THE ANNOTATED MONA LISA
Study Guide
NOTE: Past students say these worksheets are great help in
the course, and that you should begin them now so you don’t
have too much work pile up at the end. I’ll e-mail the rest to
you. All are due on Monday, August 24, the day we return.
Introduction- List examples of the following terms in this painting. You may draw arrows and lines on or to the
painting to illustrate the terms:
COMPOSITION SAMPLE ANSWER: Two overlapping triangles: 1)
mast and ropes includes dead and dying; 2) man waving shirt
and dynamic figures suggest hope; eye guided to waving figure
MOVEMENT
UNITY AND BALANCE
COLOR AND LIGHT/DARK CONTRAST
MOOD
The Birth of Art: Prehistoric Though Medieval
MESOPOTAMIA: THE ARCHITECTS (p. 6)
Tower of Babel SAMPLE ANSWER: 270’ tall; Biblical writers say it as a symbol of human arrogance to reach
heaven; Herodotus : eight stepped towers, brass gates, 120 glazed tile lions along entrance. It had a spiral
stairway to couch and gold table where god slept.
inventions of Sumerians
ziggurat
The Dying Lioness bas-relief SAMPLE ANSWER: dying after being killed in ritual hunt to show king’s courage;
flattened ears and straining muscles show realism
EGYPT: THE ART OF IMMORTALITY
art unchanged for
years
ka
Rosetta Stone
Great Pyramid
GREECE: THEY INVENTED MORE THAN THE OLYMPICS
Golden Age/Age of Pericles
Protagoras: “
is the measure of all things”
vase painting subjects
SCULPTURE: THE BODY BEAUTIFUL: SAMPLE ANSWER: ideal proportions = perfection of body/ athletics and
perfection of mind/debate; attempted synthesis of passion/reason; statues not white—hair, lips , eyes nails
painted with encaustic (hot wax and pigment). First
weight on one foot.
ARCHITECTURE FIT FOR THE GODS:
Parthenon:
Sketch Doric, Ionic, Corinthian capitals:
♂, nudes, then ♀ nudes; discovered contrapposto,
ROME: THE ORGANIZERS
extent of the Roman Empire:
Explain the Horace quote:
Greek
Roman
Preferred structure:
Walls:
Trademark forms:
Support system:
Subject of art:
LEGACY OF ROME (draw the structures below on this paper; summarize “basilica” definition):
post and lintel
arch
basilica
barrel vault
groin vault
baths
THE COLOSSEUM: SAMPLE ANSWER: ● emperors used entertainment to distract masses from problems
 naval battles; boxing; killing of criminals, slaves, Christians, 11,000 animals; human/animal conflicts
 one of the most massive buildings; inspired modern stadiums with seat number, smooth crowd flow
 Doric/Ionic/Corinthian columns, balance of columns and arches in vertical bands unified marble
exterior which was stripped by the Barberini family
POMPEII:
wall paintings:
“cave canem”
Skim PRE-COLUMBIAN ART OF THE AMERICAS
use of art in pre-Columbian Native culture:
AFRICAN ART: THE FIRST CUBISTS
use of masks
Picasso, Les Demoiselles d’Avignon
List five groups affected by tribal/non-western art:
THE MIDDLE AGES: THE REIGN OF RELIGION
shifts in Western civilization:
cultural leadership:
Christianity:
emphasis on “here-and-now”
view of body:
GOLDEN AGE OF BYZANTINE ART
location in Mediterranean and dates:
ICONS:
MOSAICS:
HAGIA SOPHIA:
meaning of name:
location, purpose, dates, builders:
pendentives
“Solomon, I have vanquished thee!”
ROMANESQUE ART: STORIES IN STONE
dates for Romanesque:
origin of name:
Medieval
SMACKDOWN!
ROMANESQUE
VS.
GOTHIC
EMPHASIS
ELEVATION
LAYOUT
MAIN TRAIT (ARCHES)
SUPPORT SYSTEM
ENGINEERING
AMBIANCE
EXTERIOR
ILLUMINATED MANUSCRIPTS Summarize medium (material from which a work is made); purpose; famous example:
GOTHIC ART: HEIGHT AND LIGHT
dates:
ribbed vaulting, flying buttresses:
stained glass:
tapestry
The Unicorn in Captivity
The Rebirth of Art: Renaissance and Baroque
ALL ROADS LEAD FROM ___________________
Middle Ages: between the
and the
.
From the list on p. 31, list the five events that you think had the greatest influence on us today and briefly explain your choice:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
THE RENAISSANCE: THE BEGINNING OF MODERN PAINTING
Common Renaissance elements:
1.
2.
3.
THE TOP FOUR BREAKTHROUGHS:
1.
2.
3.
4.
THE EARLY RENAISSANCE: THE FIRST THREE HALL-OF-FAMERS
Quattrocento: ____________________________
What makes the work of Masaccio, Donatello and Botticelli different from Byzantine and Medieval art (pp.24-29)? :
THE ITALIAN RENAISSANCE Dates for the High Renaissance: ___________________
LEONARDO DAVINCI
“Renaissance Man”
Abilities and flaw of Leonardo:
Notes on Mona Lisa (use the cover and the sidebar on p. 34 for your information):
Innovations of and problems with The Last Supper:
Subjects of Leonardo’s Notebooks:
MICHELANGELO: THE DIVINE M (NOTE: This title is a cheesy pun* on Bette Midler’s title, the Divine Miss M.)
Early childhood:
Patron who took Michelangelo into his Florentine court at age fifteen: _______________________
Michelangelo’s “harassing wife”: _____________________
his “sons”: _________________________
* I suspect this is redundant. Aren’t all puns cheesy?
WHO PAID THE BILLS? “patron” in French and Italian means __________________
Michelangelo worked for ____ years on a
_
for the “warrior-pope” ___________; he called the commission a “tragedy”
THE SCULPTOR
Michelangelo described his _________________ technique as “liberating the figure from the marble that imprisons it”
Classical aspects of the Pietá (which means “__________”):
THE PAINTER: THE SISTINE CHAPEL
Ceiling: ______ human figures, ________ tall, representing the ________ and _______ of man; in less than ______ years
Difficulties in painting:
Altar wall: the Last ______________; finished ____ years after the ceiling; Christ is an avenging ___________, not Redeemer;
_______ contorted figures; ________________ kneeled and begged God to forgive his sins when he saw it.
THE ARCHITECT
Supervised _______________Basilica in Rome (NOTE: It is not a cathedral); designed the Campidoglio on ______________ Hill
RAPHAEL
Independent master at age _____ ; painted Vatican rooms (the Stanza della Segnatura) including The School of ________ (pictured)
Classical aspects of his work:
TITIAN: THE FATHER OF MODERN PAINTING
Titian dominated the art world in the city of ____________ for sixty years; characteristics of his work:
ARCHITECTURE IN THE ITALIAN RENAISSANCE
Explain how each of the three buildings pictured follow one or more of “The Three R’s of Renaissance Architecture”:
Pazzi Chapel
Tempietto:
Villa Rotonda:
THE NORTHERN RENAISSANCE
Beginning date and countries:
Inspiration: Italians: _____________________ Northern Renaissance: ____________________
Story about Charles VI of France:
New medium and its effect on art:
RENAISSANCE
SMACKDOWN!
Italian Renaissance art
vs.
Northern Renaissance art
SPECIALITY
STYLE
SUBJECTS
FIGURES
PORTRAITS
TECHNIQUE
EMPHASIS
BASIS OF ART
COMPOSITION
The Low Countries and main art cities: _____________________________________________________________________
JAN VAN EYCK
Inventor of oil painting: ______________________
Typical characteristics of Jan van Eyck’s paintings:
Characteristics of Arnolfini Wedding:
HIERONYMOUS BOSCH
Characteristics of Bosch’s art:
Twentieth century artists who saw Bosch as their forerunner: __________________________
PIETER BRUEGEL
Influence of Bosch: _________________________________________________
Subjects of Bruegel’s work: ______________________________, ____________________________
genre: ____________________________________ atmospheric perspective: ________________________________
THE GERMAN RENAISSANCE
HOLBEIN: PRINCELY PORTRAITS
Reason Holbein went to England:
King for whom he was court painter: _____________________; he painted _____________ of his wives
Subject and aspects of The French Ambassadors:
DÜRER: GRAPHIC ART
“The _______________ of the North”; “Art stands firmly fixed in __________________.”
Painted __________________; the earliest was at age ___________________
MAKING PRINTS: THE INVENTION OF GRAPHIC ARTS
WOODCUT/
EMGRAVING
SMACKDOWN!
Title:
Method for each:
Differences/similarities:
Mannerism
AND THE LATE RENAISSANCE
Problem between the High ________________ and the Baroque and its solution:
Historical disorder during 16th century:
Origin of name “Mannerism”: _______________________________________________
How is Tintoretto’s The Last Supper typical of Mannerism?
How is El Greco’s Resurrection typical of Mannerism?
El Greco’s real name was Doménikos Theotokópoulos (Δομήνικος Θεοτοκόπουλος in Greek). Can you see why the Spaniards
in Toledo called him “El Greco” (“the Greek”)?
LIFE ON THE EDGE List some weirdness from:
Rosso:
Pontormo:
Baroque: THE Ornate AGE
Baroque art’s common element was a sensitivity and absolute mastery of ______________.
Began in _____________ around _________________
ITALIAN BAROQUE
Baroque art diverged from Renaissance in the emphasis on _______________ rather than rationality, and _____________ rather
than ________________. NOTE: If you don’t know these words (or any words on this worksheet), look them up.
Explain how Caravaggio’s The Conversion of St. Paul is an example of the emphasis above.
THE FIRST BOHEMIAN ARTIST One example of Caravaggio’s unorthodox behavior:
THE FIRST FEMINIST PAINTER
Caravaggisti:
Artemisia Gentileschi’s personal history and subjects:
BERNINI: SCULPTURE IN MOTION
ECSTASY OF ST. TERESA Purpose and techniques of work:
ST. PETER’S CATHEDRAL
baldachin:
BORROMINI: DYNAMIC ARCHITECTURE
Typical Borromini walls:
FLEMISH BAROQUE
Synonyms for Flanders: ___________________ and ___________________
Peter Paul Rubens’ talents and personality:
Baroque aspects of The Descent from the CrossFor Rubens, ________ IS BEAUTIFUL
MARIE DE’MEDICI SERIES: What was the difficulty for Rubens in portraying Marie de’Medici?
Baroque aspects of Marie Arrives at Versailles:
VAN DYCK: THE INFORMAL, FORMAL PORTRAIT
Painter by age _____ (your age____; this is why he is called a prodigy); worked with ___________ in Antwerp; “il pittore
cavalleresco” _____________________________
Characteristics of Charles I at the Hunt that made Van Dyck popular:
DUTCH BAROQUE
Flanders: monarchy and the Catholic Church; The Netherlands _________________________ and __________________
Church, court and nobility were replaced by the ___________________________
Shops that purchased and hung Dutch art:
STILL LIFE vanitas paintings:
LANDSCAPE AND RUISDAEL Typically, Ruisdael’s landscapes feature:
HALS: MASTER OF THE MOMENT
Typical Hals characteristics in The Jolly Toper:
REMBRANDT THE WORLD FAMOUS
EARLY STYLE:
LATE STYLE: Characteristics of The Night Watch which are typical of the late style:
NOTE: The Night Watch is reversed in your book. I don’t know why. Google “The Night Watch” to see an accurate reproduction.
SELF-PORTRAITS Comparison:
1629-30
1660
VERMEER: MASTER OF LIGHT
“Sphinx of Delft”:
Aspects of The Kitchenmaid that are typical of Vermeer:
camera obscura:
ENGLISH BAROQUE, pp. 57-59 (the Stokstad text puts this in the 18th century, but we’ll follow this book here):
Reason art in England lagged behind the rest of Europe in the 17th century:
HOGARTH: THE ARTIST AS _________________________
Why he received few commissions:
Satire in Breakfast Scene (note: the dog is sniffing at a ladies’ cap [not his wife’s] in his master’s pocket; the figure on the left is their
accountant with a stack of unpaid bills and a gesture of scorn dismissing the couple):
He would rather have “checked the progress of _______________ than been the author of _____________ [_____________]”
GAINSBOROUGH AND REYNOLDS, p. 58 Both painted full-length portraits of the wealthy; summarize their differences
in a sentence or two for each. Gainsborough
vs.
Reynolds
Gainsborough/
Reynolds
SMACKDOWN!
THE ROYAL ACADEMY AND THE GRAND MANNER
First president: _____________________________ His rules of art:
BAROQUE ARCHITECTURE: ST. PAUL’S CATHEDRAL
The 1666 Great London ________ destroyed more than ___________ houses and __________ churches.
Wren’s innovation on St. _________ Cathedral was a wooden ________ covered in lead second in size only to St. __________.
SPANISH BAROQUE
Diego Velazquez created forms with fluid _______________ and went “to _______________ for everything.”
The subject of Las Meninas:
C
THE TOP TEN, p. 61: Just for grins. Nothing to write. Notice that we have looked at nine of the ten already.
FRENCH BAROQUE
Poussin: “la maniera magnifica” (“the ___________ manner”) meant paintings of:
Claude: painting subjects:
Versailles: Built by Louis _______, known as the ______ King, who said, “L’état c’est moi” (“___________________”) who
had ____________ nobles and ____________ soldiers and servants around him in hundreds of rooms.
List some of the features that took Versailles “beyond the sumptuous to the stupendous”:
YOU BE THE Ringling ART SCHOLAR! Below are two paintings from the Ringling Museum in Sarasota. Using your text,
identify the Renaissance painting and the Baroque painting. Beneath each, list or summarize the reasons you indentified each as
you did.
For almost unlimited information on Ringling Museum paintings, go to http://www.ringlingdocents.org/welcome.htm and click
on the “Art Museum” link. It is a very cool site where art fans can spend hours exploring.
Rococo, p. 64
Rococo birthplace: ________ King: _______________ Primary location in a building: __________________
Origin of word: _________________________ Social level that embraced it: _____________ “féte galante”_______________
ROCOCO: Mood ______________________________ Interior décor: _____________________________________
Shapes: ______________________________ Style: ________________________ Colors: ___________________________
The Nineteenth Century: Birth of the “Isms”
The ________________ lost its grip; _________________ toppled; ____________________ lost its luster; _______________
and ____________________ made cities bulge; __________________ progress (“progress” is a loaded word!) and unrestrained
_____________________ caused confusion; and art ______________________ and _______________________ sprung up
From the list on p. 67, list the five events that you think had the greatest influence on us today and briefly explain your choices:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
NEOCLASSICISM: ROMAN FEVER
Reaction against the _______________ style; its “nobility” and orderliness reflected the 18th century Age of Enlightenment’s
belief in ___________________ and __________________.
NEOCLASSICISM: Values: ______________________________ Tone: _________________ Subjects _________________
_____________________ Technique: _____________________________________ Role: ___________________________
Archaeology-mania resulted from excavations of ____________________ and ___________________ and the statues from the
_____________________ brought to ______________________ by Lord _____________________
DAVID: Read the section on David. Then choose either Oath of the Horatii or Death of Marat and show how that painting is an
example of Neoclassicism.
NEOCLASSICISM/
Romanticism
SMACKDOWN!
Style:
Insults:
ODALISQUE: Definition:
INGRES (Neo-classicism):
DELACROIX, GERICAULT (Romanticism):
As your book explains, Manet’s Olympia was a scandal when it was first exhibited. Choose one of the other Odalisques (by
Ingres, Giorgione or Goya) and explain how they differ from Olympia. Consider subject, depiction of subject, style, etc.
AMERICAN NEOCLASSICISM
Neoclassicism in the U. S.:
BEGINNINGS OF AMERICAN ART
Attitudes toward art in the colonies:
Using your book’s analysis of this painting,
draw lines and circles on the canvas to
indicate Peale’s composition.
On the right are two sculptures of Roman emperors. Look at the two paintings
on p. 73. Neoclassical art used Roman and Greek art as models. What have the
paintings imitated from Roman art? How is each painting similar to the
sculptures in terms of style, depiction, what is included in the works, etc.? How
are they different?
John Singleton Copley, Portrait of Paul Revere
Gilbert Stuart, George Washington:
YOU BE THE Ringling ART SCHOLAR! II Below are two paintings from the Ringling Museum in Sarasota. Using your text,
identify the Rococo painting and the Neoclassical painting. list or summarize the reasons you indentified each as you did next to
each painting.
GOYA: MAN WITHOUT AN “ISM”
His work indebted to: ______________________, ____________________ and ___________________.
Compare Goya’s Family of Charles IV to Velazquez’s Las Meninas (p. 60.) Explain how Velazquez supports the monarchy in his
portrait and how Goya criticizes it. NOTE: Goya’s self portrait is in the shadows on the left, behind the figures in read and blue.
It is worth Googling “family of carlos iv prado” and using the zoom tool to view Goya’s blank ironic face in detail.
Romanticism: THE POWER OF PASSION
“________________ is all!”- Goethe
Elements of Romanticism:
GÉRICAULT: Géricault, Raft of the Medusa
Delacroix: “The real man is the ___________________.”
Death of Sardanapalus
CONTRIBUTIONS:
Using the list of characteristics listed in the ROMANTICISM box on p. 76 and the NEOCLASSICISM vs. ROMANTICISM
Box on 78, analyze Third of May, 1808, Goya’s depiction of Spaniards being slaughtered by Napoleon’s troops (p.75).
At right is David’s Napoleon Crossing the Alps. It and Third of May are propaganda, works that want
to influence our opinion, in these cases about Napoleon. What does each artist want us to think
about Napoleon?
What about the David portrait is typical of Neoclassicism? Why would Napoleon favor
Neoclassicism?
THE ARTIST’S PALETTE
Changes during the Machine Age:
ENGLISH ROMANTICISM
CONSTABLE: John Constable’s subjects and innovations:
The Hay Wain
TURNER: A TURN TOWARD ABSTRACTION
Constable: Turner painted “____________ visions” with “tinted ________________.”
Look at Crossing the Brook and at Rain, Steam and Speed—The Great Western Railway. Then look at the examples of totally abstract art
at the bottom of pp. 159 and 160 and p. 166.
AMERICAN ROMANTICISM
Nature before 1825:
Nature after 1830:
Hudson River School:
In The Oxbow Thomas Cole portrayed himself as a tiny figure in a vast landscape (see detail at right; you can’t
see him in your book’s reproduction). The Shoshone in Bierstadt’s Rocky Mountains are dwarfed by the
mountains. What do these portrayals suggest about the relationship between humans and nature?
GENRE PAINTING: THE AMERICAN DREAM IN ACTION
Why is George Caleb Bingham’s Fur Traders Descending the Missouri called American genre painting? For a definition of “genre,”
see p. 41 under “Bruegel.” For examples, see p. 41, p. 53, p. 55 (the Toper), and p. 56.
REALISM
Historical precedents for Realism:
Subjects for Realism:
Why was Daumier’s Third Class Carriage controversial?
Bonheur in the Ringling: The Rosa Bonheur painting in your book is nice, but let’s go to her Plowing in Nivernais, below, which
is in the Ringling. Explain how this is an example of Realism.
For more on this extraordinary painting and woman, go to http://www.ringlingdocents.org/gallery21.htm and click on the links
for Labourages Nivernais, which is the French name for the painting. The “police certificate” link takes you to a copy of the
document that allowed her to legally dress as a man. I’m not making this up.
FRENCH REALISM
COURBET: Gustave Courbet: “I have never seen an ________________. Show me one and I’ll paint one.”
What aspects of Interior of My Studio make it an example of Realism?
Pavilion of Realism
BARBIZON SCHOOL
Which group of American artists are most similar to the Barbizon School? Why?
Corot
Millet
AMERICAN REALISM
HOMER: “If a man wants to be a painter, he should never look at __________________.”
How does Homer’s art follow the statement above?
Look at Homer’s watercolor Sloop, Nassau and at oil paintings of nature scenes (pp. 79 and 82). How are the appearances of works
in the two mediums different in terms of color, brightness, richness, etc.?
EAKINS: “The __________ did not study the antique. _____________ is just as varied and beautiful in our day as in the time of
Phidias.” (Phidias and his workshop sculpted the works on the Parthenon.)
Teaching methods:
How are The Agnew Clinic and Pole Vaulter examples of the above quote?
WHISTLER: James Abbot McNeill Whistler: “Art for _____________ sake”
Ruskin’s insults:
Nocturne in Black and
Gold: The Falling Rocket
SMACKDOWN! vs.
Whistler’s charge against Ruskin and his defense:
Your book doesn’t tell you that Ruskin suffered a mental breakdown before the case came to trial, and that he was unable to
appear in court. Whistler “won,” and the jury awarded him one farthing (1/4 of a penny). The trial destroyed both men.
The reason why Arrangement in Gray and Black No. 1 should not be called “Whistler’s Mother”:
John Singer Sargent: “If there was a veil, I should paint the veil. I can paint only what I ________________.”
Madame X (right)
EARLY PHOTO-REALISM
trompe l’oeil:
ARCHITECTURE FOR THE INDUSTRIAL AGE
The Crystal Palace demonstrated the aesthetic possibilities of a _______-________ framework; designed by Joseph __________,
it covered ___ acres, enclosed existing trees, and took only ___ months to construct, like a giant erector set.
Cast iron was used in the U.S. _________ Dome from 1850-65 and the _________ Tower, which was built for the 1889 ______
Exhibition at _____ feet with ________tons of iron and steel connected by __________ rivets.
Why are the construction methods of the Crystal Palace and the Eiffel Tower appropriate for exhibitions showcasing human
achievement?
ARTS AND CRAFTS
How is the Arts and Crafts Movement a reaction against the Crystal Palace and the Eiffel Tower?
ART NOUVEAU
What forms did Art Nouveau use for inspiration?
How is Art Nouveau a reaction against the Crystal Palace and the Eiffel Tower?
How did Louis Comfort Tiffany change the subject of medieval stained glass?
Why is this change typical of the late nineteenth century? (Here’s a clue: except for The Repentant Magdalen, have you seen any
pictures of Jesus or saints in the last 41 pages?)