The Difference of (in) Metabolic Rate of Avian Eggs During Incubation
Chelsea Roche and Frank Leon
Department of Biological Sciences
Saddleback College
Mission Viejo, CA 92692
Metabolic rate is an important measurement of all of the body’s functions. It
can be measured by oxygen consumption or by the production of carbon dioxide.
Both methods of measurement encompass body functions such as gas exchange,
organ function, and the overall health of an individual. Metabolic rate increases as
the gestational period goes on, and is also dependent on the size of the organism. In
this experiment, the metabolic rate of avian eggs was measured in relation to the
point in the gestational period. Measurements were taken at the beginning, middle
and end of gestation and calculated in terms of mL CO2*·g-1*·min-1. The original
experiment tested the metabolic rates of chicken, duck, and quail eggs against each
other with relation to the weight of the egg, but investigators encountered an
experiment-altering problem in which the majority of the eggs were not fertilized, as
they were supposed to have been. Investigators adapted and used the five quail eggs
that were fertilized and developing to measure the metabolic rate in beginning,
middle and end of the gestational periods. The average carbon dioxide production
was calculated for comparison purposes. An ANOVA test was run, with a p-value of
0.046 followed by a Post-Hoc Bonferroni Comparison and it was found that there was
a statistical difference between the middle and late gestational periods (t=2.807).
(confusing) The statistical difference was present because an unexplained event
occurred where all of the fetuses died in-utero. There was no statistical difference in
the beginning to middle of the gestational periods (1.690) (what is this number?) , or
the beginning to end of gestation (t=1.117).
Introduction
The process in which a bird broods its eggs is vital to the success of the population.
The term brooding is defined as an inherent behavioral characteristic present in the class
Aves to sit on a clutch of eggs to incubate them (Ekarius, 2007). The body heat from the
presence of the parent provides a constant temperature that is necessary to promote
embryonic growth and development. The heat present from incubation provides the
energy needed to drive molecular interactions and enzymatic activities. Oxygen drives
phosphorylation through a pressure gradient created by the embryo’s oxygen
consumption. Carbon dioxide and water vapor diffuse in the opposite direction creating a
metabolic process in which the embryo will grow from. Towards the end of incubation,
breathing like movements (please explain) begin and the beak pierces the air cell to fully
develop the lungs (Mortola, 2009), marking the end of the dependence of the embryo on
the egg for metabolic processes during development.
The size of the egg and the incubation time are directly related. There is no
significant direct relationship, however, to the size of the bird and the size of the egg.
Smaller species lay relatively larger eggs in comparison of(to) body size and egg size. The
varying incubation times are significant in determining the maturity of the bird at hatching
time. In altricial species, the hatchlings are completely dependent on parental care while
precocial species that are born after longer incubation periods are born with their eyes
open and are more developed than the former (Hoyt, 1980). All eggs used in this
experiment are precocial species.
Metabolism in developing embryos has been measured in the form of heat and
oxygen consumption. The metabolic rate increased during development and plateaued just
prior to hatching. Metabolic rate is proportional to egg mass and inversely proportional to
incubation time (Karlsson, 2007). The incubation time for all three species varies. The
common chicken’s incubation time is 21 days, the duck’s incubation time is 26-28 days and
the quail’s incubation time is the shortest at 16-17 days.
Investigators hypothesized that the duck will have the highest metabolic rate, and
that metabolic rate will be at it’s (its) highest just before pipping. This hypothesis is
supported by numerous studies(like which?) done on the metabolic rate of eggs based on
size and the different points in the gestational period.
Materials and Methods
Investigators obtained 12 fertilized duck eggs, 12 fertilized quail eggs and 12
fertilized chicken eggs from Wagon Train Tack and feed in Orange, California. An incubator
and a turner were also rented to insure a good hatching. Water was placed in the incubator
to keep humidity at 65%, the amount needed for all three species. The incubator was
turned on and allowed to reach 37C. All eggs were placed in the turner, which would
rotate the eggs every hour like they would be in the wild. This insures that the eggs do not
get stuck to the shell, and are allowed to grow in equal proportions all around their bodies.
The eggs were left for a period of a week in which temperature and humidity were checked
every day. After a week, the first measurements were taken for all three species and
divided thereafter by the time left in the gestational period and measurements were taken
accordingly. (what?) The mass of each egg was taken and recorded before each
measurement. Measurements were taken using a Pasco GLX probe, which measured the
amount of carbon dioxide produced. Eggs were set in a sealed container, which was then
placed in an incubator set at 37C. Carbon dioxide production was measured for ten
minutes and graphed on the Pasco GLX. The data was then transferred to a laptop and
graphed on excel to measure the slope and R2 value. The data was divided by 1000 to get
the carbon dioxide in mL, divided again by the volume of the container used to capture
data, and then divided yet again by the mass of each egg.
Results
After encountering difficulties with fertilization of 31 of the 36 eggs, only five quail
eggs were used to gather data, as they were the only eggs that underwent some sort of
development. An ANOVA test was run to compare the average of CO2 produced by the five
eggs at three different gestational periods, beginning, middle, and end with a p-value of
0.046 (Figure 1). According to the Post-hoc Bonferroni comparison, there were statistical
differences between the middle and end of the gestational period (t=2.807), but not
between the beginning and end (t=1.117), or the beginning and middle (t=1.690). The
average of the beginning gestational period of all five eggs was 0.256 mL*·g-1*·min-1 (± SE ?,
N=?). The average of the middle gestational period was 0.274 mL*·g-1*·min-1(± SE ?, N=?)
and the average of the late gestational period was 0.119 mL*·g-1*·min-1 (± SE ?, N=?).
Figure 1: The average of the production of CO2 by the five quail eggs at beginning, middle, and
end of gestation. Error bars and the x-axis are missing.
Discussion
The results indicated that there was a difference in metabolic rate in the early stages
of avian development. The current experiment supported previous work (Mortola, 2009),
that the metabolic rate of the avian egg size increased during the early and middle stages of
the gestational period. An increase in carbon dioxide production indicated an increase in
metabolism, likely due to the development of organs. Later in the gestational period, the
production of carbon dioxide decreased, signifying a decrease in metabolic rate for all five
quails. Investigators suspect that development was halted for an unexplained reason. All
research and knowledge of metabolism of A(a)vian eggs support the theory that
metabolism should be at it’s (its) highest just before pipping, but this was not the case in
this experiment, indicating that something was wrong. After the hatch date had been
passed by a week for the quails, investigators broke open portions of the eggs to find that 7
of the 12 quail eggs were not fertilized and 5 had died unexpectedly during development.
This prompted an investigation to(of) the rest of the eggs in which the candle method was
used, where a hole was cut in a dark piece of construction paper and a light was shone
through it to see where the rest of the eggs were in their developmental stages. (run on)
Investigators were shocked to find that 31 of the 36 eggs were unfertilized and not
developing, rendering the original experiment impossible. Investigators adapted to the
situation and changed the experiment to use the data that they had collected for the five
quails during varying gestational periods. Instead of measuring avian egg size versus
metabolism as the original experiment outlined, investigators measured the carbon dioxide
production versus the period of incubation. It was found that carbon dioxide did increase,
as it should, from the beginning to the middle, but at the end of gestation which was the
only statistically significant comparison, according to the Bonferroni comparison, carbon
dioxide production decreased significantly. (run on)
Acknowledgements
Investigators would like to thank Steve Teh, for his knowledge and expertise.
They would also like to thank their classmates for the moral support they provided for the
duration of this experiment.
Literature Cited
Birchard, G.F and Deeming, D.C. (2009). Avian eggshell thickness: scaling and maximum
body mass in birds. Journal of Zoology 279: 95-101.
Ekarius, Carol (2007). Storey's Illustrated Guide to Poultry Breeds. 210 MAS MoCA Way,
North Adams MA 01247.
Hoyt, Donald and Rahn, Hermann (1980). Respiration of Avian Embryos. Respiration
Physiology 39: 255-264
Karlsson, Ola and Lilja, Clas (2007). Eggshell structure, mode of development and growth
rate in birds. Zoology 111: 494-502.
Mortola, Jacob P. (2009). Gas Exchange in avian embryos and hatchlings. Comp. Biochem.
Physiol. Part A 153: 359-377.
Review Form
Department of Biological Sciences
Saddleback College, Mission Viejo, CA 92692
Author (s):_Chelsea Roche and Frank Leon___________
Title:__The Difference of Metabolic Rate of Avian Eggs During Incubation
Summary
Summarize the paper succinctly and dispassionately. Do not criticize here, just show that you understood the paper.
The investigators were originally comparing the metabolic rate of chicken, duck, and
quail eggs. For this, they hypothesized that the duck eggs would have the highest metabolic
rate, and the metabolic rate would be highest just before pipping. Data for this hypothesis
was not able to be collected due to the majority of eggs not actually being fertilized. The
five quail eggs that were fertilized were examined to study the difference in metabolic rate
between gestational periods. They found that there was a statistical difference between the
middle and end gestational periods, but the investigators believe this difference was caused
by the quail eggs dying.
General Comments
Generally explain the paper’s strengths and weaknesses and whether they are serious, or important to our
current state of knowledge.
What was the hypothesis for the modified experiment?
There was some run on sentences which were very confusing to read (especially in the
discussion) plus some common grammatical errors.
The Introduction and background information were the strongest parts in the paper, but
the discussion needs work. I understood the significance of the data that you were not able
to collect, but I do not understand the significance of the data you actually collected.
Technical Criticism
Review technical issues, organization and clarity. Provide a table of typographical errors, grammatical errors,
and minor textual problems. It's not the reviewer's job to copy Edit the paper, mark the manuscript.
This paper was a final version
This paper was a rough draft