Earth Science Mid-Term Review Sheet
Prologue Unit
*Know how to find density, mass and volume
*Know how to use the density triangle
*Understand graphing trends (direct, indirect, cyclic relationship)
*Know how to read page 1 of the ESRT
*Know how to convert temperatures (°F  °C and °C  °F) page 13 ESRT
*Graph reading
*Know how to ‘state a relationship’ between two variables
Earth's Dimensions
*Oblate Sphere
*Topographic Map
*How to calculate gradient
*River flow direction
*Contour Interval
*How to draw a profile
*How to connect isolines
*Time Zones
*15 of longitude separate each time zone
*travel west and lose time
*travel east and add time
*Latitude and Longitude
*Page 3 of the ESRT
*Polaris
*The altitude of Polaris is equal to the latitude of the observer
Rocks and Minerals
*Use pages 6 and 7 for all questions about rocks
*Use page 16 for all questions about minerals
*Formation of rocks
*Igneous – Melting and solidification
*Sedimentary – Compaction and cementation of sediment (pebbles, sand, silt, clay)
*Metamorphic – Heat and pressure
Dynamic Crust
*Earthquakes and volcanoes happen at plate boundaries
*Page 11 of the ESRT
*Hot spots – weak spot in the crust (Hawaii)
*Continental Crust – thick and less dense
*Oceanic Crust – thin and more dense
*Reading page 10 of the ESRT
*Convection currents are caused by differences in densities
*Magnetic polarity is opposite on each of a mid-ocean ridge
*S-waves cannot travel through liquid (outer core)
Earth's History
*Pages 8 and 9 of the ESRT are based on fossil records
*Index Fossils
*Short lived
*Wide Spread
* Law of Superposition –oldest rock is at the bottom
1. If one of the original samples of pyrite were cut in
half, the density of each half would
1) be less than the original
sample
2) be the same as the original
sample
3) be greater than the original
sample
4) increase then decrease
8. What type of relationship is this?
2. What is the density of a rock which has a mass of 35
grams and a volume of 7.0 cubic centimeters?
USE THE MAP BELOW…
9. What type of relationship is this?
10. Convert 60°F to Celsius.
3. If a sample of granite has a volume of 50cm3 and a
density of 5.0g/cm3, its mass would be…
4. If an object has a mass of 224 grams and a density of
2.5 g/cm3, what is its volume?
11. If it is 8 p.m. at location D, what time would it be at
location B?
5. What is the volume of the toy
dinosaur? Units are measured in
milliliters.
12. If it is noon at location B, which location will
experience noon next?
13. What are the latitude and longitude coordinates for
point B?
6. What is the density of the rectangular solid if the
mass is 150 grams?
7. What type of relationship is this?
14. What are the approximate latitude and longitude
coordinates for Plattsburgh, New York?
USE THE MAP BELOW FOR QUESTIONS 15-19.
23. According to the Earth Science Reference Tables,
which sedimentary rock would be formed by the
compaction and cementation of particles 0.1
centimeters in diameter?
1) shale
2) conglomerate
3) siltstone
4) sandstone
24. Most igneous rocks form by which processes?
1) erosion and deposition
2) heat and pressure
3) melting and solidification
4) compaction and cementation
15. What is the contour interval of this map? Elevations
are measured in feet.
16. What is a possible elevation for the surface of Lake
Lackawanna?
17. What is approximate gradient from point Y to point
Z?
5
7
0
5
6
0
5
5
0
5
4
0
5
3
0
5
2
0
5
1
0
50
0
18. In what general direction does Maple Stream flow?
19. Construct a profile along line AB.
560
550
25. The best evidence for determining the cooling rate
of an igneous rock during its solidification is provided by
1) the disintegration of radioactive substances
2) the crystal size of its minerals
3) index fossils
4) faults in the rock
26. According to the Earth Science Reference Tables, the
sedimentary rock, gypsum, forms as a result of
1) evaporation of seawater
2) metamorphism of limestone
3) weathering of siltstone
4) faulting and folding of shale
27. Large crystal grains in an igneous rock indicate that
the rock was formed
1) under low pressure
2) inside the Earth
3) on Earth’s surface
4) at a low temperature
540
530
520
510
500
20. What is the altitude of Polaris at Slide Mt?
28. According to the Earth Science Reference Tables,
which minerals could both be contained in the rocks
gabbro and granite?
1) quartz and pyroxene
2) Plagioclase feldspar and biotite
3) Biotite and quartz
4) potassium feldspar and olivine
21. What is the altitude of Polaris at Massena?
22. The grouping of rocks as igneous, sedimentary, and
metamorphic is based primarily upon differences in
1) hardness
2) size
3) origin
4) age
29. According to the Earth Science Reference Tables,
compared to basalt, granite is
1) more fine grained in texture
2) lighter in color
3) more mafic in composition
4) greater in density
30. Metamorphic rocks result from the
1) erosion of rocks
2) compression and cementation of soil particles
3) cooling and solidification of molten magma
4) recrystallization of rocks
31. The metamorphism of a sandstone rock will cause
the rock
1) to be melted
2) to contain more fossils
3) to become more dense
4) to occupy a greater volume
32. The metamorphic rock, phyllite will change into
which rock when exposed to a higher degree of heat
and pressure?
1) shale
2) schist
3) dolostone
4) granite
33. Which mineral is white or colorless, has a hardness
of 2.5, and splits with cubic cleavage?
1) calcite
2) halite
3) pyrite
4) mica
34. What is the main use of dolomite?
35. Which mineral will scratch olivine?
36. Which two Earth layers are separated by the Moho
boundary?
1) Rigid mantle and plastic mantle
2) Outer core and stiffer mantle
3) Stiffer mantle and asthenosphere
4) Crust and rigid mantle
37. Which statement best describes the continental and
oceanic crusts?
1) The continental crust is thicker and less dense
than the oceanic crust.
2) The continental crust is thinner and more dense
than the oceanic crust.
3) The continental crust is thinner and less dense
than the oceanic crust.
4) The continental crust is thicker and more dense
than the oceanic crust.
38. An earthquake originated in New York State. The
first P-wave traveled for 00:08:20. If the first P-wave
arrived at the seismic station at 10:22:30, what was the
origin time for the earthquake?
1) 02:02:30
2) 10:30:50
3) 10:14:10
4) 10:22:30
39. A seismograph station records a difference in arrival
time between the S- and P-wave of 4 minutes. About
how far away is the earthquake epicenter?
1) 1,000 km
2) 5,200 km
3) 2,600 km
4) 1,900 km
40. At a depth of 4,500 kilometers below the surface of
the Earth, the pressure is estimated to be
1) 1.4 million atmospheres
2) 2.0 million atmospheres
3) 2.8 million atmospheres
4) 3.1 million atmospheres
41. Where are earthquakes most likely to take place?
1) along the core-mantle interface
2) where the composition of the Earth tends to be
uniform
3) near the Earth's Equator
4) at a plate boundary
42. An earthquake occurred at 5:00:00 a.m., at what
time would the P-wave reach a seismic station 3,000
kilometers from the epicenter?
1) 5:04:30 a.m.
2) 5:05:40 a.m.
3) 5:01:40 a.m.
4) 5:10:15 a.m.
43. A seismograph station records a difference between
the arrival times of the P-wave and S-wave of 00:07:30.
About how far away is this station from the earthquake
epicenter?
1) 6,000 km
2) 4,400 km
3) 7,200 km
4) 2,100 km
The seismograms were recorded at earthquake
recording stations A, B, and C. The letters P and S on
each seismogram indicate the arrival times of the
compressional (primary) and shear (secondary) seismic
waves.
1) A liquid zone within the Earth stops S-waves.
2) P-waves and S-waves are refracted by the
Earth's core.
3) Station X is too far from the focus for S-waves to
reach.
4) S-waves traveled too slowly for seismographs to
detect them.
47. The primary cause of convection currents in the
Earth's mantle is believed to be the
1) rotation of the Earth
2) subsidence of the crust
3) occurrence of earthquakes
4) differences in densities of earth materials
44. A fourth station recorded the same earthquake. The
P-wave arrived, but the S-wave did not arrive. The best
explanation for the absence of the S-wave is that the
1) S-wave traveled only on the Earth's surface and
did not penetrate the Earth's interior
2) S-wave stopped when it reached a solid part of
the Earth's interior
3) S-wave stopped when it reached a liquid part of
the Earth's interior
4) S-wave was never transmitted by the
earthquake
48. Igneous rock along oceanic ridges is younger than
the igneous rock farther from the ridges. This evidence
supports the theory that
1) the ocean floor is stable
2) volcanoes one existed on both sides of the
oceanic ridges
3) the ocean floor is spreading
4) oceanic ridges are areas of subsidence
49.
45. Approximately how far from station B is the
earthquake epicenter located?
1) 6,300 km
2) 4,300 km
3) 5,300 km
4) 3,500 km
46. The cross-sectional diagram below of the Earth
shows the paths of seismic waves from an earthquake.
Letter X represents the location of a seismic station.
Which statement best explains why station X received
only P-waves?
50. Which fossil could best be considered an index
fossil?