Railtrack (MPD) North West - Allerdale Borough Council

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St Bees Head to River Sark SMP - Volume III Supporting Information
96M477/2/C
Allerdale Borough Council
Carlisle City Council
Copeland Borough Council
Cumbria County Council
Environment Agency
English Nature
Railtrack Plc
Solway Rural Initiative
Shoreline Management Plan
St Bees Head to River Sark
Data Collation, Analysis,
Interpretation and Objective Setting
Volume III : Supporting Information
November 1998
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96M477/2/C
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Contents
VOLUME 3 : SUPPORTING INFORMATION
1.0
INTRODUCTION
1
1.1
1.1.1
1.1.2
1.1.3
The Coast
Extent of Shoreline Management Plan
Coastal Responsibilities
Outline Description
1
1.2
1.2.1
1.2.2
The Foreshore
Foreshore Ownership
Foreshore Responsibilities
1
1.3
1.3.1
Revenue Maintenance Budgets (Authorities)
Current Revenue Budgets
2
1.4
1.4.1
Proposed Capital Expenditure
Proposed Capital Budget
2
1.5
1.5.1
1.5.2
Expenditure by Private Frontage Owners
Present expenditure
Planned Future expenditure
3
1.6
1.6.1
1.6.2
1.6.3
1.6.3.1
1.6.3.2
1.6.3.3
Coastal Groups
North Western Coastal Group
Adjacent Coastal Group
Other groups with an interest in this length of coast
The Irish Sea Forum
The Solway Firth Partnership
Solway Rural Initiative
3
2.0
COASTAL PROCESSES
5
2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.1.3
2.1.4
Historical Evolution
Erosion
Accretion
Construction of coast protection works
Construction of sea defences
5
2.2
2.2.1
2.2.2
2.2.3
Physical Characteristics
Landscape
Geology
Geomorphology
10
2.3
2.3.1
2.3.2
2.3.3
2.3.4
Present day coastal processes
Waves
Tides
Sediments
Other present day processes
13
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2.4
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2.4.1
2.4.2
Inter-relationships with the adjacent coastline
20
Coastline to the south
Coastline to the north
2.5
2.5.1
2.5.2
2.5.3
2.5.4
2.5.5
2.5.6
2.5.7
2.5.8
2.5.9
Ongoing monitoring
Visual surveys
Beach profiles
Channel levels
Wave measurements
Tidal measurements
River flow measurements
Sediment transport measurements
Weather recording
Other ongoing monitoring
20
2.6
2.6.1
2.6.2
2.6.3
2.6.4
2.6.5
Effects of sea level rise and potential changes in storm characteristics
Predicted sea level rise
Effects of sea level rise
MAFF allowance for sea level rise
Potential changes in storm characteristics
Effects of changes in storm characteristics
22
2.7
2.7.1
2.7.2
2.7.3
2.7.4
Predictions of future coastline evolution
Predicted erosion
Predicted accretion
Predicted changes in river estuaries
Predicted changes in navigation channels
24
2.8
References/Bibliography
26
3.0
NATURAL ENVIRONMENT
34
3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.1.4
3.1.5
3.1.6
3.1.7
3.1.8
3.1.9
3.1.10
3.1.11
3.1.12
Conservation Interests and Designations
Sites of Specific Scientific Interest (SSSI)
Regionally Important Geological/Geomorphological Sites (RIGS)
Biological Heritage Sites
National and Local Nature Reserves
Marine Nature Reserves and Sensitive Marine Areas
Ramsar Sites
Special Protection Areas (SPA’s)
Special Areas of Conservation
Environmentally Sensitive Areas
National Parks
Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty
Heritage Coast
34
3.2
3.2.1
3.2.2
Historical Evolution
Natural Evolution
Human interference
38
3.3
3.3.1
3.3.2
Present Constraints
Legislative constraints
Other constraints
39
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3.4
3.4.1
3.4.2
3.4.3
3.4.4
Current Trends
Losses of habitats
Losses of species distribution and abundance
Gains of habitats
Gains of species distribution and abundance
40
3.5
3.5.1
3.5.2
Predicted Future Trends
Habitats
Species distribution and abundance
42
3.6
3.6.1
3.6.2
3.6.3
Opportunities for environmental enhancement
Reductions in pollution
Increases in habitats
Increases in species distribution and abundance
42
4.0
HUMAN AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT
45
4.1
4.1.1
4.1.2
Historical Evolution
Growth of settlements
Principle settlements
45
4.2
4.2.1
4.2.2
4.2.3
Residential/Industrial areas and infrastructure
45
Residential areas
Industrial areas
Infrastructure
4.3
4.3.1
4.3.2
4.3.3
4.3.4
4.3.5
4.3.5.1
4.3.5.2
4.3.5.3
4.3.6
Recreation, tourism and education
Yachting and sea angling
Sea bathing and water sports
Beach recreation
Onshore recreation
Tourism
Tourism areas and infrastructure
Numbers of tourists
Income from tourism
Education
4.4
4.4.1
4.4.2
4.4.3
4.4.4
Archaeological and historic features
49
Archaeological features
Historical features
Scheduled Ancient Monuments
Listed Buildings
4.5
4.5.1
4.5.2
4.5.3
4.5.4
Aggregate Extraction
Offshore
Foreshore
Onshore
Illegal Extraction’s
50
4.6
4.6.1
4.6.2
4.6.3
4.6.4
Present constraints
Physical constraints
Economic constraints
Legislative constraints
Other constraints
51
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5.0
DEVELOPMENT IN THE COASTAL ZONE
5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.1.3
5.1.4
5.1.5
5.1.6
5.1.7
Current pattern of land use
52
Agricultural
Residential Areas
Tourism
Commercial
Industrial
Open space
Military
5.2
5.2.1
5.2.2
5.2.3
Commerce, ports and harbours, navigation etc.
Commerce
Ports and harbours
Navigation
54
5.3
5.3.1
5.3.2
Agricultural and fisheries interests
Agriculture
Fisheries
56
5.4
5.4.1
5.4.2
Present constraints
Legislation constraints
Other constraints
58
5.5
5.5.1
5.5.2
5.5.3
Predicted future trends
Structure Plans
Local Plans
Unitary Development Plans
58
5.6
5.6.1
5.6.2
5.6.3
Other relevant management plans
Estuary management plans
Catchment Management Plans
Coastal Zone Management Plans
59
5.7
Reference/Bibliography
59
6.0
COASTAL DEFENCES
61
6.1
Coastal defence ownership and responsibility
61
The apportionment of responsibility for maintenance of the coastal defences
Sea defence and coast protection responsibilities
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.2
6.2.1
6.2.2
6.2.3
6.2.4
6.2.5
Existing Defences
61
Location
Condition
Effectiveness
Standard of service provided
Surveys of existing defences
6.3
6.3.1
6.3.2
6.3.3
Current Rates of erosion and accretion
Rates of coastal erosion
Rates of coastline accretion
Rates of beach losses/gains
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6.4
6.4.1
6.4.2
6.4.3
Areas at risk from flooding or erosion
Areas at risk from flooding
Areas at risk from erosion
Areas at risk from beach loss
63
6.5
Identification of other influences
63
6.6
Areas of Concern
63
7.0
7.1
7.2
7.3
SHORELINE MANAGEMENT PLAN OBJECTIVES AND MANAGEMENT UNITS
Shoreline Management Plan Consultation and Scoping Exercise
Shoreline Management Plan: Objectives
Shoreline Management Plan: Management Units
67
Appendix A
Appendix B
Figures
Tables
VOLUME II APPENDICES
Appendix C
Appendix D
Appendix E
Report on Walkover survey
Coastal Defence Surveys
Consultation Scoping Study Response
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1.0 Introduction
1.1
The Coast
1.1.1
Extent of Shoreline Management Plan
For the purpose of this Shoreline Management Plan (SMP), the coast is defined to
encompass the shoreline from St. Bees Head in the south to the mouth of the River
Sark at the head of the Solway Firth, which also marks the Scottish Border. The
shoreline extends into Moricambe Bay and into the Esk and Eden estuaries to the
Coast Protection Act 1949 Schedule 4 Boundaries. The total length of the coast
thus defined is approximately 120km and is shown in Figure 1.1.
1.1.2
Coastal Responsibilities
The apportionment of responsibility for the maintenance of the coast is as detailed in
Table 1.1. and Figure 1.2.
1.1.3
Outline Description
The coastline may be split into two parts, south and north of Maryport.
The coastline to the south is largely of an industrial nature with the towns of
Whitehaven, Workington and Maryport being the main areas of industry. The
industrial history of this area can however be observed in most of the many
towns/villages along the coast.
The west Cumbria railway line running from Barrow to Carlisle travels along the
coastline between Whitehaven and Maryport.
The coastline to the north of Maryport is largely rural in nature, being remote from
human activities with the exception of agriculture and fishing. The principal
exceptions from this statement are the towns of Allonby and Silloth.
The coastline is believed to receive sediment from the west to east erosion and
transportation of the glacial tills which make up the bed of the Irish Sea. The inner
Solway Firth acts as a sediment sink, its peripheral sheltered areas being composed
of saltmarsh while the central more exposed areas are formed of more mobile sand
and mudflats. In contrast the coastal areas are generally experiencing erosion with
the littoral process forcing a net northerly drift of the sand and shingle which forms
the coast.
In addition to the saltmarsh the exposures of glacial till cliffs along the coast are of
significant environmental interest as are the extensive areas of dunes notably at
Mawbray, Wolsty and the Grune.
1.2
The Foreshore
1.2.1
Foreshore Ownership
The ownership details of the foreshore for part of the coast under consideration are
given in Table 1.2 and Figure 1.3. Areas which have not been marked on Figure 1.3
are areas where ownership details are not available at present.
1.2.2
Foreshore Responsibilities
No foreshore or beach level management schemes are in operation at present, but
gravel extraction takes place at Workington Harbour and sporadic illegal extraction
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of sand and gravel take place at a few locations along the coast. Extraction of
material from the foreshore, both legal and illegal, is dealt with in more detail in
section 4.5.
1.3
Revenue Maintenance Budgets (Authorities)
1.3.1
In the current financial year (1997/1998) the Revenue Budgets for the maintenance
of the coast and foreshore of the various Authorities are as follows:Allerdale Borough Council
£38,000
Copeland Borough Council
£17,500
Environment Agency
£4,000
Railtrack North West
*
Carlisle City Council
NIL
Cumbria County Council
£10,000
Other
*
________
TOTAL
£69,500
* NO INFORMATION AVAILABLE AT PRESENT
1.4
Proposed Capital Expenditure
1.4.1
Proposed programmes of Capital Expenditure in respect of the coast and foreshore
of the various Authorities over the next five Financial Years (1997/1998 to
2002/2003) are as follows:Allerdale Borough Council
£5,000,000
Copeland Borough Council
£6,000
Environment Agency
£1,011,000
Railtrack North West
*1
Carlisle City Council
NIL
Cumbria County Council
£4,000
Others
*
_______
TOTAL
£6,021,000+
* NO INFORMATION AVAILABLE AT PRESENT
1(expected to be substantial)
1.5
Expenditure by Private Frontage Owners
1.5.1
Present Expenditure
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No information was determined as part of this study on the present expenditure
associated with private frontages.
1.5.2
Planned Future Expenditure
No information was determined as part of this study on the future expenditure
associated with private frontages
1.6
Coastal Groups
1.6.1
North Western Coastal Group
The North Western Coastal Group is a collection of the Coast Protection Authorities
whose responsibilities cover the coastline from the Solway Firth to the Ribble
Estuary. Membership of the group also extends to the Environment Agency, English
Nature, Port Authorities, Railtrack plc and British Nuclear Fuels all of whom have
responsibilities and/or a particular interest in the coastal zone.
1.6.2
Adjacent Coastal Groups
The North Western Coastal Group is only adjoined to the south. This adjacent
Coastal Group is the Liverpool Bay Coastal Group whose area of interest extends
from the Ribble Estuary to Great Ormes Head near Llandudno.
1.6.3
Other groups with interest in this length of coast
1.6.3.1
The Irish Sea Forum
The Irish Sea Forum is an organisation which is committed to the enhancement of
the environmental health of the Irish Sea, its coasts and associated estuaries and
the sustainable use of its resources. The membership of the group is voluntary and
is comprised of organisations and individuals with responsibilities or interests that
are compatible with these aims. Membership includes most Coast Protection
Authorities around the Irish Sea although it does not include the City and Borough
Councils (i.e. Carlisle, Allerdale and Copeland) covering this SMP shore length.
1.6.3.2
The Solway Firth Partnership
The stated aim of the Partnership is to:
“develop in partnership with others a management strategy which will encourage
current and future users of the Firth to set a level of social, economic and ecological
development for the region that is compatible with the principles of sustainable
development”.
The Partnership is open to all statutory and non-statutory interest groups to become
members and influence the shape of the management strategy. It is managed by a
steering group which meets quarterly to review the progress and overall direction of
the project. Represented on the Steering Group are all the statutory agencies with
responsibilities in and around the Solway Firth Partnership area.
1.6.3.3
Solway Rural Initiative
The Solway Rural Initiative is a group whose interest lies in the Solway Coast Areas
of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB’s) which lie between Maryport and the Esk
Estuary. This interest extends to all aspects of coastal management including
management of habitats, sea defences and saltmarsh, nature conservation and
human pressure. The group regularly carries out work on the coast/shoreline, such
as dune restoration, grassland re-establishment, habitat creation and car parking
strategies.
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2.0 Coastal Processes
2.0.1
This section describes the present day coastal processes which affect the shoreline
between St. Bees Head and the River Sark, together with the historical evolution of
the coastline.
The future development of the shoreline is also predicted.
2.1
Historical Evolution
2.1.0.1
The assessment of the historical evolution of the coastline concentrates on the
recent past, since the nineteenth century when reliable records were kept and sea
levels attained approximately their present day values. The longer term formation of
the coast is described in Section 2.2
2.1.0.2
Hydrographic surveys of the coastal area south of Maryport and the eastern Irish
Sea have not been undertaken generally since 1840 - 1890 due presumably to the
lack of significant shipping activity in the area and the stability of the sea bed
particularly offshore. Figure 2.1 shows the seabed bathymetry for the eastern part of
the Irish Sea compiled from available hydrographic surveys. The contours are
shown in metres relative to Admiralty Chart Datum.
2.1.0.3
North of Maryport the shipping activity at Silloth and the constantly changing
sandbars and channels of the Solway Firth have prompted more regular surveys.
Table 2.1 lists Hydrographic Charts used to assess the major changes in the Solway
since the 1830’s. Further information was obtained from the Harbour Master at
Silloth, concerning the more recent development of the bars and channels south of
Silloth.
2.1.0.4
Table 2.2 lists Ordnance Survey (O.S.) Map information that was accessed to gauge
the evolution of the coastline. Figure 2.2 shows the areas to which the information in
Table 2.2 refers. The following limitation of the data should be born in mind when
examining the results of the analysis.
1)
O.S. surveys only updated information on earlier map editions when
significant changes were apparent. As a result either no revised sheet was
produced or the revised sheet simply had the same information as presented
on earlier versions.
2)
Since the initial O.S. surveys the accuracy of equipment and surveying
methods have improved which can contribute significant changes in the
position of the coastline.
2.1.0.5
Figures 2.3 and 2.4 show the movement of the Mean High Water Mark (MHWM) as
assessed from historic O.S. sheets from St. Bees Head to Grune Point. No
assessment of the MHWM at locations east of Grune Point has so far been carried
out since the shoreline of the inner Solway Firth is more dependent on channel
positions than wave conditions.
2.1.0.6
The information on these figures must be treated with caution since all comparisons
are made to the shoreline position in 1865. Erosion which is shown to have
occurred (for example) between 1865 and 1971 may only have occurred between
1865 and 1898 and is therefore not necessarily an indication that erosion has taken
place between 1898 and 1971. A comparison of the coastline between 1865 and
1971 and 1898 and 1971 would enable the comparison over the period 1898 to 1971
to be determined if required.
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2.1.0.7
Apart from the general assessment of the coastline, observations of local changes
are also summarised in the following sections.
2.1.0.8
As part of this study a brief walkover survey of the coastline was carried out. This
included making photographic records, accessing relevant local knowledge and
collecting historic records in order to be able to make an assessment of the coastline
changes in the area and the reasons for them.
A summary of the information gathered, together with the results of the detailed
examination of O.S. maps and Hydrographic charts is presented in Appendix C.
The following sections contain the more important observations made during this
study and the conclusions drawn from them.
2.1.1
Erosion
2.1.1.1
Inspection of Figures 2.3 and 2.4 indicate that there are lengths of the coast that
have experienced erosion, in particular the coast north of Maryport, south and north
of Silloth Harbour and at Cunning Point. These observations are based upon the
long term changes since 1960. Little data was available after 1971 and these results
must therefore be treated with caution since the situation may have changed
somewhat during the last 25 years. For example, it would appear from additional
information gathered that the entire coastline from Maryport to Silloth has
experienced erosion to some degree during recent years.
Based on conditions between 1924 and the present (the most reliable estimates),
the rates of movement of the MHWM are typically of the order of 0.6m/yr inland.
The estimated loss of material from the coast based on these recession rates, is of
the order of 2.0m 3/yr/m run. Table 2.3 shows recession rates for various lengths of
the coast based on information from O.S. maps.
2.1.1.2
St. Bees Head North
Erosion only seems to occur at isolated locations north of St. Bees Head, usually at
points where the cliff has been cut back a little to form a small bay. These bays tend
to face north west. The rate of erosion is difficult to assess, but erosion is more
likely to take place in the form of cliff falls rather than continuous slow erosion.
These cliff falls are most likely to occur during or after north - westerly storms, the
material from them being added to the south to north littoral drift. High ground water
levels as a result of high rainfall events in spoil/slag deposits on top of sandstone
along the South Shore Cliffs at Whitehaven increase the risk of ground movement
and deposit material on the beach.
2.1.1.3
Moss Bay
This area between Harrington and Workington has accreted as a result of spoil and
slag tipping from adjacent plants and the longshore drift of similar material from the
south. In recent years with the reduction or stopping of the supply of such material
the coast has been exposed to increased erosion causing British Steel to construct a
sea wall to protect its frontage, which is now in the process of being out flanked.
Although the cliff/coastline has remained relatively stationary due to their inherent
strength it is believed that beach levels have dropped making the area more
exposed to wave attack.
2.1.1.4
Siddick/Flimby
Although this area appears fairly stable in relation to the position of the shoreline in
1865, erosion took place on quite a large scale after 1950 and may have been linked
to the decrease of spoil tipping activities and the resulting reduction of longshore
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sediment transport. The erosion was worst at Siddick, but Flimby to the north has
also been affected. Recent storms have cut back the vegetated dune area fronting
the railway line and future storms may threaten the stability of the railway
embankment.
2.1.1.5
Maryport Promenade
The area to the north of Maryport Harbour experienced large scale erosion between
1865 and 1923. This erosion is likely to have continued until the 1930’s when a 3km
concrete sea wall was constructed. Although this stopped the landward progression
of the Mean High Water Mark, it has caused beach levels to fall to bedrock level in
this area. This means that although erosion was still occurring after the construction
of the sea wall it would not have been evident from examination of O.S. maps.
2.1.1.6
Allonby Bay
Although from examining O.S. maps the shoreline in this area appears to have
undergone mainly accretion, this is only in relation to the position of the Mean High
Water Mark.
Anecdotal evidence of significant coastline recession, particularly in the area of the
Crosscanonby Saltpans, has been supported by recent surveys. Further erosion
may threaten the B5300 coastal road from Maryport to Silloth.
Examination of photographic evidence of the area around the Saltpans shows the
grassy area between the coastal road and the foreshore to have been much wider.
In the 1940’s chalets and caravans stood on the area between the Saltpans and the
beach. By 1967 all of the chalets to the seaward side of the pans had been
destroyed and the area between the Saltpans and the beach had disappeared.
Due to a lack of information concerning this area it is difficult to accurately estimate
the rate of erosion. A report from 1994 by Posford Duvivier states that “In October
1991 the Kinch was 6m from the edge of the cliff, while in December 1993 this had
reduced to 3.8 metres”. During the recent survey carried out for this study the Kinch
was found to be less than 0.5 metres from the edge of the cliff. The erosion in this
area can thus be estimated around 1m per year, and it is likely that most of this will
occur during a single extreme storm event. It is therefore a possibility that the cliffs
on which the Saltpans are situated may recede to such an extent during the coming
autumn and winter that the wall of the Kinch will collapse onto the foreshore.
At Maryport golf course building rubble has been dumped onto the foreshore to form
a protective embankment in an attempt to control erosion but the area is still liable to
flooding.
Intervention by Solway Rural Initiative to encourage the development of natural sand
dune defences along Allonby Bay in recent years has proved ineffective in some
areas due it is thought to the frequency that the dune belt is reached by the sea.
2.1.1.7
Dubmill Point
This area has suffered from erosion since 1866, although the retreat of the shoreline
has been halted by the construction of hard defences on the south side of the point.
The erosion was due in part to the changing position of the tidal channels and sand
banks as well as the exposure of the point to extreme storm conditions. At present
the groynes in this area seem to be effective at trapping sediment and further
erosion of the cliff line is unlikely due to the presence of the sea wall. This is as long
as both structures are maintained in good condition.
2.1.1.8
Wolsty Bank to Silloth Harbour
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Erosion took place on a large scale to the south of Silloth Harbour between 1865
and 1898. It is difficult to find the exact reason for this erosion, but it may be due to
the changing positions of the tidal flow channels in the Solway Firth following the
construction of the Solway Viaduct in 1868. Since the end of the 19th Century the
erosion has decreased somewhat and the area around Blitterlees Bank has
experienced some accretion. Intervention by the Solway Rural Initiative has
encouraged the development of the dune belt by artificial means in recent years.
2.1.1.9
Silloth Harbour to Skinburness
This area of the coast has suffered erosion to some degree since 1865, reflecting
the repercussions of the Silloth Dock construction in 1857. Attempts were made to
halt this erosion by installing a series of groynes, but it was not until 1953, when a
stepped concrete apron was constructed along the entire length of Silloth Bay, that
the landward movement of the Mean High Water Mark was stopped. The sea wall
was constructed seaward of the mean high water mark to gain public amenity land.
This further threw the natural system away from its equilibrium condition. Beach
levels have continued to fall despite a number of coast defence schemes to repair
and upgrade the original defence including beach nourishment.
2.1.1.10 The Grune
In general the Grune would appear to be accreting at the point in a north easterly
direction, and also to some extent at the more sheltered back face, fed by deposits
from Great Gutter. On the exposed north west face however areas of rapid erosion
are evident, particularly in recent years. This is due to sediment being trapped by the
groynes further south resulting in the sediment supply to the Grune being cut off.
Between 1924 and 1972 the erosion at the neck of the Grune has been estimated at
between 80 and 120 metres which results in an average erosion rate of
approximately 2m per year. The erosion problem in this area is further exacerbated
by the illegal extraction of gravel from the foreshore.
2.1.1.11 The Inner Solway Firth
Comparison of 0.S. Maps for the Solway Firth show that the most significant areas of
erosion are associated with the movement of the low water and river channels. The
positions of the channels were affected after 1868 by the construction of the Solway
Viaduct but seem to have stabilised since its removal in 1936. Since then the areas
of erosion can mainly be found at the banks of the River Eden and between
Bowness-on-Solway and Burgh Marsh. Changes in the positions of the channels
are generally due to variations in river discharges. Coast defence structures have
been built at Glasson Moss and Burgh Marsh to prevent this erosion.
2.1.2
Accretion
2.1.2.1
Examination of Figures 2.3 and 2.4 indicate that accretion has been experienced on
the coast (MHWM) most notably either side of Whitehaven Harbour and Workington
Harbour, and south of Maryport Harbour.
2.1.2.2
South of Whitehaven
Accretion immediately to the south of Whitehaven Harbour seems to have slowed
during the latter half of this century indicating that the shoreline may be close to
reaching an equilibrium. The gabions protecting South Beach have been damaged,
but this is more likely to have occurred as a result of extreme storm events than
from continuous erosion. The area further south around Kells appears to be
trapping sediment at a slightly higher rate possibly due to the slightly more westerly
alignment of the coast or high quantities of sediment feed rising from cliff falls of slag
and waste deposits located at the cliff top near (for example) the south shore cliffs at
Whitehaven.
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North of Whitehaven Harbour
Accretion in this area has reduced in recent years but was quite considerable before
the turn of the century. The material in this area would have been trapped as a
result of north westerly storms and then prevented from travelling up the coast by the
sheltering effect of Whitehaven Harbour and the more westerly alignment of the
coast.
2.1.2.4
Harrington Harbour
As with Whitehaven Harbour this area used to experience accretion at a much
higher rate than at present. This accretion was due to slag and waste deposits
being dumped on the beach by Harrington Iron Works (1857-1926) which
subsequently in part was trapped by the south harbour arm.
2.1.2.5
South of Workington Harbour
The area from Salterbeck to the south pier at Workington Harbour experienced large
amounts of accretion before the turn of the century partly due to the trapping of
sediment on the south side of the pier and partly due to vast amounts of iron slag
being deposited on the foreshore. Further accretion took place after the extension
of the south pier, although some erosion of the reclaimed land fronting the Iron
Works took place between 1923 and 1956.
Gravel extraction takes place to the south of the harbour arm in order to reduce the
frequency at which the harbour channel requires dredging, but the extracted material
is not returned to the littoral system and is believed to be sold commercially.
2.1.2.6
South of Maryport Harbour
As with the other harbours along this coastline the accretion in this area occurred
mainly before the turn of the century due to the dumping of slag and other waste
product from the two local Iron Works (1868-1927) and colliery directly onto the
beach. This accretion has slowed considerably in recent years, due to reduced
sediment supply and gravel extraction to the point where at some times erosion has
been recorded. Gravel extraction from the foreshore to the south of the south
breakwater used to take place although this practice was stopped recently due to
anxiety about the effect this extraction was having on the stability of the Senhouse
Dock sea wall. The construction of a new groyne south of the south harbour arm
has also aided the retention of beach sediment across the harbour frontage.
2.1.2.7
Dubmill Point North
The area just north of Dubmill Point would appear to have experienced accretion
until recently, possibly due to the alignment of the shore and the protection it offers
from south westerly conditions.
2.1.2.8
Moricambe Bay
The shores of Moricambe Bay have experienced extreme changes over the last
100-150 years. However, following the removal of the Solway Viaduct in 1936, the
saltmarshes that line the Bay have generally accreted, especially in the region of the
Bay entrance.
2.1.2.9 Inner Solway Firth
Slight but steady accretion of the Saltmarshes have occurred west of the original line
of the Solway Viaduct since its removal in 1936, with little accretion, apart from at
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Rockcliffe Marsh, taking place east of this line. The principal areas of accretion
apart from at Rockcliffe Marsh are Cardurnock Flatts and Skinburness Marsh.
2.1.3
Construction of Coast Protection Works
2.1.3.1
Appendix D contains details of surveys of coast protection structures that exist along
the length of coast covered by this SMP. Their condition and effectiveness are
examined in Section 6.0. Figure 6.2 provides details of the type and location of these
defences.
2.1.4
Construction of Sea Defences
2.1.4.1
Appendix D contains details of surveys of sea defence structures that exist along the
length of coast covered by this SMP. Their condition and standard of service are
examined in Section 6.0. Figure 6.2 provides details of the type and location of these
defences.
2.2
Physical Characteristics
2.2.1
Landscape
2.2.1.1
The present day landscape for the length of coast under consideration is shown in
Figure 5.1.
2.2.1.2
Significant areas of coastal landscape include the cliffs at St. Bees Head (which are
designated as a Heritage coast), the relatively undeveloped section of coast from
Maryport to the Grune (with sand dunes in the north) and the inner Solway Firth (with
associated saltmarshes).
In general the landscape of the coastal strip may be split into two sections, the
heavily industrialised area south of Maryport and the less developed area to the
north. North of Maryport the landscape value of the coast is derived not only from
the unspoilt nature of the coast but also the potential views out to sea and across the
Solway to Scotland. Such panoramic views are available from many places along
Allonby Bay and the dune system north of Dubmill Point, but especially from the top
of Swarthy Hill, above the Saltpans. The extensive dunes at Mawbray, Wolsty and
Blitterlees offer natural coastal landscapes of particular value to walkers and this
section of the coast forms the northern part of the Cumbria Coastal Way, which
extends from Morecambe Bay in the south to the estuary of the River Esk in the
north.
Other natural areas such as saltmarshes and mudflats are not as interesting in a
landscape sense, although they are often preferable to developed areas of coast
and form an important role as wildlife habitats and conservation areas. The
foreshore outside the inner Solway mainly comprises shingle, pebbles and some
sand.
In general the landscape of this section of coast benefits from a relative lack of
development and the natural and semi-natural areas of coast provide a high
landscape value enjoyed by locals and visitors to the coast.
The landscape to the south of Maryport has to a great extent been industrialised
and in many places hard coastal structures and slag banks exist. The foreshore
consists mainly of gravel and pebbles and there is a lack of the more scenic sandy
beaches.
The cliffs between St. Bees Head and Harrington are less developed and provide
panoramic views out to sea. Other dominant features are the ports of Whitehaven,
Workington and Maryport.
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2.2.1.3
A more detailed landscape description can be found in Appendix C. Information
about designated landscape sites are contained in Section 3.
2.2.2
Geology
Thick and complex glacial till sequences cover the Permo-Triassic bedrock along
much of the coast from St. Bees Head to Whitehaven, but sections of the bedrock
are exposed in some areas. At St. Bees Head pre-Permian rocks are overlain by
Permian breccia followed by evaporites and then shale and Triassic sandstone. This
sandstone is then covered by glacial boulder clays.
The exposed sandstone cliffs running north from St. Bees Head are cut and
replaced at Whitehaven by the Pow Beck alluvial deposits of mixed sands and
gravel.
North of Whitehaven glacial action has eroded the Triassic sandstones, exposing
Carboniferous outcrops of the middle, and in some areas the lower coal measures
that have given rise to the heavily industrialised area from Whitehaven to Maryport.
The coal bearing strata is composed of successive layers of coal, shale, sandstone
bands and grey mudstone of varying thickness, all heavily faulted.
A geological faultline running southwest-northeast at Maryport separates the
Carboniferous rock to the south from younger Triassic rock in the north. To the north
of the fault the bedrock consists of St. Bees Sandstone up to Dubmill Point where it
is replaced by younger mudstone sediment consisting of Stanwix Shales
unconformably overlying Kirkland Sandstone. The bedrock in this area is again
covered by glacial till, although a short strip of St. Bees Sandstone can be seen at
the coast around Maryport.
At the head of the Solway Firth, faulting has upthrown the St. Bees Sandstone
against younger Kirkland Sandstone with the course of the River Esk following the
boundary between the St. Bees Sandstone and the Annan/Dumfries Sandstone.
The chief mechanisms responsible for the present arrangement of coastal
sediments were the successive ice ages bringing in broken rocks and clays from the
Lake District and Scotland. These were then overlaid by various deposits carried
over as a result of rising sea levels due to the retreat of the ice sheets. This cycle
was repeated several times and the series of transgression and regression
combined with the upward tilt of the north of England after the last ice age is
responsible for the formation of raised beaches which can be found along most of
this coastline.
The littoral zone varies from the exposed sandstone strata between St. Bees and
Whitehaven and at Maryport, to muds, silts sands, shingle and rounded pebbles.
This material appears to be made of materials of solid geology, drift geology and
marine sediments brought in from the Solway Firth and the Irish Sea.
Mining operations over the last few centuries, and the associated disposal of slag
and colliery waste have resulted in significant local changes to the coastline.
2.2.3
Geomorphology
2.2.3.1
The evolution of the coastline covered by this SMP has been in response to the
interaction of sea level and exposure conditions with the geology of the area. The
following sub-sections describe the general historical geomorphology of the coast
before concentrating on particular features.
2.2.3.2
Over the last interglacial period, 132 - 120 ka bp (1000 years before present) the
global eustatic sea levels have fluctuated up to approximately 125m below present
levels (Pinter & Gardner 1989), see Figure 2.5. The maximum average rate of
change can be estimated at 6mm/year.
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During the same period ice sheets have advanced and retreated over the North Irish
Sea area causing two effects:1)
The isostatic movement of the land mass
2)
The movement and deposition of glacial sediments in the area.
Conditions over the northern Irish Sea during the last ice age were largely periglacial. However, a great ice sheet covered the area during the last 30ka estimated
to be up to 1.6km thick.
2.2.3.4
The combined eustatic and isostatic effects have been assessed by a number of
people (Boulton 1990, Lambeck 1991, Wingfield 1992 and Thomas 1985). Globally
the sea level relative to the land was 125m below present levels some 20 ka bp.
Sea level then rose during the intervening period and peaked at a magnitude
estimated to be between 130m and 140m above present levels for this area of the
Irish Sea. Sea levels then fell over the last 10ka to their present levels. Figure 2.6
shows the estimated variation proposed by Wingfield (1992).
Given the glacial geology of the area and the large movements that have occurred in
sea level over many years features, both submerged or significantly above present
sea levels will have been formed by morphological processes.
2.2.3.5
Raised Beaches
The phenomenon of raised beaches can be observed in many places along this
coastline. At Mawbray Banks near Beckfoot a low cliff in soft materials stretches
north east for 200 - 300m above the High water Mark. A cross section above the
present sea level shows the position and nature of raised beaches formed when the
sea level was “25 feet” above the present sea level. Swarthy Hill near Allonby is a
NE-SW tending drumlin with its west slopes eroded by the sea when it was at the
“25 feet” Raised Beach level.
A further example of the raised beach can be seen backing the promenade at
Maryport.
2.2.3.6
Submerged Forest
An exposure of forest soil, containing peat and recognisable organic fragments,
resting on what is believed to be an ancient beach can be found near Beckfoot. The
exposure is most extensive in stormy weather, but is normally 50-100m long and
trends NE-SW. It lies 120m seaward of the high water mark in an area of rapidly
changing substrata.
This feature is the most extensive and commonly exposed submerged forest on the
north Cumbrian coast and is carbon dated to circa 8000 BC. It indicates climate
improvement at a post glacial time of low sea level.
2.2.3.7
Saltmarshes
Saltmarshes have developed as the result of the deposition of muddy sediments of
fluvial and marine origin in the upper reaches of the Solway Firth and Morecambe
Bay. These deposits and those of much earlier times are progressively reworked by
the continual movement of the estuarine channels.
2.2.3.8
Littoral Drift
The mobile sand and gravel/shingle deposits found along the coast are moved in
response to wave and tidal current forcing. As will be described in greater detail in
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Section 2.3, the general littoral drift at present time is from South to North.
Sediments over the beach however respond differently, those deposits below low
water are most likely to respond as predicted by mean conditions. Deposits located
higher up the beach may only be reached by the most extreme tide conditions and
will thus respond as dictated by those individual events.
2.3
Present Day Coastal Processes
2.3.1
Waves
2.3.1.1
Introduction
Wave data was analysed for two different Meteorological (MET) Office, UK wave
model locations the most relevant of which is located at the mouth of the Solway
Firth off St. Bees Head. The location of each offshore wave data point is shown in
Figure 2.7.
2.3.1.2
Analysis of Meteorological Office Data
Analysis of the data shows that the majority of the offshore waves occur in the south
to west quadrant. Waves from this direction are the only waves that will have
significant wave activity on the stretch of coast from St. Bees Head to the River
Sark. This coincides with the largest waves which are generated over fetches
reaching out to the Atlantic Ocean.
Results for location point 54.5oN 4.1oW are presented in Table 2.5, and show the
extreme wave height predictions based on a Weibul analysis for the ‘best fit’ and the
upper and lower 95% confidence limits. This analysis was based on eight years of
data from 1988 - 1996. Comparison of the wave rose distributions with typical wind
roses for this area, Figure 2.8, indicates the sheltering effect of the Isle of Man from
waves from the south to west quadrant.
2.3.1.3
Inshore extreme wave heights
The annual extreme significant wave heights for this stretch of coast are presented
in Figure 2.9. The effect of the seabed contours and depth limited conditions results
in annual extreme wave heights at Chart Datum 25-45% smaller than offshore
conditions.
The sheltering effect of St. Bees Head results in smaller annual extremes in the lee
of St. Bees Head of about 4.25m to about 4.7m just north of Whitehaven. From this
point until Allonby Bay annual extremes are fairly constant at about 4.7 - 4.8m, apart
from a sharp reduction to about 3.5m just north of Maryport at the start of Allonby
Bay.
The sharp reduction of extreme annual wave heights north of Allonby Bay to about
3.8 - 3.9m will mainly be as a result of the sheltering effect of Southern Scotland to
waves from the west.
2.3.1.4
Mean Wave Height and Direction
Figure 2.10 shows the mean wave height and direction from St. Bees Head to the
start of Moricambe Bay. Mean Wave Heights show a reduction from about 1.0 1.2m at St. Bees Head to about 0.4 - 0.5m at Moricambe Bay. The dominance of
offshore waves from the south west results in a mean wave attack direction acting
up the coast.
2.3.2
Tides
2.3.2.1
Tidal Currents
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The coastline of this SMP is exposed to semi-diurnal tides, which flood broadly in a
northerly direction along the coast and ebb in the opposite direction. The tidal
currents for the Irish Sea are shown in Figures 2.11a and 2.11b and for the North
Channel in Figures 2.12a and 2.12b.
The flood tide is generally directed at 050ON along the coast lasting approximately
5½ hours with a peak velocity of 0.5 m/s on spring tides off St. Bees Head,
increasing to 2.0 m/s off Dubmill Point. The ebb tide is in the reverse direction,
230ON approximately and lasts for about 6½ hours with a peak velocity of 0.5 m/s off
St. Bees Head, increasing to 1.8 m/s off Dubmill Point.
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The Solway Firth
In the Solway Firth the spring tide flood lasts for approximately 5 hours at Silloth,
with a range of approximately 8 metres, but decreases with distance into the Firth
and at Redkirk only lasts for approximately 2 hours with a range of about 4 metres.
Similarly the spring tide ebb decreases from approximately 7 hours at Silloth to 6
hours at Redkirk, with the remainder of the tidal periods at Redkirk being slack
water.
Off Dubmill point the flood tide achieves a mean flow rate of 1.0m/s with a mean ebb
flow rate of 0.9m/s.
During neap tides the tide periods for Silloth are approximately the same as for
Springs (i.e. 7 hours ebb, 5 hours flood) but the range is reduced to approximately 3
metres. At Redkirk the effects of the tide are minimal during neaps, both the floods
and ebbs lasting approximately 1 hour, the rest of the tidal period being slack water.
The range at Redkirk during neaps is only about 0.5m.
2.3.2.2
Residual Tidal Currents
The residual tidal currents for the Irish Sea are shown in Figures 2.13 and 2.14 for
the near surface and near bed flows respectively. These figures are based on field
measurements using seabed and near surface drifters and velocity-depth profiles,
Ramster and Hill (1969). Comparison of Figure 2.13 with residual surface flows
determined from analysis of Admiralty diamonds from chart Numbers 1346 and 1826
for the eastern Irish Sea and the Solway Firth shown in Figure 2.15 indicate some
inconsistencies.
The tidal flood in and out of the Solway Firth mainly follows an east-west route to the
north of the Isle of Man and sustained residual currents at the Sea Bed have been
estimated at 0.015 to 0.05m/s in an easterly direction (Perkins et al, 1964).
Recent information on near-bed currents at Silloth and Annan indicate that the flood
tide exhibits higher velocities than the ebb, the maximum recorded flood and ebb
velocities being 2 m/s and 1.5 m/s respectively, (Arup 1993), creating greater
opportunity for sediment transport during the flood tide and hence sediment
transport into the estuary. This is confirmed by current measurements taken at
incremental depths within the water column, allowing comparison to be made
between near-bed and near-surface currents taken at the same time. These results
show that in the mouth of the River Annan currents were stronger near the bed and
very weak at the surface during the flood tide, but on the ebb the situation was
reversed, (Arup 1993), implying landward transport of suspended sediment and
density effects.
2.3.2.3
Tidal Amplitude
Sites where sea level measurements are taken exist at Whitehaven, Workington and
Silloth. Some data was also obtained from CRG report F70-01-90 for sites at
Newbie Glasson and Redkirk Point. The variation of typical and extreme sea level
estimates are shown in Figures 2.16a and 2.16b. Table 2.4 provides details of the
source of the extreme sea level predictions. Figure 2.17a shows the estimated
variation of spring tide amplitude in the Irish Sea. Figure 2.17b shows the predicted
1 in 50 year meteorological surge for the same area.
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2.3.3
Sediments
2.3.3.1
Offshore Sediments
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The North East Irish Sea is the site of the East Irish Sea and the Solway Firth
Basins, the two are separated by a narrow ridge of older sedimentary rocks which
stretch between the Lake District and the Isle of Man. Figure 2.20 illustrates the
composition and distribution of sea bed sediments in the North East Irish Sea, with
particular reference to the Solway Firth Basin.
The Solway Firth Basin, occupies a northeast - southwest syncline which is infilled
largely with Permo - Triassic sediments and is less well known than the intensively
investigated East Irish Sea basin. The Carboniferous rocks within the area are
many kilometres thick and hold a great deal of interest for further investigation due to
their hydrocarbon content.
The primary and major source of sediment in the region is thought to be derived
from glacigenic material deposited in the Irish Sea by the retreating Scottish ice
sheet. This ice sheet along with others flowing from surrounding hills, resulted in the
deposition of a complex sequence of sediments on the sea floor.
The sandbanks in the Solway have mobile superficial deposits with much denser
more compact sand core which were laid down in pre-glacial times during periods of
lower sea levels
Figure 2.20 shows that the sea bed material is very varied. It consists of fine to
medium sand and sandy muds overlying tills, fluvio-glacial and glacio-marine
sediments. Such extensive areas, covered by fluvio-glacial sands and gravel are
thought to be the major source for the accumulation of material on the sandbars and
flats within the region. A south-west to north-east orientated channel seems to be
present off Allonby Bay. The grading of material in this channel, i.e. coarse at the
south-west end becoming finer to the north-east, would indicate the influence of
stronger currents associated with the presence of a flood channel resulting in little
inshore-offshore movement of material in this region.
2.3.3.2
Foreshore Sediments
Smaller volumes of sediment, in contrast to the glacigenic fraction, enter the system
via rivers and coastal erosion.
To the north of the region, seaward Saltmarshes are actively eroded, this material is
moved upstream and deposited near the head of the Solway Firth Estuary. At more
exposed sites, past marine deposits laid down in the form of raised beaches are also
actively eroded, resulting in fine sands, silts and clays as well as gravel entering the
system.
The 100 metre cliffs between St. Bees and Whitehaven are susceptible to rockfalls
which release significant quantities of shingle. This eroded material is then
transported along the coast with the locally southwest to northeast drift and serves to
feed the coastline further north with sediment.
The distribution of foreshore sediments within the region can be seen in figure 2.21.
To the south of Maryport the foreshore sediments are predominantly pebbles and
cobbles with occasional areas of boulders. North of Maryport, the composition
becomes finer with sand and shingle occasionally interspersed with gravel stretching
up to Moricambe Bay.
When looking at the sediments of this region, it must also be recognised that
unnatural aspects of the environment are present and will have an effect. From the
mid 19th Century the Industrial Revolution changed the nature of West Cumberland
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out of all recognition. Many thousands of tons of iron and steelworks slag together
with colliery waste had been tipped directly into the sea or on the foreshore,
contributing to the amount of material available to be deposited or eroded as beach
sediment.
Although the tipping of waste ceased around the mid 20th Century, the effects of this
practise and of its decline will be long felt by the environment, and still needs
consideration when studying associated processes.
A more detailed description of the foreshore sediments and areas of industrial slag
deposits can be found in the report contained in Appendix C.
2.3.3.3
Solway Estuary Sediments
In 1991, bed grab-sampling was carried out near Annan and Bowness and from the
deeper main channels in the Solway Firth. The results from the collected samples
within the study area indicate that the bed material is almost entirely composed of
fine sand. This gets progressively coarser in the outer firth and in the deeper water
off Silloth and Maryport (Arup, 1993). Visual analysis of all 50 samples is
summarised in Figure 2.22. These results compare favourably with observations
made by Babtie (1966) for the upper part of the estuary, in which it was reported that
sand throughout this part of the estuary was “of the same fine consistency to a
remarkably uniform degree”.
On the salt marshes and intertidal sand flats, sediments are predominantly fine to
coarse sands.
Very little fluvial sediment is likely to reach the estuary due to the fact that the rivers
flow slowly over very shallow gradients for several kilometres before entering the
firth. The slightly higher proportions of clay than silt found in the salt marshes relates
to the low capacity of these rivers to carry coarser sediments in suspension.
Deposition in the nearshore zone via flocculation is encouraged by the strong salinity
gradients present.
The salt marsh sediments show very little variation in
composition throughout the inner estuary. This suggests that most of the fine sand
is of the same marine origin rather than of fluvial origin.
2.3.3.4
Coastal Scars
Along the length of the coast north of Maryport there are a number of coastal scars
which are the relic remains of glacial till deposits. Due to the level of wave and tide
exposure these remnants are composed of coarse gravel, cobbles and boulders.
Particular prominent features include Dubmill Scar, Stinking Crag, Lowhagstock
Scar, Beck Scar, Catherinehole Scar and Lee Scar.
Within Moricambe Bay and the Solway Firth Estuary, scars which are more resistant
to erosion, often influence the extent to which channels may move. Examples of
such scars are Stenor Scar, Tickhill Scar, Longdyke Scar, Highwest Scar and
Herdhill Scar. The contrast between these more resistant scars and the less stable
surrounding muds, plays an important part in the shaping of the estuary.
2.3.4
Other Present Day processes
2.3.4.1
Offshore Sediment Transport
The Solway Firth acts as a sink for sediment transported both westward and
northwards into the area. The magnitude of the supply is dependent upon storm as
well as average tidal conditions. Fine material (i.e. general sands and muds) are
transported northward from south of St. Bees Head whereas more coarse sandy
material is washed into the estuary from the west, see Figures 2.14, 2.15 and 2.20.
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A need exists to confirm the broad sediment transport pathways within the eastern
Irish Sea and to quantify the magnitude and likely location where such sediment is
brought into the nearshore zone. A numerical sediment transport modelling study
perhaps for the whole of the eastern Irish Sea is considered the best means of
achieving this.
2.3.4.2
Nearshore Littoral Sediment Transport
The movement of nearshore sediment by incident wave activity has been
examined using the predicted nearshore wave climate detailed in Section 2.3.1
together with typical beach sediment characteristics described in Section 2.3.3 The
calculations are based upon the CERC formula, Shore Protection Manual (1984),
which accounts for beach slope and incident wave angle relative to the beach
normal in addition to wave and sediment characteristics. The resultant predictions of
longshore drift rate are of potential annual average sediment longshore transport
and take no account of whether that volume of sediment is available for transport or
not. Figure 2.23 shows the net annual average drift rate and direction for the
exposed coast based on annual average wave conditions. However, this should be
treated qualitatively for the following reasons:
The bathymetry from which the beach slope and inshore wave direction is
determined is based on coarse and dated hydrographic soundings taken
about 20 years ago from Admiralty Charts.

At Whitehaven, the predicted longshore sediment transport rate gives a
similar figure to known dredging rates at the port in its heyday in the early to
mid part of the 20th century.

Only a single size sediment grading has been adopted, d50 = 0.240mm
which although considered representative of the lower beach will not be
appropriate for the coarser shingle deposits closer to the coastline.

The predictions have taken account of varying tide levels but do not include
for any influence of tidal currents which are likely to enhance and smooth the
rate of sediment transport.
When examining Figure 2.23 the positive values indicate a northerly drift.
The principal points that can be drawn from the analysis are as follows:

The trend is for a northerly drift of material along the whole stretch of coast
from St. Bees Head to River Sark. This is considered likely due to the
orientation of the coast and the predominance of waves from the south-west
quadrant.

The relatively small amounts of drift immediately south of St. Bees Head and
in the north of Allonby Bay are as a result of the south-west orientation of the
coast at those locations being more perpendicular to the incident predominant
wave direction.

The relatively large amounts of drift along the stretch of coastline from St.
Bees Head to Workington results from the relatively large wave heights and
their obliqueness to this stretch of coast (see Figure 2.10)

Immediately beyond Workington, the waves align themselves more
perpendicularly with the coast due to shallow water effects and the sheltering
effect of the Scottish coast. This results in a general fall in sediment transport
from Workington to the start of Allonby Bay just north of Maryport.
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With material available, this analysis would indicate the main areas of erosion
being immediately north and south of St. Bees Head, south of Workington and
south of Silloth, with large areas of deposition occurring between Workington
and Flimby and between Silloth and Moricambe Bay. Smaller rates of
deposition occur between Flimby and Dubmill Point. However, the largest
areas of deposition in this area is around Cardurnock Flatts and at the
entrance of Moricambe Bay, predictions for which this analysis could not
determine.
It is considered that a more detailed evaluation of the nearshore sediment transport
budget and the related consequences for the foreshore in terms of beach dynamics,
coastal flood and erosion risk and the significance of sediment trapping or extraction
should be undertaken.
2.3.4.3
Interdependence of extreme sea levels and wave conditions.
Extreme sea level events are associated with a depression tracking east - northeast
across the north of the British Isles, shown for the northwest coast of Britain in
Figure 2.25. Such depression tracks yield westerly to south westerly winds with
corresponding wave conditions the severity of which will depend on the depth of the
depression and the speed at which it is tracking across the area. Figures 2.26 and
2.27 shows the magnitude and direction of wind for times of extreme sea level at
Liverpool and at Whitehaven respectively. From both these figures the extreme sea
levels are generally associated on average with westerly to south westerly wind
conditions of 5 to 25 knots severity and an average of about 16 knots.
Based on the above information it can be concluded that extreme sea levels will be
associated with westerly to south-westerly winds and consequently significant wave
activity given the extensive fetch in this direction.
The worst conditions experienced along this coast are generally associated with
westerly storm conditions particularly after a prolonged period of south westerly
winds. Such conditions arise from a depression which remains positioned to the
west prior to moving away to the north east. This mechanism has the effect of
building higher water levels in the north part of the Irish Sea which enable large
waves to attack the coast when the wind direction veers to westerly.
Contemporary wave and sea level data for this length of coast is limited. The nearest
Meteorological office wave data point is off St. Bees Head and sea level records are
available at Whitehaven, Workington and Silloth, of which only Workington provided
regular hourly or more frequent measurements. Without establishing a numerical
model for the estuary which enables a contemporary time series of wave and sea
level conditions to be established at appropriate locations such conditions cannot be
adequately quantified. The proposed modelling should account both for swell waves
from the Irish Sea and local wind waves generated within the Solway Firth together
with the impact of tidal banks and tidal currents upon the refraction pattern.
2.4
Inter-relationship with the adjacent coastline
2.4.1
Coastline to the South
At St. Bees Head a notable parting occurs in the tidal flow regime and hence the
littoral movement. Material is unlikely to pass St. Bees Head in a southerly direction
as it is trapped by the headland and used to sustain beach levels along the coastline
between St. Bees Head and Whitehaven. Similarly, little material is thought to pass
the headland in a northerly direction as material carried north to St. Bees is more
likely to be deflected into the Irish Sea.
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No effects are therefore considered to occur to the coastline north of St. Bees Head
as a result of changes to the coastline to the south of the headland and vice versa.
Each length of coast can be considered as acting independently.
2.4.2
Coastline to the North
The northern point of this SMP coastline lies at the head of the Solway Firth Estuary.
The northern coastline of the Solway Firth will experience similar processes as the
southern shore, with both being more exposed to south westerly storm conditions
and the movement of the ebb tidal channels.
Some of the sediments found within the Firth are thought to have been moved along
the south coast of Scotland from areas such as Sandyhills Bay and any changes in
the coastal processes within these area are therefore likely to have some effect
(albeit limited) on the shoreline of this SMP, although this may be restricted to the
areas east of Grune Point.
It would therefore be unreasonable to try to separate the southern shore of the
Solway Firth from that in the north when considering the coastal processes which
take place in this region. For this reason the Solway Firth has generally been treated
as a whole during the course of this study, although only the effects within this SMP
boundary have been reported.
2.5
Ongoing Monitoring
The following sections detail different monitoring exercises that are performed along
the coast included in this SMP. By monitoring it is meant a regular programme of
inspection or measurement of the coast or coastal structures rather than ad hoc
exercises.
2.5.1
Visual Surveys
2.5.1.1
The Solway Rural Initiative carries out regular inspections of the foreshore between
Maryport and Grune Point. In Summer 1994 they installed 17 sections of telegraph
posts at 1km intervals along the coastline between Maryport and Silloth. These are
used as markers for fixed point photographs during April and September each year.
Solway Rural Initiative have also carried out a walkover survey of the entire coastline
between Maryport Golf Club and Grune Point and this survey will be repeated on an
annual basis.
Further photographic records are kept by the Allonby and Crosscanonby Councils,
specifically regarding the condition of the foreshore at the Saltpans.
2.5.2
Beach Profiles
2.5.2.1
No regular or ongoing monitoring of Beach Profiles using topographical surveying
techniques is performed along the coast. Some beach profiles were taken at the
Saltpans near Allonby by Posford Duvivier in March 1994 as part of the report on
coast protection for the Saltpans. Allerdale Borough Council have also taken such
measurements at Skinburness Bank, The Grune and Moss Bay in the past over a
number of years but this work has since stopped. A visual survey is carried out by
the Solway Rural Initiative on a twice annual basis and photographic records are
taken.
2.5.3
Channel Levels
2.5.3.1
At Workington Harbour surveys of the harbour channel are carried out on a regular
basis by the harbour authorities. However, these surveys do not generally extend
past the boundary of the harbour and this information is therefore only of limited use.
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2.5.3.2
A survey of the banks and channels around the approach channel to Silloth Harbour
is carried out by the harbour master on an annual basis. This survey usually takes
place on a low spring tide during May/June and a record of the positions of relevant
sandbanks and shallows are made.
2.5.3.3
The channels within the Solway Firth are not generally charted on a regular basis
due to the lack of shipping activity within the estuary. Information on Hydrographic
charts available for this study is given in Table 2.1.
2.5.4
Wave Measurements
2.5.4.1
No wave measurements are regularly taken along the coast or offshore.
2.5.5
Tidal Measurements
2.5.5.1
Tidal or sea level measurements are made at Silloth, Workington and Whitehaven
and to the south of St. Bees Head at Barrow and Heysham. The accuracy of
measurement varies from site to site ranging from reading off a tide board to a fully
instrumented class A tide gauge at Heysham and Workington.
2.5.6
River Flow Measurement
2.5.6.1
The Environment Agency monitor flow on some main rivers which discharge to the
sea along the length of coast covered by this SMP.
2.5.7
Sediment Transport Measurements
2.5.7.1
No sediment transport measurements are regularly made along the coastline
covered by this SMP.
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2.5.8
Weather Recording
2.5.8.1
Weather recording has been undertaken at the following sites. Measurements
include wind speed and direction, precipitation, temperature, pressure etc. The sites
are:St. Bees
Eskmeals (MOD)
Sellafield
Chapelcross
Point of Ayr (Isle of Man)
An increase in available data would not only assist in the assessment of the effects
of various weather conditions on the coastline but would also increase the possibility
for accurate predictions of extreme events. Further sites for weather monitoring,
particularly on the English side of the Solway Firth would therefore be of benefit.
2.5.9
Other Ongoing Monitoring
2.5.9.1
British Nuclear Fuels Limited, Sellafield
British Nuclear Fuels Limited (BNFL) monitor the coastline and offshore for
contamination levels arising from the discharge of nuclear waste. Figure 2.28
indicates the location and nature of their sampling in the marine environment.
It is understood that BNFL also collect a variety of meteorological and sea data as
part of monitoring its operations. The nature of these measurements however have
not been confirmed by BNFL nor made available as part of this assessment of the
coastline.
2.5.9.2
North West Water Ltd (NWW)
NWW undertake regular monitoring of water quality along the coast in association
with their effluent outfalls. The locations and nature of regular monitoring points are
shown in Figure 2.29.
2.6
Effects of sea level rise and potential changes in storm characteristics
2.6.1
Predicted Sea Level Rise
The change in sea level relative to the land arises from two principal sources
namely:
•
eustatic sea level changes due to the melting of land based ice caps and
the expansion of sea water as it warms or the melting of sea ice
•
isostatic rebound arising from the retreat of the last ice cap covering the
land or the land adjacent to it
Other effects which affect relative levels locally can arise from such factors as
seismic activity and mining subsidence.
Figure 2.30 shows the estimated rate of change in land levels relative to the sea,
Shennan (1989).
Examination of sea level records for the Irish Sea, see Table 2.6, indicate that the
typical mean sea level rise is approximately 2.0mm/year. Consideration of annual
sea level maxima records however indicate rates of increase somewhat greater than
for the mean sea level values (see Table 2.7). This discrepancy indicates that in
addition to the increase in mean sea levels the variation about the mean sea level
value is also increasing.
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Future sea level rise is considered likely to accelerate as a result of global warming
effects increasing the rate of ice cap melt and expansion of ocean waters. At
present the acceleration of sea level rise is assessed at 0.4mm/year/century from
existing long duration records for European waters. Global warming is predicted to
increase the rate of acceleration in sea level rise some fourfold. Figure 2.31 shows
the IPCC prediction, Houghton (1990), estimating a 660mm rise in sea level by 2100
as a best estimate. Confirmation of such a sea level response to global warming will
only be evident from examination of sea level records by about 2010 to 2015.
2.6.2
Effects of Sea Level Rise
The effects of sea level rise when taken in consideration with other maritime and
atmospheric phenomena will have potentially significant effects on the coastline.
The number of areas prone to flooding will increase and the severity and frequency
of flood events of flood prone areas will increase. The standard of protection
afforded by coast defence schemes will thus reduce with time. In respect of the
physical process at the coast the rate of coastal recession would be expected, at
least initially, to increase upon that presently experienced as the coastline will be
reached more frequently and for longer duration’s by the sea enabling larger waves
to attack the coast. Within estuaries intertidal banks near the mouth would be
anticipated to be eroded and the released material swept further into the estuary.
Areas of salt marsh are also likely to experience erosion along their front faces due
to the greater exposure.
The above assessment is however a conservative prediction for the future and fails
to account for the behaviour of the coastal system to the increased amounts of
sediment that will be transported in the near shore zone, accreting in estuaries and
along the coast : a time logged response of the coastal system to increased energy
levels which progress towards a new dynamic equilibrium.
2.6.3
MAFF Allowance for Sea Level Rise
2.6.3.1
For the design and assessment of sea defence and coast protection schemes MAFF
have adopted different allowances for sea level rises around the coast of England
and Wales. The appropriate rate for the Cumbrian coast covered by this SMP is
4mm/year. This figure is a sea level rise relative to the land and accounts for both
eustatic and isostatic changes.
2.6.4
Potential Changes in Storm Characteristics
2.6.4.1
For the British Isles generally there are conflicting views concerning future climate
conditions pertaining to storms. Modelling of the global climate around the British
Isles simulating atmospheric conditions resulting from increases in the 'green-house'
gases, show the proportion of westerly winds to reduce and no clear indication of
whether it will be more or less stormy in the future. Conditions in the North Atlantic
are however predicted to show a slight increase in mean wind speeds and a slight
increase in the proportion of westerly winds.
2.6.4.2
For the Irish Sea the Global Climate Model (GCM) has the nearest grid point over
Wales. Future conditions here are predicted to have increased north easterly winds
at the expense of westerly and south westerly. This would imply a reduction in the
number of waves from the south and more from the north although the magnitude of
extreme waves may remain unaltered.
2.6.4.3
More intense and more frequent depressions are predicted to be a feature of the
future climate over the North West European continental shelf which would produce
larger and more frequent tidal surges. Such changes will also bring more intense
wave activity.
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2.6.5
Effects of Changes in Storm Characteristics
2.6.5.1
Firstly, the largest wave heights may be increased. Since the design of many
maritime or coastal structures depends on the height of the waves expected to
occur, for example, once in 50 years, then an increase in the expected value of this
statistic would necessitate at least a re-analysis of coastal defences. Structures such
as breakwaters in deep water, protected by concrete armour blocks, may be
particularly at risk.
2.6.5.2
Beaches respond to changing wave conditions by altering their shape, with winter
storms typically drawing material seaward from the top of the beach and summer
waves restoring it. It can take weeks or months for a sandy beach to recover from a
single storm, particularly if dunes behind it have been eroded. If winter waves
become more frequent (but not necessarily larger) then this annual cycle may be
disrupted. This is more of a danger if vegetation is a factor in restoring upper beach
levels (for example on saltmarshes or on dunes) when the rate at which the plants
can grow is limited by climatic conditions. In passing, the vigour of such coastal
vegetation may also be affected by changes in temperature, rainfall and the like.
2.6.5.3
A change in the frequency of occurrence of modest wave heights could also produce
problems at the coast by affecting the movement of sediment along a beach or the
nearshore seabed. On many coasts it is the frequency and direction of waves with
significant heights in the range of 0.5 to 1.5m which dominates alongshore sediment
transport. Since many coastal erosion problems, along natural or artificially defended
shorelines, are caused by alongshore drift (or more accurately variations in that drift
from point to point) an increase in such moderate waves may be of greater concern
than an increase in extreme events.
2.6.5.4
Finally, in the discussion of changes in the coastal wave regime, it is important to
mention direction. As wind fields change, it is likely that their direction as well as their
strength and frequency will alter. A minor change in mean nearshore wave direction
will produce often major changes in the rate, and sometimes in the direction of the
net annual alongshore drift.
This effect is of particular concern for the length of coast covered by this SMP. Due
to the alignment of the coast to the mean prevailing condition reversal of
alongshore/littoral drift may occur. Present day conditions produce a general
northerly drift which if reversed would create major problems along the coast.
The future evolution of the coast would thus see greatest changes at what are now
down drift locations as the supply of sediment to maintain its present equilibrium is
reduced or prevented altogether.
2.7
Predictions of Future Coastline Evolution
2.7.0.1
The following sub-sections are limited to a qualitative assessment due to the lack of
detailed information available for this study for the length of coast under
consideration. Only limited data is available to quantify changes that have occurred
in the coastline given its largely remote nature against which only sparse records of
tide, wind, wave and sediment transport data etc. exists.
2.7.1
Predicted Erosion
2.7.1.1
The whole of the exposed coastline, from St. Bees Head to Moricambe is anticipated
to continue to erode albeit at different rates.
2.7.1.2
Where unprotected the coastline will retreat inland with the beach profile and
sediment make up remaining similar to conditions at the present time. In response
to increased wave energy the beach may become flatter if the existing sediment is
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retained or remain at its present slope or steeper if the finer sediment fractions are
washed out, for example at the Grune.
2.7.1.3
Where the coastline is protected the beach will progressively become both steeper
and composed of the coarser fraction of sediment. The finer sediment will either be
lost offshore and eventually moved into the estuaries or transported along shore to
adjacent calmer locations, as in 2.7.1.2., for example at Moricambe Bay.
2.7.1.4
The exact forms of the foreshore/shoreline in the future will ultimately depend on the
combination of storm events that are experienced over time and the interaction
between adjacent lengths. Should the predicted change in the predominant wave
direction be to one more northerly, then:
the coast as a whole would on average be subject to less wave activity due
to the increased sheltering effect of the Isle of Man and the Scottish Coast
combined with shorter fetches to Ireland.

The predominant littoral drift direction would change in magnitude.
2.7.1.5
Figures 2.32 and 2.33 show the locations along the coastline that are considered
likely to experience a retreat of the coast inland and the erosion of foreshore
respectively. The assessment is based upon what is known of the coastline
evolution to date and the assumption that the West Cumbrian railway line is not
relocated inland. Likely rates at which the coastline may retreat, based upon the
assessment described in Section 2.1, 2.2 and 2.3, are shown in Table 2.8.
2.7.2
Predicted Accretion
2.7.2.1
Areas of accretion are much harder to evaluate than those of erosion as they
depend upon identifying areas that experience conditions that are supplied with
sediment. The principal areas of shoreline that are likely to accrete are at the head
of the estuaries.
2.7.2.2
The manner in which this accretion occurs will be dependent upon the rate of sea
level rise and the ability of an area to trap sediment. Saltmarsh can accrete
vertically at up to 100mm/year under optimum conditions but is unlikely to achieve
this uniformly over the extent of existing marsh. Thus it would be anticipated that
some of the marsh vegetation would be drowned out and the area revert to sand or
mud flat. The aerial extent of the saltmarsh would in most cases reduce as the
landward limit is defined by sea defence embankments in most instances unless a
retreat policy was adopted.
2.7.2.3
Figure 2.32 and 2.33 shows the areas where accretion is considered likely at the
coastline or on the foreshore. It is worth noting that as described in 2.7.1.2. it could
arise that an area of foreshore may be accreting yet the coastline receding.
2.7.3
Predicted Changes in River Estuaries
2.7.3.1
As described in Section 2.7.2 the upper part of the estuaries are anticipated to
accrete in the future. The locations at which this becomes most evident are hard to
predict and will vary with the natural dynamics of the estuary e.g. the movement of
the tidal channels. Generally however accretion will occur at the edges of the
estuaries.
2.7.3.2
Towards the estuary mouth the intertidal banks will alter in response to increased
wave activity. Their size and shape will depend on supply and nature of sediment in
combination with channel movements and the magnitude of wave activity. It is
considered they will reduce in extent at least initially and a greater amount of wave
activity will reach the coast in the outer estuaries, causing currently stable coasts to
start eroding.
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2.7.4
Predicted Changes in Navigation Channels
2.7.4.1
The approach channel to Silloth is the only recognised navigation channel along this
stretch of coast. Although the sandbars and minor channels around it are subject to
occasional changes the navigation channel itself seems fairly stable. Due to greater
wave exposure the channel may become more mobile in the future and greater
effort would need to be expended to ensure a safe route for navigation.
2.7.4.2
The other channels into the Solway Firth are already mobile to such an extent that
navigation is difficult and are likely to become more mobile still if wave exposure
increases. In contrast the erosion of the outer sand bars will result in deep water
extending further into the estuary.
2.8
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Hydrographic Office. Admiralty Chart Number 1346.
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Nova. Volume 3. Pp 379-389.
Lewis and Duvivier. 1976. Coastal Survey, Report for Allerdale District Council.
Linsley G.S. 1984. An assessment of the radiation exposure of members of the public
in West Cumbria as a result of the discharges from B.N.F.L., Sellafield, National
Radiological Protection Board, Didcot.
Longley H. and Templeton W.L. 1965. Marine environment monitoring in the vicinity of
Windscale, Radiological monitoring of the environment, Editors: Godbold B.C. and
Jones J.K., Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp 219-247.
Lovell J.E. Undated. Harrington Harbour Cumbria, Westmoreland Gazette.
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Lowton R.J., Martin J.H. and Talbot J.W. 1966. Dilution, dispersion and sedimentation
in some British estuaries, Disposal of radioactive wastes into seas, oceans and surface
waters, International Atomic Energy Agency Symposium, Vienna, pp 189-206.
Luders K. 1939. Sediments of the North Sea, Recent Marine Sediments, A
symposium, American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Tulso, Oklahoma, U.S.A.
322.
Marshall J.R. 1962. The morphology of the upper Solway salt marshes, Scottish
Geographical Magazine, Volume 78, pp 81-99.
Meade R. Landward transport of bottom sediments in estuaries of the Atlantic Coastal
Plain, Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, Volume 39, pp 222-234.
Metaocean Consultancy Ltd. Undated. North West Water Coastal Investigation,
Coastal Modelling System Terms of Reference. Document Number 373.
Met Office. 1968. Tables of surface wind speed and direction over the United Kingdom,
London, HMSO.
Met Office. Wave Height, Direction and Period data, 1988 to 1996, Met Office Data
Point 54.50N 004.10W.
Met Office. Wave Height, Direction and Period data, 1988 to 1996, Met Office Data
Point 54.25N 003.66W.
Ministry of Agriculture Fisheries and Food. Undated (a). Shoreline Management Plans,
A guide for Coastal Defence Authorities.
Ministry of Agriculture Fisheries and Food. Undated (b). Environment Matters Environmentally Sensitive Areas.
Ministry of Agriculture Fisheries and Food. Undated (c). Coastal Defence and the
Environment, A strategic guide for Managers and Decision Makers in the National
Rivers Authority and other bodies with coastal responsibilities.
Ministry of Agriculture Fisheries and Food. Undated (d). Coastal Defence and the
Environment, A guide to good Practice.
Ministry of Agriculture Fisheries and Food. 1971. Agricultural Land Classification of
England and Wales, Sheet 82, Keswick.
Ministry of Agriculture Fisheries and Food. 1994. Coast Protection Survey of England,
Survey Report for Allerdale District Council.
Ministry of Agriculture Fisheries and Food. 1995. The Coastal Fisheries of England and
Wales, Part III: A review of their status 1992-1994, Fisheries Research Technical
Report Number 100, Directorate of Fisheries Research, Lowestoft.
National Engineering Research Council. 1992. United Kingdom Digital Marine Atlas,
Version 2.0., (NERC/BODC, Birkenhead).
National Rivers Authority. 1991. Flimby and Parton Sea Defences Project Promoter's
Briefing/Solution Note.
Ordnance Survey. 1860. 1:2500 First Series.
Ordnance Survey. 1899. 1:2500 Second Series.
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Ordnance Survey. 1924. 1:2500 Third Series.
Ordnance Survey. 1975. 1:10,000.
Ordnance Survey. 1:25,000 Pathfinder Series Number 547.
Ordnance Survey. 1:25,000 Pathfinder Series Number 556.
Ordnance Survey. 1:25,000 Pathfinder Series Number 557.
Ordnance Survey. 1:25,000 Pathfinder Series Number 566.
Ordnance Survey. 1:25,000 Pathfinder Series Number 575.
Ordnance Survey. 1:25,000 Pathfinder Series Number 583.
Ordnance Survey. 1:25,000 Pathfinder Series Number 593.
Ove Arup and Partners. 1993. Chapelcross
commissioned by British Nuclear Fuels.
Hydrographic
Survey, Report
Pantin H.M. 1978. Quaternary Sediments from the North-East Irish Sea: Isle of Man to
Cumbria, Bulletin 64 of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, Institute of Geological
Sciences, Natural Environment Research Council.
Perkins E.J., Bailey M. and Williams B.R.H. 1964a. Seabed and Sea Surface Drifter
Release, United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority, P.G. Report 550(CC).
Perkins E.J., Bailey M. and Williams B.R.H. 1964b. United Kingdom Atomic Energy
Authority, P.G. Report 604(CC).
Perkins E.J. and Williams B.R.H. 1963. United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority, P.G.
Report 500(CC).
Perkins E.J. and Williams B.R.H. 1960's. United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority,
P.G. Report 587(CC).
Pinter and Gardner. 1989. Reference unknown, taken from Irish Sea Forum Seminar
Report. 1992. Seminar 1, Global Warming and Climatic Change, University of
Liverpool.
Posford Duvivier. 1994. Report on Coast Protection for the Saltpans at Crosscanonby.
Report for Borough of Allerdale.
Preston A., Jefferies D.F. and Mitchell N.T. 1971. Experience gained from the
controlled introduction of liquid radioactive waste to coastal waters, Nuclear techniques
in environmental pollution, International Atomic Energy Agency Symposium, Salzburg,
pp 629-644.
Ramster J.W. 1973. The residual circulation of the northern Irish Sea with particular
reference to Liverpool Bay, Fisheries Laboratory, Lowestoft, Technical Report Series,
Number 5.
Shoreline Management Partnership. 1991a. Silloth Coastal Study, Executive Summary
and Main Report, Report for Associated British Ports Research and Consultancy Ltd.
Shoreline Management Partnership. 1991b. Silloth Coastal Study, Appendices to Main
Report, Report for Associated British Ports Research and Consultancy Ltd.
Solway Firth Partnership. 1996. Solway Firth Review.
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Solway Rural Initiative. 1994. Solway Coast Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, A
statement of intent.
Solway Rural Initiative. 1996. Mapping of Coastal Erosion and Accretion along the
Sand Dune Coast between Maryport Golf Course and Grune Point.
Stanners D.A. 1980. Transport and deposition of radiocaesium and other radionuclides
in intertidal sediments of northwest England, Ph.D. Thesis (unpublished), University of
Lancaster, 435 pp.
Stanners D.A. and Aston S.R. 1981. An improved method of determining
sedimentation rates by the use of artificial radionuclides, Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf
Science, Academic Press Inc. (London) Limited, Volume 13, pp 101-106.
Steers J.A. 1948. The Coastline of England and Wales, Cambridge University Press,
Cambridge.
Templeton W.L. and Preston A. 1966. Transport and distribution of radioactive
effluents in coastal and estuarine waters of the U.K., Disposal of radioactive wastes
into seas, oceans and surface waters, International Atomic Energy Agency
Symposium, Vienna, pp 267-289.
Thomas G.S.P. 1985. The Quaternary of the northern Irish Sea basin. In Johnson R.H.
(ed.). Geomorphology of north-west England. Manchester University Press,
Manchester. Pp 143-148.
Tooley M.J. 1974. Sea-Level Changes during the last 9000 years in North West
England, Geographical Journal, Volume 140, pp 18-42.
Wallace Evans Ltd. 1991. Silloth-Seascale Marine Studies, Volumes 1-2 (part 111).
Wimpol Ltd. 1986. Cumbrian Coast Current Study.
Wimpol Ltd. 1987. Geophysical and vibrocuring survey, Report number G7511, July
1987.
Wingfield R.T.R. 1992. Modelling late pleistocene and holocene coasts in the Irish and
Celtic seas.
Woodhead P.M.J. and Lee A.J. 1960. International Council for the exploration of the
sea, C.M. 1960 Hydrological Committee Number 12.
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3.0 Natural Environment
3.1
Conservation Interests and Designation
In this section coastal features of interest for biological, geological,
geomorphological and landscape value will be discussed. Table 3.1 (Appendix B)
presents a summary of sites of interest within this SMP area. These areas are
shown on Figures 3.1 and 3.2 (Appendix A). The general habitats found along the
length of coast covered by this plan are shown on Figure 3.3.
3.1.1
Sites of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI)
There are 10 SSSI’s within the influence of this SMP area which are either coastal or
could be influenced by works on the coast (Figure 3.1). SSSI’s are notified under
powers granted in the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 (and subsequent
amendments). The provisions of the act aim to limit or prevent operations that are
potentially damaging to the wildlife interest of the area. An area can be designated
as a SSSI where there is “special interest by reason of any of its flora, fauna or
geological or physiographical features” especially those of value to wildlife
conservation (Hamilton Oil Company Ltd, undated).
The ten SSSI’s cover a total area of 32,245 ha, much of which is made up by Upper
Solway Flats and Marshes SSSI which cover an area of 29,951 ha (JNCC 1996).
Parts of this site lie within Wildfowl Trust, Scottish Wildlife Trust, Cumbria Wildlife
Trust and RSPB reserves.
Six of the SSSI’s are located inland from the coast but have been included in this
study as there could be an influence on these sites as a result of the coastal defence
proposals in this SMP area.
3.1.2
Regionally Important Geological/Geomorphological Sites (RIGS)
RIGS are non-statutory designations at the same level as Sites of Importance for
Nature Conservation (SINC’s). This is an informal designation of sites chosen for
their educational, research, historical or aesthetic importance.
A register of RIGS for Cumbria is maintained by the Cumbria RIGS Group. There
are 8 RIGS within the plan area (Figure 3.2) (Cumbria Wildlife Trust Response).
Tom Hurd Rock, South Beach, Whitehaven: The site is notified for its
Westphalian C Delta Top sequence - an upward coarsening sequence with
palaeosol, coal and peat mire succeeded by wave and current rippled sandstone
with channel attributed to a distributory beach.
Bransty Quarries and Parton Cliffs: The area provides a highly academic
educational study of the coal measures. Bransty Quarrys channels the reddened
Whitehaven Sandstone of Westphalian C age. Parton cliffs overbank deposits with
drifted lead fossils (calamites, neuropteris, annuloria). There is evidence of recent
landslides.
Lowca Railway Bank: The only “permanent” good exposure of a coal seam and
seat earths in West Cumbria. The Ten Quarters seam is well exposed, split into two
leaves. Pale silty to fine sand, thinly bedded seat earths underlie these.
Cunning Point, nr Lowca: Exposures of clean Westphalian A sedimentary
structures in which a wide range of bedding features can be identified. A prograding
delta sequence can be traced from delta plain channels to delta/sea interface.
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Swarthy Hill, near Allonby: A site for visitors to view the Saltpans and
reconstruction of a Roman Mile Fortlet. Swarthy Hill is part of a family of drumlins
and the landform feature providing the context for these. Exposures near its summit
contain at least 5 different types of erratics, some possibly of Scottish provenance.
Submerged Forest , nr Beckfoot: Exposure of forest soil, containing peat and
recognizable organic fragments, resting on what is believed to be an ancient beach.
This is the most extensive and commonly exposed submerged forest on the North
Cumbrian coast, carbon dated to c. 8000 BC. It indicates climatic improvement at a
postglacial time of low sea level.
Mawbray Banks (nr Beckfoot): A cross section above the present sea level
showing position and nature of a raised beach formed when sea level was “25 feet”
above present level.
Glasson Point, Bowness on Solway: An accessible exposure of an eroded
drumlin continually renewed by erosion. “Glacial flows” can be suggested on the
basis of the erratic rock types in the land form.
3.1.3
Biological Heritage Sites
Biological Heritage Sites (BHS’s) are non-statutory sites designated for local nature
conservation interest. In Cumbria these sites are called County Wildlife Sites
(CWS’s) and are designated by Cumbria County Council in consultation with
Cumbria Wildlife Trust. These sites are commonly referred to as Sites of Nature
Conservation Importance in PPG9: Nature Conservation. CWS’s are shown in the
Local Plans covering this SMP area and are protected from development to some
extent by specific planning policies within this SMP area. There are 10 CWS’S
(Figure 3.2) within the plan area.
3.1.4
National and Local Nature Reserves
National Nature Reserves (NNR’s) are designated under the National Parks and
Access to the Countryside Act 1949. In England they are declared by English
Nature. South Solway Mosses NNR comprises three areas of extensive lowland
raised mires - Bowness Common, Wedholme Flow and Glasson Moss. The total
declared holding is 560ha on the three sites. The three sites contain over 263ha of
uncut natural mire surface vegetation out of a total of 475 ha in England and 3298
ha in the UK. The main objectives of management are to maintain the uncut areas
and restore high water tables to damaged and drained areas to encourage the
rehabilitation and restoration of peat forming vegetation (English Nature Response).
Local Nature Reserves (LNR’s) are declared by local authorities in consultation with
English Nature. They are nature conservation sites owned and administered by local
authorities under Section 21 of the National Parks and Access to the Countryside
Act 1949 (JNCC, 1996). LNR’s are sites with at least local nature conservation
importance. There are two LNR’s within this SMP area; Siddick Pond and Harrington
Reservoir (Figure 3.2).
Siddick Pond is situated 1km north of Workington and is now the largest coastal
open water body within the Allerdale and Carlisle districts (14.5 ha open water). The
coastal location and size of the open water provide excellent conditions for waterfowl
and other birds.
Harrington Reservoir covers an area of 7ha and the reservoir and its environs hold a
number of sensitive species, including those that are nationally declining including
bullfinch, grasshopper warbler, reed bunting and spotted flycatcher.
The reserve is also supportive of a number of commoner species including sedge
warbler, dunnock etc.
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Marine Nature Reserves and Sensitive Marine Areas
There are no Marine Nature Reserves designated within the plan study area.
SMA’s are non-statutory marine areas that are nationally important and notable for
their marine animal and plant communities or which provide ecological support to
adjacent statutory sites (JNCC 1996). The sites are identified by English Nature and
rely on co-operation of users and local communities for sustainable management,
with the help of grant aid. There are 2 sensitive Marine Areas (SMA’s) within the
plan area : Cumbria Coast and Solway.
3.1.6
Ramsar Sites
Ramsar sites are designated by the UK government following advice from the
Statutory Conservation Agencies. They are designated under the Ramsar
Convention (The Convention on wetlands of international importance, especially as
waterfowl habitat). Ramsar sites have an equivalent conservation status to SSSI’s.
The Upper Solway Flats and Marshes is a Ramsar Site (Figure 3.1). The site
qualifies under:
Criterion 3a by regularly supporting over 20,000 waterfowl

Criterion 3c by supporting, in winter, internationally important populations
of ten waterfowl species

Criterion 2a by supporting a number of rare species of animal. These
include over 10% of the British population of natterjack toads (Bufo
calamita) and a population of the great crested newt (Triturus cristatus).
The site is also important for a number of nationally important wintering bird
populations. (English Nature Response).
3.1.7
Special Protection Areas (SPA’s)
Special Protection Areas are designated under the EC Birds Directive (79/409/EEC).
Sites are designated as SPA’s due to international importance for birds. All SPA’s
have first to be notified as SSSI’s. The Conservation (Natural Habitats &c)
Regulations 1994 is the key instrument implementing this Directive in the UK. The
Regulations place special responsibilities on relevant authorities to ensure that the
habitats and species for which particular sites are designated are maintained in a
‘favourable condition’.
The Upper Solway Flats and Marshes is a Special Protection Area (Figure 3.1). It
has been proposed due to the size and nature of bird populations within the estuary.
The area supports internationally and nationally important populations of three
Annex 1 species of wildfowl, waders and a further 8 migratory waterfowl (English
Nature undated).
3.1.8
Special Areas of Conservation
Special Areas of Conservation (SAC’s) are designated under Council Directive
92/43/EEC (The Habitats Directive) and are implemented into UK Law by the
Conservation (Natural Habitats &c) Regulations 1994. Under Article 6 of the
Habitats Directive it states that “Member States shall take appropriate steps to avoid,
in the special areas of conservation, the deterioration of natural habitats and the
habitats of species as well as disturbance of the species for which the areas have
been designated”. The Habitats Directive defines and lists those sites and species of
European importance.
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There are two candidate SAC’s within the Shoreline Management Plan area (Figure
3.2). Although these are candidate SAC’s and not yet adopted by the EC,
Government advice is that cSACs should be treated as if so designated (English
Nature response).
The Solway Firth area is proposed as a possible SAC because it contains habitats
and/or species that are rare or threatened within a European context. The area is
important for subtidal sandbanks and for glasswort and other annual plant species
colonising mud and sand. It is considered to be one of the best areas in the UK
(English Nature, undated a). The Solway Mosses candidate SAC comprises of four
areas of extensive lowland raised mires, for which this is considered to be one of the
best areas in the United Kingdom (English Nature undated).
3.1.9
Environmentally Sensitive Areas
Environmentally Sensitive Areas (ESA’s) were introduced under Section 18 of the
1986 Agriculture Act to help safeguard areas where the landscape, wildlife or historic
interest is of national importance. The Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food
(MAFF) designates ESA’s after consultation with English Nature (EA) and the
Countryside Commission. There are no Environmentally Sensitive Areas within the
area of the Shoreline Management Plan.
3.1.10
National Parks
There are no National Parks within the area of the Shoreline Management Plan.
3.1.11
Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty
Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB’s) are designated under the National
Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949. They are designated by the
Countryside Commission in England. There is one AONB in the area of the plan
located on the southern shore of the inner Solway between Rockcliffe Marsh and
Maryport (Figure 3.4). The Solway Coast AONB was designated in 1964 and covers
an area of 115 sq. km. The designated area is split into two sectors by the exclusion
of the town of Silloth. The habitats of the area are of UK and international
importance for wildlife and landscape. The area between Maryport and Silloth is
largely sand dunes, dune slacks and dune heath. Salt marsh is the predominant
landscape from Grune Point eastwards to the village of Rockcliffe. The saltmarshes
are of international importance for wildlife. Agricultural land forms a large part of the
AONB and traditional hedgerow field boundaries with sandstone gateposts,
traditional barns and farmhouses will contribute to a distinctive landscape (Solway
Rural Initiative Limited, 1997).
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Heritage Coast
Heritage Coasts are undeveloped coasts delineated for informal recreation
purposes. In England they are delineated by the Countryside Commission in
consultation with Local Authorities, although there is no specific statutory legislation
to support them. St. Bees Head is an area of Heritage Coast, delineated in 1989,
and covers a length of coast of 5.9km (Figure 3.4). Part of this coast is within the
area of the Shoreline Management Plan.
3.2
Historical Evolution
3.2.1
Natural Evolution
The coastal landscape within this SMP area is continually evolving as a result of both
natural processes and human interference. Physical processes such as changes in
land and sea levels have resulted in a landscape with many distinctive features such
as raised beaches and submerged forests.
The coasts of the Solway Firth are made up of terraced alluvium, overlain locally by
peat bogs. Saltmarshes in the intertidal areas pass landward into a series of marine
terraces, raised into position by the rebound of the earth’s crust following the melting
of the last ice sheet. (JNCC, 1996).
The spit peninsula at Grune Point and extensive sand dunes and estuarine creeks
and sand flats are formed as a result of coastal processes, and further south along
the coast, St. Bees Head is a result of the exposure of relatively resistant sandstone
(Solway Firth Partnership 1996).
3.2.2
Human Interference
Human interference within this area is dominated by a few periods. The Roman
period is evidenced by a series of coastal forts stretching the length of coastline up
to the Solway and Hadrian’s Wall. This was a military zone and the Solway Firth
was the frontier zone, with the western end of Hadrian’s Wall following the southern
shore to Bowness. Mile fortlets and turrets form a 23 mile chain along the coastal
dunes (JNCC 1996).
In the 12th and 13th centuries landholdings were established and associated trade
and agricultural improvement resulted in marsh drainage, construction of sea
defences and introduction of sheep grazing into previously wilderness areas (Solway
Firth Partnership 1996).
The end of the 13th century began a time of instability with invasions and raids in
areas claimed by both Scotland & England.
The 17th century saw a period of stability with the establishment of large estates, the
enclosure of agricultural land and the beginning of the industrial revolution.
Industrial development resulted in the expansion of towns and areas previously
sparsely populated, becoming major mining or manufacturing centres. The export of
the West Cumberland coal deposits in the 17th century and the import of tobacco
resulted in the development of Whitehaven.
The growth of Maryport in the 19th century was based on coal, shipbuilding and
cattle. Workington was developed commercially in the mid to late 19th century as a
result of exploitation of local iron ore and development of the steel industry.
Construction of the Solway Viaduct from Durnock to Bowness began in 1868 and on
opening in 1869 it allowed the transportation, by rail, of iron ore from West
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Cumberland to the steelworks of Lanarkshire. The remains of the viaduct are still
visible on either shore. The decline of the railways has however resulted in
weakened long distance connections (Solway Firth Partnership, 1996).
The two major areas of human interference, as mentioned above, on the coastline
have been:(1)
The construction and expansion of harbours to service trade in coal, iron ore
and other products.
(2)
The disposal of colliery waste and ironwork slag by coastal tipping.
Other areas of human interference are as follows:
3.2.2.1
Construction of sea defences and flood barriers around the banks of the Esk and
Eden, enclosing small areas of former marsh.
3.2.2.2
Dredging and sand extraction also exert an influence on the coast. Mechanical
dredging for cockles at Silloth introduces large amounts of fine sediment into
suspension and these are distributed further afield. However the effects are unlikely
to be significant unless the quantities are significant in terms of the overall volume
moved by natural processes (Coastal Research Group, 1994).
3.2.2.3
The dunes south of Silloth have been stripped to extract underlying gravel deposits
in two pits near Mawbray. Gravel extraction also occurs on a smaller scale from
beaches at Allonby Bay, Mawbray Bank and Wolsty Bay.
3.2.2.4
Evolving agriculture and forestry practices have also exerted an influence on the
landscape, as have commercial and residential demands.
3.3
Present Constraints
3.3.1
Legislative Constraints
There are a number of legislative constraints within this SMP area. Many of these
have already been discussed in Section 3.1. Statutory designations such as SSSI,
SAC and SPA are all backed by legislation which restricts development in order to
protect the natural environment. Legislation includes the Wildlife and Countryside
Act 1981, the Conservation (Natural Habitats) Regulations 1994, EC Directive
79/409/EEC (the Birds Directive), EC Directive 92/43/EEC (the Habitats Directive),
the National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949 and the Agriculture Act
1986.
3.3.2
Other Constraints
Other non-statutory constraints include local planning policies. Policies governing
development are provided in Copeland Borough Council Local Plan, Allerdale
Borough Council Local Plan and Carlisle District Local Plan.
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3.4
Current Trends
3.4.1
Losses of Habitats
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The extent of coastal habitat is related to sea level conditions and the severity of
exposure. Increases in both of these will result in the loss of existing habitat.
However, similar habitat may be created further inland. Where the position of the
coastline is fixed either naturally (e.g. due to the presence of rocky cliffs) or due to
the influence of humans (e.g. due to rock armour coastal defences), opportunities
for habitats to migrate landward are denied. This process is called coastal squeeze
and it accelerates the rate of habitat loss.
The coastal road between Maryport and Silloth prevents the landward migration of
coastal habitats. Scouring of the strip for car parks and associated recreational
impacts, largely as a result of increased tourism further add to this. Agricultural
intensification has also resulted in the loss of wildlife habitats.
The construction and maintenance of flood embankments and existing sea defences
may result in losses of intertidal habitats, upper parts of saltmarshes and a transition
into grazing marshes and freshwater habitats. Vegetated shingle is also prone to
habitat loss as a result of construction and maintenance of sea defences and from
the new access that may be required to these areas. This can result in disturbance
to overwintering and breeding birds e.g. oystercatcher, ringed plover, little tern.
Recreational activities and associated access may result in some habitat loss e.g.
horse riders and motor vehicles may cause damage to sand dunes and salt marsh.
(English Nature Response).
Other losses of habitat may result from a potential sea level rise and increased
storm surge frequency. Wetlands, particularly in the inner Solway are vulnerable to
sea level rise. They support a highly diverse species composition and productive
habitats. Any intrusion or inundation by saltwater is likely to modify the pattern and
composition of communities. If sufficient sediment is available, however, salt
marshes may be able to accrete fast enough to outstrip the sea level rise. In work
undertaken by the Coastal Research Group for the Estuary Management Plan it is
stated that patterns of accretion for Rockcliffe Marsh suggest it is accreting despite
the rising sea level (Coastal Research Group 1996).
Further work should be undertaken to confirm and quantify coastal squeeze along
the coast, together with the likely impacts it causes to important habitats etc., and to
identify means of mitigating such impacts which themselves do not generate further
adverse impacts.
3.4.2
Losses of Species Distribution and Abundance
No information concerning specific losses of species distribution and abundance has
been available during the development of this SMP.
At a national level there are many species which are in decline in the UK. These
species are considered to be priority species by the UK Biodiversity Steering Group
and they include:
European otter (Lutra lutra)
Harbour porpoise (Phocoena phocoena)
Natterjack toad (Bufo calamita)
Etc.
There are also numerous invertebrates and lower and higher plants included on the
list of priority species. It is likely that the biodiversity priority species in the plan area
are suffering a similar decline to the national populations.
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Gains of Habitats
There are six major saltmarsh sites within this SMP area, located at Rockcliffe
Marsh, Burgh Marsh, Cardurnock Flats, Newton Marsh, Calvo Marsh and
Skinburness. These areas are grouped into three sections, Rockcliffe Marsh, Burgh
Marsh and Moricambe Bay (CRG, 1993).
According to Rave (1978) between 1946 and 1973 the Solway Firth marsh system
saw a net gain by accretion to c.383 ha. (the estimated growth was 565ha but this
was offset by the loss of marsh through frontal erosion) (CRG, 1993). Rockcliffe
Marsh has been expanding at a considerable rate with a net gain of 414 ha between
1946 and 1973. This is almost certainly due to the migration of the River Esk and
Eden channels to the shores of the area. This ability to change with migration
patterns is an important conservation feature of the inner Solway. The Moricambe
Bay salt marshes have also shown a net growth over the last 150 years, particularly
Skinburness Marsh and Newton Marsh.
The main area of active dunes within this SMP area is to the south of Silloth where
an extensive system stretches along most of the coast between Silloth Docks and
Maryport. There is much erosion in the southern part of the site but there is some
evidence of modest accretion at the northern end of the system close to Silloth
Docks.
3.4.4
Gains of species distribution and abundance
The area supports populations of invertebrates, birds, amphibians, mammals
including some notable species that may be rare or declining.
The Solway Firth supports a mixture of invertebrates, some of which are the edge of
their ranges (both north and south). The Gulf Stream influence on the Firth results
in a mild climate and enables several southern species to survive in isolated
populations e.g. purse-web spider (Alypus affinis) at Rockcliffe. (Solway Firth
Partnership, 1996).
The presence of otter (Lutra lutra) has been recorded on the lower reaches of the
Sark, and the Esk and also on the coast at Burgh Marsh. There has been a 31%
increase in otter distribution in this area over the last 10 years. (Strachan and
Jeffries (in press) Otter Survey of England 1991 - 1994. JNCC Peterborough). The
otter is protected by law from destruction, damage or disturbance under Schedule 5
of the Wildlife and Countryside Act (1981).
There are significant populations of brown hare (Lepus europaeus) on the
grasslands and saltmarshes of Burgh-by-Sands, Kirkbride and Abbeytown areas and
around the border Esk. The brown hare is one of the fastest declining animals in
Britain and where they are locally common there should be measures to conserve
them.
Water voles (Arvicola terrestris) are recommended for addition to Schedule 5 of the
Wildlife and Countryside Act at the next review. They are found on coastal
agricultural land of the inner Solway and north of St. Bees Head.
The natterjack toad (Bufo calamita) is found at a number of locations throughout this
SMP area, and is protected in Britain under Schedule 5 of the Wildlife and
Countryside Act 1981. The natterjack is at the northern limit of its range at the
Solway and over 10% of the British population are found here.
The great crested newt (Triturus cristatus) is found in a few sites around the Solway
with some important colonies within the Upper Solway Flats and Marshes SSSI.
This species is protected by law on Schedule 5 of the Wildlife and Countryside Act
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(1981) and the EC Habitats and Species Directive as well as through the Council of
Europe’s Bern Convention.
There are a number of areas within this SMP, important for bird species. The plan
includes a Ramsar site, two proposed Special Protection Areas and two RSPB
reserves.
The little tern (Sterna albifrons) is protected under Schedule 1 of the Wildlife and
Countryside Act 1981. There is a breeding site for this species on the foreshore at
Siddick and it is recognised as the largest colony in Cumbria and the most important
in north-west England.
No information concerning gains in plant species and abundance have been
available during the development of this SMP.
3.5
Predicted Future Trends
3.5.1
Habitats
The saltmarsh areas within the plan are likely to show continued accretion but any
gains in the area may be offset by coastal erosion and sea level rise. The rate of
accretion is dependent on a sufficient supply of sediment and inundation is likely to
be severe as the sea level rises if marshes are unable to accrete fast enough.
Information presently available suggests the saltmarsh and intertidal areas are
currently accreting and at present are not under threat of inundation (CRG, 1994)
There is likely to be a contrived decrease in coastal habitats along the coast where
areas are subject to coastal squeeze and natural erosion.
3.5.2
Species distribution and abundance
No information has been available regarding the predicted future trends of species
distribution and abundance, during the development of this SMP.
3.6
Opportunities for Environmental Enhancement
3.6.1
Reductions in pollution
Coastal waters are under threat from a number of pollution sources such as
agricultural runoff, chemical factories, industry, mining, domestic sewage, oil spills
and tourism.
There is some radioactive discharge from British Nuclear Fuels plc (BNFL)
Chapelcross Works near Annan and Sellafield Works on the Cumbrian Coast.
Although these two locations are not within this SMP area, their influence on coastal
and estuarine waters cannot be discounted. BNFL Plc has a maximum consented
daily effluent flow of:
Untreated:
Site Drainage:
6,000 m3
12,000 m3
Discharges from Sellafield rose to a peak in the early 1970s when the maximum
permitted release of  emitters was 222TBq yr-1 and of  emitters 11,100 TBq yr-1.
Since this time there has been a significant reduction in the consented levels. By
1986 the permitted level of  emitters was 14TBq yr-1 and of  emitters 950 TBq yr1. The actual discharges have been substantially below these levels.
There are two key consented discharges within the plan area. Iggesbund
Paperboard Plc has a consent to discharge 30,000 m 3 of treated effluent at
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Workington and Albright and Wilson Ltd at Whitehaven has a consent to discharge
28,000 m3 of untreated effluent.
New sewage works at Silloth, Allonby and Workington are part of North West
Water’s Sea Change Initiative for Bathing Water Quality which will attempt to meet
and maintain the standards required by the Bathing Water Directive. There are four
bathing waters designated within the plan area as follows:
In 1999 Skinburness and Allonby both met the guideline coliform and faecal
streptococci standards. Silloth and Allonby South met the mandatory coliform
standard. It is generally recognised that the trend of increased consistency of
compliance with the Bathing Waters Directive continues.
Technological advances mean that the opportunities for reducing pollution are
increasing all the time. It is largely outside the scope of this report to identify specific
polluters and advise on pollution abatement. However, the objectives set out in the
plan should aim to ensure that existing pollution problems are not exacerbated.
3.6.2
Increases on habitats
The strategy for natterjack toad (Bufo calamita) conservation in Cumbria provides an
overview of potential for enhancement of the species within this SMP area. An
estimated 50% of the UK population of the natterjack toad exists on the Cumbrian
coast and the species is particularly vulnerable to coastal development. Natterjack
colonies exist at Allonby, Anthon, Grune Point, Mawbray Banks, Silloth/Wolsty.
Some old breeding sites at Workington are known to exist but it is not clear whether
natterjacks still use them (English Nature Response c). Further monitoring work will
be required to confirm the presence or absence of this species. The numbers of
populations range from tens of adults at Anthorn to several hundred at Mawbray
(Solway Firth Partnership, 1996).
With regard to the coastal defence strategy it may be possible to include
enhancement of habitats for natterjack toad if soft defences or management retreat
options are proposed.
There may be some potential for enhancing areas for Sabellaria alveolata reef
communities. Sabellaria reefs are identified under the “Guidelines for Selection of
SSSI’s, intertidal marine habitats and saline lagoons” (JNCC 1996).
These reef communities are found around the scar grounds of Dubmill Point and
other less extensive areas down the coast to Workington - This ‘reef-building’ worm
reaches its northern limit in the British Isles in the Solway. It may be possible to
encourage the growth of Sabellaria reefs on hard sea defences where appropriate.
Further research would need to be undertaken to assess the feasibility of this option.
Where managed retreat options are feasible it may be possible to enhance the
habitats seaward of the secondary defence. It is possible to re-open old creek
systems (located using aerial photographs) and encourage the build up of Saltmarsh
habitats via increasing sedimentation. The end result of retreat management is to
produce an intertidal area which will absorb wave energy and at the same time
provide a valuable ecological resource.
3.6.3
Increases in species distribution and abundance
No information concerning increases in species distribution and abundance has
been available during the development of this SMP.
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4.0 Human and Built Environment
4.1
Historical Evolution
4.1.1
Growth of Settlements
The coastline within this SMP has sustained important settlements from early times.
The Solway Firth was the frontier zone of the Roman occupation of Britain, with the
western end of Hadrian’s wall following the southern shore to Bowness. A chain of
mile fortlets and turrets extended 23 miles along the coast and a supply port was
constructed at Maryport.
Industrial development in the 17th century saw the expansion of towns. The
development of Whitehaven was begun by Lowther exporting coal and importing
tobacco and the town became one of England’s main ports. The expansion of
Maryport was based in coal, shipbuilding and cattle.
The growth of Workington in the Victorian era largely stemmed from exploitation of
the local iron ore which stimulated the beginnings of the steel industry, and the trade
of these three towns spanned the world (Solway Firth Partnership, 1996).
Silloth is one of the major communities on the southern coast of the Solway. The
importance of the town is largely due to the working docks and former airfield.
Silloth developed as a commercial port and centre for tourism. The outer harbour
was built between 1857 and 1859, protruding 200m beyond the natural coastline.
Today the coast is a combination of isolated farms and hamlets and large industrial
planned settlements. The coastline between St. Bees and Maryport is well
developed and urbanised with the largest developments at Whitehaven, Maryport
and especially Workington, all of which have working docks.
4.1.2
Principle Settlements
The principle settlements within this SMP area are Workington, Whitehaven,
Maryport and Silloth. Workington is the largest settlement. The growth of Silloth is
largely due to the working dock and its importance as a tourist location.
4.2
Residential/Industrial areas and infrastructure
4.2.1
Residential Areas
The largest residential areas within the coastal zone are Whitehaven and
Workington. In 1991 Whitehaven had a population of 27,030 and Workington a
population of 27,347.
Other notable residential areas include Maryport and Silloth.
4.2.2
Industrial Areas
Whitehaven, Workington and Maryport are the main industrial townships within this
SMP area. The industry was previously based on the exploitation of coal measures
but coal pits and opencast areas are now largely reclaimed. The industrial base now
includes chemical works and other industrial developments (Solway Firth
Partnership, 1996).
The early industrial boom in Workington was based on coal and iron ore but recently
the town has struggled to deal with its declining industry and peripheral location
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(Allerdale Borough Council Local Plan 1997). Industry and housing have become
the focal point for developments.
Maryport’s major development as an industrial town was based around the iron
industry in the 18th and 19th centuries - 3 shipyards were built, quarries and coal
mines were active and a good manufacturing base developed. However, the
opening of Workington Docks and closure of some industries began to decline the
economic base. Mining, iron and steel and shipbuilding no longer remain in the
town although there have been efforts to stem this decline e.g. the Solway Trading
Estate of 1938. An Enterprise Zone was set up in 1983 and Maryport Developments
Ltd was set up to help regenerate the harbour area and reverse the economic
decline of the town.
The Enterprise Zone has now expired but Maryport
Developments Ltd has been able to assemble land, remove dereliction and provide
infrastructure in the harbour area. A 200 berth marina, boat repair yard and housing
have been developed and have made a considerable contribution to the local
economy. (Allerdale Borough Council, Local Plan 1997).
Whitehaven’s development was based on the export of coal and development as a
port. Major employment in this area is now largely based in energy/water supply and
mining.
4.2.3
Infrastructure
The Cumbrian Coastal Railway follows the coast from Whitehaven in the south to
Maryport. The majority of this line was constructed in the late 1840’s and the
existing revetment forms a natural sea defence along much of the coast. These
defences serve purely to protect the railway track from flooding and Railtrack hold no
liability for the maintenance of sea defences for any other purpose. This line forms
an essential link between coastal settlements and has also been vital for industrial
development within this SMP area.
The B5300 is the coastal road which runs north from Maryport to Silloth. This road
is presently at risk from coastal erosion and flooding.
4.3
Recreation, tourism and education
4.3.1
Yachting and sea angling
Boats are launched at few sites along this SMP coastline, mostly south of Maryport
where the main yachting activity takes place. The national governing body for
Yachting is the Royal Yachting Association which has five affiliated clubs (all
between Whitehaven and Maryport) along this stretch of SMP coastline.
Sea angling takes place along the coastline of this SMP, within the inner Solway and
from Silloth to St. Bees Head. The national governing body is the National
Federation of Sea Anglers and there are a number of affiliated sea angling clubs in
the area. Sea anglers fish from both the shore and from boats. Those fishing from
the shore will fish from a sandy or pebble beach, rocks and in some cases from
cliffs.
It is important that freedom of access is maintained to these areas.
4.3.2
Sea bathing and water sports
There are 5 areas designated as bathing waters within the plan. These waters are
located at Skinburness, Silloth, Allonby (2) and St. Bees. They are identified under
the EC Bathing Water Directives and are regularly monitored for water quality.
Sailing is a popular activity along the coast between Whitehaven and Maryport,
where there is a marina. One of the most popular trans-Solway routes is between
Maryport and Kippford (outside this SMP area). Windsurfing is one of the main
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water based activities at Allonby which is the location of an annual national racing
event held by the British Windsurfers Association.
The British Canoe Union are the national governing body for sport and recreation of
canoeing, representing over 24,000 individual members and 600 clubs. Their
interests include sea canoeing and kayaking, sea touring surfing (recreational and
competitive) and sea races. All waters within this SMP are canoed to varying
degrees. St. Bees Head is very popular as it is NW England’s most continuous
stretch of cliffed coastline. The area is used for coastal touring, coaching and
training for a wide range of abilities. The inner Solway waters produce strong tidal
flows and conditions are of value to the advanced paddlers. The upper reaches of
all estuarine channels provide more sheltered water and very enjoyable canoeing.
Both the Solway and St. Bees Head are noted for their wildlife, particularly their
seabird populations. They are canoed throughout the year and it is part of the
experience to enjoy and consider the wildlife encountered (British Canoe Union
Response).
At Whitehaven the recent Harbour project is dedicated to local youth using the sea
for canoeing and sailing. At Workington the West Cumbria College runs specialist
outdoor recreation courses for canoes and kayaks in all disciplines.
Current canoeing Codes of Practice guides paddlers to avoid disturbance to nesting
birds on both cliffs and shoreline and canoeing numbers are not considered great
enough to produce a cumulative effect.
4.3.3
Beach Recreation
Many beaches along the coastline attract visitors and are used by the local
residents. They provide a focal point for a range of watersports and onshore
recreational activities.
4.3.4
Onshore Recreation
The onshore recreation in this area focuses largely on wild-fowling, birdwatching,
walking and cycling.
There are two RSPB reserves within this SMP area at St. Bees and Campfield
Marsh. These areas are important for wildlife observation.
The British Association for Shooting and Conservation is the national governing body
for wildfowling and there are a number of affiliated clubs with interests in this area.
For example, the South Solway Wildfowler’s Association has interests in all intertidal
areas and marsh from Old Kiln to the River Sark and the West Cumberland
Wildfowler’s Association has interests over 25.5 acres of Merse Edge and the Esk
estuary.
Walking is one of the most popular activities in the area. The Ramblers Association
(Lake District Area and Carlisle and North Cumbria Groups) have interests in Rights
of Way and access, conservation and the provision of enjoyment of Britain’s
countryside on foot. The Cumbrian Coastal Way runs the length of the coast from
St. Bees Head to Moricambe Bay and north to the Solway.
The Cumbria Cycle Way also follows the coast for part of its length along this SMP.
There are four golf courses within the study area located at Silloth, Maryport and two
at Workington. Horse-riding, cycling and camping are also popular onshore
recreational activities.
4.3.5
Tourism
4.3.5.1
Tourism areas and infrastructure.
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The coastline and settlements within this SMP offer many attractions to tourists. The
landscape, in particular the Solway Coast Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, offers
a variety of scenery and recreational opportunities for tourists, with water sports, bird
watching, coastal footpaths, cycleways and golf courses.
The cultural heritage of the area attracts a large number of tourists, in particular the
Hadrian’s Wall World Heritage Site. There are plans to create a new National Trail
for walkers alongside Hadrian’s Wall, providing a 130km (81 mile) continuous long
distance path. This path will greatly improve public access to the site.
The area is susceptible to seasonality in tourism demand. There has been a
general increase in short break holidays which offers the opportunity to extend the
peak season and improve visitor numbers in low season.
Silloth is an important tourist area with its coastal golf course and caravan park and
its proximity to the Solway Coast Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB).
Both Copeland Borough Council and Allerdale Borough Council recognise that the
coast is becoming increasingly popular as a recreational resource. They are
continuing to investigate further tourist attractions which involve the coast, provided
the natural and man-made heritage of the area is not compromised.
4.3.5.2
Numbers of Tourists
No information regarding the numbers of tourists using the coastal zone has been
available during the development of this SMP.
4.3.5.3
Income from Tourism
No information regarding the income from tourism in the coastal zone has been
available during the development of this SMP.
4.3.6
Education
No information regarding education in the coastal zone has been available during
the development of this SMP.
4.4
Archaeological and Historic Features
4.4.1
Archaeological Features
The Cumbria County Sites and Monuments Record (SMR) provides details of
archaeological features and finds. There are approximately 600 SMR sites within
this SMP area. Although sites listed on this record have no statutory protection they
provide an important insight into the nature of the archaeological resource within the
plan area. Finds from prehistoric, Roman, Medieval and post Medieval periods have
been recorded on the SMR.
The archaeological features in conjunction with many historical references give a
good indication of the archaeological importance of the area. The Roman influence
is particularly apparent within the northern part of the plan area. Hadrian’s Wall
linear structure and its associated castles and forts is one of the most significant
complexes of archaeological remains in the world. The linear structure extends west
to Bowness on Solway and the chain of towers and mile fortlets extends southwards
to Maryport, Workington and Moresby (Figure 4.1). The site is designated as a
World Heritage Site acknowledged and protected by the UNESCO World Heritage
Convention for outstanding universal, artistic and technical value.
4.4.2
Historical Features
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Historical features of the coast within this SMP area include industrial areas and
historical infrastructure, particularly the railways.
Conservation Areas are areas defined in local plans. They are defined for their
historic, cultural and landscape significance. Specific planning policies provide
some protection from unsuitable development in Conservation Areas and ensure
that any alterations to buildings etc. are carried out in a way which is complementary
to the existing setting of the area.
Within the area of the plan there are a number of designated Conservation Areas:-
4.4.3

Whitehaven Town Centre, of national significance for its Georgian and
Victorian architecture

Three areas within Whitehaven - Corkickle, High Street and Hensingham

The village of Bowness on Solway

The village of Port Carlisle
Scheduled Ancient Monuments
Scheduled Ancient Monuments (SAM’s) are scheduled by the Department of
National Heritage on advice from English Heritage (EH) in England under the
Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979 (Figure 4.1).
Within this SMP there are 77 SAM’s, many of which form part of the Hadrian’s Wall
World Heritage Site. The location of these sites are shown on Figure 4.1. Such
sites are deemed to be of national importance and are protected as such under the
Ancient Monuments and Archaeological Areas Act 1979.
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Listed Buildings
Listed Buildings are indicated on a list compiled by central government as being of
“special architectural or historic interest”. There are nearly 8500 listed buildings in
Cumbria including 225 listed churches. There are 23 listed buildings within the study
area, 7 of which are churches (Figure 4.1).
4.5
Aggregate Extraction
4.5.1
Offshore
No offshore aggregate extraction (commercial or otherwise) takes place off the
coast covered by this SMP.
4.5.2
Foreshore
4.5.2.1
Workington Harbour
Beach material collected immediately to the south of the pier is extracted with
permission from the Harbour Authority to reduce the rate at which the navigation
channel requires dredging. The extracted material which is mainly gravel, is
disposed of commercially outside the littoral drift system of the coast. Extraction’s
occur once or twice a year, usually during and/or just after the winter. The last
recorded extraction of material took place in the winter of 1996/97 and the quantity
removed was approximately 2500t.
4.5.2.2
Maryport Harbour
Extensive gravel extraction from the south of the harbour arm was practiced until
recently, the material removed being used for building purposes. The decisions to
stop was taken as a result of the beach retreating to such an extent that a break
occurred in the Senhouse dock in February 1983.
4.5.3
Onshore
4.5.3.1
Maryport to Silloth
A number of coastal extraction sites between Maryport Golf Course and Allonby
have now been abandoned. Evidence of some of the more recently active sites, for
example south of Mawbray are still visible.
4.5.4
Illegal Extraction’s
Illegal extraction of aggregates by individuals is thought to take place at a few
locations along the coast between Maryport and the Grune. Due to the nature of
these extraction’s no exact details of quantities, locations and frequency are
available, but areas of particular concern are Allonby Bay and Grune Point. Material,
mainly gravel, is removed from the foreshore by local farmers to be used for building
work and reinforcing trackways. At Grune Point the material is removed from the
gravel ridges which have developed over hundreds of years and now form an
important part of the coastal habitat, as well as protecting the area of Moricambe
Bay from extreme sea conditions.
At Allonby Bay the removal of gravel not only reduces the quantity of material
available for littoral transport and weakens the natural coastal defences, but also
results in damage to the backshore areas from the use of heavy plant such as
tractors and diggers. In both these areas the removal of material is a recurrent
problem which has been monitored since 1992 although it is known to have taken
place long before this.
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4.6
Present Constraints
4.6.1
Physical Constraints
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There are a number of areas along the length of this SMP coastline where there are
physical constraints. The areas from St. Bees Head to Maryport are constrained by
the Cumbrian coastal railway line. The railway revetment forms the sea defence for
much of the coast, and presents a significant physical constraint. The coastal road,
running from Maryport to Silloth is a further constraint. In these areas natural
processes are impeded to some extent and managed retreat options for coastal
defence are not usually feasible.
Other physical constraints include those areas of the coast which have been
developed for industrial purposes and towns. The steelworks located in reclaimed
land around Workington presents a further constraint.
4.6.2
Economic Constraints
The Cumbria coastal railway presents an economic constraint as it would not be
economically viable to move the railway or let the existing embankment erode away.
It is very important that the railway is protected from damage as a result of wave
action. It would not be economically viable to move the coastal road and as a result
this presents a further economic constraint.
Limited financial resources mean that central funding is unlikely to provide for the
protection of areas of agricultural land and golf courses. Any sea defences in such
areas would need to be privately funded.
4.6.3
Legislative Constraints
The Hadrian’s Wall World Heritage Site and its setting are subject to a number of
designations and regulatory controls. Local authorities have in their structure and
local plans, a variety of policies to protect ancient monuments and their settings, and
also historic buildings. The Government has requested them in Planning Policy
Guidance Note 15 to introduce specific policies to protect World Heritage Sites and
some authorities have already done so for Hadrian’s Wall. (Hadrian’s Wall
Management Plan 1996). Proposed works which may impact on a Scheduled
Ancient Monument will be subject to the requirements of the Ancient Monuments
and Archaeological Areas Act 1979.
4.6.4
Other Constraints
No other constraints have been identified at this stage.
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5.0 Development in the Coastal Zone
5.1
Current Pattern of Land Use
The current pattern of land use within this SMP area is shown on Figure 5.1
(Appendix A).
5.1.1
Agricultural
Much of the land within this SMP area is agricultural with the majority being pasture
for grazing cattle.
The majority of the land bordering the coast is classed as Grade 3 agricultural land
according to the Agricultural Land Classification of England and Wales (1968).
Other smaller areas of land are classed as Grade 4 and 5 agricultural land with the
remaining areas identified as either urban or in non-agricultural use.
The various land classification grades are given below;
Grade 1.
Grade 2.
Grade 3.
Grade 4.
Grade 5.
5.1.2
Land with very minor or no physical limitations to agricultural use.
Land with some minor limitations which exclude it from Grade 1.
Land with moderate limitations due to the soil, relief or climate, or some
combination of these factors which restricts the choice of crops, timing of
cultivation’s, or level or yield.
Land with severe limitations due to adverse soil, relief or climate, or a
combination of these
Land with very severe limitations due to adverse soil, relief or climate, or
a combination of these.
Residential Areas
The main residential areas are Workington, Whitehaven, Maryport and Silloth.
Other smaller residential areas include Allonby, Bowness-on-Solway, Siddick,
Mawbray, Beckfoot, Blitterlees, Skinburness, Anthorn and Port Carlisle.
5.1.3
Tourism
This area of coast is a popular place for visitors. Tourism creates continuous
pressures for development and the tourist initiatives are likely to lead to further
development pressure in the coastal zone.
Allerdale Borough Council has a number of specific tourism objectives within its local
plan. The objectives aim to:

Ensure a controlled increase in the significance of tourism in Silloth, the
Solway Coast and fringe areas of the Lake District National Park.

Recognise the important potential of Maryport and Cockermouth as centres
for tourism.

Ensure the protection, enhancement and interpretation of the natural and
man-made heritage of the area for the benefit of residents and tourists,
(Allerdale Borough Council, 1997).
The Regional Tourism Strategy for Cumbria has been prepared by Cumbria Tourist
Board (CTB) which is a partnership of English Tourist Board (ETB), British Tourist
Authority (BTA), Cumbria County Council, the six district councils and a large
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commercial membership. The aim of the strategy is to bring economic, social and
environmental benefits to Cumbria. Development of the economy is crucial due to
the decline in employment in other traditional industries. The environment and
heritage are the main attraction of the tourism industry. (Regional Tourism Strategy
for Cumbria, February 1997).
5.1.4
Commercial
The main commercial towns within the plan area are Maryport, Workington and
Whitehaven. Whitehaven Town Centre and Harbour Initiative was jointly
commissioned by Copeland Borough Council, the West Cumbria Development
Agency and English Heritage. The Beacon Heritage Centre was set up overlooking
the South harbour as a result of the Initiative and is a commercial development
aimed at the promotion of tourism and heritage management and sustainability.
The Whitehaven Development Company was set up as a result of the Initiative to
direct resources and promote regeneration of the town centre and harbour side
(Copeland Borough Council, 1994).
The Cumbria Training and Enterprise Council has a responsibility to promote the
economy of the area including investment in infrastructure and training for tourism
which is identified as a major area for development (Solway Firth Partnership, 1996).
5.1.5
Industrial
Agriculture, forestry, food-related manufacturing, transport and tourism provide the
principal economic base for the area of the plan. The area as a whole is generally
remote from the major industrial areas of the UK. Opportunities for development are
possible in a range of related manufacturing, distributive and service activities and
processing industries such as the production of dairy produce and sea food.
Copeland’s economy is dominated by British Nuclear Fuel Plc’s Sellafield Works.
Although the works are located outside the area of the plan, the industry exerts
strong influence by providing a large employment and economic base.
Allerdale has a wide range of manufacturing industries and estates. The area has
suffered a decline in traditional manufacture in minerals, metals and chemicals,
metal goods and engineering in recent times. This is shown by a decrease in
employment of 28.8% in these industries between 1984 and 1991. (Solway Firth
Partnership, 1996).
5.1.6
Open Space
Open space is vital within this SMP area. Open access to the coastal zone is
important in ensuring that the coast maintains its importance for walkers, bird
watchers, wildfowlers etc. Public open spaces are important within coastal villages.
Specific details of areas of public open space have not been made available during
the development of this SMP.
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5.1.7
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Military
The only existing military use of the coastal zone within this SMP area is a 500 acre
radio station at Anthorn and a small part of Bowness Common SSSI (Figure 5.1).
The Ministry of Defence has freehold ownership of this area and the military use
comprises a small HQ building and several masts. The land is also used for some
stock rearing.
5.2
Commerce, Ports and Harbours, Navigation etc.
5.2.1
Commerce
The majority of commercial activity takes place in the towns of Whitehaven,
Workington and Maryport. Silloth is the only sizeable settlement on the coast whose
principal commercial interest is tourism.
5.2.2
Ports and Harbours
5.2.2.1
The latter part of the 18th century and the early 19th century saw the development of
numerous ports and harbours by local merchants and land owners.
The competition between the ports reflected largely the fortunes of both the iron and
steel industry and the coal industry. After the end of the 19th century amalgamation,
rationalisation and progress forced a general decline in all their fortunes with many
of the ports eventually closing down.
The only significant commercial harbours remaining are at Workington and Silloth,
both of which have locked docks and tidal harbours. Whitehaven and Maryport still
operate as important fishing ports and have significant leisure use.
5.2.2.2
Workington Harbour
Prior to the development of berths and loading facilities for coal shipments in the 18th
century by the Curwens, the harbour had already been used for fishing. The harbour
developed with the iron and steel trade and eventually, in 1927, with the opening of
the 10,000 dwt capacity Prince of Wales dock, dominated the local rival harbours of
Whitehaven and Maryport.
Since then however, harbour activity has fallen as a result of the decline of local
industry and the development of deep water ports and larger ships. Nevertheless
the Port of Workington, which is now owned and operated by Cumbria County
Council, supports many of the major industries in West Cumbria and is an important
port for the import of bulk liquids.
A fleet of around 11 trawlers and 20 smaller boats also operate from the harbour.
Navigation to the facility is generally good, although a bar can form at the end of the
pier after 2-3 consecutive days of heavy south-westerly storms.
Maintenance dredging of the dock navigation channel and bar removes between
80,000 and 120,000t per year which is disposed of at a site licensed and approved
by the Ministry of Agriculture Fisheries and Food (MAFF).
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Silloth Harbour
Silloth Harbour was established much later than the other ports in the area in 1857
after the demise of Port Carlisle. The dock was built by an early railway company to
improve its facilities in an attempt to retain its proportion of coastal and inland trade
from competition with Maryport and a rival railway company.
The port was built on reclaimed land and a new dock was opened in 1885.
As was the case with Workington, harbour activity has declined, but the port, which
is now operated by Associated British Ports (ABP), is still crucial to locally based
industries. The principal imports are fertilisers and animal feed, and occasionally
aggregates for building purposes are transported across from the north of Ireland via
Silloth to the Carlisle area and the south of Scotland. A small fleet of shrimping and
cockle dredging boats also operates from there. Navigation to the port is generally
good, although access is only possible around high tide and the bars around the
main navigation channel change positions frequently. Due to this an annual survey
of the bars and channels is carried out by the harbour master.
Dredging is carried out if and when necessary and quantities can vary, the average
being around 10,000t per year. The spoil material is deposited on a site licensed
and approved by MAFF.
5.2.2.4
Whitehaven Harbour
Whitehaven was the first harbour to be developed when it was used by the Lowther
family initially to export coal from their local mines. In its day the port was the third
largest in Great Britain and had a notable trade in timber, grain, tobacco and sugar.
The construction of a number of piers by 1680 formed the harbour which was
expanded in 1804 and again in 1822 to its present configuration. Trade was later
expanded to include the export of iron ore although the harbour also supported other
industries such as ropemaking and shipbuilding.
Since the decline of the iron and coal industries Whitehaven has experienced
dramatic decreases in the number of ship arrivals and now caters for a negligible
level of commercial traffic. The harbour does however support 16 full time fishing
vessels and a smaller fleet of part time boats and there are extensive plans for the
redevelopment of the harbour, including the creation of a 400 berth marina within a
gated dock.
Navigation into the harbour is generally good, although at present access is
restricted to 2½ hours either side of high tide. This will improve dramatically once
the planned marina is in operation with access possible for approximately 20 out of
24 hours.
No dredging operations currently take place at the harbour, although the proposed
marina will necessitate maintenance dredging in the future.
The harbour is currently owned by the Whitehaven Harbour Commission.
5.2.2.5
Maryport Harbour
Maryport Harbour was developed by the Senhouses in the 17th Century to service
the coal trade. It was expanded to meet the demands of the iron and steel industry
in 1857 and again in 1884 when Elizabeth and Senhouse Docks were opened
respectively. Both docks were built on reclaimed land to the south of the outfall of
the river Ellen.
The harbour is now operated by the Maryport Harbour Commission and supports
only fishing and leisure vessels. A 200 berth marina has been established and the
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harbour supports a fleet of 16 full time otter and beam trawlers and around 15 part
time smaller boats in addition to which Scottish boats frequently land at the harbour
between spring and autumn.
Navigation into the harbour is generally good, although access is restricted to 3
hours either side of high tide.
No dredging operations currently take place in the harbour.
5.2.3
Navigation
The Solway Firth does not naturally generate through shipping movements. Port
Authorities for Workington and Silloth indicate that the vast majority of routing to and
from these ports is made to Liverpool, Ireland and other destinations further south.
Most vessel movements are therefore concentrated along the Cumbrian coastline.
However, Workington receives a significant tonnage of round log cargo which is
routed in a west east direction past the Mull of Galloway.
Navigation into the ports of Workington and Silloth is generally good. For more
details see section 5.2.2.
One of the main reasons for the lack of any major commercial development at the
head of the Solway is the difficulty in navigating the shallow channels and banks of
the inner Solway, which are subject to frequent change and remain uncharted. A
combination of local knowledge and frequently repositioned marker buoys is needed
to ensure safe navigation along the line of the deepest channels.
5.3
Agricultural and Fisheries Interest
5.3.1
Agriculture
Agriculture is an important land use along the coast within this SMP area. Much of
this land is used for grazing livestock and is classed as Grade 3 (see Section 5.1.1)
agricultural land.
Agriculture accounts for a high proportion of employment even when compared to
other rural areas in the UK. However, no exact employment figures are available for
this SMP area.
Agriculture also provides employment in a range of processing industries and
service activities such as agricultural machinery, education and veterinary services.
5.3.2
Fisheries
5.3.2.1
This SMP area is covered by the Cumbria Sea Fisheries Committee (SFC) who
have registered an area of interest from Burgh Marsh Point in the north to Haverigg
Point in the south. Their interests extend from the high water mark to an extent of 6
nautical miles seaward. Fishing interests in their area include cod, whiting, flatfish,
rays, haddock, salmon, sea trout, small quantities of mackerel and herring, shrimp,
scallops, cockles and mussels. Methods used include otter and beam trawls, seine
nets, tangle and trammel nets, haaf nets, traditional fish traps and long and
handlines. A Cumbria SFC bylaw prohibits boats over 13.7m from fishing within 3
miles of the coast, other than by handlines.
Visiting trawlers come from Belgium, France, Scotland, Northern Ireland and Ireland,
some of which occasionally land their catches into Whitehaven, having fished the
same grounds as the local fleet. Concerns include that defences do not interfere
with access routes to fishing areas and areas used for launching and retrieving
fishing vessels, and that defences do not interfere with the natural geomorphology of
areas which may affect fish stocks.
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Description of coastal fisheries
Whitehaven
Whitehaven supports 16 full time vessels, 8 of which are over 13.7m and therefore
not permitted to fish within the SFC district. In addition there are 5 part time trawlers
under 10m and 3 or 4 static gear boats working pots and nets. Between May and
September, the local boats are joined by vessels from Scotland, Ireland, Wales, the
Isle of Man and other UK ports such as Fleetwood. This fleet can total in excess of
80 boats.
Parton and Harrington
There are 6 part time boats under 10m based in Harrington Harbour using nets and
trawls all year round and up to 10 boats are launched from Parton beach mainly
during the summer months.
Workington
Out of 11 trawlers only 3 are over 10m and all are involved in the same fisheries and
work the same grounds as the Whitehaven and Maryport vessels. There is also a
fleet of around 20 smaller boats, but with the exception of one boat these fishermen
are mainly part time.
Flimby
Three of four beach boats are used to set trammel, gill and tangle nets. Four
licences are issued for drift netting for salmon and sea trout off this coast.
Maryport
Most of the 16 full time otter and beam trawlers are over 12m and generally fish
within the 12 mile zone. The larger boats fish further offshore during the summer,
and some otter trawlers participate in the Nephrops fishery off Whitehaven. Scottish
boats frequently land into Maryport between spring and autumn. Around 9 smaller
boats set nets (and possibly longlines) mainly on a part time basis and 3 shrimping
boats work the shallower grounds in the Solway Firth. Four or 5 boats set pots for
lobsters and crabs, and 1 sets whelk pots.
Allonby
Rays are taken by up to 6 boats using trammel and gill nets from spring through
summer, some set nets along the beach, and boats from Maryport work tangle nets
for rays off Allonby, which is considered a ray breeding ground.
Silloth
Silloth has 5 shrimping boats (3 of which are owned by the same family) and 2 or 3
cockle dredging boats. Since the early 1990’s, some boats have also started to
dredge for mussels. The 2 rivers leading into the Solway Firth (Esk and Eden)
support large stocks of salmon and sea trout and in 1994, 165 licences were issued
for haaf netting and 2 licences for traps (cribs) in the inner Solway.
5.4
Present Constraints
5.4.1
Legislative Constraints
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Legislative constraints on development in the coastal zone mostly relate to nature
conservation and archaeological designations. These constraints have been dealt
with in other sections of this SMP.
5.4.2
Other Constraints
Specific planning policies within the Cumbria and Lake District Structure Plan
(Cumbria County Council 1995) and the relevant local plans (see 5.5.2 below)
covering this SMP area constrain development on the coast where appropriate.
Planning policies tend to restrict development in areas which are of nature
conservation value, historical and cultural value, or of economic importance.
Outside of designations imposed by the statutory agencies there are also areas
designated in the planning documents such as County Wildlife Sites, Conservation
Areas etc. including county and local planning policies which reduce the options for
development
5.5
Predicted Future Trends
5.5.1
Structure Plans
The Cumbria and Lake District Structure Plan provides some insight into future
development in Cumbria, although specific details regarding development in the
coastal zone are limited. In general policies aim to maintain rural communities,
upgrade the road network, encourage tourism development and provide land for
housing and for employment development. The plan provides the main strategic
planning policy for Copeland Borough Council and Allerdale Borough Council Local
Plans. The plan provides a basis for more detailed proposals within Carlisle District
Local Plan. The main principles of the structure plan seek to ensure that the social
and economic needs of Cumbria’s people are met but in a way that does not
damage the county’s environment.
5.5.2
Local Plans
5.5.2.1
Copeland Borough Council Local Plan (Deposit Version, 1994)
The Copeland Local Plan has a number of general policies which will attempt to
stabilise Copeland’s population, promote economic regeneration and employment,
provide an efficient transport system, protect and conserve the landscape,
environment and heritage and to ensure no development puts the health, safety or
security of people at risk. These policies are similar to those within the Cumbria and
Lake District Joint Structure Plan. In north Copeland the emphasis of the plan is on
redevelopment options, particularly in Whitehaven. Support for agriculture, new
woodlands and the protection of important landscapes and wildlife habitats will
safeguard the open countryside coastal areas between settlements.
5.5.2.2
Allerdale Borough Council Local Plan (Deposit Version July 1997)
General policies within the local plan are similar to those within the Cumbria and
Lake District Joint Structure Plan. The general principles of the local plan seek to
ensure new development is sustainable in terms of global impact, natural resources
and local environmental quality and to cater for the development needs of people.
Development likely to cause environmental harm will not be permitted unless social
and economic considerations significantly outweigh environmental harm.
5.5.2.3
Carlisle District Local Plans (Deposit Draft, February 1995)
The main objective of the Carlisle District Local Plan is “to continue to make the best
use of the existing land resource by maximising the use for development of urban
land, especially where it is vacant, derelict or contaminated, and protecting the open
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countryside from development that does not need to be located there, and open land
of importance in urban areas.
5.5.3
Unitary Development Plans
There are no unitary authorities within this SMP area.
5.6
Other Relevant Management Plans
5.6.1
Estuary Management Plans
An Estuary Management Plan has been produced for the Solway Firth by the
Coastal Research Group at Glasgow University. EMP’s are developed to ensure the
sustainable use of estuaries. The physical processes occurring within the estuary
are outlined within the EMP.
It is suggested in the plan that land levels are still rising as a result of glacial
unloading. The rates of accretion and erosion of saltmarsh within the estuary are
examined and the potential for managed retreat options for sea defence briefly
considered.
5.6.2
Catchment Management Plans/LEAPS
Catchment Management Plans for catchments within this SMP area have not yet
been issued.
5.6.3
Coastal Zone Management Plans
A coastal zone management plan has not, as yet, been prepared for areas of the
coast within this SMP study area. However, Cumbria County Council have produced
a document entitled “Coastal Zone Planning and Management; Proposals for
Partnership” (Cumbria County Council, 1993).
5.7
References/Bibliography
Hamilton Oil Co. Ltd : The Coast of North Wales and North West England - An
Environmental Appraisal.
JNCC, 1996 : Coasts and Seas of the United Kingdom.
Cumbria Wildlife Trust : Per. comm., RIGS Citation Notes
ICC, 1993 : Ramsar Citation, the Solway Firth
British Canoe Union : Per. comm
English Nature, undated
a:
Reasons for recommendation as a possible SAC - Solway Mosses
b:
Reasons for recommendation as a possible SAC - Solway Firth
c:
A strategy for natterjack toad (Bufo Calamita) Conservation in Cumbria
English Nature Response : Per Comm.
Allerdale Borough Council, 1997 : Local Plan (Deposit Version)
Carlisle District, 1995 : Local Plan (Deposit Draft)
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Copeland Borough Council, 1994: Local Plan Deposit Version.
Coastal Research Group 1994 : ‘Estuaries Management Plans, Coastal Processes
and Conservation, Solway Firth’, University of Glasgow
Regional Tourism Strategy for Cumbria : Consultation Draft February 1997.
Solway Firth Partnership 1996 : Solway Firth Review.
Solway Rural Initiative Limited 1997: Solway Coast AONB Management Plan
(Consultation Draft).
Countryside Commission : Solway Coast Document
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6.0 Coastal Defences
6.1
Coastal Defence Ownership and Responsibility
6.1.1
The apportionment of responsibility for maintenance of the coastal defences.
The sea defence and coast protection structures that exist along the coastline
covered by this SMP are shown in Figure 6.1 which indicates who accepts
responsibility for their maintenance. It should be noted that lengths of private
defences are only maintained to suit the purposes of their owners e.g. Railtrack,
British Steel and are not necessarily maintained for any coast defence role that they
perform. The information shown in Figure 6.1 is summarised in Table 6.1 details of
coast defence surveys are contained in Appendix D.
6.1.2
Sea Defence and Coast Protection Responsibilities
6.1.2.1
The Coast Protection Act 1949 empowers maritime district councils, e.g. Allerdale
Borough Council and Copeland Borough Council, as coast protection authorities
(CPA) to construct works to protect land against erosion or encroachment by the
sea, subject to government approval from MAFF.
6.1.2.2
The Land Drainage Act 1976, as amended by the Water Act 1989, enables works to
be carried out to prevent or alleviate flooding by the sea. Such works can be
undertaken by the Environment Agency, local authorities or private land owners
subject to the approval of MAFF.
6.1.2.3
Figure 6.1 indicates Sea Defence or Coast Protection structures and which authority
accepts responsibility for maintaining them. Unless the coast defence structure is
designated as being the responsibility of the Environment Agency the structure will
be coast protection, see Figure 6.1. The exception to this are the Railtrack
embankments at Flimby, Harrington, Lowca and Parton and the embankment at the
Port at Maryport. At these locations the structures serve as both coastal protection
and sea defences.
6.2
Existing Defences
6.2.1
Location
The location and form of the different coastal defences are shown as Figure 6.2 and
detailed in Appendix D.
6.2.2
Condition
An assessment of the condition or life expectancy of the coastal defences are shown
in Figure 6.3 and detailed in Appendix D.
6.2.3
Effectiveness
The effectiveness of coastal defences has been taken to mean the ability of the
defence to resist coastal erosion.
The estimates are shown in Figure 6.4.
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Standard of Services Provided
The standard of service provided by coastal defences has been taken to mean the
standard of protection provided against flooding. The estimates are also shown in
Figure 6.4.
6.2.5
Surveys of existing defences
The existing defences along the coast covered by this SMP have been surveyed in
recent years as part of two strategic assessments, namely:a)
The coast protection survey (CPS) performed for MAFF in 1994.
b)
The Sea Defence Survey (SDS) performed for Environment Agency in
1990/91.
These two surveys form the basis of the review of the coastal defences undertaken
as part of this project. The relevant sheets of both surveys are reproduced in
Appendix D. Additional information determined from a walk over survey and desk
study for new lengths of defence works or where previous work have been upgraded
is also contained in Appendix D.
6.3
Current Rates of Erosion and Accretion
6.3.1
Rates of Coastal Erosion
Table 2.8 provides best estimates of rates of coastline advance or retreat for the
coast under consideration. The estimates are based upon the assessment of 0.S
information and the limited monitoring information available. The rates should be
considered with the utmost caution given the reliability and short duration of the
source data. The areas of erosion are marked in red in Figure 2.32.
6.3.2
Rates of Coastline Accretion
Table 2.8 lists best estimates of accretion rates at locations along the coast where
this is considered to occur. These estimates are subject to the same limitations as
detailed in 6.3.1. The areas of accretion are marked in green in Figure 2.32.
6.3.3
Rates of beach losses/gains
Based upon the assessment of the present day annual average littoral drift
processes described in Section 2 areas of likely beach accretion and erosion are
shown in Figure 2.33. Due to the lack of reliable available information it is not
considered appropriate to attribute magnitudes to the rate of beach/foreshore
development. The definition of the areas of erosion/accretion are based on the
understanding developed during the condition of this and other studies along this
length of coast. In locations where the coastline is anticipated to retreat it has been
assumed that the beach will retain its present shape and form and that it will have
retreated landward in parallel with the coastline.
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6.4
Areas at Risk from Flooding and Erosion
6.4.1
Areas at Risk from Flooding
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Figures 6.5 and 6.6 show the estimated limit of flooding for a 1 in 250 year flood
event and a 1 in 50 year flood event for present conditions. Figures 6.7 and 6.8
show similar floods extends for the year 2040 including an allowance of 4mm/year
for sea level rise. Both figures are based upon extreme sea level estimates
described in Section 2 and assume that should the existing sea defence structures
not be of sufficient standard to present overtopping the land behind will food to the
extreme sea level.
6.4.2
Areas at Risk from Erosion
Table 2.8 shows the estimated limit of coastline recession for 10, 25, 50 and 100
years into the future. These predictions are based solely on the present estimated
rates of erosion/accretion detailed in Section 6.3. No account has been made of
future recession rates as a result of global warming owing to the lack of knowledge.
6.4.3
Areas at Risk from Beach Loss
Areas at risk from beach loss are shown in Figure 2.33. These areas have been
determined based upon the maintenance of the existing coast protection structures
and the maintenance of the same level of sediment supply from offshore.
6.5
Identification of Other Influences
No other influences have been identified in relation to coastal defences.
6.6
Areas of Concern
6.6.1
Kells, South of Whitehaven
There are concerns regarding the stability of the cliffs in this area. A report
commissioned by Copeland Borough Council is due to be released and if any action
is to be taken this will have to be taken into account during the preparation and
subsequent revision of this SMP.
6.6.2
South Beach, Whitehaven
The gabion structure which is situated above the high water mark and protects the
South Beach amenity land has suffered damage during storm events and requires
repair. Although the repairs are not yet urgent further storms may cause more
severe damage.
6.6.3
Harrington (South)
The concrete wall to the south of Harrington has been damaged due to the removal
of backfill in order to form an access ramp. At the location of the ramp a section of
the wall has been damaged and material has been lost from under the ramp and
behind the wall. Moderate work to the wall is required to prevent further damage.
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Harrington Harbour
Immediately north of the harbour the coastline is susceptible to erosion and the crest
level of the sea defences is relatively low. The area behind these defences, which
includes an Old Peoples Home and a Sailing Club is therefore at risk. There is also
concern about the structural integrity of the harbour arm which at present protects
the above areas from extreme conditions from the south west. Should this structure
be further damaged the risk to the coastline north of the harbour may increase.
6.6.5
Moss Bay
The British Steel owned sea wall which protects their works is in poor condition and
may require repairs. The softer embankments either side of the wall are susceptible
to erosion, as is the derelict railway embankment between Harrington and Moss Bay.
6.6.6
Derwent Howe
The plastic erosion control mattress protecting the embankment has been damaged,
causing extensive erosion of the underlying material. If this erosion is allowed to
continue it may ultimately undermine the rock armour and significant work is
required if this is to be avoided.
6.6.7
Workington Harbour
The extraction of the material accumulated behind the harbour arm may prevent an
overflow into the navigation channel but also reduces the quantity available for
sediment transport. It may in future be necessary to either cease the extraction
operation or to return the extracted material to the foreshore north of the harbour.
North of Workington at Oldside the coastal defences protecting a landfill site are
suffering from erosion and overtopping and are in need of repair.
6.6.8
North of Workington Harbour
The defences in this area appear to be tipped rock rather than a formal structure.
This defence is in poor condition and provides little benefit.
6.6.9
Siddick
The wall along this stretch of beach is being undermined revealing a gabion
structure underneath. The wall supports rock armour and if undermined may fail,
causing the armour to collapse. Significant works are required if this is to be
prevented.
6.6.10
Seaton Lane
The wall along this stretch of beach is being undermined revealing a gabion
structure underneath. The wall supports rock armour and if undermined may fail,
causing the armour to collapse. Significant works are required if this is to be
prevented.
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Siddick/Flimby
The railway embankment which protects Siddick and Flimby has suffered from
erosion in recent years and flooding of the area behind the railway line is a frequent
problem. Access to the beach is via underpasses which are blocked during times of
extreme water levels using stop logs as part of Operation Neptune. At Siddick
flooding is caused by the overtopping of defences.
6.6.12
Maryport Harbour
Due to extraction of material from the foreshore in the past the southern harbour
revetment may still be at risk. Although the extraction operations ceased in 1994 this
area should be monitored for future problems.
Only one of the three groynes in this area remains in a recognisable form and few
piles remain. The remaining groyne requires attention to the planking. The sea
defence at the North Quay and Down Street area suffers from frequent overtopping
and the condition of the defences should be monitored. Additional defences to
protect the North Promenade, the entrances to the harbours and the North Quay
area may be required in the future if the problem persists.
6.6.13
Maryport Golf Course and Allonby Bay
Coastal erosion and flooding threatening in the main the B5300 coastal road but also
the Village of Allonby and the Kinch at the Saltpans is a persistent problem in this
area. The builders rubble on the foreshore at the golf club may temporarily solve the
problem of erosion in this area but is unlikely to present a permanent solution.
The problem is exacerbated by extraction of foreshore material which reduces the
effectiveness of the coastline’s natural defences and this practice should therefore
be discouraged wherever possible.
6.6.14
Dubmill Point
Significant works are required on the groynes which are in poor condition. Extensive
loss of planking has taken place in addition to erosion of some of the piles.
Accelerated scour has taken place at the north end of the gabion wall and additional
protection is required in this area to prevent further wear.
6.6.15
Beckfoot
At Beckfoot the dunes decrease in size to such an extent that there is a risk of
flooding to the road and possibly further inland. The foreshore to the north and south
of this area is subject to a dune management scheme and the performance of this
scheme should be monitored to ascertain whether any changes in strategy are
necessary.
6.6.16
East Cote
Significant work needs to be carried out on the timber groynes in this area which are
suffering from damage to planking and erosion of piles. One groyne is severely
damaged with an entire section missing.
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The Grune
Erosion and gravel extraction are taking their toll on this geomorphologically and
environmentally important feature of the coastline and both should be prevented if
possible.
6.6.18
Anthorn
Although protected from extreme wave conditions by the alignment and limited fetch
conditions of Moricambe Bay this area has recently suffered from extensive flooding
which has cut the villages of Anthorn and Cardurnock off from the emergency
services and has caused damage to privately owned boundary walls. The problem is
to some extent made worse by the removal of debris and vegetation from the bank
which forms a natural sea defence. In addition to this there is concern that the use of
motorbikes and tractors may be causing damage which weakens the resistance of
the bank to erosion.
6.6.19
Herdhill Railway Embankment
The remains of the Solway Viaduct protect Bowness to a certain degree from
extreme conditions, but the embankment is beginning to show signs of wear. The
marsh to the west of the embankment is also suffering from erosion which may
cause future problems.
6.6.20
Bowness to Port Carlisle
At the eastern end of the coastal defence which protects Bowness the marsh
fronting the Bowness to Port Carlisle road is suffering from erosion which may in the
future threaten the road.
6.6.21
Easton Marsh - Burgh Marsh
The southerly movement of the channel of the River Eden is causing the saltmarsh
to be eroded and this situation should be monitored to ascertain whether there is a
risk to the road further inland.
6.6.22
Mossband Hall
The marsh in the area is suffering erosion due to the northward movement of the
River Esk. Although at present this situation is not urgent it should nonetheless be
monitored.
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7.0 Shoreline Management Plan Objectives
and Management Units
7.1
Shoreline Management Plan Consultation and Scoping Exercise
7.1.1
A Consultation Scoping document was prepared and issued to interested parties
and organisations to advise them of the preparation of this SMP and solicit their view
of principal issues and their knowledge of relevant available information. A copy of
the consultation scoping document is contained in Appendix E which contains a list
of all organisations which were contacted.
7.1.2
The responses received from the consultation scoping document are also contained
in Appendix E and are summarised in Tables 7.1 and 7.2. Table 7.1 lists the
organisations and provides details on the nature of the response received, if any.
Table 7.2 summarises the key issues which were raised by each of the
organisations that responded.
7.1.3
The principle concerns raised by those who responded to the consultation scoping
exercise were
and
Access
Nature Conservation
Land Ownership
Coastal Zone Management
Coast Protection
In summary most comments on these issues were concerned with preserving or
enhancing the present situation or status or ensuring that a suitable strategy or
framework was established to manage developments along the coastline.
7.2
Shoreline Management Plan : Objectives
7.2.1
Shoreline Management Plan Objectives are set for the shoreline covered by this
SMP and reflect the principles by which the management strategy is formulated.
7.2.2
Preliminary proposals for SMP objectives were compiled after the assessment of
data gathered and analysis thereof was completed. These proposals were
discussed and revised by the project management group and are listed below in
Items 7.2.4 and 7.2.5.
7.2.3
The SMP Objectives are divided into two basic groups, General Objectives and
Specific Objectives. General objectives are fundamental to the whole of the coast
covered by this SMP whilst specific objectives will only apply to the particular lengths
of the coast where the topic which they relate to is of relevance.
7.2.4
General Management Objectives
The following lists are general management objectives defined by Government
Policy and applicable to all SMPs throughout the UK.
1.
Identify areas at risk from flooding and coastal erosion in terms of human life
and property.
2.
The adopted Strategic Coastal Defence Policy should be:-
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a)
sustainable in terms of the prevailing natural processes, and
economic worthwhileness
b)
compatible with the preferred options identified for adjacent
management units
c)
compatible with the natural processes that prevail within the sediment
cell and hence the adjacent lengths of coast.
3.
To sustain the long term future of the environmental resource over the
coastline covered by this SMP from adverse human impacts arising from the
adopted Strategic Coastal Defence Policy or scheme works in line with the EC
Habitats Directive.
4.
To take account of relevant county and local planning policies and inform the
statutory planning process and associated coastal zone planning.
5.
The Strategic Coastal Defence Policy should establish an effective monitoring
and evaluation system to:a)
determine any changes in coastal processes which shape the coast
b)
assess changes that occur to the shoreline
c)
improve knowledge and understanding of the coastline environment
including identification of:


6.
7.2.5
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gaps in knowledge
further research needs
Improve public awareness of coastal evolution and the impact they and others
can have on it.
Specific Management Objectives
The following list of Specific Management Objectives will be assigned to the specific
lengths of the coast for which they are relevant. The lengths of coast, known as
Management Units, are defined in the next section of this document.

To adopt a Strategic Coastal Defence Policy which aims to sustain and
where possible enhance the physical and biological environments, within
and adjacent to this Management Unit, in line with relevant national
legislation, e.g., bird colony and sandstone exposures.

To sustain and where possible enhance the coastal landscape

To address agricultural concerns relevant to Coastal Defence Policy Options

To address concerns regarding the operation of Lifeboat Station’s.

To address land drainage and water quality concerns that are relevant to the
Coastal Defence Policy Options.

The Strategic Coastal Defences Policy should reduce the risks from coastal
erosion to acceptable levels thereby protecting human life and property and
allay undue anxiety arising from such risk.

To address concerns for the local, regional or national economy relevant to
Coastal Defence Policy Options.
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
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To evaluate and where appropriate adopt policies to address any adverse
impacts for port and harbour operations and facilities.
7.3
Shoreline Management Plan : Management Units
7.3.1
The total length of coastline covered by this SMP has been divided into discrete
coastal elements over which there are coherent characteristics both of natural
processes and land use. These elements are determined as coastal process units
and land use units respectively from consideration of the findings of the earlier
sections of this report and the data from which they were determined.
7.3.2
The preliminary assessment of both land use units and coastal process units are
detailed in Table 7.3 based upon assessment of available data, its analysis and
discussions with the project management group. Both sets of units are also shown
in Figure 7.1.
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Appendices
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Table 3.1 Nature Conservation Designations Within SMP Area
SITE NAME
DESIGNATION
MAIN FEATURES
St. Bees Head
SSSI
RSPB Reserve
Heritage Coast
GCR Site
Maritime cliffs*
Sea cliff vegetation, colonies of fulmar, cormorant,
shag, kittiwake, razorbill, guillemot and puffin.
Breeding site for black guillemots. St. Bees
Sandstone. Landscape value.
Harrington Reservoir
LNR
Important for nationally declining species bullfinch, grasshopper warbler, reed bunting and
spotted flycatcher. 1 pair of mute swans.
Siddick Pond
SSSI
LNR
Ornithological interest esp. waterfowl, nesting and
wintering bird. Important rarities - little bunting,
black tailed godwit, black-necked grebe, black tern,
ruff, green sandpiper and bewick swan,
Maryport Harbour
SSSI
Grassland and ruderal spp. Nationally rare purple
or yarrow broomrape (Orobanche purpurea) (most
northerly site). Important site for Small Blue
Butterfly.
Salta Moss
SSSI
Moss modified by peat working, drainage ditches
and burning. Flora different to typical raised mires.
Silloth Dunes and
Mawbray Banks
SSSI
Extensive sand dune system*. Natterjack toad**
and great crested newt**.
Wedholme Flow
SSSI
Extensive lowland raised mire*. Peatland
vegetation. Breeding birds. Colony of large health
butterflies (Coenonympha tullia) and large
damselfly is at the northern limit of its British range.
Bowness Common
SSSI
Largest raised mire in England*. Area of active bog
growth. Good range of breeding birds including
sparrowhawk, curlew, snipe and sedge and
grasshopper warblers. Black grouse and hen
harrier. Large heath butterfly.
Glasson Moss
SSSI
Extensive lowland raised mire (1/3 retains intact
mire surface). Breeding birds, lg heath butterfly
and spider Centromerus laervtaris (1 of only 4
English localities).
Drumburgh moss
SSSI
Extensive lowland raised mire*. Breeding birds and
large heath butterfly.
Upper Solway Flats
and Marshes
SSSI
Ramsar pSPA
Intertidal flats and marshes*.
Internationally important numbers of waterfowl
(20,000)
Internationally important populations of 10spp
waterfowl (in winter).
Nationally important
wintering populations of a further 9 species.
Geomorphology well developed creek systems and
all 4 types of saltpan. Marsh terraces.
Solway Firth
pSAC
Subtidal sandbanks Glasswort (Salicornia) and
annual sea blite (Suaeda maritima).
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South
Solway Mosses
NNR
Extensive active raised mires*.
Solway Mosses
pSAC
Active raised
communities.
Rockcliffe Marsh
CWT managed
site
Extensive area of saltmarsh*, intersected by
drainage creeks and lagoons. Wintering species
and breeding birds.
Bowness on Solway
Gravel Pits
CWT Reserve
Recolonised old gravel pit workings. Smooth and
crested newts. Breeding birds and migrant birds.
Campfield Marsh
RSPB Reserve
Wader roosts eg. oystercatchers, knots, curlew,
grey plover and bar tailed godwits. Large flocks of
wildfowl e.g. wigeon. Peregrines, barn owls and
pink footed geese.
Solway Coast
AONB
Landscape value. Marine terraces, sandstone
cliffs, undulating dunes, intertidal mudflats,
saltmarsh and peat moss.
Glasson Point
RIGS
Exposure of eroded drumlin continually renewed by
erosion.
Tom Hurd Rock
RIGS
Westphalian C delta top sequence.
Bransty Quarries and
Parton Cliffs
RIGS
Highly academic educational study of the coal
measures. Industrial archaeology and local history
of Whitehaven.
Lowca Railway Bank
RIGS
“Permanent” exposure of coal seam and seat
earths.
Cunning Point
RIGS
Clean Westphalian A sedimentary structure. Delta
sequences.
Swarthy Hill
RIGS
Saltpans and reconstruction of a Roman Mile
Fortlet. Swarthy Hill is a landform feature providing
the context for these.
Submerged forest nr
Beckfoot
RIGS
Exposure of forest soil resting on what is believed
to be an ancient beach.
Mawbray Banks (nr
Beckfoot)
RIGS
Cross section showing positions and nature of a
raised beach formed when sea level was “25 ft”
above present sea level
bogs*
and
associated
plant
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Appendix A - Figures
1.0
INTRODUCTION
1.1
1.2
1.3
Extent of coastline covered by this Shoreline Management Plan
Coastal Responsibilities
Foreshore Ownership
2.0
COASTAL PROCESS
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
2.10
2.11a
2.11b
2.12a
2.12b
2.13
2.14
2.15
2.16a
2.16b
2.17a
2.17b
2.18
2.19
2.20
2.21
2.22
2.23
2.24
2.25
2.26
2.27
2.28
2.29
2.30
2.31
2.32
2.33
Bathymetry of the Solway Firth and approaches
O.S. Map Information
Position of Coastline relative to 1865
Position of Coastline relative to 1865
Global eustatic sea levels variation
Irish Sea relative sea level variation
Location of Met Office wave data points, with annual average wave rose
Typical wind roses
Annual Return Period Significant Wave Height
Mean Wave Heights and Directions
Tidal Streams: Flood Tide
Tidal Streams: Ebb Tide
Tidal Streams SW of Scotland, Flood Tide
Tidal streams SW of Scotland, Ebb Tide
Near Surface residual flows
Near bed residual flows
Near surface residual flows: Admiralty
Typical Tide Levels along Cumbrian Coast
Extreme Sea Levels along Cumbrian Coast
Spring tide amplitude for Irish Sea
50 year return period meteorological surge
Not Used
Not Used
Seabed sediments Cumbria (NERC 1987)
Foreshore sediments
Bed grab sampling of sea bed (visual analysis)
Longshore Sediment Transport Rate (m 3/year)
Not Used
Depression tracks for major storm surges. NW Coast
Wind conditions associated with largest storm surges, Liverpool
Wind conditions associated with largest storm surges, Whitehaven
Location of BNFL Marine Monitoring: Sellafield
Location of NWW Water Quality Monitoring
Isostatic land movement for Britain, in mm/year
IPCC predictions of sea-level rise (Houghton et al 1990)
Estimated future coastline movement
Estimated future foreshore development
3.0
NATURAL ENVIRONMENT
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
Nature Conservation Designations Part 1
Natural Conservation Designations Part 2
Coastal Habitats
Areas of Landscape Importance
4.0
HUMAN AND BUILT ENVIRONMENT
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4.1
Cultural Heritage
5.0
DEVELOPMENT IN THE COASTAL ZONE
5.1
Coastal Land Use
6.0
COASTAL DEFENCES
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
Ownership/Responsibility for Coastal Defences
Location and form of Coastal Defences
Life expectancy of coastal defences
Effectiveness and Standard of Protection of Coastal Defences
Areas at risk of flooding, Present Day (1 in 250 year tide)
Areas at risk of flooding, Present Day (1 in 50 year tide)
Areas at risk from flooding: 2050
(a) 1 in 50 year
Areas at Risk from flooding: 2050
(b) 1 in 250 year
7.0
OBJECTIVES AND MANAGEMENT UNITS
7.1
Proposed Management Units
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Appendix B - Tables
1.0
INTRODUCTION
1.1
1.2
Lengths (km) of coastal responsibilities and defences
Lengths (km) of foreshore ownership
2.0
COASTAL PROCESSES
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.8
Hydrographic Chart Information
Historical OS Map Information
Coastline recession (1924 - 1972)
Source of extreme sea level predictions
Offshore extreme significant wave heights estimates
Rates of mean sea level rise around the Irish Sea
Rates of annual maximum sea level change for the Eastern Irish Sea
Typical rates of future coastline advance or retreat
3.0
NATURAL ENVIRONMENT
3.1
Conservation Interests
6.0
COASTAL DEFENCES
6.1
Length of Coastal Defence Responsibilities and Structures
7.0
OBJECTIVES AND MANAGEMENT UNITS
7.1
7.2
7.3
Consultation Scoping Exercise: List of Consultees
Consultation Scoping Exercise: Key Area of Interest
Proposed Management Units
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Appendix C - Report on Walkover Survey
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Appendix D - Coastal Defence Surveys
Information
D1.
Extract from Coast Protection Survey 1993 relevant to St. Bees to River
Sark, Scottish Border, SMP
D.1.1
Definition of Terms
D.1.2
D.1.2.1
D.1.2.2
D.1.2.3
Copeland Borough Council
Cross Sections
Defence length report
Defence element report
D.1.3
D1.3.1
D.1.3.2
D.1.3.3
Allerdale Borough Council
Cross Sections
Defence length report
Defence element report
D2.
Extracts from National Rivers Authority : Sea Defence Survey 1991/92
D.2.1
Definition of Terms
D.2.2
Environment Agency
D.2.2.1
D.2.2.2
D.2.2.3
Cross Sections
General/condition report
Maximum and minimum section defence heights
D.2.3
National Rivers Authority
D.2.3.1
D.2.3.2
D.2.3.3
Cross sections and photographs
General/levels of services
Condition/maintenance
D.2.4
Local Maritime Authority
D.2.4.1
D.2.4.2
D.2.4.3
Cross sections and photographs
General/levels of service
Condition/maintenance
D.2.5
Railtrack North West
D.2.5.1
D.2.5.2
General/levels of service
Condition/maintenance
D.2.6
Private
D.2.6.1
D.2.6.2
D.2.6.3
Cross sections and photographs
General/levels of services
Condition/maintenance
D3.
Bullen Coast Defence Survey August/September 1996
D.3.1
D.3.2
Defence Lengths
Defence Elements
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D.3.1.
Defence Lengths
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3.2 Defence Elements
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Appendix E - Consultation Scoping Study
Response
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