Version 08/2012
A short orientation about the course
FYS 4250
Biomedical Instrumentation
Timetable p.2
Topics p.3
Required reading p.4-5
Course structure p.6
Terminology, p.7
Problems, p.8-15
Project work p.16-17
Measurement errors p.18
Fra BBB:
Migration and diffusion p.28-30
Electrical safety p.398-409
Jan Olav Høgetveit Utskrift: 12.02.16
FYS 4250 Orientation 2011
1
Timetable FYS 4250
Day
Tuesday
Thursday
Tuesday
Thursday
Tuesday
Thursday
Tuesday
Thursday
Tuesday
Thursday
Tuesday
Thursday
Tuesday
Thursday
Tuesday
Thursday
Tuesday
Thursday
Tuesday
Thursday
Tuesday
Thursday
Tuesday
Thursday
Tuesday
Thursday
Tuesday
Thursday
Date
21. August
23.
28.
30.
4. September
6.
11.
13.
18.
20.
25.
27.
2. October
4.
9.
11.
16.
18.
23.
25.
30.
1. November
6.
8.
13.
15.
20.
22.
Exam date
Friday
7.dec
Jan Olav Høgetveit Utskrift: 12.02.16
Autumn 2012
Chapter
1
2-3
3
4
5-6
7
8
9
10
11
EXAM
12 Rad/Nukl
12 MR
12 US
13 Card
13 Anest
13 Sur
14
Imp. top
rep
Loc
Fys
Fys
14:30, 3h
?
Fys
Fys
Fys
Fys
Fys
Fys
Fys
Fys
Fys
Fys
Fys
Fys
Fys
RH
RH
Fys
Fys
Fys
Fys
FYS 4250 Orientation 2011
Comment
Midterm exam
Project subjects
Subject selection
Handing in
Last day
EXAMINATION
2
COURSE DESCRIPTION
FYS 4250 Biomedical instrumentation
10 study points
Contents: Instrumentation principles, regulation systems, sensors, amplifiers,
digital signal processing. Diagnostic and therapeutic equipment.
Electrophysiological methods like ECG, EEG, EMG, defibrillators and
pacemakers. Measuring methods for pressure, flow, ventilation and circulation,
monitoring. Microbiology and sterilization of equipment. Clinical chemical
analyzing principles. Imaging techniques, x-ray, nuclear medical, ultrasound,
magnetic resonance. Digital pictures, supporting equipment like dialysis
machines, heart-lung machines, anesthesia workstations, surgical
instrumentation with cryo, diathermia and laser. Medical information, patient
safety.
Goals: That the students should have a good knowledge of modern medical
instrumentation and the physical and medical principles basis for this
instrumentation.
Preferred basis knowledge: FYS1120 – Electromagnetism and FYS1210
Elementary electronics with project works.
Lectures: 4 hours each week in one semester (autumn).
Exam: Written or oral. The final mark consist of:
Midterm exam (2 hours, written) – 25%
Project work (written) – 10%
Final exam (written or oral) – 65%
Jan Olav Høgetveit Utskrift: 12.02.16
FYS 4250 Orientation 2011
3
Version: 01/2010
REQUIRED READING
FYS4250 BIOMEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION
JOHN WEBSTER: MEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION, FOURTH
EDITION (2009)
I’ve been told from Akademika that this text book is sold out from the
publisher, but it seems to be available at amazon.com
SVERRE GRIMNES, ØRJAN MARTINSEN: BIOIMPEDANCE AND
BIOELECTRICITY BASICS (2008).
Chapter 2.4.2: Migration and diffusion
Chapter 9.17: Electrical Safety, Hazards.
My e-mail address: jan.olav.hogetveit@gmail.com
Jan Olav Høgetveit Utskrift: 12.02.16
FYS 4250 Orientation 2011
4
COURSE STRUCTURE:
FYS 4250 Biomedical instrumentation
There are principally two different approaches to biomedical instrumentation:
1)
A scientific starting point and classification. Different physical principles and
technologies are used as a basis for medical instruments.
2)
A medical starting point and classification. The human body and medical situation
with a need of diagnosis, therapy and supportive treatment is used as a starting point
for medical instrumentation with the necessary physical and technological principles.
This course has previously been based on Bertil Jacobsons book "Medicin och teknik" which
uses method number 2. However, this book was available in Swedish only, and was
withdrawn from the market in 2005, which has led to Websters ”Medical Instrumentation”
book which the course is now based on.
However, I am aiming at a basis in the middle between the medical and the scientific fields of
interest. My basic intention is first of all to make the student able to understand the concepts
of medical instrumentation, not the details. (The details may be learned when the concepts are
understood).
Jan Olav Høgetveit
Jan Olav Høgetveit Utskrift: 12.02.16
FYS 4250 Orientation 2011
ver. 01/2012
5
ver. 01/2012
Terminology
Physics - Technology
Is scientific subject areas. The physics in this course is focused on how to use the physical
principles to design medical instruments.
Biophysics
Is the part of physics studying the life processes.
Medical instrumentation - (clinical engineering)
Is about instrumentation in human medicine, especially the hospital based instrumentation.
The main focus is the very special demands for this type of instruments
Medical technology
Is the science of how to design, produce and market medical equipment.
Jan Olav Høgetveit Utskrift: 12.02.16
FYS 4250 Orientation 2011
6
ver. 08/2012
FYS 4250 PROJECT WORK
Content (max 5 pages including images and references):
A specified medical equipment or technology and its medical
field of application.
Topics:





Physical/technological description
The intended use of the device
Interface device/operator/patient
Sources of error and hazards
Speed of technology development (stable - unstable)
Who are you writing for?
Your fellow students participating in this course.
References:
You may write with your own words, but it is important to declare the basis of
your information and images. You have to put quotation marks around
quotations including a link to the source. Quotations without quotation marks
and source reference are a theft.
CHOOSE A TOPIC OF YOUR OWN INTEREST!
This is a list of proposals in order to give you some ideas!
1. The temperature regulation of the body with a reference to servo systems. The temperature
balance, measuring body temperature, sources of error.
2. Blood gases, measurement, sources of error
3. Henderson-Hasselbachs equation
4. Bernoulli (or Stoke or Poiseuille or Pascal) equations in medicine.
5. Medical equipment between the doctor and the patient.
6. Catheterization, hazards.
7. Measurement of blood pressure
8. Measurement of blood flow
9. Gamma-cameras
10.ECG-leads
11.Vectorcardiography
Jan Olav Høgetveit Utskrift: 12.02.16
FYS 4250 Orientation 2011
7
12.Bioamplifiers for electrophysical signals
13.Defibrillators
14.Resuscitations (gjenopplivning)
15.Pacemakers
16.EEG
17.EMG
18.Electrodes, biosensors
19.Positron camera
20.Blood analysis methods
21.Immunologic measurement methods
22.Flowcytometers
23.Electrical bioimpedance
24.Micro-organisms and sterilization of equipment
25.Contrast in X-ray pictures
26.Sources of X-ray radiation
27.Digital medical images
28.Tomography
29.Bone mineral scanners
30.CT
31.Ultrasound imaging
32.MR
33. Anesthesia workstations
34. Electrosurgery
35.Lasers and their medical applications
36.Cryosurgery
37.Lithotripter (nyrestensknuser)
38.Endoscopy
39.Passive implants, biocompatibility
40.Stenting
41.Electrical safety and equipment in the patient surroundings
42.Hearing aid, implants
43.Ventilators
44.Medical gases and gas monitoring
45.Heart-lung machine
46.Artificial hearts
47.Dialysis
48.Pulseoxymeters
49.Infusion pumps
Jan Olav Høgetveit Utskrift: 12.02.16
FYS 4250 Orientation 2011
8
ver. 08/2012
MEASUREMENT ERRORS
Example: Non-invasive measurement of blood pressure:
In a medical measurement situation, a number of measurement errors may occur. Some of
them are listed in one of the four categories below:
1. Technical parameters
 Communication line without errors
 Scale (like . temp.dependency)
 Scale in vertical position
 Zero
2. Tissue factors
 Width of the cuff
 Clothes under the cuff
 Pressure propagation
 Compressibility
3. Metrology-parameters
 Speed of pressure release
 Digit preferences
 Hearing/training
4. Physiological parameters
 Roomtemperature/clothing
 Efforts/previous history
 Body position
 Point of measurement
 Stress/anxiety/fatigue
 Closure time cuff
Jan Olav Høgetveit Utskrift: 12.02.16
FYS 4250 Orientation 2011
9