Earth Science
Name_____________________________
Chapter 8
Period_____________________________
Review
Date______________________________
___________________________________________________________________________________
Earth Chemistry
OBJECTIVES
Section 8.1 – Matter
1) State the distinguishing characteristics of an element.
2) Describe the basic structure of an atom.
3) Define atomic number and mass number.
4) Compare solids, liquids, and gases.
Section 8.2 – Combinations of Atoms
1) Explain how atoms join together and form compounds.
2) Describe two ways that electrons form chemical bonds between atoms.
3) Read and interpret chemical formulas.
4) Explain the difference between compounds and mixtures.
VOCABULARY
Alloy
Chemical Bond
Compound
Diatomic
Energy Level
Ionic Bond
Liquid
Mixture
Nucleus
Proton
Solution
Atom
Chemical Formula
Covalent Bond
Electron
Gas
Ionic Compound
Mass Number
Molecule
Periodic Table
Smog
Atomic Number
Chemical Property
Covalent Compound
Electron Cloud
Ion
Isotope
Matter
Neutron
Physical Property
Solid
Matter
1. What is matter?
2. Describe some of the properties of matter.
Elements
3. What is an element?
4. How many elements are known currently? How many are found in nature? How many make up the majority
of the Earth’s crust? What element is the most abundant in the Earth’s crust?
5. How are elements represented on the Periodic Table?
Atoms
6. What is an atom? What makes up an atom?
Subatomic Particles
7. What is a proton? What is its charge and mass?
8. What is an electron? What is its charge and mass?
9. What is a neutron? What is its charge and mass?
Inside the Atom
10. Draw a diagram of an atom, labeling each of the two major areas. Include each of the 3 subatomic particles
in your drawing.
11. How is an atom is held together?
12. Describe how positive and negative charges interact with one another. What is the overall charge in an atom?
13.What makes up the nucleus of an atom? What is the overall charge of an atom’s nucleus? Why is this so?
14. What particle can be found in the electron cloud? What is the overall charge of the electron cloud?
15. Why doesn’t an electron just go crashing into the nucleus?
Characterizing Atoms
16. What does atomic number represent?
17. What does atomic mass number represent?
18. What is the difference between atomic mass number and atomic mass?
19. Give the atomic number, # of protons, # of electrons, # of neutrons, and atomic mass # for Hydrogen,
Oxygen, Sodium, and Carbon.
The Periodic Table
20. What is the difference between Groups and Periods on the Periodic Table? In which Group could you find
the Nobel Gases?
21. List some differences between metals and non-metals. Where are each located on the Periodic Table?
22. What is the transition line? What relationship do metalloids have with the transition line? What are
metalloids? List some of their properties.
Isotopes
23. Define isotopes. Do isotopes of an element have different mass numbers? Why?
24. What makes an isotope a radioisotope?
25. Write the three versions of Hydrogen in correct isotopic notation. Write Oxygen with 8 and 10 neutrons in
correct isotopic notation. Write Carbon with a mass number of 14 incorrect isotopic notation.
Combinations of Atoms
26. Compare and contrast solids, liquids, and gases. Discuss relative motion and temperature in your
comparison.
27. Compare and contrast compounds and molecules. Give an example of each.
28. Compare and contrast mixtures and solutions. Give an example of each.
Counting Atoms
29. Give four examples illustrating how to count the atoms in various chemical formulas. Be sure to include
formulas that use parenthesis and coefficients.
Energy Levels
30. Can an electron move from one energy level to another in an atom? How many electrons can be held in the
first energy level in an atom? How many electrons can be held in the second energy level in an atom?
31. Describe the conditions in which an atom would give up electrons. Describe the conditions in which an
atom would give up electrons.
Ions
32. What is an ion? Describe how an ion forms. Give an example of this.
Bonds
33. How does an ionic bond form? Sketch an example illustrating formation of an ionic bond.
34. How does a covalent bond form? Sketch an example illustrating formation of a covalent bond.