Slide 1
SCANDENTIA AND PRIMATES
Slide 2
A.
B.
Order SCANDENTIA
Oriental
Family TUPAIIDAE
a. 5 genera, 19 species
Fig. 11.16
terrestrial to arboreal
diurnal
omnivorous, four species are mainly frugivorous
C.
D.
E.
F.
Slide 3
A.
B.
Family Tupaiidae
Primates-like characters
a. postorbital bar
b.
scrotal testes
c.
relatively large brain
Lack a petrosal bulla, unlike the primates
Slide 4.
tree shrew illustrations
Slide 5
Unusual Maternal Behavior
Slide 6
Order PRIMATES
Slide 7
A.
Primate overview
233 living species in 13 families
Slide 8
Primate Characteristics
A.
Petrosal bulla
B.
nail present on hallux (big toe), usually on other
digits as well
C.
pollex (thumb) and/or hallux opposable
D.
postorbital bar or postorbital plate [fig. 13.2]
E.
large braincase with large orbits
F.
reduced snout and overlapping visual fields
Slide 9
G.
Primate Characteristics
Development of color, stereoscopic vision.
a. large vision centers of brain
b.
eyes face forward
Slide 10
Traditional Classification
A.
PROSIMIANS
a. Taxa
i. Lemurs
ii. Lorises
iii. Tarsiers
b. Charateristics
i. Face
ii. orbit
iii. cerebral hemispheres
B.
ANTHROPOIDEA
a. Taxa
i. Monkeys
ii. apes and humans.
Slide 11
Primate Phylogeny [Fig. 13.11]
Slide 12
Cladistic Classification
A.
B.
Slide 13
Strepsirhines [lemuroids and lorisoids]
a. moist, wet, hairless nose (rhinarium)
b.
nostrils are crescentic slits
c.
postorbital bar
d.
lower incisors form tooth combs
Haplorhines [tarsiers and anthropoids]
a. eye sockets at least partially enclosed at the
rear
b.
skin covered nose (loss of rhinarium)
c.
spatulate incisors
d.
nostrils partially to completely ringed
Snout variation [Fig. 13.8]
A.
Strepsirhines
B.
Haplorhines
Slide 14
Primate skulls
C.
Strepsirhines
D.
Haplorhines
Slide 15
Fig. 13.7, Primate Phylogeny and Characteristics
Slide 16
Orientation of nostrils in New World (Platyrhine)
versus Old World (Catarhine) anthropoids
Slide 17
Primate Distribution
Slide 18
Superfamily LEMUROIDEA
A.
Five families that inhabit Madagascar
Slide 19
Family LEMURIDAE
Slide 20
Lemuridae Characteristics
Slide 21
More Lemur Characteristics
A.
vertical clingers and leapers
B.
ring-tailed lemurs [fig. 13.12]
Slide 22
Vertical Clinging and Leaping
Slide 23
Vertical Clinging and Leaping
Slide 24
More Lemur Characteristics
A.
tooth comb
Slide 25
Hibernation in the Madagascan fat-tailed dwarf
lemur, Cheirogaleus medius,
Slide 26
Indriidae
A.
closely related to lemurs
B.
leaf eaters
Slide 27
A.
B.
C.
D.
Family DAUBENTONIIDAE
nocturnal, large eyes
evergrowing, chisel-like incisors
hand with extremely long middle finger with wirelike claw
mainly insectivorous; also eat pulp of coconuts and
mangoes
Slide 28
Daubentonia
Slide 29
Daubentonia skull
Slide 30
Daubentonia face and hands
Slide 31
Superfamily Loroidea
A.
Families Loridae (lorises) and Galagidae
(bushbabies).
C.
Characters
Slide 32
A.
B.
C.
D.
Family LORIDAE
Ethiopian, Oriental
Slow climbers
tails very short to absent in most
mainly insectivorous and/or frugivorous
Slide 33
Lorid pictures
Slide 34
Family GALAGIDAe
A.
Ethiopian
B.
Vertical clingers and leapers
C.
well-developed hind limb and long tail
D.
insectivorous, frugivorous, to omnivorous
Slide 35
Galago
Slide 36
Family TARSIIDAE
A.
B.
C.
D.
Slide 37
A.
B.
C.
Slide 38
Tarsier
five species
Oriental (Indonesia, Philippines)
arboreal, nocturnal, insectivorous and carnivorous
(lizards)
Family Tarsiidae
partial post-orbital closure
eyes larger than brain and fixed
can rotate head almost 360 degrees
Tarsiidae
Specializations for vertical clinging and leaping
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
Slide 39
ANTHROPOIDEA
Slide 40
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
Superfamily Ceboidea
New World monkeys [fig 13.18] and marmosets
Neotropical [16 genera, 51 species]
auditory meatus lacking bony tube
three premolars
nostrils directed laterally (platyrhine)
Slide 41
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
Family CEBIDAE
11 genera, 58 species of New World monkeys
pollex slightly opposable to absent
tail prehensile in four genera
semibrachiators
diet mainly leaves, fruit, flowers
diurnal except for Aotus
squirrel, howler, wooly, and spider monkeys
Slide 42
Alouattus, howler monkeys
Slide 43
A.
B.
C.
Family CALLITHRICIDAE
Marmosets and tamarins
all very tiny, little sexual dimorphism
arboreal
Slide 44
Marmoset dentition and claws
Slide 45
Callithricid picture
Slide 46
Callithricid pictures
Slide 47
Family CERCOPITHECIDAE
A.
B.
C.
Slide 48
A.
B.
C.
D.
Old World Monkeys
Ethiopian, Oriental, Palearctic
largest family [12 genera, 70 species]
Family Cercopithecidae
auditory meatus with bony tube
two premolars
ischial callosities present
usually diurnal
Slide 49
Perineal swelling in sexually receptive females
Slide 50
Primate Teeth
Slide 51
Cercopithecinae
Slide 52
Cercopithecinae
A.
B.
C.
mainly African
omnivorous: leaves, fruit, seeds, animals
baboons kill opportunistically
Slide 53
Japanese snow monkeys
Slide 54
Colobinae
A.
B.
mainly Asian
tend to be follivores;
a. sacculated stomachs with a portion for
fermentation and large salivary glands
Slide 55
Pictures of Colobinae
Slide 56
HOMINOIDEA
Slide 57
Paraphyletic Phylogeny of the Hominoidea
Slide 58
Monophyletic Phylogeny of the Hominoidea
Slide 59
Distribution of Hominoidea
Slide 60
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
Family HYLOBATIDAE
gibbons and siamangs
Oriental--southeast Asia and Malay Archipelago
diet mainly fruit , also leaves, flowers
No sexual dimorphism
Live in small, territorial family groups
Loud vocalizations
Slide 61
A.
Hylobatidae
true brachiators
B.
can climb quadrupedally and walk bipedally
Slide 62
Brachiation or arm swinging
Slide 63
Hylobatidae
Slide 64
Hominidae dentition
A.
B.
Y5 M3 in hominids
Bilophodont cheek teeth in cercopithecids
Slide 65 Hominid cheek teeth
Slide 66
Family HOMINIDAE
Slide 67
Subfamily Ponginae
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
Orangutans, Chimpanzees, Gorilla
a. A paraphyletic grouping
Ethiopian, Oriental
forelimbs much longer than hindlimbs
hallux is opposable
orangs are highly arboreal; brachiate slowly
gorillas and chimps are terrestrial knuckle walkers
Slide 68
Knuckle Walking in Gorillas
Slide 69
A.
Subfamily Homininae
Bipedal hominids
Slide 70
Fossil record
Slide 70
Human and Ape Ontogeny
Slide 71
Chimpanzee ontogeny
Slide 72
Human Population Growth
Slide 73
A.
Biology & Conservation of Primates
Deforestation
B.
Slide 74
Golden lion tamarins, a success story for the role of
zoos
Threats to Gorillas & other large mammals