Explanatory Report
On the Restoration
of the
Old (16th Century) Jewish Cemetery
in the Town of Kremenets
Phase One Report
Submitted to the
Kremenets Jewish Cemetery Restoration & Documentation Project
Kremenets-District Research Group
Project Leader: Prof. V.P. Kucheryavyi
Assistant: T.M. Levus’
Translator: Alex Dunai
Translation Editor: Dr. Ronald D. Doctor
1
Copyright 2007
Kremenets-District Research Group
Ronald D. Doctor & Sheree Roth, Co-Coordinators
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Kremenets Jewish Cemetery Project – Final Report - Prof. V.P. Kucheryavyi
Table of Contents
Table of Figures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
Project Coordinator’s Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
Section 1: General description of the landscape parcel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Section 2: Evaluation of the condition of burial places . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Section 3: Condition of the cemetery boundary wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1
Section 4: The soils and erosion processes on the cemetery slopes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2
Section 5: Vegetation covering of the cemetery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4
Section 6: Pathway network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 5
Section 7: Project proposal for Phase 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 6
7.1 – Entrances to the cemetery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 6
7.2 – The boundary wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 6
7.3 - Pathway network. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 7
7.4 - Memorial “To the Jewish victims of German fascist occupation” . . . . . . . . . . . 1 7
7.5 - Observation points and platforms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 8
Addenda ............................................................................................. 19
A. Cost Estimates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 0
A-1. Reconstruction of Boundary Wall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 0
A-2. Landscaping and Path Network . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1
A-3. Reinforcement of Slope (Erosion Control) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1
A-4: Total Estimated Cost (US Dollars) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 2
B. Erosion Control Techniques ......................................................... 23
C. Maps, Schematics, Sket ches, and Photos ..................................... 29
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Kremenets Jewish Cemetery Project – Final Report - Prof. V.P. Kucheryavyi
Table of Figures
Figure 1 - Condition of the gravestones in the Kremenets Jewish cemetery ........................................ 10
Figure 2 – Table of physical-mechanical properties of topsoil of territory of Jewish cemetery ... 13
Figure 3 – Table of chemical properties of topsoil in the Jewish cemetery Northern direction .... 14
Figure 4 - Basic Cemetery Plan and Features, Current..................................................................................30
Figure 5 - Cemetery Map Showing Two Major Sections of Cemetery ...................................................... 31
Figure 6 - Plot Map for Subsection 1-1000 .......................................................................................................32
Figure 7 - Plot Map for Subsection 1-2000.......................................................................................................33
Figure 8 - Plot Map for Subsection 1-3000.......................................................................................................34
Figure 9 - Plot Map for Subsection 1-4000.......................................................................................................35
Figure 10 - Plot Map for Subsection 2-1000 .....................................................................................................36
Figure 11 - Plot Map for Subsection 2-2000 .....................................................................................................37
Figure 12 - Plot Map for Subsection 2-3000 ....................................................................................................38
Figure 13 - Plot Map for Subsection 2-4000 ....................................................................................................39
Figure 14 - Cemetery Map Showing Condition of Boundary Wall at 25 Locations ................................40
Figure 15 - Cemetery Map Showing Soil Sampling Sites ............................................................................... 41
Figure 16 - Cemetery Map Showing Areas Subject to Erosive Processes ...............................................42
Figure 17 - Cemetery Map Showing 8 Vegetation Groups .............................................................................43
Figure 18 - Cemetery Map Showing Eight Subsections & Primary Pathways ..........................................44
Figure 19 - Cemetery Plan, Proposed Restoration ...........................................................................................45
Figure 20 - Main Entrance to the Cemetery .....................................................................................................46
Figure 21 - Sketch of Main Entrance ..................................................................................................................47
Figure 22 - Sketch of Second Entrance.............................................................................................................48
Figure 23 - Contour Map of Cemetery (Right Side) Showing Memorial Garden Location...................49
Figure 24 - Contour Map of Cemetery, Left Side ...........................................................................................50
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Kremenets Jewish Cemetery Project – Final Report - Prof. V.P. Kucheryavyi
Project Coordinator’s Preface
The Kremenets Jewish Cemetery Restoration and Documentation Project (KJCP) is an
activity of the Kremenets Shtetl CO-OP, a part of the Kremenets-District Research
Group. The CO-OP also is affiliated with Jewish Records Indexing – Poland (JRI-Poland).
In 2006, KJCP received a grant of 10,000 British pounds from a large, international
philanthropic foundation based in London, England. The grant was administered by the US
Commission for the Preservation of America’s Heritage Abroad (US CPAHA). The grant
funded initial exploratory work, Phase 1 of an effort to restore the historical Jewish
Cemetery in Kremenets, Ukraine.
The KJCP contracted with Professor Volodomyr Panasovich Kucheryavyi, Ph.D. and Doctor
of Sciences. Professor Kucheryavyi is the only Ukrainian member of the International
Federation of Landscape Architects (IFLA). He is Head of the Chair of Landscape
Architecture, Garden and Urban Ecology, at the National Forestry University of Ukraine
in Lviv. This report contains descriptions and results of the work done by Professor
Kucheryavyi and his team.
The work contracted to Professor Kucheryayi and his team had five major objectives:
1. Create a numbered inventory of all gravestones in the Cemetery. This required
clearing excess vegetation to expose stones that were covered and hidden. Each
individually numbered gravestone is displayed on a series of plot maps of the
Cemetery. The plot maps are in the Addendum to this report (Figure 6 through
Figure 13). This work resulted in a count of 8,517 graves with gravestones, almost
triple the number of stones we had counted before excess vegetation was cleared.
2. Evaluate the condition of the stone boundary wall and recommend measures for
repairing it and replacing missing portions.
3. Prepare a plan to control land erosion that is occurring in the Cemetery. This
involved taking and analyzing soil samples, inventorying all vegetation, and
identifying areas at risk for erosion, along with proposals for controlling the
erosion.
4. Prepare a basic landscape plan that shows preferred vegetation, vegetation to be
removed, basic pathways (that will not disturb existing gravesites), entrance areas,
entrance gates, and a memorial area for gravestones that will be retrieved from
outside the Cemetery. The latter include several hundred to 1,000 gravestones that
the Nazis used for paving at the former Gestapo Headquarters and at the Lyceum.
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Kremenets Jewish Cemetery Project – Final Report - Prof. V.P. Kucheryavyi
5. Prepare cost estimates for erosion control, wall repair and replacement, creation
of entrance gates, landscaping and pathway construction.
Professor Kucheryayi and his team accomplished all of these project goals. This document
is their report of their Phase 1 work.
The original report is in Ukrainian. Alex Dunai (dunai@dunai.lviv.ua) translated it and
served as liaison between the Project Coordinator and Professor Kucheryavyi. Currently,
one section of the report still is being translated. Until the translation is completed, the
original Ukrainian substitutes for the English translation. Dr. Ronald D. Doctor, Project
Co-Coordinator, edited the translated work and added this Preface, a Table of Figures,
and the cost totals shown in the cost tables.
Additonal materials relating to the Cemetery Project, including the original grant
application and many before and after photos, are available on our website. Point your
web browser to: http://www.shtetlinks.jewishgen.org/Kremenets/web-pages/kjcp.html.
Ronald D. Doctor, Ph.D
Co-Coordinator, Kremenets Jewish Cemetery Project
Portland, Oregon
rondoctor@earthlink.net
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Kremenets Jewish Cemetery Project – Final Report - Prof. V.P. Kucheryavyi
Introduction
Kremenets is one of the ancient towns of Ukraine. The first written mention about
Kremenets is connected with the battle of Prince Danylo Romanovych of Volyn and King of
Hungary, dating back to 1227. In the winter of 1240-1241 Kremenets was the first
European town to have withstood the Batu hordes.
After the downfall, in 1340, of the Galician-Volyn principality, Kremenets was under the
rule of Lithuanian, Polish and Hungarian Kings for a long time, going through periods of
growth and stagnation.
In the 30th year of the 16th century, under the rule of Bona Sfera d’Argona – the wife of
the Polish king and Great Prince of Lithuania, Sizigmund I, this ancient town became one
of the leading economic centers of Volyn, benefitting from access to Jewish financiers.
It is at that time, we presume, that the Jewish cemetery was founded on the Southern
slope of the Kremenets mountains.
Nowadays, some of the old gravestones still are there, but one also can spot burials
dating to WW II and the postwar period.
German troops occupied Kremenets on 3 July 1941, subsequently turning the central part
of town into a concentration camp for Jewish people, who were shot on the night of
September 3, 1942, and the ghetto was burnt.
Due to the ancient wall, the cemetery preserved its boundaries; 8,517 graves with
gravestones have been counted, a considerable part of them (1,649) in satisfactory
condition.
In 2007 the gravestones used for the pavement of the square in front of the former
Gestapo headquarters were found in Kremenets. The search for gravestones outside of
the Cemetery is continuing.
The expedition research carried out in the autumn of 2006 (supervised by the member of
IFLA, Head of the Chair of Landscape Architecture, garden and urban ecology, Ph D,
Doctor of Sciences, Volodymyr Kucheryavyi of National Forestry University of Ukraine)
provided the material for the work reported here, which serves as a basis for restoring
the ancient (the first half of the 16th century) Jewish Cemetery in the town of
Kremenets, Ternopil region, Ukraine.
This research resulted in determining the condition of the gravestones and the cemetery
boundary wall. The soils and erosion processes which take place on the cemetery slopes
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Kremenets Jewish Cemetery Project – Final Report - Prof. V.P. Kucheryavyi
also have been researched. The vegetation has been described. Spontaneous transit and
new pedestrian pathways have been identified.
Our research enabled us to evaluate the landscape parcel where the cemetery is situated
and the burial places and the ancient cemetery wall as well. It also provided the
description of the physical and chemical structure of the soils and the erosion processes.
Special attention was paid to the cemetery vegetation, which includes many valuable
representatives of the steppe flora from the Red Book of Ukraine.
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Kremenets Jewish Cemetery Project – Final Report - Prof. V.P. Kucheryavyi
Section 1: General description of the landscape parcel
The cemetery is situated on the southern slope of the hill included into
Gologoro-Kremenetskyi mountain-ridge and is located not far from the highest point in
this region – the mountain Kremenetska (408m). So the landscape parcel and its
environment panorama are very picturesque.
The Kremenetski mountains consist of hilly formations with typical gray forest soils. On
the territory of the cemetery they are mixed with bedrock and are slightly expressed.
The existing topsoil structure is unstable and easily influenced by erosion processes.
Figure 4 (in the Addendum) shows the current layout and features of the Cemetery. A
spontaneous footpath separates the Cemetery into two sections (Figure 5). Plot maps
showing the location of each numbered gravestone in each of the 8 subsections of the
Cemetery are in Figure 6 through Figure 13.
The first and the second entrances to the cemetery are in a deep valley of a gully which
encircles its territory from the south. Along the valley of the gully, the street Dzherelna
lies. It connects the cemetery with the central historical part of the town. There is a
path leading from the first entrance to the northern boundary with several observation
points from which the panorama of the town lying in the valley and mountain Zamkova
dominating the town in the east can be observed.
From the upper observation points it is nice to overview the territory of the cemetery
where besides places with gravestones darkened by time there are some free standing
oaks and patterns of tree-bush thickets.
In the summer-autumn period owing to long period of neglect the slope looks like a
continental meadow with rich flowering motley grass.
The western and the eastern parts of the cemetery are edged by ravines covered with
tree-bush vegetation. This vegetation on the one hand is a peculiar protective buffer
zone and on the other hand is a joining element with neighboring landscapes.
Section 2: Evaluation of the condition of burial places
The cemetery contains 8,517 graves discovered during the process of this research.
Examination of the graves was difficult because of their poor condition caused by long
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Kremenets Jewish Cemetery Project – Final Report - Prof. V.P. Kucheryavyi
term influence of natural processes (rains, wind erosion, soil slides, overgrowing etc.) and
also thoughtless human activity.
The condition of the gravestones is shown in Figure 1.
Lopsided , 28%
Satisfactory, 19%
Absent, 14%
Broken, 26%
Brought down ,
13%
Figure 1 - Condition of the gravestones in the Kremenets Jewish cemetery
The graves and gravestones have the following characteristics:

1,649 graves are in satisfactory condition and have a comparatively
presentable appearance;

2,483 gravestones are lopsided; most of them could be erected
satisfactorily. This category includes gravestones on which the epitaphs
did not remain, so they have to be replaced;

2,283 gravestones have disrupted integrity. Some of them could be
reconstructed by assembling the broken pieces, but other gravestones
are too broken to be restored. Among the gravestones in this category
are those that are only partially destroyed; i.e. only an insignificant part
of the gravestone is broken off. Such gravestones can be reconstructed
by using modern technologies;

1,166 gravestones are fully brought down and lie in horizontal position; a
considerable part of them is covered with soil as a consequence of
erosion processes. We presume that the majority of them are
acceptable for restoration and reversion to the previous condition.
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Kremenets Jewish Cemetery Project – Final Report - Prof. V.P. Kucheryavyi

In the places of 1,216 graves, the gravestones are totally absent, so for
reconstruction of these parcels it is necessary to produce new
gravestones made of the same materials.
Usually the complex of a gravestone consists of a vertical and horizontal stone. Due to the
fact that 3,969 horizontal gravestones are missing it would be expedient to renew this
element of the burial as well. Maybe a number of the horizontal gravestones are deep
under the ground but to confirm this it is necessary to initiate additional investigations.
In general it can be said that the majority of the graves in the cemetery require clearing
from soil drifts created in consequence of water and wind erosion and gravitational
processes (subsidence caused by influence of their own weight).
Section 3: Condition of the cemetery boundary wall
The territory of the cemetery is encircled by a wall along almost the entire perimeter.
The wall is 0.8 m wide, reveted by ashlar (sandstone), with a total length of 624.54 m. In
some places the wall, besides serving to restrict spontaneous movements of visitors, also
functions as a relieving wall, protecting soil from sliding.
The cemetery wall can be divided into three condition categories, according to the
degree of preservation: totally destroyed, partially destroyed and with some signs of
destruction (Figure 14).
The totally destroyed portion of wall has a length of 169.75 m; only its basement is left.
For renovation it is necessary to restore this part of the wall totally. For this purpose it
is required to revet 175.54 cubic meters of stone (if the height of the wall is 1.2 m).
The partially destroyed wall has some gaps of different size where the stone wall is
absent. The approximate length of this wall is 243.27 m. To renovate this part of the wall
it is necessary to add approximately 48.6 cubic meters of stone to the existing wall.
In those parts of the wall that were determined in satisfactory condition it is necessary
to implement slight repairs, supplementing absent stone. Such work has to be
implemented on a wall section that is 211.52 m long.
In some areas of the cemetery adjacent to the wall it is necessary to clear soil that has
accumulated over a long period of time, and also to remove garbage brought by local
inhabitants to one of the sites.
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Kremenets Jewish Cemetery Project – Final Report - Prof. V.P. Kucheryavyi
Section 4: The soils and erosion processes on the cemetery slopes
The main tasks of implementation of the soil investigation in the cemetery were:





laying and description of soil profiles;
soil sampling;
determination of physical, mechanical and chemical properties of soils;
determination of the influence of edaphic factor and vegetation cover of the
park;
determination of the degree of soil impairment and directions of soil erosion.
Thickness of bedding ranges from 1 to 5 cm, which corresponds to 2-5-year quantity of
litter according to the weight.
Research of topsoil in this territory was implemented on four transects: north, east,
south and west.
The location of soil trenches in the cemetery in relation to the four corners of the earth
is shown on the scheme of soil sampling (Figure 15). Ten soil trenches were created,
specifically, 3 soil profiles on the slope of the northern side, 1 on the slope of the
eastern side, 3 on the slope of the southern side and 3 soil profiles on the slope of the
western side.
Physical-mechanical properties of the topsoil of the cemetery territory are shown in
Figure 2. The density of the top layer of soil ranges within the bounds of 0.98 – 1.32
g/cm3. The type of soil according to density is normal, compacted and strongly
compacted. Density of solid phase of soil is from 2.35 to 2.49 g/cm3.
Field moisture of soil ranges within the bounds of 16.01 – 24.12 % and depends on slope
exposition and altitude of sampling. Thus, the upper part of slopes is characterized by
less field moisture than the bottom. In this way the obtained results show that samples
№5 – 16.01%, №7 – 14.71%, №8 – 16.01% have less porosity in contrast to the western
slope (sample №10 – 22.32%), and to the northern slope (sample №9 is 22.32%).
General porosity of soil is changing from 43.8% to 59.55%. The least porosity has been
fixed in the bottom part of the slope near the cemetery entrance, not far from the path.
Aeration degree ranges within the bounds of 40.41 – 73.50 %.
Chemical properties of the topsoil of the cemetery territory are presented in Figure 3.
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Kremenets Jewish Cemetery Project – Final Report - Prof. V.P. Kucheryavyi
Figure 2 – Table of physical-mechanical properties of topsoil of territory of Jewish cemetery
No
n/n
1
d1, soil
density,
g/cm3
1.32
Soil type
according to
density
strongly
compacted
2
1.24
compacted
3
1.29
strongly
compacted
4
1.18
compacted
5
1.14
normal
6
1.2
compacted
7
1.12
normal
8
0.98
normal
9
1.24
compacted
10
1.28
strongly
compacted
d2,
g/cm3
Field
moisture,
W, %
Hygroscopic
water,
Wh
Soil
porosity,
V%
Soil
aeration,
V, aer.
Aeration
degree,
%
B,
inaccessible
Crit. soil
moisture,
W wither
2.35
18.22
0.125
43.80
19.76
45.11
4.95
0.187
2.39
16.69
0.227
48.20
27.51
57.08
8.48
0.342
2.48
17.42
0.189
48.05
25.58
53.23
7.33
0.284
2.47
24.12
0.272
52.23
23.76
45.50
9.67
0.410
2.42
16.01
0.233
52.83
34.58
65.46
7.99
0.351
2.47
23.76
0.164
51.37
22.86
44.50
5.92
0.247
2.41
14.71
0.216
53.56
37.08
69.23
7.27
0.325
2.42
16.10
0.319
59.55
43.77
73.50
9.41
0.480
2.49
22.41
0.208
50.20
22.41
44.64
7.77
0.313
2.46
22.32
0.166
47.94
19.37
40.41
6.38
0.249
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Kremenets Jewish Cemetery Project – Final Report - Prof. V.P. Kucheryavyi
Figure 3 – Table of chemical properties of topsoil in the Jewish cemetery
Northern direction
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Stratum
index
He
He
He
He
He
He
He
He
He
He
Stratum,
thickness
2-17
2-20
2-19
2-20
2-20
2-20
3-16
2-20
2-19
2-20
pH (H2O)
7.35
7.69
6.82
6.75
7.3
7.35
7.5
7.62
7.7
7.67
Humus,
%
2.53
3.16
2.98
3.52
2.90
1.99
2.16
3.49
2.86
1.95
Analysis of results has shown that the pH of water extract of all the samples taken
exceeds 7 and ranges within the bounds 6.75 - 7.7 units. Soils are alkaline and
alkalescent.
Percentage content of humus in topsoil of the park does not exceed 3.52% and is
decreasing down along the profile and in the places where erosion processes are
observed. Maximum values of percentage content of humus are fixed in the upper strata
of soil profile of southern part of the cemetery (sample №4 – He – 3.53 % of humus;
№4 – He – 3.49 % of humus). In these places the grass covering has the highest density.
On some slopes the thickness of strata is changing and extraction of parent material on
the surface is observed in consequence of erosion processes (Figure 16).
Section 5: Vegetation covering of the cemetery
The territory of the cemetery is covered with bushy grass covering and parcels of treebush thickets.
In the grass phytocenosis, the Filipendula vugaris dominates, its height reaches 1 m.
Stenactis annua, Carax nana, Lonaria vulgaris, Hipericum perforatum, Potentila repers,
Enigeronica Canadensis, Tilipendula vulgaris Moendi are widely represented. Herbage is
so dense and high that in some places it hides gravestones.
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Kremenets Jewish Cemetery Project – Final Report - Prof. V.P. Kucheryavyi
Tree-bush phytocenosis is represented by the following groups (Figure 17):
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Parcel №1
Parcel №2
Parcel №3
Parcel №4
Parcel №5
Parcel №6
Parcel №7
Parcel №8
4Haz. 2Pl. 1P. 1G.r. 1N.m. 1Wic. + O + H
3W. 2Ez. 1W.n. 1P. 1Bl. 1Pl. 1G.r. + N.m. + Wic. + H.
6N.m. 3W. 1Wic. + H. + As.
3W.n. 3P. 2Pl. 2Ap. + N.m. + As.
6G.r. 2H. 1Pl. 1Wic. + N.m. + H.
10 As. + H.
4H. 4El. 2N.m. + H.
5Haz. 5P. + H.
Abbreviations:
Haz. – Hazel
N.m. - Norway maple
Wic. - Wicken (Crataegus monogyna)
Pl. – Plum-tree
P. – Pear-tree
G.r. - Guelder-rose(Viburnum opulus)
W. – Willow
El. – Elder
W.n. – Walnut (Juglans regia)
Bl. - Blackberry (Rubus)
As. - Ash-tree
O. – Oak
Ap. – Apple tree
H. – Hornbeam
Section 6: Pathway network
The pathway network of the cemetery has a transit character, as it is used for
pedestrian traffic across all the territory of the cemetery (Figure 18).
The main pedestrian path starts near the street Dzherelna. Probably in the past the main
entrance gate was here. Currently, this gate is totally destroyed. The path looks like a
spontaneous path trodden out through the grass vegetation; it lies among graves. The
emergence of such a route was caused, in our opinion, by the location of residential
houses in the upper part of the slope. For inhabitants it is more convenient to get to this
place across the territory of the cemetery than to walk along the curving roadway. This
path also is used by tourists. The path crosses the middle of the cemetery and divides it
15
Kremenets Jewish Cemetery Project – Final Report - Prof. V.P. Kucheryavyi
into two asymmetric parts. The end of the path is a spontaneous exit to the street
Sychivka.
To the east from the first entrance on the same street Dzherelna, there starts another
entrance path. In the past it was used for delivery of dead bodies directly to the graves.
It is believed that, originally, there was a gate on this road, too. Currently it is
destroyed. The left side of the road is bounded by a relieving wall. Its height gradually
decreases from 2.6 m. to 0.5 m. A significant steep slope strengthened by tree-bush
planting is on the right side of the road.
Section 7: Project proposal for Phase 2
After reviewing the results of this work, the Project team developed a restoration
design. The overall design is shown in the contour map of Figure 19. Details are in
subsequent figures associated with the following report subsections.
7.1 – Entrances to the cemetery
The research conducted revealed two entrances from Dzherelna street, namely: western
and eastern (driveway). It is suggested that they should be renovated by establishing
rectangular entrance arches, characteristic of Jewish cemeteries (Figure 20 through
Figure 22).
In front of the first arch and behind it a semicircular platform should be constructed. It
will be paved with the local stone. The main path of the cemetery will start there. The
second entrance should be adorned by two columns. The path to the eastern part of the
cemetery and to the “Memorial to Jewish victims of the German fascist occupation” will
start there.
We also suggest that two south entrances from the upper adjacent park zone should be
designed, as well as a balustrade and a staircase that descend to the central and side
paths of the cemetery.
7.2 – The boundary wall
The strong, wide (0.8 m in width) boundary walls, made of sandstone, have been mainly
preserved, which enables their full restoration.This will not only improve protection of
the memorial but also will decorate all the memorial and architectural complex of the
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Kremenets Jewish Cemetery Project – Final Report - Prof. V.P. Kucheryavyi
cemetery. We recommend that restoration of the walls should be performed taking into
consideration the peculiarities of the ancient masonry and materials.
7.3 - Pathway network.
The existing pathway network is spontaneous. It provides the basis for the restoration
design.The main path, connecting southern and northern parts of the cemetery will start
at the central entrance following the best-trodden path.Taking into account the
considerable steepness of the slope we have designed staircases and the platforms.The
path will follow a route that is without gravestones (Figure 18).
The second path will start at the eastern entrance (the driveway) and proceed to the
observation platform.
The pathway network is limited due to the density of the gravestones .The path to the
burial place of several Rabbis of Kremenets (middle of 19th century) also will be
constructed.
7.4 - Memorial “To the Jewish victims of German fascist occupation”
Our research revealed a large plot of land without gravestones in the eastern part of the
cemetery. The project team presumes that these gravestones were removed by the
fascists to locations in Kremenets, where they were used to pave the square in front of
the former Gestapo Headquarters building.
Some of these gravestones (more than 20) were dug out and have to be moved back to
the Memorial “To the Jewish victims of the German fascist occupation”. The Memorial
will be represented by a small square with the gravestones which were brought back from
Kremenets. The Memorial Area is shown in Figure 23, which shows the right half of the
Cemetery. (The left half is shown in Figure 24.) The search for gravestones outside of the
Cemetery is continuing.
[Project Coordinator’s Note: We have found gravestones in two places outside the
Cemetery: (1) in the parking lots of the former Gestapo Headquarters (now a youth
center overlooking the high school), and (2) buried on a former pathway at the
Pedagogical Institute at the Lyceum. There are several hundred to 1,000
gravestones in these two places. The stones are in good condition. Consequently, the
Memorial area will have to be larger than Professor Kucheryavyi’s team suggested.]
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Kremenets Jewish Cemetery Project – Final Report - Prof. V.P. Kucheryavyi
7.5 - Observation points and platforms
Taking into account the educational and historical role of the ancient cemetery its
location in the landscope of the Gologoro-Kremenetskyy mountain-ridge with picturescque
panorama and rich verdure, some observation points were designed to be located in the
upper part of the cemetery. In the places beyond the cemetery borders the observation
platforms are designed to be constructed for the viewing of the panorama of Kremenets.
[Translation Editor’s Note: The land is owned by the municipality of Kremenets. The
town’s representative believes it is likely that the town government will agree with
this proposal.]
==============================================
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Kremenets Jewish Cemetery Project – Final Report - Prof. V.P. Kucheryavyi
Adden da
A.
Cost Estimates
1.
Reconstruction of Boundary Wall
2.
Landscaping and Path Network
3.
Reinforcement of Slope (Erosion Control)
4.
Total Estimated Cost
B.
[Translation Editor’s Note: This section has not yet been translated. It
deals with techniques for controlling erosion.]
C.
Maps, Schematics, Sketches and Photos
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Kremenets Jewish Cemetery Project – Final Report - Prof. V.P. Kucheryavyi
A. Cost Estimates
A-1. Reconstruction of Boundary Wall
1. Materials
Item
№
1
2
Description
Natural stone
Transportation of stone
3
Road metal
4
5
Sand
Cement
Cost Of Materials
Unit
cubic
meters
Number
Price per
unit.
307
540
165,780
Cost
cubic
meters
cubic
meters
тon
19
220
4,180
59
20
60
940
3,540
18,800
192,300
cubic
meters
307
360
109,080
cubic
meters
38
180
6,840
115,920
2. Services
1
Installation of stone
2
Construction of foundation
for boundary wall
Cost Of Labor
TOTAL
308,220 UAH
$ 61,295 (US)
TRANSLATION EDITOR’S NOTE: All costs in this and the two following tables are in Ukrainian
Hryvnia (UAH). At an exchange rate of 5.0285 Hv per US dollar (http://finance.yahoo.com,
16 November 2007), the total cost for reconstruction of the boundary wall is $ 61,295.
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Kremenets Jewish Cemetery Project – Final Report - Prof. V.P. Kucheryavyi
A-2. Landscaping and Path Network
І. Labor
Item
№
Unit
Number
price per
unit
Sum
Earth work by hand without loading
Laying of natural stone
м3
254.26
88.40
22,476.58
Making of road metal basement 1 layer
Making of cement-sand basement with ramming
м2
м2
847.56
847.56
9.90
10.60
8,390.84
8,984.14
Laying of natural stone
Stone cutting (1grinding wheel for cutting of 80m )
м2
м
847.56
55.20
46,785.31
55.00
9.20
506.00
Installation of border on concrete basement
Border cutting (1 grinding wheel for cutting of 80m)
м
шт
893.18
230.00
9.90
8.80
8,842.48
2,024.00
Work with concrete
м3
48.00
72.60
3,484.80
Name
Other work
Subtotal:
101,494.16
II. MATERIALS
№
Name
Unit
Natural stone (sandstone)
Grey road border
Number
price per unit
m2
847.560
м
893.180
Sum
51.60
43,734.10
42.60
38,049.47
Subtotal:
81,783.56
III. DISPOSABLE MATERIALS
№
Name
Grinding wheel
Unit.
Number
pieces
Price per unit
3.00
Sum
320.00
960.00
Subtotal
960.00
IV. CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS WITH DELIVERY
№
Name
Unit.
Number
Price per unit
Sum
Road metal 5-20
м3
169.51
220.00
37,292.20
Sand
м3
67.80
60.00
4,068.00
Cement
ton
17.00
940.00
15,980.00
Subtotal:
57,340.20
TOTAL, Landscaping and Path Network
241,577.92 UAH
$ 48,041.42 US
A-3. Reinforcement of Slope (Erosion Control)
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Kremenets Jewish Cemetery Project – Final Report - Prof. V.P. Kucheryavyi
1. MATERIALS
Item
№
1
2
3
4
5
Name
Soil
transportation of soil
Anchor
Enkamat
Lawn grass
Subtotal, Materials
Unit
м3
pieces
м2
kg
Number
145.7
0
11,656
1,457
60
Price per
unit
540
0
0
60
36
Sum
78,678
0
0
87,420
2,160
168,258
2. LABOR
40% of the cost of materials
Subtotal, Labor
TOTAL, Reinforcement of Slope (Erosion Control)
67,303
67,303
235,561 UAH
$ 46,845 US
A-4: Total Estimated Cost (US Dollars)
Reinforcement of Slope (Erosion Control)
$ 61,295
Landscaping and Path Network
48,041
Reconstruction of Boundary Wall
46,845
TOTAL
$ 156,181
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Kremenets Jewish Cemetery Project – Final Report - Prof. V.P. Kucheryavyi
B . Ero s i o n Co nt ro l T ech ni q u es
[Translation Editor’s Note: This section has not yet been translated. It deals
with techniques for controlling erosion. The Ukrainian text begins on the next
page.]
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Kremenets Jewish Cemetery Project – Final Report - Prof. V.P. Kucheryavyi
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Kremenets Jewish Cemetery Project – Final Report - Prof. V.P. Kucheryavyi
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Kremenets Jewish Cemetery Project – Final Report - Prof. V.P. Kucheryavyi
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Kremenets Jewish Cemetery Project – Final Report - Prof. V.P. Kucheryavyi
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Kremenets Jewish Cemetery Project – Final Report - Prof. V.P. Kucheryavyi
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Kremenets Jewish Cemetery Project – Final Report - Prof. V.P. Kucheryavyi
C . M a p s , S ch em a t i cs , S k et ch es , a nd Ph o t o s
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Kremenets Jewish Cemetery Project – Final Report - Prof. V.P. Kucheryavyi
Figure 4 - Basic Cemetery Plan and Features, Current
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Kremenets Jewish Cemetery Project – Final Report - Prof. V.P. Kucheryavyi
Figure 5 - Cemetery Map Showing Two Major Sections of Cemetery
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Kremenets Jewish Cemetery Project – Final Report - Prof. V.P. Kucheryavyi
Figure 6 - Plot Map for Subsection 1-1000
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Kremenets Jewish Cemetery Project – Final Report - Prof. V.P. Kucheryavyi
Figure 7 - Plot Map for Subsection 1-2000
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Kremenets Jewish Cemetery Project – Final Report - Prof. V.P. Kucheryavyi
Figure 8 - Plot Map for Subsection 1-3000
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Kremenets Jewish Cemetery Project – Final Report - Prof. V.P. Kucheryavyi
Figure 9 - Plot Map for Subsection 1-4000
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Kremenets Jewish Cemetery Project – Final Report - Prof. V.P. Kucheryavyi
Figure 10 - Plot Map for Subsection 2-1000
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Kremenets Jewish Cemetery Project – Final Report - Prof. V.P. Kucheryavyi
Figure 11 - Plot Map for Subsection 2-2000
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Kremenets Jewish Cemetery Project – Final Report - Prof. V.P. Kucheryavyi
Figure 12 - Plot Map for Subsection 2-3000
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Kremenets Jewish Cemetery Project – Final Report - Prof. V.P. Kucheryavyi
Figure 13 - Plot Map for Subsection 2-4000
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Kremenets Jewish Cemetery Project – Final Report - Prof. V.P. Kucheryavyi
Figure 14 - Cemetery Map Showing Condition of Boundary Wall at 25 Locations
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Kremenets Jewish Cemetery Project – Final Report - Prof. V.P. Kucheryavyi
Figure 15 - Cemetery Map Showing Soil Sampling Sites
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Kremenets Jewish Cemetery Project – Final Report - Prof. V.P. Kucheryavyi
Figure 16 - Cemetery Map Showing Areas Subject to Erosive Processes
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Kremenets Jewish Cemetery Project – Final Report - Prof. V.P. Kucheryavyi
Figure 17 - Cemetery Map Showing 8 Vegetation Groups
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Kremenets Jewish Cemetery Project – Final Report - Prof. V.P. Kucheryavyi
Figure 18 - Cemetery Map Showing Eight Subsections & Primary Pathways
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Kremenets Jewish Cemetery Project – Final Report - Prof. V.P. Kucheryavyi
Figure 19 - Cemetery Plan, Proposed Restoration
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Kremenets Jewish Cemetery Project – Final Report - Prof. V.P. Kucheryavyi
Figure 20 - Main Entrance to the Cemetery
(same materials as existing boundary wall)
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Kremenets Jewish Cemetery Project – Final Report - Prof. V.P. Kucheryavyi
Figure 21 - Sketch of Main Entrance
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Kremenets Jewish Cemetery Project – Final Report - Prof. V.P. Kucheryavyi
Figure 22 - Sketch of Second Entrance
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Kremenets Jewish Cemetery Project – Final Report - Prof. V.P. Kucheryavyi
Figure 23 - Contour Map of Cemetery (Right Side) Showing Memorial Garden Location
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Kremenets Jewish Cemetery Project – Final Report - Prof. V.P. Kucheryavyi
Figure 24 - Contour Map of Cemetery, Left Side
50