
>20
<15
>20
ind. pr.
repl.
no. pr.
repl.
6
8
4
6
6
8
4
6
3
1
1
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
5
3
1
5
1
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
plenty
AF
AF
CV
CV
AF
AF
AF
CV
CV
<15
15-20
>20
<15
15-20
>20
AF
AF
CV
CV
CIV
CIV
CIII
CIV
AF
AF
CIV
CIV
AF
AF
AF
>20
>20
15-20
20-25
20-25
4
4
6
6
plenty
6
6
8
8
5
3
1
5
3
1
4
4
5
5
6
6
8
8
10
10
10
10
2
2
2
2
2
1
1
3
3
3
1
sample type
lipid
lipid
lipid
lipid
stable isotope
stable isotope
stable isotope
stable isotope
lipid
stable isotope
lipid
extra
lipid
lipid
lipid
stable isotope
extra
extra
lipid
stable isotope
lipid
stable isotope
extra
lipid
stable isotope
lipid
stable isotope
lipid
lipid
lipid
stable isotope
stable isotope
stable isotope
lipid
stable isotope
lipid
stable isotope
lipid
stable isotope
lipid
lipid
lipid
stable isotope
lipid
lipid
lipid
lipid
stable isotope
lipid
stable isotope
lipid
stable isotope
stable isotope
lipid
stable isotope
stable isotope
Lipid and stable isotope table continues
11
sampleID
06MAR145
06MAR145
06MAR145
06MAR145
06MAR145
06MAR145
06MAR145
06MAR145
06MAR145
06MAR145
06MAR145
06MAR145
06MAR146
06MAR146
06MAR146
06MAR146
06MAR146
06MAR146
06MAR146
06MAR146
06MAR157
06MAR157
06MAR157
06MAR157
06MAR157
06MAR157
06MAR157
station
TR4
TR4
TR4
TR4
TR4
TR4
TR4
TR4
TR4
TR4
TR4
TR4
TR5
TR5
TR5
TR5
TR5
TR5
TR5
TR5
TR9
TR9
TR9
TR9
TR9
TR9
TR9
species
Boreogadus saida
Boreogadus saida
Boreogadus saida
Boreogadus saida
Boreogadus saida
Boreogadus saida
Boreogadus saida
Boreogadus saida
Boreogadus saida
Boreogadus saida
Boreogadus saida
Boreogadus saida
Boreogadus saida
Boreogadus saida
Boreogadus saida
Boreogadus saida
Boreogadus saida
Boreogadus saida
Langhalet langebarn
Leptoclimus maculatus
Leptoclimus maculatus
Leptoclimus maculatus
Leptoclimus maculatus
Leptoclimus maculatus
Lumpenus lamprataeformis
Lumpenus lamprataeformis
Lumpenus lamprataeformis
stage / length ind. pr. no. pr.
(mm)
repl.
repl.
150
1
1
120
1
1
110
1
1
100
1
1
90
1
1
90
1
1
90
1
1
80
1
1
80
1
1
70
1
1
70
1
1
70
1
1
200
1
1
180
1
1
180
1
1
150-200
10
1
100-150
10
1
>100
10
1
200-300
16
1
130-160
18
1
<100
2
1
100-150
5
3
150-200
5
3
>200
5
1
100-150
1
1
150-200
5
1
>200
5
1
sample type
lipid
lipid
lipid
lipid
lipid
lipid
lipid
lipid
lipid
lipid
lipid
lipid
lipid
lipid
lipid
lipid
lipid
lipid
lipid
lipid
lipid
lipid
lipid
lipid
lipid
lipid
lipid
Table xx. List of lipid samples of small copepods (to be analysed at LOV).
sampleID
station
V6
Kb3
Kb4
Kb4
Kb3
Kb3
species
Oithona similis
Oithona similis
Calanus spp.
Calanus spp. "starved"
Pseudocalanus spp.
POM
stage / length
(mm)
AF
AF
nauplii
nauplii
AF
> 63 μm
K
P
<
b
3
O
M
6
3
μ
m
ind. pr. no. pr.
repl.
repl.
192
120
200
169
20
sample type
lipid
lipid
lipid
lipid
lipid
1
5
L
l i p
i d
1
5
L
l i p
i d
References





Dalpadado, P. 2002: Inter-specific variations in distribution, abundance and possible
life cycle patterns of Themisto spp. (Amphipoda) in the Barents Sea. Polar Biol. 2,
656-666.
Hop, H. et al. 1997: Bioenergetics of Arctic cod (Boreogadus saida) at low
temperatures. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 54, 1772-1784.
Hop, H. et al. 2002: The marine ecosystem of Kongsfjorden, Svalbard. Polar Res. 21,
167-208.
Kwasniewski, S. et al. 2003: Distribution of Calanus species in Kongsfjorden, a
glacial fjord in Svalbard. J. Plankton Res. 25, 1-20.
Scott, C. L. et al. 2000: Life strategy of Arctic copepods: stage distribution and lipids
of Calanus finmarchicus, Calanus glacialis and Calanus hyperboreus in late autumn,
Kongsfjord, Svalbard. Mar. Biol. 23, 510-516.
12
Microbial degradation of carbon components in ice-covered Arctic waters
Participants
Kriss Rokkan Iversen and Lena Seuthe (NFCS)
Background
In the search of understanding the marine carbon transfer and evaluating possible future
changes, marine carbon models have proven to be strong tools. Such models can predict
possible impact of a changing climate on ice cover and mean water temperature, and the
biological processes affected by such changes. Over the last years, complex physicalbiologically coupled 3D models have been developed for the Norwegian- and the Barents Sea.
These models contain both the classical grazer food web, but also the so-called microbial
loop, an alternative, important food web that was discovered few decades ago. Due to the
rudimentary understanding of stocks and processes involved in the microbial compartment of
arctic marine ecosystem, existing models have significant shortcomings that need immediate
attention. The basis of the loop is marine bacteria, which take up organic compounds released
to the water masses by microalgae and zooplankton. Bacteria are then preyed upon by small,
motile algae called nanoflagellates, which in turn are eaten by small zooplankton called
ciliates. Eventually the ciliates are prey for bigger zooplankton, constituting a link back to the
classic food chain. Several of the microbial organisms challenge adequate carbon budgets by
both producing and/or consuming carbon due to different nutrition modes. The microbial loop
reduces vertical carbon export, enhances remineralization and increases production in the
surface layer. Few investigations of spatial and temporal distribution of the members of the
microbial loop, let alone measurements of rates, have been conducted in the Barents Sea and
other waters in the European Arctic. Data on microbial abundance and activity will be
obtained in Kongsfjorden, western Spitsbergen over the course of one year. These data will
serve to evaluate carbon flux within the water column of Kongsfjorden under changing ice
cover.
Objectives
To acquire knowledge of the activity of the microbial loop in Kongsfjorden in the course of
one year.
Activities
Descriptive data
During the MariClim cruise with Jan Mayen in April 2006 one profile (KB3; 78˚56’13 N
11˚58’00 E) was sampled with the CTD rosette for the following:
a) Background data: nutrients, chl a, POC, DOC, primary production
b) Core data: abundance, production and grazing rates of bacteria, nanoflagellates,
dinoflagellates and ciliates, as well as copepod community grazing on ciliates and
dinoflagellates
13
Experiment
A 96 hours experiment with size fractions was conducted in the small temperature room.
Measurements of bacterial, nanoflagellate, dinoflagellate and ciliate abundance, production
and grazing rates were preformed, as well as basic chemical and biological data. In addition,
grazing rates of size fractionated zooplankton populations were investigated.
Methods
Water was fixed and frozen in liquid nitrogen to analyse bacterial abundance using flow
cytometry. Bacterial production rates were measured by incorporation of the radionuclide 3Hleucin in 1 hour. The samples will be analysed in a scintillation counter at NCFS during the
summer. DAPI stains were made of the nanoflagellate community, which will be counted
under an epifluorescence microscope. Dinoflagellates and ciliates samples were fixed in
acidic Lügol and will be analysed under a stereomicroscope.
Preliminary results
No preliminary results are available.
14
Importance of replicates taken with Sneli sledge and RP sledge in benthic
qualitative sampling
Participants
Eike Stübner (NTNU/UNIS)
Background
The benthic sampling devices Rothlisberg and Pearcy epibenthic sledge (Rothlisberg &
Pearcy 1977) and Snelig sledge (Sneli 1998) are often used in benthic sampling. The RP
sledge was created to sample hyperfauna living above the sea floor in the water. The Sneli
sledge is a sampling device for infauna living in the uppermost centimetres of soft sediment
and epifauna on the sediment surface. Both are dragged along the sea floor and thus cover a
relatively wide area where material is collected from. The area covered is dependent on the
bottom time of the sampling device.
Because of the relatively wide area covered with one trek, taking replicates should not be as
important in studies focusing on qualitative data as it is for quantitative studies using a grab
covering a far smaller area with one sample.
Objectives
I used and planning to use further Sneli sledge, RP sledge (modified by T. Brattegard as
described in Buhl-Jensen 1986) and Agazzis trawl for a biogeographic study of benthic
invertebrates in Svalbard waters at a depth of about 200 to 250m. With the samples taken
during the MariClim Cruise 2006 it was planned to show that taking replicates at a certain
location has little impact on the species lists conducted from this location.
Planned was to take 3 replicates with each of the three gears used in the biogeographical
study, which means Sneli sledge, RP sledge and Agazzis trawl. Additionally a CTD should be
taken to record the temperature right above ground at the sampling site so that the data could
be used for comparison with data from the year before.
As sampling site a location situated in Kongsfjordrenna (78°58’N, 10°3’E), were samples
were take the autumn before, was chosen.
The material from the samples shall be used to conduct species lists for each sample and from
these accumulation curves for the 3 gears.
Methods
Three replicate of each gear were taken at approximately the same locality (78°58’N, 10°3’E).
For Sneli and RP sledge a forth sample should have been take if time allowed it. The material
was washed through sieves with round holes and a mesh size of 5mm and 1mm for Sneli
sledge samples and 4mm and 1mm with square holes for RP samples. The different mesh
sizes were used to separate the material in size classes.
The material from the Sneli sledge was put on a board from where the material was washed
down through the sieves. The material from the RP sledge was put into a big bucket with
water and then carefully sieved into another bucket and from there through the next, smaller
sieve.
Samples were stored on alcohol (ca. 75%) and sorted in the laboratory at UNIS into
taxonomic groups and stored on 96% alcohol until identification at TBS and UNIS later on.
15
Activities
On the planned location we found ground with big stones and little clay. Additionally was the
sea rough so that it was not possible to take samples with Agazzis trawl. The Sneli sledge was
used first, since this is the equipment least prone to be destroyed. 3 treks with the Sneli sledge
were take while moving further in towards the fjord to get some shelter from the waves and to
find soft ground. No soft ground was found on suitable depth. 3 Sneli sledge samples and 4
RP samples were taken the next day on a deeper location near the mouth of Kongsfjorden
(~79°03’N, 11°29’E). Also a CDT was taken at the successful sample site.
The samples were stored and have been sorted into taxonomic groups at UNIS.
Preliminary results
There are no real preliminary results, but on the first glance it seems that the replicates yield
no big difference in what and how many species are found. The relative abundance of the
species found in each replicate on the other hand seems to differ profoundly. Since this is not
important for barely qualitative surveys, it might be enough to take one sample in an area with
these to gears. Since a lot of amphipods in the RP and a lot of very young and small molluscs
in the Sneli sledge samples, which are not easy to identify or distinguished on one glance,
were found, a real conclusion has to wait.
References



Buhl-Jensen, Lene 1986; The benthic amphipod fauna of the west-Norwegian
continental shelf compared with the fauna of five adjacent fjords. Sarsia 71:193-208
Rothlisberg, P.C. & Pearcy, W.G. 1977; An epibenthic sampler used to study the
ontology of vertical migration of Pandalus jordani (Decapoda, Caridea). Fishery
Bulletin, National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration of the United
States 74:994-997
Sneli, Jon-Arne 1998; A simple benthic sledge for shallow and deep-sea sampling.
Sarsia 83:69-72
16
Pelagic fish and zooplankton distribution in Kongsfjorden, Krossfjorden
and Kongsfjordrenna/shelf
Participants
Fredrik Broms, Arve Kristiansen, Leif Sindre Johannessen, Haakon Hop
Background
Climate induced changes in the distribution of water masses in the Arctic may lead to changes
in the composition and age-structure of plankton communities. Potentially, such processes
could lead to that the energy takes alternative pathways in the marine food webs with
significant consequences for higher trophic levels such as pelagic fish and seabirds. In the
Arctic, polar cod (Boreogadus saida) is a key species for the energy transfer in the pelagic
ecosystems, and the overall aim of the project is to study the distribution and abundance of
polar cod in the marine pelagic ecosystem of Kongsfjorden and to determine how the
influence of climate variability affects the energy transfer in the system.
Along with zooplankton, polar cod is one of the most important components of the pelagic
system in Kongsfjorden (Ihalainen and Storemark 2000). Polar cod is a key component in
Arctic ecosystems (Hobson and Welsh 1992, Welsh et al. 1992), and together with the
amphipod Themisto libellula (Fortier et al. 2001), polar cod is the main predator on
zooplankton in the Arctic (Bradstreet and Cross 1982). Small polar cod feed mainly on pelagic
copepods but when they reach approximately 8-10 cm a shift to an amphipod based diet
occurs, which correspond to a shift from pelagic to benthic distribution of polar cods (Hop et
al. 2002). Polar cod is one of the most important links between copepods and higher trophic
levels such as sea birds and mammals (Bradstreet and Cross 1982). Composition of the
zooplankton community therefore has important implications for the energetic value of polar
cod (Hop et al. 1997) which in turn has important ecological implications for the predators
feeding on polar cod. The overall aim of this project is therefore to study how the influence of
climate variability affects the energy transfer in the marine pelagic system on the west coast of
Svalbard. The main research objectives listed below will approach this aim.
Objectives
(Objectives xx, Arve/Leif Sindre special obj regarding krill/polar cod?): Standard
zooplankton survey in Kongsfjorden: Shelf slope – shelf – fjord – inner fjord Amphipods/krill
in krill trawl or MIC-net.
Objective 1: Conduct pelagic fish and zooplankton surveys in Kongsfjorden, Krossfjorden
and out to the shelf edge, and determine their distribution relative to water masses and
fronts.
Objective 2: Locate patches of zooplankton and pelagic fishes, in association with
oceanographic features, and sample them with nets and trawls.
Objective 3: Estimate biomass of polar cod in dense schools, and in the entire fjord system
(Kongsfjorden/Krossfjorden)
17
Objective 4: Collect live polar cod (2 size groups of 400 for FB, 1 age-2 size group of 400 for
LC), which will be transferred to the Arctic Marine Laboratory in Ny-Ålesund. Energy
transfer at different temperatures will then be studied and the energetic values of polar
cod to sea-birds assessed
Objective 5: Selected components from the zooplankton community and pelagic fish will be
taken for stable isotope and lipid analysis. This will provide information on trophic
interactions and will also provide detailed information about the energy transfer within
the system.
Methods
The water mass characteristics were measured by ship based Seabird CTD casts. Hydro
acoustic transects were run continuously in the fjord systems and the shelf area using a
Simrad EK60 echo sounder with multi frequency split beam transducers (38 and 120 kHz).
The 38 kHz frequency was used to detect fish while the 120 kHz frequency was used to
distinguish fish from plankton. Sampling of zooplankton was done by Multi Plankton
Sampler (MPS), MIC-net, krill trawl, WP-2 and WP-3 nets. Trawling for species
identification of the echo readings was done with pelagic trawls. Trawling for live polar cod
was conducted by the use of a bottom trawl and a bottom trawl with fish lift. Trawls and nets
were taken in accordance with the information from the echo sounder in order to sample the
patchy distributed plankton and fish in a representative way.
Activities
Hydro acoustic surveys using a Simrad EK60 echo sounder was conducted in Kongsfjorden,
Krossfjorden and out to the shelf to estimate the distribution and biomass of pelagic
fish/zooplankton (see figure 1). Acoustic raw data was logged along the survey and stored for
further analysis in the post-processing software BI60 (Simrad)..
Patches of zooplankton and pelagic fishes was located as far as any patches were possible to
detect and sampled with nets and trawls. Trawling yielded information on species
composition, length distribution, weight, age, stomach analysis, sex, maturity stage etc. of the
fish. Focus was to compare areas of different water masses and patches of high fish
abundance with areas of low abundance and see how this was related to fronts, zooplankton
abundance/composition, feeding ecology of the fish and predator abundance (foraging seabirds). Samples was taken for stable isotopes (3-5 per species or length group) and lipids (2
per species or length group) of all fish species recorded in the trawl catch (is this true?)
Preliminary results
Objective 1: Hydro acoustic survey was successfully completed covering most of
Kongsfjorden, Krossfjorden, Kongsfjordrenna and the shelf.
Objective 2: No clear aggregations of pelagic fish were found. Loosely aggregated small fish
(?) could be seen but pelagic trawling for species information was unsuccessful. Patches were
most likely large zooplankton, presumably amphipods/krill.
Objective 3: No aggregations of pelagic fish were found. No biomass analysis has yet been
performed but echo-readings suggest very low abundances of pelagic fish both in the fjords
and out to the shelf.
18
Objective 4: A sufficient number of polar cod were successfully caught and transported to
large holding tanks in the Arctic Marine Laboratory in Ny-Ålesund. Estimated number of fish
alive 7 days after the cruise is approximately 2000 polar cod distributed in two main size
classes (75-85 cm and 120-150 cm).
Objective 5: Samples were taken for stable isotopes (3-5 per species or length group) and
lipids (2 per species or length group) of all fish species recorded in the trawl catch (is this
true?), but samples are not analyzed.
References







Bradstreet, M.S.W. and Cross, W.E. (1982) Trophic relationships at High Arctic ice
edges., Arctic, 35, 1-12.
Fortier, M., Fortier, L., Hattori, H., Saito, H. and Legendre, L. (2001) Visual predators
and the diel vertical migration of copepods under Arctic sea ice during the midnight
sun., J. Plankton Res., 23, 1263-1278.
Hobson, K.A. and Welch, H.E. (1992) Determination of trophic relationships within a
high Arctic marine food web using δ13C and δ15N analysis., Mar. Ecol. Progr. Ser.,
84, 9-18.
Hop, H., Tonn, W.M. and Welch, H.E. (1997) Bioenergetics of Arctic cod
(Boreogadus saida) at low temperatures., Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci., 54, 1772-1784.
Hop, H., Pearson, T., Hegseth, E.N., Kovacs, K.M., Wiencke, C., Kwasniewski, S.,
Eiane, K., Mehlum, F., Gulliksen, B., Wlodarska-Kowalczuk, M., Lydersen, C.,
Weslawski, J.M., Cochrane, S., Gabrielsen, G.W., Leakey, R.J.G., Lønne, O.-J.,
Zajaczkowski, M., Falk-Petersen, S., Kendall, M, Wängberg, S.A., Bischof, K.,
Voronkov, A.Y., Kovaltchouk, N.A., Wiktor, J., Poltermann, M., di Prisco, G.,
Papucci, C. and Gerland, S. (2002) The marine ecosystem of Kongsfjorden, Svalbard.
Polar Res., 21 (1): 167-208.
Ihalainen, E. and Storemark, K. (2000) Diet of the polar cod Boreogadus saida from
Svalbard coastal waters., In: O.-J. Lønne (Ed.), AB202, Marine Arctic Biology, Cruise
report., UNIS Publ. Ser., Pp. 52-59.
Welch, H.E., Bergmann, M.A., Siferd, T.D., Martin, K.A.,. Curtis, M.F, Crawford,
R.E., Conover, R.J. and Hop, H. (1992) Energy flow through the marine ecosystem of
the Lancaster Sound region, arctic Canada. Arctic, 45, 343-357.
Figures:
19
Figure 1. Hydro acoustic survey design during the MariClim cruise with R/V Jan Mayen,
April 2006.
20
Mercury levels in an Arctic Marine food-chain
Participants
Iris Jæger (NPI, UiTØ)
Project partners:
 Dr. Geir Wing Gabrielsen, Norwegian Polar Institute, Tromsø
 1.Amanuensis Willy Hemmingsen, Department of Zoology, UiTø
 Dr. Haakon Hop, Norwegian Polar Institute, Tromsø (isotope studies)
 Dr. Janneche Utne Skaare, Norges Veterinærhøgskole, Oslo
Scientific background:
Elemental mercury is a naturally occurring heavy metal in the nature. It is a non essential
element and has thereby no biologic function (Borgå et al. 2006). On the other hand, after
being transformed to bioavailable mercury, it does bioaccumulate and can be toxic, even in
small doses (AMAP 2004b). Different forms of inorganic mercury are converted to methyl
mercury (MeHg) by microbial processes in the sea, and can readily be bioaccumulated by
living organisms. (Clark 2001) Methyl mercury is known to be a lot more toxic to animals
than inorganic mercury, and has a greater potential of biomagnification (AMAP 2004b).
Due to long range atmospheric transport, the Arctic is considered an important global sink for
mercury depletion (AMAP 2004b). Different global and regional sources and pathways of
contaminants make the concentration vary across the Arctic (Borgå et al. 2006).
Although emissions from the Western Europe and North America have decreased, the total
global mercury release has increased the last decades. This increase comes mainly from
increased coal-burning in Asia (Riget et al. 2005). Atmospheric Hg is considered as the main
source of the increasing concentrations in the Arctic (Berg et al. 2003).
Storage and excretion of non-essential metals differ from species to species. The sensitivity to
methyl mercury is also known to differ a lot between species (AMAP 2004b).
Mercury concentrations in zooplankton are known to be lower than in pelagic fish. 90 % of
the mercury in zooplankton is in addition reported to be inorganic. This is assumed to be the
reasons why highest Hg levels are reported in seabirds which diet consist mostly of fish (e.g.
Northern Fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis) and Razorbill (Alca torda)). The lowest Hg levels are
reported in the plankton-eating Little Auk. Levels of mercury in the Barents Sea are lower
than in Greenland, Canada and northeast Siberia. Significantly higher levels of mercury in
some seabirds are found in Ny Ålesund, Kongsfjorden, compared to other colonies in the
Barents Sea. This may indicate a possible local source (Savinov et al. 2000).
As mercury is known to bioaccumulate upward the food web, it is favourable to gain
knowledge about the trophic relationships within the ecosystem. Stable isotope analysis is a
way of evaluating food web structure and energy pathways in aquatic ecosystems. It can also
be used to estimate the rate of biomagnification of a contaminant across the food web
(Campbell et al. 2005). The technique uses stable isotopes ratios of nitrogen (15N/14N) and
assumes a stepwise enrichment of the heavier isotope between trophic levels in order to
construct simple isotopic food web models and establish trophic relationships within the
marine ecosystem (Hobson and Welch 1992; Hobson et al. 1995; Fisk et al.2001)
The main goal of this project is to determine total mercury (THg) and methylmercury (MeHg)
levels in the Arctic marine ecosystem in Kongsfjorden, Svalbard. Themisto libellula,
Thysanoessa inermis, C. finmarchicus, C. glacialis, Polar cod (Boreogadus saida), Capelin
21
(Mallotus villosus), Little auk (Alle alle), Kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla), Brunnich’s guillemot
(Uria lomvia) Kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla), Fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis) Glaucous gull (Larus
hyperboreus) and Ringed Seal (Pocha hispida) will be sampled and will represent four
different levels in the marine food chain.
Subobjectives:

To determine the levels of mercury in different species from different trophic levels in
an Arctic food chain, as verified by stable isotopes of Nitrogen.

Compare the results with earlier studies of mercury levels.
Methods:
 Fieldwork will be carried out in connection with the MARICLIM project in
Kongsfjorden, Svalbard during spring/summer 2006.
 Zooplankton will be sampled by net hauls (WP3, Krill trawl), Polar cod (Boreogadus
saida) and Capelin (Mallotus villosus) will be sampled by trawling.
 Birds will be shot and the whole organism will be frozen.
 A minimum of ten items of each species will be collected. For Calanus, Themisto and
Krill at least 10 g will be sampled.
 Mercury analysis: Regarding zooplankton and fish, the whole organism will be
homogenized. Birds and seals will be dissected, liver and muscle will be sampled and
homogenized.
 The trophic level of the different species will be decided by stable isotope analysis.
 The analysis of mercury level and the stable isotope-analysis will be carried out at the
Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, Oslo.
Activities at R/V Jan Mayen:
Zooplankton was sampled with several WP3 hauls at different stations. Calanus spp was
sorted out, wrapped in aluminium foil and frozen in zip-bags.
Krill was sampled with MIK, sorted and frozen.
Due to too small amounts of Themisto in the MIC, this species was not sampled.
Polar cod, Capelin and Herring from the trawl haul was measured (weight/length) and frozen.
Polar cod was sorted in 3 different size-groups. Capelin was sorted by sex.
References:
 AMAP (2004b) AMAP Assessment 2002: Heavy Metals in the Arctic. Arctic
monitoring and Assessment Programe (AMAP) Oslo, Norway.
 Berg T., Sekkesæter S., Steinnes E., Valdal A-K., Wibetoe g., 2003. Springtime
depletion of mercury in the European Arctic as observed at Svalbard. The Science of
Total Environment 304 (2003) 43-51
 Borgå K., Campbell L., Gabrielsen G.W., Norstrom R.J., Muir D.C.G., Fisk A.T.,
2006. Regional and specific bioaccumulation of major and trace elements in arctic
seabirds.
 Campbell, L.M., Norstrom, R.J., Hobson, K.A., et al., 2005. Mercury and other trace
elements in a pelagic Arctic marine food web (Northwater Polynya, Baffin Bay).
Science of the total environment, volume 351-352, 247-263
 Clark, 2001. Marine Pollution. Oxford University press. New York, United states.
22





Fisk, A.T., Hobson, K.A., Norstrom, R.J. 2001. Influence of chemical and biological
factors on trophic transfer of persistent organic pollutants in the Northwater Polynya
marine food web. Environ. Sci. Technol. 35: 735-738
Hobson, K.A., Ambrose Jr., W.G., Renaud, P.E. 1995. Sources of primary production,
benthic-pelagic coupling, and trophic relationships within the Northeast Water
Polynya: insights from d13C and d15N analysis. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 128: 1-10
Hobson, K.A. and Welch, H.E. 1992. Determination of trophic relationships within a
high-arctic marine food web using d13C and d15N analysis. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 84:
9-18
Riget et al. 2005. Circumpolar pattern of mercury and cadmium in ringed seals.
Science of the total environment, volume 351 : 312-322
Savinov V.M., Gabrielsen G.W., Savinova T.N., 2000. Trace elements in seabirds
from the Barents and Norwegian seas, 1991-1993. Norsk Polarinstitutt, internrapport
nr. 5.
23
Distribution and abundance of Little Auks and Kittiwakes in relation to
oceanographic features and food availability
Participants
Jorg Welcker and Ansgar Diederichs
Background and objectives
Climate related changes of oceanographic features may lead to long-term changes in prey
density and distribution and may thus considerably modify food availability for seabirds
(Durant et al. 2003). If the birds are unable to compensate through behavioral responses (e.g.
prey switching, prolongation of foraging distances etc.) this may result in food shortages and
repeated reproductive failure. In order to evaluate the potential impact of climatic forcing on
reproductive success it is therefore essential to understand behavioral responses of seabirds to
variable environmental conditions.
The oceanographic regime of the Kongsfjorden-Krossfjorden shelf and fjord system is
characterized by inflow of both warm, saline Atlantic water and relatively fresh, cold Arctic
water. Long-term changes of the inflow pattern of the different water masses are thought to
lead to pronounced changes in the species composition of the marine food web and thus to
altered food availability for two key species of the seabird community, the Little Auk and
Kittiwake.
The Little Auk is a highly specialized forager with Calanus copepods making up to 90 % of
its diet (Karnovsky et al. 2003). They are pursuit-diving feeders and normally reach depths of
20-30 m (Falk et al. 2000). Despite their high energetic costs for flying, their foraging areas
are supposed to be as far as 100 km from the breeding colony. Prey is brought back to the nest
in a large gular pouch; a single meal can consist of more than 2000 prey items (Pedersen &
Falk 2001). Although little details are known about the feeding behavior of Little Auks
indication has been found that this species might avoid warm Atlantic derived water and
prefer cold water of arctic origin as their feeding area. This might be reflected in the low
percentage of C. finmarchicus and a predominance of C. glacialis in their diet, Calanus
species which are characteristic for Atlantic and Arctic water masses, respectively.
On the other hand, Kittiwakes are surface feeders that mainly feed on pelagic fish. In the
Kongsfjord area Polar Cod and Capelin as well as crustaceans (amphipods Themisto spp. and
krill Thysanoessa spp.) have been identified as their main prey items (Gabrielsen, unpub.
data). In contrast to Little Auks, the prey choice of Kittiwakes is thought to be more flexible
and in situations of declining availability of the main food source switching to a variety of
other prey items occurs (Suryan et al. 2000). However, its reproductive success in
Kongsfjorden has been associated mainly to the occurrence of Polar Cod (Gabrielsen, pers.
obs.).
The main objective of the project was to determine the distribution pattern and abundance of
Little Auks and Kittiwakes in the Kongsfjorden area prior to the onset of the breeding season.
The aim was to characterize preferred feeding areas in terms of oceanographic features and to
relate the distribution of the two seabird species to the distribution of their main prey species.
Seasonal changes of the distribution patterns will be investigated during later cruises within
the breeding period when birds are severely time constrained.
Methods
All seabird observations were conducted according to the established “strip-transect
technique” as outlined by Tasker et al. (1984) and Komdeur et al. (1992). Although the main
focus was on Little Auks and Kittiwakes, all seabird species were recorded during the cruise.
In short, the method involves a 300 m wide band- or strip-transect operated on one side and
ahead of the ship to sample stretches of water with a known surface area (fig. 1A). The strip is
narrow, so that even the smallest and least conspicuous of seabirds would normally be
detected during a count. To evaluate the bias caused by specific differences in detection
probability, the transect is subdivided into even narrower distance strata (A= 0-50 m away
from the ship, B = 50-100 m, C = 100-200 m, D = 200-300 m).
With the assumption that birds do not react to the moving ship and all birds being present in
band A are observed, a species specific frequency distribution over these strata can be
analysed (Fig. 1B). This indicates how many individuals were likely to have been missed in
the further strata and thus real bird densities for the 300 m transect band can be calculated by
using the software DISTANCE 4.5 (Buckland et al. 2001).
To avoid an overestimation of the numbers of birds in flight, a regular snapshot of flying birds
within the transect is performed every one minute (at a speed of 10 knots). Additionally, flight
directions were noted in order to detect spatial and /or temporal movement patterns.
However, it became obvious that Little auks do react to the oncoming ship in distances up to
several hundred meters. In order to observe these birds before they flush we expanded the
transect in front of the ship by using binoculars.
A
B
D
C
(100 m)
(100 m)
B
A
1.09848
(50 m) (50 m)
0.988636
0.878788
300 m
0.768939
0.659091
0.549242
0.439394
0.329545
0.219697
300 m
0.109848
0
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
Perpendicular distance in meters
Fig. 1: 1) Transect bands A to D with perpendicular distances to the ship line. 2) Decreasing detection
probability of birds with increasing perpendicular distance to the ground line (A-D).
Fulmars and all Gulls were recorded separately only every 30 minutes, because they are
considered to be ship-followers and therefore are found in the area solely because the
observation platform is there. Yet, since the Kittiwake was one of the species in focus, they
25
were counted following the standard protocol whenever a bird was thought not to be related to
the ship.
Activities and preliminary results
The seabird observations were carried out during the EK-60 transect and whenever the boat
was steaming between sampling stations in the time from 25th until 28th of April. With short
interceptions birds were counted from both sides of the boat. This resulted in approximately
26 observation hours or 230 km² covered sea area and over 17.000 bird registrations.
Tab.1: Overview over all species observed as well as their total number and a rough estimate
of their mean density in the study area.
Species
total
number
Fulmar
n.c.
Common Eider
110
King Eider
7
Lesser Black-backed Gull
1
Greater Black-backed Gull
n.c.
Glaucous Gull
n.c.
Kittiwake
425
Skua
density
estimate
(birds/km2)
0.35
6
Little Auk
14553
10.92
Brünnich’s Guillemot
2571
5.11
Black Guillemot
14
0.03
Northern Weathear
1
Snow Bunting
8
References




Buckland S.T., Anderson D.R., Burnham K.P., Laake J.L., Borschers D.L. & Thomas
L. (2001): Introduction to Distance Sampling. Estimating the abundance of biological
populations. University Press, Oxford.
Falk, K., Pedersen, C.E & Kampp, K. (2000): Measurements of diving depth in
Dovekies (Alle alle). Auk 117: 522–525.
Durant J.M., Anker-Nilssen, T. & Stenseth, N.C. (2003): Trophic interactions under
climate fluctuations: the Atlantic puffin as an example. Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B 270:
1461-1466.
Karnovsky, N.J. et al. (2003): The foraging behavior of little auks in a heterogeneous
environment. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 253, 289-303.
26




Komdeur J., Bertelsen J. & Cracknell G. (eds) (1992): Manual for Aeroplane and Ship
Surveys of Waterfowl and Seabirds. IWRB Special Publ. No. 19, National
Environmental Research Institute Kalø.
Pedersen, C.E. & Falk, K. (2001): Chick diet of dovekies Alle alle in Northwest
Greenland. Polar Biology 24, 53-58.
Tasker M.L., Jones P.H., Dixon T.J. & Blake B.F. (1984): Counting seabirds at sea
from ships: a review of methods employed and a suggestion for a standardized
approach. Auk 101: 567-577.
Suryan, R.M., Irons, D.B. & Benson, J. (2000): Prey switching and variable foraging
strategies of Black-legged Kittiwakes and the effect on reproductive success. Condor
102: 374-384.
27
Genetics, physiology and fish diversity
Participants
Jørgen Schou Christiansen, Svein-Erik Fevolden & Matias Madsen.
Matias Langgaard Madsen:
The activities on this cruise were part of my PhD, which focuses on genetic variances
between different populations of polar cod and copepods (Calanus spp.) in arctic and
subarctic water masses.
The primary objective of the cruise was to collect polar cod (Boreogadus saida) and copepods
(Calanus spp.) from the west side of Svalbard.
Methods:
Polar cods were sampled with a bottom trawl from stations dominated by cold (< 0°C) and
less cold (>0°C) water masses.
Copepods (Calanus spp.) were collected with WP3 and MIC net hauls.
Polar cod stations:
sampleID station
sampling date
latitude (N) start
latitude (N) stop
longitude (E) start
longitude (E) stop
136
TR3 (82)
28/04/2006
7901.976 N
7901.142 N
01053.814 E
01050.811 E
164
TR11 (90)
30/04/2006
7858.522 N
7858.685 N
01138.108 E
01133.464 E
sampleID station
sampling date
latitude (N) start
longitude (E) start
gear
016
Kb3
25/04/2006
7857.095 N
01158.111 E
WP3
054
Kb0
25/04/2006
7903.194 N
01107.594 E
WP3
100
V6
26/04/2006
7854.446 N
00746.679 E
WP3
117
V6
27/04/2006
7856.766 N
00745.302 E
MIC
162
TR10 (89)
30/04/2006
7855.230 N
01215.776 E
WP2
Copepod stations:
Preliminary results:
Samples of both copepods and polar cod were collected from both cold and less cold water.
These organisms will be analysed within the next months.
28
Svein-Erik Fevolden:
As part of ongoing studies on the population structure of Atlantic cod (Gadus morrhua) in the
NE Atlantic, samples of cod were collected at the stations below. At station 82 gill tissue were
preserved in EtOH and other biological parameters were measured onboard. For the other
stations whole fish (small) were frozen. All fish will be analyzed for various molecular DNA
markers at NCFS.
sampleID
station
sampling date
latitude (N) start
latitude (N) stop
longitude (E) start
longitude (E) stop
136
TR3 (82)
28/04/2006
7901.976 N
7901.142 N
01053.814 E
01050.811 E
146
TR5 (84)
28/04/2006
7900.531 N
7859.811 N
01012.258 E
01010.928 E
147
TR6 (85)
29/04/2006
7858.559 N
7858.780 N
01137.098 E
01133.540 E
157
TR9 (88)
30/04/2006
7858.411 N
7858.264 N
01054.614 E
01135.465 E
164
TR11 (90)
30/04/2006
7858.522 N
7858.685 N
01138.108 E
01133.464 E
Jørgen Schou Christiansen:
Various species of fish were collected for surveys of fish fauna diversity in arctic regions;
collaboration with Museum of Zoology, University of Bergen. Collection of hemolymph from
different fishes, primarily Atlantic cod at the following stations:
sampleID station
sampling date
latitude (N) start
latitude (N) stop longitude (E) start
longitude (E) stop
136
TR3 (82)
28/04/2006
7901.976 N
7901.142 N
01053.814 E
01050.811 E
146
TR5 (84)
28/04/2006
7900.531 N
7859.811 N
01012.258 E
01010.928 E
147
TR6 (85)
29/04/2006
7858.559 N
7858.780 N
01137.098 E
01133.540 E
157
TR9 (88)
30/04/2006
7858.411 N
7858.264 N
01054.614 E
01135.465 E
164
TR11 (90)
30/04/2006
7858.522 N
7858.685 N
01138.108 E
01133.464 E
29
Moorings in Kongsfjorden
SAMS/NPI mooring in position
79 01.2095 N
011 46.4537 E
depth: 210m
Multiple instrument, single cable mooring with acoustic release.
Finlo
GFI-Univ. Bergen & UNIS installations
1) GFI/UiB rigg med tre Aanderaa instrumenter i posisjon
N78 58 44 E11 57 46.
2) UNIS-rigg ved Kvadehuken:
Deployed RCM-mooring at Kvadehuken (21:35).
Position: N78° 58.690' (200m) E11° 32.313'
AWI-installations positions
Thank you very much for your mail and the information about your planned campaign. At the
moment we have four spots with permanent underwater-installations which might be affected
by trawling or dredging activities:
a) There are a number of panels fixed at the hard bottom near Kongsfjordneset. The
installation is quite sensible and in about 18 – 20 m depth at the steep slope and it is about 150
m long. The position according to our GPS is:
N 78° 58,635’ , E 011° 29,454’
b) There are a number of flowerpots digged in the soft bottom west of Brandal. The setup is
quite sensible and in about 18 – 20 depth at the slope and is about 100 m long. The position
according to our GPS is:
N 78° 56,875’ , E 011° 51,631’
c) There are a number of cages digged into the soft bottom directly west of the harbour of Ny
Alesund (within a range of about 40 m from the pier) in about 7 – 10 m depth.
d) There are several setups with ceramic tiles directly in front of the old pier of Ny Alesund. I
suppose that you will not dredge or trawl there anyway due to the massive steel girders
sticking out there under water.
30
It would be very nice of you to keep clear of this areas to not to effect or influence the
experiments running there. For any further questions please do not hesitate to contact me,
either by mail or directly in Ny Alesund – I will be there from the 2nd of May.
cheers, Max
31
Station and sampling list
bottom
longitude depth
(E)
(m)
sampleID
station
06MAR
001
Kb5
78,898
12,441
78.61
25.04.2006
01:25
CTD+NIS
70
Kb5
78,895
12,424
82.63
25.04.2006
02:09
WP3
70
50 Anette Wold
To be send w/ Oceania July 2006
Kb5
78,895
12,424
82.63
25.04.2006
02:09
WP3
50
20 Anette Wold
To be send w/ Oceania July 2006
Kb5
78,895
12,424
82.63
25.04.2006
02:09
WP3
20
0 Anette Wold
To be send w/ Oceania July 2006
06MAR
005
Kb5
78,896
12,439
81.12
25.04.2006
02:36
MPS
60
50 Anette Wold
Nets clogged with phaeocystis. To be send
w/ Oceania July 2006
06MAR
006
Kb5
78,896
12,439
81.12
25.04.2006
02:36
MPS
50
20 Anette Wold
Nets clogged with phaeocystis. To be send
w/ Oceania July 2006
06MAR
007
Kb5
78,896
12,439
81.12
25.04.2006
02:36
MPS
20
2 Anette Wold
Kb3
78,954
11,956
343.00
25.04.2006
05:11
CTD+NIS
335
Kristen Fossan;
0 Anke Krey
Kb3
78,953
11,956
335.57
25.04.2006
05:35
WP2 63
200
0 Fanny Narcy
Kb3
78,953
11,970
343.67
25.04.2006
06:09
WP2 63
200
0 Fanny Narcy
Kb3
78,953
11,962
342.17
25.04.2006
06:43
MPS
289
199 Arve Kristiansen
Kb3
78,953
11,962
342.17
25.04.2006
06:43
MPS
199
99 Arve Kristiansen
Kb3
78,953
11,962
342.17
25.04.2006
06:43
MPS
99
49 Arve Kristiansen
Nets clogged with phaeocystis
Kb3
78,953
11,962
342.17
25.04.2006
06:43
MPS
49
19 Arve Kristiansen
Nets clogged with phaeocystis
Kb3
78,953
11,962
342.17
25.04.2006
06:43
MPS
19
0 Arve Kristiansen
Nets clogged with phaeocystis
Kb3
78,952
11,969
300.87
25.04.2006
07:28
WP3
300
200 Arve Kristiansen
Kb3
78,952
11,969
300.87
25.04.2006
07:50
WP3
200
50 Arve Kristiansen
Kb3
78,952
11,969
300.87
25.04.2006
08:15
WP3
50
0 Arve Kristiansen
06MAR
002
06MAR
003
06MAR
004
06MAR
008
06MAR
009
06MAR
010
06MAR
011
06MAR
012
06MAR
013
06MAR
014
06MAR
015
06MAR
016
06MAR
017
06MAR
018
date
time
(GMT)
gear
depth
(m)
from
latitude
(N)
depth
(m) to
sample staff
0 Kristen Fossan;
Anke Krey
Comment
water for nutrient analysis, phytoplankton
abundance, chlorophyll (Else NøstHegseth)
Nets clogged with phaeocystis. To be send
w/ Oceania July 2006
CTD 116 not recorded in this sheet, water
for nutrient analysis, phytoplankton
abundance, chlorophyll (Else NøstHegseth)
06MAR
019
Kb3
78,952
11,969
300.87
25.04.2006
08:25
WP3
200
50 Arve Kristiansen
samples 06MAR 019-024 were pooled
together
06MAR
020
Kb3
78,952
11,969
300.87
25.04.2006
08:40
WP3
200
50 Arve Kristiansen
samples 06MAR 019-024 were pooled
together
06MAR
021
Kb3
78,952
11,969
300.87
25.04.2006
09:10
WP3
200
50 Arve Kristiansen
samples 06MAR 019-024 were pooled
together
06MAR
022
Kb3
78,952
11,969
300.87
25.04.2006
09:40
WP3
200
50 Arve Kristiansen
samples 06MAR 019-024 were pooled
together
06MAR
023
Kb3
78,952
11,969
300.87
25.04.2006
10:05
WP3
200
50 Arve Kristiansen
samples 06MAR 019-024 were pooled
together
Kb3
78,952
11,969
300.87
25.04.2006
10:25
WP3
200
50 Arve Kristiansen
samples 06MAR 019-024 were pooled
together
Kb3
78,953
11,952
343.36
25.04.2006
10:50
WP2 150
200
50 Fanny Narcy
Kb3
78,953
11,952
343.36
25.04.2006
11:10
WP2 150
200
50 Fanny Narcy
Kb3
78,953
11,952
343.36
25.04.2006
11:30
WP2 150
280
120 Fanny Narcy
Kb3
78,953
11,952
343.36
25.04.2006
12:00
WP2 150
280
120 Fanny Narcy
Kb3
78,948
11,956
286.34
25.04.2006
12:40
MIC
263
0 Arve Kristiansen
imr.padmini
Kb3
78,948
11,956
286.34
25.04.2006
13:20
MIC
265
0 Arve Kristiansen
imr.padmini
Kb3
78,951
11,981
286.34
25.04.2006
14:15
CTD
275
0 Kristen Fossan
06MAR
129
Kb2
78,979
11,729
304.06
25.04.2006
15:20
MPS
289
199 Arve Kristiansen
NB. Samples taken 25.04 but not recorded
before 28.04
06MAR
130
Kb2
78,979
11,729
304.06
25.04.2006
15:20
MPS
199
99 Arve Kristiansen
NB. Samples taken 25.04 but not recorded
before 28.04
06MAR
131
Kb2
78,979
11,729
304.06
25.04.2006
15:20
MPS
99
49 Arve Kristiansen
NB. Samples taken 25.04 but not recorded
before 28.04
06MAR
132
Kb2
78,979
11,729
304.06
25.04.2006
15:20
MPS
49
19 Arve Kristiansen
NB. Samples taken 25.04 but not recorded
before 28.04
06MAR
133
Kb2
78,979
11,729
304.06
25.04.2006
15:20
MPS
19
0 Arve Kristiansen
Kb2
78,978
11,732
301.38
25.04.2006
14:57
CTD+NIS
290
Kristen Fossan;
0 Anke Krey
Kb2
78,977
11,718
313.06
25.04.2006
15:56
WP3
300
200 Anette Wold
To be send w/ Oceania July 2006
Kb2
78,977
11,718
313.06
25.04.2006
16:25
WP3
200
50 Anette Wold
To be send w/ Oceania July 2006
06MAR
024
06MAR
025
06MAR
026
06MAR
027
06MAR
028
06MAR
029
06MAR
030
06MAR
031
06MAR
032
06MAR
033
06MAR
034
NB. Samples taken 25.04 but not recorded
before 28.04
water for nutrient analysis, phytoplankton
abundance, chlorophyll (Else NøstHegseth)
33
06MAR
035
06MAR
036
06MAR
037
06MAR
038
Kb2
78,977
11,718
313.06
25.04.2006
16:40
WP3
50
20 Anette Wold
Kb1
79,011
11,428
346.28
25.04.2006
17:42
CTD+NIS
335
Kb1
79,006
11,464
388.45
25.04.2006
18:14
MPS
289
199 Anette Wold
To be send w/ Oceania July 2006
Kristen Fossan;
0 Anke Krey
To be send w/ Oceania July 2006
water for nutrient analysis, phytoplankton
abundance, chlorophyll (Else NøstHegseth)
Kb1
79,006
11,464
388.45
25.04.2006
18:14
MPS
199
99 Anette Wold
To be send w/ Oceania July 2006
06MAR
039
Kb1
79,006
11,464
388.45
25.04.2006
18:14
MPS
99
50 Anette Wold
Nets clogged with phaeocystis. To be send
w/ Oceania July 2006
06MAR
040
Kb1
79,006
11,464
388.45
25.04.2006
18:14
MPS
50
20 Anette Wold
Nets clogged with phaeocystis. To be send
w/ Oceania July 2006
Kb1
79,006
11,464
388.45
25.04.2006
18:14
MPS
20
0 Anette Wold
Nets clogged with phaeocystis. To be send
w/ Oceania July 2006
Kb1
79,010
11,481
318
25.04.2006
18:43
WP3
300
200 Anette Wold
To be send w/ Oceania July 2006
Kb1
79,010
11,481
318
25.04.2006
19:00
WP3
200
50 Anette Wold
To be send w/ Oceania July 2006
Kb1
79,010
11,481
318
25.04.2006
19:20
WP3
50
0 Anette Wold
To be send w/ Oceania July 2006
Kb1
79,012
11,485
315
25.04.2006
19:41
MIC
0 Anette Wold
Kb1
79,038
11,579
195
25.04.2006
20:51
KTR
299
100150
06MAR
041
06MAR
042
06MAR
043
06MAR
044
06MAR
045
06MAR
046
06MAR
047
06MAR
048
06MAR
049
06MAR
050
06MAR
051
06MAR
052
06MAR
053
06MAR
054
06MAR
055
06MAR
056
0 Arve Kristiansen
water for nutrient analysis, phytoplankton
abundance, chlorophyll (Else NøstHegseth)
prøve til Fanny, 63µm bukket broken
Kb0
79,050
11,123
326
25.04.2006
22:19
CTD+NIS
316
Kyrre Lydersen;
0 Anke Krey
Kb0
79,054
11,119
322
25.04.2006
22:37
WP2 63
200
0 Fanny Narcy
Kb0
79,046
11,139
322
25.04.2006
23:14
MPS
269
199 Arve Kristiansen
Kb0
79,046
11,139
322
25.04.2006
23:14
MPS
199
99 Arve Kristiansen
Kb0
79,046
11,139
322
25.04.2006
23:14
MPS
99
49 Arve Kristiansen
Nets clogged with phaeocystis
Kb0
79,046
11,139
322
25.04.2006
23:14
MPS
49
19 Arve Kristiansen
Nets clogged with phaeocystis
Kb0
79,046
11,139
322
25.04.2006
23:14
MPS
19
0 Arve Kristiansen
Nets clogged with phaeocystis
Kb0
79,053
11,127
324
25.04.2006
23:44
WP3
310
200 Arve Kristiansen
Kb0
79,053
11,127
324
26.04.2006
00:06
WP3
200
50 Arve Kristiansen
Kb0
79,053
11,127
324
26.04.2006
00:40
WP3
50
0 Arve Kristiansen
mye øljesøl
34
06MAR
057
Kb0
79,053
11,127
324
26.04.2006
00:48
WP3
200
50 Arve Kristiansen
samples 06MAR 057-060 were pooled
together
06MAR
058
Kb0
79,053
11,127
324
26.04.2006
01:10
WP3
200
50 Arve Kristiansen
samples 06MAR 057-060 were pooled
together
06MAR
059
Kb0
79,053
11,127
324
26.04.2006
01:40
WP3
200
50 Arve Kristiansen
samples 06MAR 057-060 were pooled
together
Kb0
79,053
11,127
324
26.04.2006
02:00
WP3
200
50 Arve Kristiansen
samples 06MAR 057-060 were pooled
together
Kb0
79,053
11,127
324
26.04.2006
02:45
MIC
300
0 Anette Wold
Kb0
79,053
11,127
324
26.04.2006
03:38
MIC
300
0 Anette Wold
V15
79,028
10,896
316
26.04.2006
04:24
CTD
306
0 Kristen Fossan
V14
79,020
10,489
289
26.04.2006
05:13
CTD
280
0 Kristen Fossan
V13
78,998
9,997
257
26.04.2006
06:15
CTD
247
0 Kristen Fossan
Kristen Fossan;
0 Anke Krey
06MAR
060
06MAR
061
06MAR
062
06MAR
063
06MAR
064
06MAR
065
06MAR
066
06MAR
067
06MAR
068
06MAR
069
06MAR
070
06MAR
071
06MAR
072
06MAR
073
06MAR
074
06MAR
075
06MAR
076
06MAR
077
06MAR
078
water for nutrient analysis, phytoplankton
abundance, chlorophyll (Else NøstHegseth)
V12
78,980
9,496
221
26.04.2006
06:59
CTD+NIS
220
V12
78,988
9,486
228
26.04.2006
08:10
MPS
199
100 Arve Kristiansen
V12
78,988
9,486
228
26.04.2006
08:10
MPS
100
49 Arve Kristiansen
V12
78,988
9,486
228
26.04.2006
08:10
MPS
49
19 Arve Kristiansen
V12
78,988
9,486
228
26.04.2006
08:10
MPS
19
0 Arve Kristiansen
V12
78,984
9,505
229
26.04.2006
08:32
WP3
200
50 Arve Kristiansen
V12
78,984
9,505
229
26.04.2006
08:45
WP3
50
0 Arve Kristiansen
V12
78,990
9,498
230
26.04.2006
09:07
MIC
210
0 Arve Kristiansen
30 stk frozen krill, rest på formalin
V12
78,993
9,493
226
26.04.2006
09:22
MIC
200
0 Arve Kristiansen
på formalin, skråtrekk
V11
78,953
8,936
223.50
26.04.2006
10:32
CTD
213
0 Kristen Fossan
V11a
78,948
8,835
216.46
26.04.2006
10:57
CTD
203
0 Kristen Fossan
V11b
78,943
8,734
227.68
26.04.2006
11:17
CTD
217
0 Kristen Fossan
V11c
78,936
8,644
262.68
26.04.2006
11:37
CTD
252
0 Kristen Fossan
first nett dind't open, second nett
sample missing
35
06MAR
079
06MAR
080
06MAR
081
06MAR
082
06MAR
083
06MAR
084
06MAR
085
06MAR
086
06MAR
087
06MAR
088
06MAR
089
06MAR
090
06MAR
091
06MAR
092
06MAR
093
06MAR
094
06MAR
095
06MAR
096
06MAR
097
06MAR
098
06MAR
099
06MAR
100
06MAR
Kristen Fossan;
0 Anke Krey
water for nutrient analysis, phytoplankton
abundance, chlorophyll (Else NøstHegseth)
V10
78,933
8,547
289.77
26.04.2006
11:58
CTD+NIS
280
V10
78,941
8,532
321.56
26.04.2006
12:32
MPS
268
199 Anette Wold
To be send w/ Oceania July 2006
V10
78,941
8,532
321.56
26.04.2006
12:32
MPS
199
99 Anette Wold
To be send w/ Oceania July 2006
V10
78,941
8,532
321.56
26.04.2006
12:32
MPS
99
50 Anette Wold
To be send w/ Oceania July 2006
V10
78,941
8,532
321.56
26.04.2006
12:32
MPS
50
19 Anette Wold
To be send w/ Oceania July 2006
V10
78,941
8,532
321.56
26.04.2006
12:32
MPS
19
0 Anette Wold
To be send w/ Oceania July 2006
V10
78,932
8,553
267.46
26.04.2006
13:12
WP3
270
200 Anette Wold
To be send w/ Oceania July 2006
V10
78,932
8,553
267.46
26.04.2006
13:40
WP3
200
50 Anette Wold
To be send w/ Oceania July 2006
V10
78,932
8,553
267.46
26.04.2006
14:00
WP3
50
0 Anette Wold
To be send w/ Oceania July 2006
V10
78,940
8,550
275.37
26.04.2006
14:40
MIC
270
0 Anette Wold
Few krill
V10
78,940
8,550
275.37
26.04.2006
15:00
MIC
270
0 Anette Wold
Few krill
V9
78,927
8,475
496.93
26.04.2006
15:51
CTD
486
0 Kristen Fossan
V8
78,923
8,353
697.14
26.04.2006
16:26
CTD
687
0 Kristen Fossan
V7
78,910
8,215
872.02
26.04.2006
17:12
CTD
862
0 Kristen Fossan
V6
78,906
7,771
1121.78 26.04.2006
18:23
CTD+NIS
1111
Kyrre Lydersen;
0 Anke Krey
V6
78,909
7,835
1103.72 26.04.2006
19:35
MPS
1038
600 Arve Kristiansen
V6
78,909
7,835
1103.72 26.04.2006
19:35
MPS
600
199 Arve Kristiansen
V6
78,909
7,835
1103.72 26.04.2006
19:35
MPS
199
49 Arve Kristiansen
V6
78,909
7,835
1103.72 26.04.2006
19:35
MPS
49
19 Arve Kristiansen
V6
78,909
7,835
1103.72 26.04.2006
19:35
MPS
19
1 Arve Kristiansen
V6
78,907
7,778
1120.90 26.04.2006
20:34
WP2 63
V6
V6
78,907
78,907
7,778
7,778
1120.90 26.04.2006
1120.90 26.04.2006
20:50
22:08
WP3
WP3
200
0 Fanny Narcy
1080
600
600 Arve Kristiansen
200 Arve Kristiansen
water for nutrient analysis, phytoplankton
abundance, chlorophyll (Else NøstHegseth)
36
101
06MAR
102
06MAR
103
06MAR
104
V6
78,907
7,778
1120.90 26.04.2006
22:56
WP3
200
50 Arve Kristiansen
V6
78,907
7,778
1120.90 26.04.2006
23:05
WP3
50
0 Arve Kristiansen
50 Arve Kristiansen
V6
78,907
7,778
1120.90 26.04.2006
23:12
WP3
200
06MAR
105
V6
78,929
7,782
1122.70 26.04.2006
23:23
WP3
50
0 Anette Wold
samples 06MAR 105-113 were pooled
together
06MAR
106
V6
78,929
7,782
1122.70 26.04.2006
23:40
WP3
50
0 Anette Wold
samples 06MAR 105-113 were pooled
together
06MAR
107
V6
78,929
7,782
1122.70 27.04.2006
23:50
WP3
50
0 Anette Wold
samples 06MAR 105-113 were pooled
together
06MAR
108
V6
78,929
7,782
1122.70 27.04.2006
00:05
WP3
50
0 Anette Wold
samples 06MAR 105-113 were pooled
together
06MAR
109
V6
78,929
7,782
1122.70 27.04.2006
00:15
WP3
50
0 Anette Wold
samples 06MAR 105-113 were pooled
together
06MAR
110
V6
78,929
7,782
1122.70 27.04.2006
00:25
WP3
50
0 Anette Wold
samples 06MAR 105-113 were pooled
together
06MAR
111
V6
78,929
7,782
1122.70 27.04.2006
00:35
WP3
50
0 Anette Wold
samples 06MAR 105-113 were pooled
together
06MAR
112
V6
78,929
7,782
1122.70 27.04.2006
00:45
WP3
50
0 Anette Wold
samples 06MAR 105-113 were pooled
together
V6
78,929
7,782
1122.70 27.04.2006
00:55
WP3
50
0 Anette Wold
samples 06MAR 105-113 were pooled
together
V6
78,929
7,782
1122.70 27.04.2006
01:03
WP2 150
200
50 Fanny Narcy
V6
78,929
7,782
1122.70 27.04.2006
00:00
WP2 150
200
0 Fanny Narcy
V6
78,929
7,782
1122.70 27.04.2006
02:00
WP2 150
200
75 Fanny Narcy
V6
78,946
7,755
1132.78 27.04.2006
02:23
MIC
50
0 Anette Wold
V6
78,948
7,745
1135.39 27.04.2006
02:44
MIC
1100
0 Anette Wold
V6
78,929
7,795
1118.12 27.04.2006
05:14
KTR
200
0 Anette Wold
AC1
78,915
7,872
28.04.2006
05:58
Ek60
Fredrik Broms
Shelf + Kongsfjordrenna
CTD+NIS
Kristen Fossan;
Anke Krey
water for nutrient analysis, phytoplankton
abundance, chlorophyll (Else NøstHegseth)
06MAR
113
06MAR
114
06MAR
115
06MAR
116
06MAR
117
06MAR
118
06MAR
119
06MAR
120
06MAR
121
Kb4
78,913
12,207
75.91
28.04.2006
00:38
Nothing in the net
Net did not close at 50m
37
06MAR
121
06MAR
122
06MAR
122
06MAR
123
06MAR
124
06MAR
125
06MAR
126
06MAR
127
06MAR
128
06MAR
134
06MAR
135
06MAR
136
AC2
79,048
12,545
28.04.2006
15:12
Ek60
Kb4
78,912
12,202
28.04.2006
00:50
WP2 150
AC3
79,049
11,555
28.04.2006
19:19
Ek60
Kb4
78,911
12,196
73.79
28.04.2006
01:29
MPS
49
19 Anette Wold
To be send w/ Oceania July 2006
Kb4
78,911
12,196
73.79
28.04.2006
01:29
MPS
19
3 Anette Wold
To be send w/ Oceania July 2006
Kb4
78,915
12,198
73.80
28.04.2006
01:38
WP3
70
50 Anette Wold
To be send w/ Oceania July 2006
Kb4
78,915
12,198
73.80
28.04.2006
01:48
WP3
50
20 Anette Wold
To be send w/ Oceania July 2006
Kb4
78,915
12,198
73.80
28.04.2006
01:55
WP3
20
0 Anette Wold
To be send w/ Oceania July 2006
Kb4
TR1
(80)
TR2
(81)
78,912
12,194
108.21
28.04.2006
02:15
MIC
70
0 Anette Wold
78,946
8,460
550
28.04.2006
07:10
PTR
Fredrik Broms
78,946
9,086
216
28.04.2006
09:15
PTR
Fredrik Broms
Main dept 60 m
79,033
10,897
325.09
28.04.2006
13:48
BTR
Fredrik Broms
See fish log (Haakon Hop)
79,009
10,831
325.14
28.04.2006
15:08
CTD
315
0 Kristen Fossan
TR3
(82)
06MAR
137
79.18
Fredrik Broms
70-0
Krossfjprden
Fanny Narcy
Fredrik Broms
06MAR
138
M12
78,982
11,319
172.86
28.04.2006
16:09
CTD+NIS
162
Kristen Fossan;
0 Anke Krey
06MAR
139
M14
79,000
11,387
314.96
28.04.2006
16:39
CTD+NIS
304
Kristen Fossan;
0 Anke Krey
06MAR
140
M15
79,026
11,480
269.74
28.04.2006
17:17
CTD+NIS
260
Kristen Fossan;
0 Anke Krey
06MAR
141
M17
79,047
11,552
101.83
28.04.2006
17:47
CTD+NIS
90
Kristen Fossan;
0 Anke Krey
06MAR
142
M24
79,103
11,425
215.72
28.04.2006
18:34
CTD+NIS
205
Kristen Fossan;
0 Anke Krey
06MAR
143
M26
79,075
11,597
185.08
28.04.2006
19:03
CTD+NIS
175
Kristen Fossan;
0 Anke Krey
06MAR
144
M28
79,075
11,597
184.94
28.04.2006
19:26
CTD+NIS
174
Kristen Fossan;
0 Anke Krey
Kongsfjorden
background information for bottom trawl
catch
water for nutrient analysis, phytoplankton
abundance, chlorophyll (Else NøstHegseth)
water for nutrient analysis, phytoplankton
abundance, chlorophyll (Else NøstHegseth)
water for nutrient analysis, phytoplankton
abundance, chlorophyll (Else NøstHegseth)
water for nutrient analysis, phytoplankton
abundance, chlorophyll (Else NøstHegseth)
water for nutrient analysis, phytoplankton
abundance, chlorophyll (Else NøstHegseth)
water for nutrient analysis, phytoplankton
abundance, chlorophyll (Else NøstHegseth)
water for nutrient analysis, phytoplankton
abundance, chlorophyll (Else NøstHegseth)
38
06MAR
145
TR4
(83)
06MAR
146
06MAR
147
06MAR
148
06MAR
149
06MAR
150
06MAR
151
06MAR
152
06MAR
153
06MAR
154
06MAR
155
TR5
(84)
TR6
(85)
06MAR
156
06MAR
157
06MAR
158
TR8
(87)
TR9
(88)
06MAR
159
06MAR
160
06MAR
161
79,018
10,293
282.83
28.04.2006
21:37
BTR
Fredrik Broms
sampling for live cod
79,009
10,204
266.47
28.04.2006
23:22
BTR
Fredrik Broms
sampling for live cod
79,976
11,618
281.46
29.04.2006
08:03
BTR
Fredrik Broms
sampling for live cod
29.04.2006
09:24
DIV
Haakon Hop
Diving for clams
DY1
Kb3
TR7
(86)
TR8
(87)
0,000
78,961
11,920
355.78
29.04.2006
11:26
CTD
350
78,974
10,056
191.00
29.04.2006
18:26
SNELI
Eike Stübner
78,983
10,005
234.40
29.04.2006
19:40
SNELI
Eike Stübner
79,072
10,662
252.60
29.04.2006
22:23
SNELI
Eike Stübner
79,074
10,760
269.35
30.04.2006
00:00
CTD
78,973
10,999
140.87
30.04.2006
01:30
BTR w/ fishlift
Arve Kristiansen
sampling for live polar cod by use of fish lift
78,972
10,992
109.16
30.04.2006
03:22
BTR w/ fishlift
Arve Kristiansen
sampling for live polar cod by use of fish lift
260
Water for experiment Kriss and Lena
0 Kristen Fossan
Leif Sindre
0 Johannesen
78,969
10,979
141.71
30.04.2006
04:15
WP2
78,974
10,910
140.58
30.04.2006
05:00
BTR w/ fishlift
Arve Kristiansen
30.04.2006
07:26
DIV
Haakon Hop
0,000
100
0 Lena Seuthe
sampling for live polar cod by use of fish lift
Kristen Fossan;
0 Fanny Narcy
Experiment Fanny and Lena
WP2
Fanny Narcy
Experiment Fanny and Lena
16:00
GFO
Lena Seuthe
Experiment Fanny and Lena
30.04.2006
16:39
WP2
Leif Sindre
Johannesen
112.00
30.04.2006
17:04
BTR
Mathias Landgaard
Madsen
See fish log (Haakon Hop). NB samples
marked TR9 should be TR10
11,635
290.89
30.04.2006
18:27
BTR
Mathias Landgaard
Madsen
See fish log (Haakon Hop). NB Samples
marked TR10 should be TR11
78,979
11,550
257.28
30.04.2006
19:03
WP2
220
Mathias Landgaard
50 Madsen
78,979
11,550
257.28
30.04.2006
19:30
WP2
170
Leif Sindre
50 Johannesen
Kb3
78,953
11,969
338.00
30.04.2006
14:38
CTD
Kb3
78,951
11,984
306.73
30.04.2006
14:57
Kb3
78,952
11,968
322.63
30.04.2006
06MAR
162
TR10
(89)
78,921
12,263
112.00
06MAR
163
TR10
(89)
78,921
12,263
06MAR
164
TR11
(90)
78,975
06MAR
165
TR11
(90)
06MAR
166
TR11
(90)
330
39
06MAR
167
06MAR
168
06MAR
169
79,065
11,489
309.39
30.04.2006
20:11
SNELI
Eike Stübner
79,083
11,492
300.74
30.04.2006
22:23
SNELI
Eike Stübner
79,068
11,467
300.61
30.04.2006
23:29
SNELI
Eike Stübner
40