Virginia Standards of Learning Workbook – Virginia and United States History

Standard VUS.8a
SUMMARY
Demonstrate knowledge of how the nation grew and changed from the end
of Reconstruction through the early twentieth century by explaining the
relationship among territorial expansion, westward movement of the
population, new immigration, growth of cities, and the admission of new
states to the Union.
Essential Understandings
How the nation grew and changed from the end of Reconstruction through the early
twentieth century, in terms of territorial expansion, westward movement of the
population, new immigration, growth of cities, and the admission of new states to
the Union.
Essential Knowledge
Westward movement
 Following the Civil War, the westward movement of settlers intensified into the
vast region between the Mississippi River and the Pacific Ocean.
 The years immediately before and after the Civil War were the era of the American
cowboy, marked by long cattle drives for hundreds of miles over unfenced open
land in the West, the only way to get cattle to market.
 Many Americans had to rebuild their lives after the Civil War. They responded to
the incentive of free public land and moved west to take advantage of the
Homestead Act of 1862, which gave free public land in the western territories to
settlers who would live on and farm the land.
 Southerners and African Americans, in particular, moved west to seek new
opportunities after the Civil War.
 New technologies (for example, railroads and the mechanical reaper), opened new
lands in the West for settlement and made farming profitable by increasing the
efficiency of production and linking resources and made markets more prosperous.
By the turn of the century, the Great Plains and Rocky Mountain region of the
American West was no longer a mostly unsettled frontier, but was fast becoming a
region of farms, ranches, and towns.
 The forcible removal of the American Indians from their lands would continue
throughout the remainder of the 19 th century as settlers continued to move west
following the Civil War.
Immigrants flock to America
 Prior to 1871, most immigrants to America came from northern and western
Europe (Germany, Great Britain, Ireland, Norway, and Sweden). During the halfcentury from 1871 until 1921, most immigrants came from southern and eastern
Europe (Italy, Greece, Poland, Russia, and present-day Hungary and Yugoslavia),
as well as Asia (China and Japan).
 Like earlier immigrants, these immigrants came to America seeking freedom and
Standard VUS.8
-1-
Virginia Standards of Learning Workbook – Virginia and United States History
better lives for their families.
 Immigrants made valuable contributions to the dramatic industrial growth of
America during this period. Chinese workers helped to build the Transcontinental
Railroad. Immigrants worked in textile and steel mills in the Northeast, the
clothing industry in New York City, and Slavs, Italians, and Poles worked in the
coal mines of the East. They often worked for very low pay and in dangerous
working conditions to help build the nation’s industrial strength.
 During this period, immigrants from Europe entered America through Ellis Island in
New York harbor. Their first view of America was often the Statue of Liberty,
standing nearby, as their ships arrived following the voyage across the Atlantic.
 Immigrants began the process of assimilation into what was termed the American
“melting pot.” While often settling in ethnic neighborhoods in the growing cities,
they and their children worked hard to learn English, adopt American customs, and
become American citizens. The public schools served an essential role in the
process of assimilating immigrants into American society.
 Despite the valuable contributions immigrants made to building America during this
period, immigrants often faced hardship and hostility. There was fear and
resentment that immigrants would take jobs for lower pay than American workers,
and there was prejudice based on religious and cultural differences.
 Mounting resentment led Congress to limit immigration through the Chinese
Exclusion Act of 1882 and Immigration Restriction Act of 1921. These laws
effectively cut off most immigration to America for the next several decades;
however, the immigrants of this period and their descendants continued to
contribute immeasurably to American society.
Growth of cities
Admission of new states
 As the nation’s industrial growth
continued, cities such as Chicago,
Detroit, Cleveland, Pittsburgh, and New
York grew rapidly as manufacturing
and transportation centers. Factories
in the large cities provided jobs, but
workers’ families often lived in harsh
conditions crowded into tenements and
slums.
 As the population moved westward,
many new states in the Great Plains
and Rocky Mountains were added to
the Union. By the early 20th century,
all the states that make up the
continental United States, from
Atlantic to Pacific, had been admitted.
 The rapid growth of cities caused
housing shortages and the need for
new public services, such as sewage
and water systems and public
transportation. New York City began
construction of the nation’s first
subway system around the turn of the
20th century, and many cities built
trolley or streetcar lines.
Standard VUS.8
-2-
Virginia Standards of Learning Workbook – Virginia and United States History

Standard VUS.8a
ESSENTIAL QUESTION
Directions: Answer the following question to check your understanding of the
content of standard VUS.8a.
1 What factors influenced American growth and expansion in the late nineteenth
and
.
early twentieth century?
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
Standard VUS.8
-3-
Virginia Standards of Learning Workbook – Virginia and United States History

Standard VUS.8b
SUMMARY
Demonstrate knowledge of how the nation grew and changed from the end
of Reconstruction through the early twentieth century by describing the
transformation of the American economy from a primarily agrarian to a
modern industrial economy and identifying major inventions that improved
life in the United States.
Essential Understandings
During the period from the Civil War to World War I, the United States underwent an
economic transformation that involved a developing industrial economy, the
expansion of big business, the growth of large-scale agriculture, and the rise of
national labor unions and industrial conflict.
Essential Knowledge
Technological change spurred the growth of industry primarily in northern cities.
Inventions/Innovations
 Corporation (limited
liability)
Industrial leaders
 Andrew Carnegie (steel)
 J.P. Morgan (finance)
 Bessemer steel process
 Light bulb (Thomas
Edison) and electricity as
a source of power and
light
 Telephone (Alexander
Graham Bell)
 Airplane (Wright
Brothers)
 John D. Rockefeller (oil)
 Cornelius Vanderbilt
(railroads)
Reasons for economic
transformation
 Laissez-faire
capitalism and
special-considerations
(e.g., land grants to
railroad builders)
 The increasing labor
supply (from
immigration and
migration from farms)
 America’s possession
of wealth of natural
resources and
navigable rivers
 Assembly line
manufacturing (Henry
Ford)
Standard VUS.8
-4-
Virginia Standards of Learning Workbook – Virginia and United States History

Standard VUS.8b
ESSENTIAL QUESTION
Directions: Answer the following question to check your understanding of the
content of standard VUS.8b.
1 What fueled the modern industrial economy?
___________________________________________________________________________________
.
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
Standard VUS.8
-5-
Virginia Standards of Learning Workbook – Virginia and United States History

Standard VUS.8c
SUMMARY
Demonstrate knowledge of how the nation grew and changed from the end
of Reconstruction through the early twentieth century by analyzing
prejudice and discrimination during this time period, with emphasis on “Jim
Crow” and the responses of Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois.
Essential Understandings
Discrimination and segregation against African Americans intensified and took new
forms in the late nineteenth century and early twentieth century.
African Americans disagreed about how to respond to the developments.
Essential Knowledge
Discrimination and segregation
against African Americans
 Laws limited African American
freedoms.
 After Reconstruction, many Southern
state governments passed “Jim Crow”
laws forcing separation of the races in
public places.
 Intimidation and crimes were directed
against African Americans (lynchings).
 African Americans looked to the courts
to safeguard their rights.
 In Plessy v. Ferguson, the Supreme
Court ruled that “separate but equal”
did not violate the 14th Amendment,
upholding the “Jim Crow” laws of the
era.
African American responses
 Ida B. Wells led an anti-lynching
crusade and called on the federal
government to take action.
 Booker T. Washington believed that
the way to equality was through
vocational education and economic
success; he accepted social
separation.
 W.E.B. Du Bois believed that education
was meaningless without equality. He
supported political equality for African
Americans by helping to form the
National Association for the
Advancement of Colored People
(NAACP).
 During the early 20th century, African
Americans began the “Great Migration”
to Northern cities in search of jobs and
to escape poverty and discrimination in
the South.
Standard VUS.8
-6-
Virginia Standards of Learning Workbook – Virginia and United States History

Standard VUS.8c
ESSENTIAL QUESTION
Directions: Answer the following question to check your understanding of the
content of standard VUS.8c.
1 How did race relations in the South change after Reconstruction, and what was
the
. African American response?
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
Standard VUS.8
-7-
Virginia Standards of Learning Workbook – Virginia and United States History

Standard VUS.8d
SUMMARY
Demonstrate knowledge of how the nation grew and changed from the end
of Reconstruction through the early twentieth century by identifying the
causes and impact of the Progressive Movement, including the excess of the
Gilded Age, child labor and antitrust laws, the rise of labor unions, and the
success of the women’s suffrage movement.
Essential Understandings
Reconstruction through the early twentieth century was a time of contradictions for
many Americans. Agricultural expansion was accomplished through wars against the
Plains Indians, leading to new federal Indian policies. Industrial development
brought great fortunes to a few and raised the standard of living for millions of
Americans, but also brought about the rise of national labor unions and clashes
between industry and labor. Social problems in rural and urban settings gave rise to
third-party movements and the beginning of the Progressive Movement.
Essential Knowledge
The Progressive Movement used government to reform problems created by
industrialization (Theodore Roosevelt’s “Square Deal” and Woodrow Wilson’s “New
Freedom”).
Causes of the Progressive Movement
 Excesses of the Gilded Age
- Income disparity (lavish lifestyle)
- Age of the robber barons
 Working conditions for labor
- Dangerous working conditions
- Child labor
- Long hours, low wages, no job
security, no benefits
- Company towns
- Employment of women
Goals of Progressive Movement
 Government controlled by people
 Guaranteed economic opportunities
through government regulation
 Elimination of social injustices
Progressive accomplishments
In local governments
 New forms to meet the needs of increasing urbanization (commission and council
manager)
In state governments
 Referendum
 Initiative
 Recall
In elections
 Primary elections
 Direct election of U.S. Senators (17th Amendment)
 Secret ballot
Standard VUS.8
-8-
Virginia Standards of Learning Workbook – Virginia and United States History
In child labor
 Muckraking literature describing abuses of child labor
 Child labor laws
Impact of labor unions
 Organizations
- Knights of Labor
- American Federation of Labor (Samuel Gompers)
- American Railway Union (Eugene V. Debs)
- International Ladies’ Garment Workers Union
 Strikes
- Haymarket Square
- Homestead Strike
- Pullman Strike
 Gains
- Limited work hours
- Regulated work conditions
Antitrust laws
 Sherman Anti-Trust Act – Prevents any business structure that “restrains trade”
(monopolies)
 Clayton Anti-Trust Act – Expands Sherman Anti-Trust Act; outlaws price-fixing;
exempts unions from Sherman Act
Women’s suffrage
 Was a forerunner of modern protest movement
 Benefited from strong leadership (e.g., Susan B. Anthony)
 Encouraged women to enter the labor force during World War I
 Resulted in 19th Amendment to the Constitution

Standard VUS.8d
ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS
Directions: Answer the following questions to check your understanding of the
content of standard VUS.8d.
1 How did the excesses of the Gilded Age contribute to the development of the
Progressive
.
Movement?
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
2 What were the goals of Progressives, and what were their accomplishments?
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
Standard VUS.8
-9-
Virginia Standards of Learning Workbook – Virginia and United States History

Standard VUS.8a
REVIEW
Directions: Complete each sentence below with a term from the word bank. Write the
letter of the term in the blank.
Word Bank
a.
forcible removal
n.
public schools
b.
westward
o.
dangerous working conditions
c.
American cowboy
p.
housing shortages
d.
religious
q.
northern and western
e.
coal mines
r.
African Americans
f.
free public land
s.
descendents
g.
hardship and hostility
t.
ethnic neighborhoods
h.
Factories
u.
Statue of Liberty
i.
industrialization
v.
manufacturing
j.
Chinese Exclusion Act of 1882
w.
westward movement
k.
freedom
x.
assimilation
l.
subway
y.
Great Plains
m.
technologies
z.
Transcontinental Railroad
____
1.
In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, economic opportunity,
___________________, technological change, and immigration fueled
American growth and expansion.
____
2.
Following the Civil War, the _______________________ of settlers
intensified into the vast region between the Mississippi River and the Pacific
Ocean.
____
3.
The years immediately before and after the Civil War were the era of the
__________________, marked by long cattle drives for hundreds of miles
over unfenced open land in the West—the only way to get cattle to market.
____
4.
Many Americans had to rebuild their lives after the Civil War. They
responded to the incentive of ____________________, taking advantage of
the Homestead Act of 1862, which gave free public land in the western
territories to settlers who would live on and from the land.
____
5.
Southerners and ____________________, in particular, moved west to seek
new opportunities after the Civil War.
____
6.
New ______________________ (for example, railroads and the mechanical
reaper), opened new lands in the West for settlement and made farming
profitable by increasing the efficiency of production and linking resources and
made markets more prosperous.
____
7.
By the turn of the century, the _______________________ and Rocky
Mountains region of the American West was no longer a mostly unsettled
Standard VUS.8
- 10 -
Virginia Standards of Learning Workbook – Virginia and United States History
frontier, but was fast becoming a region of farms, ranches, and towns.
____
8.
The ____________________ of the American Indians from their lands would
continue throughout the remainder of the 19th century as settlers continued
to move west following the Civil War.
____
9.
Prior to 1871, most immigrants to America came from
___________________ Europe (Germany, Great Britain, Ireland, Norway,
and Sweden).
____
10.
During the half-century from 1871 until 1921, most immigrants came from
southern and eastern Europe (Italy, Greece, Poland, Russia, and present-day
Hungary and Yugoslavia), as well as Asia (China and Japan). Like earlier
immigrants, these immigrants came to America seeking _____________ and
better lives for their families.
____
11.
Immigrants made valuable contributions to the dramatic industrial growth of
America during this period. Chinese workers helped build the
_________________.
____
12.
Immigrants worked in the textile and steel mills in the Northeast, and the
clothing industry of New York City. Slav, Polish, and Italian immigrants
worked in the _________________ of the East.
____
13.
Immigrants often worked for very low pay, and in _____________________
to help build the nation’s industrial strength.
____
14.
During this period, immigrants from Europe entered America through Ellis
Island in New York harbor. Their first view of America was often the
______________________, standing nearby, as their ships arrived following
the voyage across the Atlantic.
____
15.
Immigrants began the process of ____________________ into what was
termed the American “melting pot.”
____
16.
While often settling in ______________________ in the growing cities,
immigrants and their children worked hard to learn English, adopt American
customs, and become American citizens.
____
17.
The _____________________ served an essential role in the process of
assimilating immigrants into American society.
____
18.
Despite the valuable contributions immigrants made to building America
during this period, immigrants often faced __________________________.
____
19.
There was fear and resentment that immigrants would take jobs for lower
pay than American workers, and there was prejudice based on
________________ and cultural differences.
____
20.
Mounting resentment led Congress to limit immigration through the
___________________________ and the Immigration Restriction Act of
1921.
____
21.
These laws effectively cut off most immigration to America for the next
several decades; however, the immigrants of this period and their
______________ continued to contribute immeasurably to American society.
____
22.
As the nation’s industrial growth continued, cities such as Chicago, Detroit,
Standard VUS.8
- 11 -
Virginia Standards of Learning Workbook – Virginia and United States History
Cleveland, Pittsburgh, and New York grew rapidly as __________________
and transportation centers.
____
23.
_________________ in the large cities provided jobs, but workers’ families
often lived in harsh conditions crowded into tenements and slums.
____
24.
The rapid growth of cities caused ___________________ and the need for
new public services, such as sewage and water systems and public
transportation.
____
25.
New York City began construction of the nation’s first __________ system
around the turn of the 20th century, and many cities built trolley or streetcar
lines.
____
26.
As the population moved _______________, many new states in the Great
Plains and Rocky Mountains were added to the Union. By the early 20th
century, all the states that make up the continental United States, from
Atlantic to Pacific, had been admitted.
Standard VUS.8
- 12 -
Virginia Standards of Learning Workbook – Virginia and United States History

Standards VUS.8b, 8c
REVIEW
Directions: Complete each sentence below with a term from the word bank. Write the
letter of the term in the blank.
Word Bank
a.
labor unions
i.
labor source
b.
segregation
j.
freedoms
c.
“Jim Crow” laws
k.
northern cities
d.
Laissez-faire
l.
“Great Migration”
e.
equality
m.
steel process
f.
Ida B. Wells
n.
vocational education
g.
“separate but equal”
o.
lynchings
h.
courts
p.
Andrew Carnegie
____
1.
During the period from the Civil War to World War I, the United States
underwent an economic transformation that involved a developing industrial
economy, the expansion of big business, the growth of large-scale
agriculture, and the rise of national _________________ and industrial
conflict.
____
2.
Technological change spurred the growth of industry primarily in
_____________________________.
____
3.
Major inventions/developments in technology included the Bessemer
_____________________, the light bulb (Thomas Edison) and electricity as
a source of power and light, the telephone (Alexander Graham Bell), the
airplane (Wright Brothers), and assembly line manufacturing (Henry Ford).
____
4.
Industrial leaders included _____________________ (steel), J.P. Morgan
(banking and finance), John D. Rockefeller (oil), and Cornelius Vanderbilt
(railroads).
____
5.
_________________ capitalism and special-considerations (e.g. land grants
to railroad builders) were part of the reason for the economic transformation.
____
6.
The increasing ____________________ from immigration and migration
from farms, along with America’s possession of a wealth of natural resources
and navigable rivers, were also reasons for the economic transformation.
____
7.
Discrimination and ________________ imposed against African Americans
intensified and took new forms in the late nineteenth century and early
twentieth century. African Americans disagreed about how to respond to
these developments.
____
8.
Laws limited African American _______________.
____
9.
After Reconstruction, many Southern state governments passed
__________________ forcing separation of the races in public places.
Standard VUS.8
- 13 -
Virginia Standards of Learning Workbook – Virginia and United States History
____
10.
Intimidation and crimes (such as ____________) were directed against
African Americans.
____
11.
African Americans looked to the _____________ to safeguard their rights.
____
12.
In Plessy v. Ferguson, the Supreme Court ruled that ___________________
did not violate the 14th Amendment, upholding the “Jim Crow” laws of the
era.
____
13.
During the early 20th century, African Americans began the
______________________ to Northern cities in search of jobs and to escape
poverty and discrimination in the South.
____
14.
_____________________ led an anti-lynching crusade and called on the
federal government to take action.
____
15.
Booker T. Washington believed that the way to equality was through
________________________ and economic success; he accepted social
separation.
____
16.
W.E.B. Du Bois believed that education was meaningless without
____________. He supported political equality for African Americans by
helping to form the National Association for the Advancement of Colored
People (NAACP).
Standard VUS.8
- 14 -
Virginia Standards of Learning Workbook – Virginia and United States History

Standard VUS.8d
REVIEW
Directions: Complete each sentence below with a term from the word bank. Write the
letter of the term in the blank.
Word Bank
a.
Susan B. Anthony
m.
“robber barons”
b.
Labor unions
n.
council manager
c.
reform
o.
regulated work conditions
d.
17
p.
company towns
e.
no benefits
q.
injustices
f.
protest
r.
government
g.
19th Amendment
s.
child labor
h.
rich
t.
recall
i.
regulation
u.
twentieth
j.
Clayton Anti-Trust Act of 1914
v.
Progressive Movement
k.
Homestead Strike
w.
standard of living
l.
Sherman Anti-Trust Act
x.
the Plains Indians
th
Amendment
____
1.
Reconstruction through the early __________________ century was a time
of contradictions for many Americans.
____
2.
Agricultural expansion was accomplished through wars against
________________, leading to new federal Indian policies.
____
3.
Industrial development brought great fortunes to a few and raised the
____________________ for millions of Americans, but also brought about
the rise of labor unions and clashes between industry and labor.
____
4.
Social problems in rural and urban settings gave rise to third-party
movements and the beginnings of the _______________________.
____
5.
The Progressive movement used government to ___________ problems
created by industrialization (Theodore Roosevelt’s “Square Deal” and
Woodrow Wilson’s “New Freedom”).
____
6.
The Gilded Age was characterized by many excesses. Included in these were
lavish lifestyles of the very _____, contrasted with the low wages and
poverty of many.
____
7.
Those who viewed the very rich capitalists in a negative way tended to see
them as ________________, rather than as “captains of industry.”
____
8.
Workers, including children and women, labored in dangerous conditions for
long hours, low wages, no job security, and __________________.
____
9.
Many workers who worked for giant capitalists such as Andrew Carnegie lived
in __________________ provided by the owner(s) of the business.
Standard VUS.8
- 15 -
Virginia Standards of Learning Workbook – Virginia and United States History
____
10.
The Progressive Movement sought to increase the degree to which people
control the _____________.
____
11.
It also sought to create guaranteed economic opportunities through
government ____________.
____
12.
Elimination of social _____________ was also a goal of the Progressives.
____
13.
In local governments, progressive reforms included the commission form and
____________________ form of government. These new forms of local
government sought to meet the needs of increasing urbanization.
____
14.
In state governments, progressive reforms included the referendum, the
initiative, and the _____________.
____
15.
In elections, significant reforms were primary elections, the direct election of
U.S. Senators (___________________), and the secret ballot.
____
16.
In the area of child labor, progressives brought about ____________ laws,
often motivated by muckraking literature describing abuses of child labor.
____
17.
____________, including the Knights of Labor, the American Federation of
Labor (Samuel Gompers) and the American Railway Union (Eugene V. Debs),
and the International Ladies’ Garment Workers Union, all had an impact on
the Progressive Movement.
____
18.
Significant strikes included Haymarket Square, the ____________ Strike,
and the Pullman Strike.
____
19.
Gains of organized labor included limited working hours and
__________________________.
____
20.
Significant antitrust laws were enacted by Congress, in the form of the
____________________ in 1890, which prevented any business structure
that “restrains trade” (monopolies).
____
21.
The ________________________ was also important, as it expanded the
Sherman Anti-Trust Act, outlawing price fixing and exempting unions from
the Sherman Act.
____
22.
The women’s suffrage movement was a forerunner to the modern
___________________.
____
23.
The women’s suffrage movement received strong leadership from
___________________ and others.
____
24.
The women’s suffrage movement encouraged women to enter the labor force
during World War I, and resulted in the ___________________ to the
Constitution.
Standard VUS.8
- 16 -