Internationalization and Globalization in Higher Education
A Selected Bibliography
1998-2003
Prepared by the International Association of Universities
under contract by UNESCO
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
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I.
BOOKS…………………………………………………………
1 - 22
II.
PERIODICAL ARTICLES AND CHAPTERS IN BOOKS…
23 - 53
III.
INTERNET RESOURCES…………………………………….
54 - 56
I. BOOKS
50 years of international cooperation and exchange between the United States and Europe:
European views
Wit, Hans de; Ed. / European Association for International Education [Netherlands].-- 1998.
Barriers, borders and brands: forging an institutional strategy for development and
collaboration in borderless higher education
Cooper, Aldwyn / Observatory on Borderless Higher Education [UK].-- London, 2002. 25pp.
DESCRIPTORS: educational strategies; educational innovations; information technology;
corporate education; case studies; international education; transnational education;
international trade; UK.
ABSTRACT: This report is a case study one universit’s strategy to pursue ‘borderless higher
education’. The University of Glamorgan in Wales, UK, is a relatively large, former
polytechnic that has embraced e-learning as a core part of its ongoing strategy to serve
traditional students, widen access and develop international markets and partnerships. The
report argues that the ‘bordeless” future (encompassing diversification of income, widening
participation, new technologies, commercialisation and internationalisation) demand a
paradigm shift in higher education. The author cautions against the ‘ghettoisation’ of elearning and other borderless developments, arguing that only by mainstreaming innovation
will new developments flourish and the institution as a whole move forward. The main focus
of the report is the development of the UK£6.3 million ‘Enterprise College Wales’, a new
initiative to bring relevant online higher education provision, with a business and management
focus, to the Welsh community. The author offers insight into course development, staff
issues, intellectual property, technology procurement and successful partnerships, including
lessons learned.
Becoming internationally competitive: the value of international experience for Australian
students
Davies, Dorothy; Mine, Catherine; Olsen, Alan / IDP Education Australia.-- 1999. 118 pp.
DESCRIPTORS: international education; study abroad; Australia.
The Bologna process and the GATS negotiations
European University Association.-- Geneva, 2002.
DESCRIPTORS: higher education policy; international trade.
The Brave New [and Smaller] World of Higher Education: A Transatlantic view
Green, Madeleine; Eckel, Peter; Barblan, Andris / American Council on Education; European
University Association.-- Washington,DC, 2002. 32pp.
DESCRIPTORS: change strategies; globalization; information technology; international
education; market economy.
ABSTRACT: This essay emerged from the rich conversation of the Transatlantic Dialogue
held in July 2001 at the Université Laval in Quebec, Canada. This paper is the first in a series
associated with a new ACE initiative, the Changing Enterprise Project, that seeks to chart and
understand the new directions colleges and universities are pursuing to respond to increased
competition and changing fiscal realities.
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The Business of borderless education: UK perspectives. Summary report
Committee of Vice-Chancellors and Principals [UK]; Higher Education Funding Council for
England. 39pp.
ABSTRACT: This report on ‘The business of borderless education’ has come at just the right
time. It gives a comprehensive account of the virtual and corporate developments in learning
which – along with the internet – are sweeping the world. The report alerts UK universities
and colleges to the challenge in borderless learning posed by their overseas counterparts,
particularly in North America. But that challenge is also a major opportunity for us, which we
must seize. The UK has a strong track record of world-leading initiatives in the use of new
technologies in higher education. The report puts us right on track to capitalise on these.
Conclusions from this report have fed into the thinking on our new ‘e-University’ project. The
report highlights that many individual higher education institutions are seaking to develop
web-based applications on their own or in groups. We launched the ‘e-University’ project in
the strong belief that, by working together in a partnership, we can pool the resources and
expertise needed to exploit the huge possibilities offered by new technologies, and the Internet
in particular, to establish a world-class provider with global reach. Nevertheless, the report
also highlights the multitude of issues that need to be addressed to develop high quality
borderless education, notably in the area of Quality assurance.
The Business of Internationalisation: Emerging Issues for the Entrepreneurial University
Poole, David; Pratt, Graham / AIR 1999 Annual Forum Paper.-- 1999. 57pp.
DESCRIPTORS: Chaos Theory; Entrepreneurship; Global Education; Strategic Planning;
Australia. - Change Strategies; Competition; Foreign Students; Future Studies; Institutional
Research; International Education; Long Range Planning; Models.
CONTENTS: This paper analyzes various strategic management models for international
programs from an Australian perspective. It presents the results of a qualitative case study of
one Australian university faculty of business in the context of the relevance of chaos and
complexity theories to strategic management. The case study is organized around the
strategies, structures, systems, organizational learning, and leadership dimensions of this
institution's management of international-entrepreneurial activities. The paper argues that the
model of "structured chaos" or "bounded stability" and the core concepts associated with this
model, such as "competing on the edge," may be of critical importance to a sector
characterized by rising levels of national and international competition and institutional forays
into these areas. Individual sections discuss: international-entrepreneurial activities in
Australian universities; international education in the United States; international
convergence; the strategic management of international-entrepreneurial programs; and the
management of international entrepreneurial programs at "Australia U".
The Chief International Education Administrator [CIEA] as an Agent for Organizational
Change
Thulle, Manfred; Heyl, John; Brownell, Blaine / Association of International Education
Administrators.-- Buffalo,NY, 2001.
DESCRIPTORS: international education; administrators; USA.
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Comparative Costs of Higher Education Courses for International Students in Australia, New
Zealand, the United Kingdom, Canada and the United States
IDP Education Australia; Australian Education International.-- Sydney, 2001. 82pp.
ISBN: 0-86403-038-x
DESCRIPTORS: study abroad; statistical data; statistical analysis; university courses; costs;
tuition; comparative analysis; Australia; New Zealand; UK; Canada; USA.
ABSTRACT: This report examines the extent to which the cost of Australian higher
education is globally competitive in terms of international student tuition fees and living
costs. The report documents the outcomes of a study by IDP Education Australia (IDP)
with support from Australian Education International (AEI). In this study, the costs of
an international higher education in Australia were compared with costs in Australia's
four main competitor countries, namely the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada
and New Zealand. The project was designed to update and extend the work completed
by IDP in 1994 and 1997 for DETYA and published as Comparative Analysis of
Postgraduate Courses for Overseas Students in Australia, New Zealand, the UK, Canada
and the US (1994) and, Comparative Costs of Higher Education Courses for
International Students in Australia, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, Canada and the
United States (1997).
Constructing Knowledge Societies: New challenges for tertiary education
World Bank.-- Washington,D.C., 2002. 204pp. ISBN: 0-8213-5143-5
DESCRIPTORS: knowledge; future society; learned societies; globalization; education and
development; role of education; developing countries; crisis of education; government and
university relationship; market economy; international assistance.
CONTENTS: Overview and main findings 1. The Changing global environment 2.
Contribution of tertiary education to economic and social development 3. Confronting the old
challenges: the continuing crisis of tertiary education in developing and transition countries 4.
The Changing nexus: tertiary education institutions, the marketplace, and the state 5. World
Bank support for tertiary education
The Corporate campus: commercialization and the dangers to Canada's colleges and universities
Turk, J.L.; Ed. / Canadian Association of University Teachers.-- Toronto,ON, James Lorimer
& Company, 2000. 223 pp.
DESCRIPTORS: entrepreneurship; corporate education; university campuses; private sector;
international trade; Canada.
ABSTRACT: For fifty years, the quality of education offered by Canadian universities and
colleges has steadily improved along with access to these institutions. Now these gains are in
danger. As tuition fees increase, as colleges and universities make new and often secret
arrangements with the private sector, and as courses and research go up "for sale," Canada's
universities and colleges are losing sight of the public interest. The articles in "The Corporate
Campus" grow out of presentations made at CAUT's conference on commercialization of postsecondary education.
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Corporate universities: historical development, conceptual analysis & relations with publicsector higher education
Taylor, Scott; Paton, Rob / Observatory on Borderless Higher Education [UK].-- London,
2002. 21pp.
DESCRIPTORS: corporate education; universities; trade and industrial education;
international education; transnational education; international trade.
ABSTRACT: In recent years the number and visibility of training and development initiatives
within multinational corporations that adopt the language, structure and practice of higher
education has risen dramatically, yet empirical analyses of corporate universities remain rare. In
this report, the authors survey some existing literature and present preliminary findings from
empirical work with a number of corporate universities in Europe. There is mention of historical
precedents for both commercial companies taking primary responsibility for employee training
and development, and a blurred divide between higher education and vocational training.
Corporate university initiatives are located within the organizational world that has generated
them, and in particular recent managerial discourses of human resource management, knowledge
management and the 'teaming organisation'. Interview data from directors of European corporate
universities suggest these initiatives are subject to a range of intense pressures that should be
taken into account in considering their significance and likely impact on existing educational
providers. The report concludes with a discussion of three potential futures for corporate
universities within contemporary educational provision.
Crisis across frontiers: impacts, readiness and response strategies for international educators
European Association for International Education [Netherlands].-- Amsterdam, 2000. 44 pp.
ISBN: 90-74721-06-0
DESCRIPTORS: academic staff; international cooperation.
Demand for transnational higher education in the Asia Pacific
Blight, Denis; West, Leo / IDP Education Australia; Leo West Consulting.-- 2000. 20pp.
DESCRIPTORS: international education; student mobility; economics of education;
educational demand; socio-economic factors; enrolment projections; Asia and the Pacific.
ABSTRACT: Most of the countries in the Asia Pacific region are experiencing increasing
demand for higher education, driven by the joint pressures of social demand and human
resources needs. There are two determining factors, which provide potencial for alternative
provision for the supply of higher education. These are the globalisation of higher education
and the new information technologies, both of which have influenced the emergence of
transnational education, the provision of education by providers from one country (usually a
developed country) to the citizens of other countries (often developing countries). The
movement of students to the provider countries for higher education is being augmented by
the provision of higher education in the receiving countries. The options include extension
campuses of various forms (ranging from “true” campuses of foreign universities to
franchising of their courses through local education providers), traditional distance education,
and the so-called virtual higher education or universities. The purpose of this paper is twofold. First to present some analyses which attempt to quantify the supply of and demand for
transnational education in the Asia Pacific. Then it addresses the question of how that demand
can be met.
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e-Learning in Asia: supply & demand
Olsen, Alan / Observatory on Borderless Higher Education [UK].-- London, 2002. 18pp.
DESCRIPTORS: transnational education; international education; information technology;
virtual university; educational demand; Asia; China; India; Singapore; Malaysia; Hong Kong;
UK; Africa; India.
Educating for Global Competence. America's Passport to the Future
American Council on Education.-- 1998. 28pp.
DESCRIPTORS: Global Approach; government university relationship; industry and
education; university community relationship; USA. - National Programmes; Future Studies;
International Education; Local Government; Government.
CONTENTS: This document advocates for a partnership of higher education with government
and business to support the development of a globally competent citizenry. An executive
summary summarizes the roles of each member of this partnership: (1) the federal
government, which should support existing effective programs, leverage state and private
resources, and ensure that necessary international expertise is available; (2) state and local
governments, which should provide incentives and reward colleges and universities that add
an international dimension to their curricula; (3) the business community, which should
encourage the hiring and development of internationally competent staff and cooperate with
colleges and universities; and (4) colleges and universities, which should actively seek
partnerships with business and government to develop new forms of education appropriate to a
global economy. Chapter 1 offers a broad look at the global context and global trends. Chapter
2 addresses the role of higher education in human resource development. Chapter 3 offers an
agenda for stakeholders and includes lists of key federal programs and existing partnerships
between corporate, higher education, and governmental sectors which promote international
competence.
Emerging indicators of success & failure in borderless higher education
Ryan, Yoni / Observatory on Borderless Higher Education [UK].-- London, 2002. 16pp.
DESCRIPTORS: transnational education; information technology; international education;
international trade.
ABSTRACT: The term ‘borderless higher education’ referes to a range of interlocking
activites – including e-learning, other forms of transnational provision and new providers (e.g.
for – profit universities) – that cross a variety of ‘borders’, whether geographic, sectral or
conceptual. In 2000, the Committtee of Vice-Chancellors & Principals (CVCP- now
Universities UK) and DETYA (Dept of Education, Training & Youth Affairs in Australia –
now Dept of Education, Science & Training) published complementary reports on these
developments. Both reports were based on data collected in 1999. Snce then, the dot.com
crash and the downtum in world economies have caused a re-assessment of the business cases
of most borderless ventures – not least, the assumed lucrative returns from e-learning, and the
nature of public/private partnerships. This paper discusses some of the major winners and
losers in this turbulent environment, considers the apparent causal factors, and suggests some
lessons for decision-makers in public universities.
ERASMUS in the SOCRATES programme: Findings of an evaluation study
Teichler, Ulrich; Ed. / Academic Cooperation Association.-- Bonn, Lemmens, 2002. 239pp.
ISBN: 3-932306-41-4
DESCRIPTORS: international programmes; international educational exchange; programme
evaluation; Europe.
ABSTRACT : The strength of this study is that it provides far more than a « snapshot » of
ERASMUS in the first years after its reform. The material collected and analysed on this
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period is impressive enough. But what makes this evaluation so valuable is that it can draw on
the results of many previous evaluations. The findings from these earlier works on
ERASMUS, but also on the little remembered “Joint Study Programmes”, on TEMPUS, on
the predecessor of the “Marie Curie” scheme for young researchers, and on many bilateral
internationalisation programmes, enrich the study in two ways. They enable the authors to put
their new findings into a “vertical”, i.e. historical perspective, and they allow for “horizontal”
comparisons with the results and impacts of other schemes. Contents: ERASMUS under the
umbrella of SOCRATES: an evaluation study; Participation in ERASMUS: figures and
patterns; The policies of higher education institutions; The students’ experience; Emplyment
and work of former mobile students; The academics’ views and experiences; Curriculum
development activities and thematic network projects; The implementation of SOCRATES at
the national level; The SOCRATES support programme: framework and management;
ERASMUS – observations and recommendations.
European dimensions: education, training and the European Union
Field, John.-- London; Philadelphia, Jessica Kingsley Publishers, 1998. 215 pp.
ISBN: 1-85302-432-5
DESCRIPTORS: European education; curriculum development; regional cooperation; global
approach; educational policy; information society; European Union.
CONTENTS: 1. The European dimension and the global context; 2. Developing policies for
education and training 1957-1992; 3. Education, a Europe of the people: the 1990s; 4.
Education, training and European integration; 5. Mobility, qualifications and the Citizen's
Europe; 6. Maintaining the European model of society; 7. Fostering innovation and
competitiveness in the information society; 8. Human potential, globalisation and Europe's
future
Global education: borderless world
Umaly, Ruben C.; Ed.; Pinyonatthagarn, Dhirawit; Ed. / Suranaree University of Technology
[Thailand]; Association of Universities of Asia and the Pacific [Thailand].-- 1998. 211 pp.
ISBN: 974-7359-23-5
DESCRIPTORS: educational innovations; educational trends; global approach; transnational
education.
CONTENTS: Innovations of teacher’s education in a borderless world; Challenges to
university administrators in the Twenty-First Centry; The role of academic consorcia and
associations for better graduate studies; Borderless learning environment in higher education
in the Asia-Pacific for the Twenty-First Century; Challenges to universities towards global
education and networking: the Thai perspective; Institutional strategies for re-engineering
higher education; Making distance education borderless; Universities and the international
knowledge enterprise: Southeast Asia Perspective; English language teaching: a look into the
future; In pursuit of excellence in higher education; The role of distance open learning in
building lifelong education and learning society for the 21st century
The global market for higher education: sustainable competetive strategies for new millenium
Mazzarol, Tim; Soutar, Geoffrey N..-- Edward Elgar, 2001. 208pp. ISBN: 1-84064-329-3
DESCRIPTORS: economics of education; educational strategies; study abroad; international
education; sustainable development.
CONTENTS: 1. Education as a marketable service 2. Facing the next millenium 3. What
brings success? 4. A Student's perspective 5. Developing a sustainable competitive advantage
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6. Global marketing of education services 7. A model of competitive advantage for education
services 8. Implications of the model 9. Developing sustainable strategies 10. Policy
prescriptions for global education.
Globalisation, Enterprise and Knowledge: Education, training and development in Africa
King, Kenneth; McGrath, Simon.-- Oxford, Symposium Books, 2002. 228pp.
ISBN: 1-873927-49-5
DESCRIPTORS: knowledge; globalization; international education; market economy; Africa;
Ghana; Kenya; South Africa.
ABSTRACT: This book examines some of the major challenges faced by African education
by placing them in two important contexts. First, it explores how new economic dynamics,
linked to globalisation, impact upon educational priorities and possibilities. Second, it stresses
the need to locate educational policies and practices alongside approaches in other sectors.
This leads to an analysis of the intersections between education, training and enterprise
development. Through detailed examinations of recent policies and practices in Ghana, Kenya
and South Africa, the book shows how different national approaches emerge in spite of
apparent convergences in donor agency policy and international policy discourses. Aimed at
policymakers and practitioners as well as academics, the book outlines a series of theoretical,
policy and practical challenges for the future of African education and its broader role in
development. Kenneth King is Professor of International and Comparative Education and
Director of the Centre of African Studies at the University of Edinburgh.
Globalization and the Market in Higher Education: Quality, accreditation and qualifications
(Education on the Move)
Uvalic-Trumbic, Stamenka / International Association of Universities .-- Paris, UNESCO
Publishing. London,Paris,Genève, Economica, 2002. 212pp. ISBN: 92-3-103870-2
DESCRIPTORS: globalization; market economy; accreditation; qualifications; educational
quality; international trade; Europe; Latin America; Asia and the Pacific; Arab countries;
Nigeria; Russian Federation; Mexico; Romania.
ABSTRACT: As higher education opens up to world markets and the World Trade
Organizations turns its attention towards universities, quality, accreditation and qualifications
are becoming issues of major concern to university leaders, governments, students and
parents. What are the possibilities of dealing with these burning issues in a concerted way?
What are national and regional authorities doing to tackle what promises to be the most
important issue since the development of mass higher education? This book examines haw far
an international framework in quality assurance and accreditation may be envisaged. What are
its limitations? How are governments and universities responding to the challenge of a global
market in higher education?
Part 1: Quality assurance, accreditation and the recognition of qualifications in a global
context. Part 2: Quality assuarance, accreditation and the recognition of qualifications:
regional perspectives. Part 3: National concerns: recognition of qualifications, quality
assurance, accreditation related to new providers in higher education. Part 4: Emerging market
in higher education: what lies ahead?
The Globalization of higher education
Scott, Peter; Ed. / Society for Research into Higher Education [UK].-- Open University Press,
1999. 134 pp. ISBN: 0-335-20244-6
DESCRIPTORS: university cooperation; social change; student mobility; foreign students;
international education; global approach; educational objectives; UK; Europe; South Africa;
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Commonwealth.
CONTENTS: Contemporary transformations of time and space (J.Urry); Internationalizing
British higher education: students and institutions (T.Bruch and A.Barty); Internationalizing
British higher education: policy perspectives (D.Elliot); Internationalization in Europe
(H.Callan); Internationalization in South Africa (R.Kishun); A Commonwealth perspective on
the globalization of higher education (M.Gibbons); The role of the European Union in the
internationalization of higher education (U.Teichler); Globalization and concurrent challenges
for higher education (J.Sadlak); Massification, internationalization and globalization.
Globalization of higher education: a mandate for the third millenium
Association of Universities of Asia and the Pacific [Thailand].-- 1999. 189pp.
MEETING: AUAP General Conference: Conference Proceedings. 3rd. Angeles City, 1999.
DESCRIPTORS: educational strategies; global approach; university cooperation; educational
management; governance; university administration; virtual university; distance education;
engineering education.
CONTENTS: 1. Globalization what it might mean for an individual university (K.Edwards) 2.
The challenges of globalization in European inter-university cooperation (A.Barblan) 3.
Trends and issues in international linkages: the Phillipine experience (A.A.Calata) 4. Strategy
for university management (F.Nemezo) 5. Strategies in university management of a private
university (Fr.Bienvenido F.Nebres,S.J.) 6. The role of good governnance in university
management (W.Srisa-an) 7. The virtual university: an experience into the next century
(S.Othman Alhabshi) 8. Distance education and multimedia communications technologies
(T.S.Tengku Shahdan) 9. Balancing technology and human values: the Iranian perspective
(A.Eskandari) 10. Educating ethical engineers: a challenge to engineering schools
(M.C.Belino) 11. Assessment and accreditation: the Indian experience (A.Stella) 12. Role of
higher education in promoting peace (M.R.Behbahani).
The globalization of the professions in the United States and Canada: a survey and analysis
Peace Lenn, Marjorie; Reason Moll, Jennifer / Center for Quality Assurance in International
Education [USA].-- Washington,DC, 2000. 68p.
DESCRIPTORS: international education; occupational mobility; professions; comparative
analysis; global approach; surveys; USA; Canada.
ABSTRACT: Developments in the global economy, including advancements in technology
and the proliferation of trade agreements, continue to facilitate professional mobility.
Generally speaking, restrictions based on national borders are crumbling quickly. The tenets
of most of the recent trade agreements hold to principles of non-discriminatory treatment for
service providers, including the professions. Two such agreements GATS and NAFTA have
begun to affect business as usual by encouraging the development of common educational
standards, mutual recognition and the liberalization of the processes by which professionals
are allowed to practice.
Globalizing Practices and University Responses: European and Anglo-American differences
Currie, J.; Ed.; DeAngelis, R.; Ed..-- Westport,CN, London, Praeger, 2003. 248 pp.
ISBN: 0-89789-868-0.
DESCRIPTORS: universities; globalization; Europe; USA
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ABSTRACT: Compares the impact of globalizing practices on universities in Australia,
Europe, and the United States and analyzes how administrators and academics respond to
crucial questions regarding the future of universities and how globalizing practices have
affected lives of academics.
Higher education in the age of globalization [Keynote address]
Van Damme, Dirk / UNESCO.-- Paris, 2001. 12pp.
MEETING: Expert Meeting on "The Impact of Globalization on Quality Assurance,
Accreditation and the Recognition of Qualifications in Higher Education. Paris, 2001.
DESCRIPTORS: equivalence between diplomas; globalization; quality control; accreditation;
qualifications; study abroad; international trade.
Higher education and the Nation-State: the international dimension of higher education
Huisman, Jeroen; Ed.; Maassen, Peter; Ed.; Neave, Guy; Ed. / International Association of
Universities.-- Oxford, Pergamon. IAU Press, 2001. 237pp. ISBN: 0080427901
DESCRIPTORS: higher education policy; government university relationship; government
control; historical analysis; local governemt; financial support; educational mobility; quality
control; regional cooperation; scientific cooperation; doctoral programmes; private education;
global approach; European Union; USA; Netherlands.
CONTENTS: Introduction. Europe: the pioneer or the exception. (J.Huisman,P.Maassen and
G.Neave). 1. The European dimension in higher education: an excursion into the modern use
of historical analogues (G.Neave). 2. The Changing context of coordination in higher
education: the Federal-state experience in the United States (D.D.Dill). 3. The Role and
position of research and doctoral training in the European Union (A.Ruberti). 4. Higher
education in the process of European integration, globalizing economies and mobility of
students and staff (A.Amaral) 5. 'Our' Colleges of Post-compulsory Education: observations
on a Subdued debate (F.van Wieringen). 6. The Higher education policy of the European
Union: with or against the Member States? (K.De Wit and J.Verhoeven).
Higher Education Partnerships for International Development: Knowledge, cooperation, results
Association Liaison Office for University Cooperation in Development [USA].-- Washington,
DC, 2001. 63pp.
DESCRIPTORS: university cooperation; economic development; international programmes;
sustainable development; developing countries.
Impact of Globalization on Quality Assurance, Accreditation and the Recognition of
Qualifications in Higher Education
UNESCO.-- Paris, 2001.
MEETING: Expert Meeting [Conference Papers]. Paris, 2001.
DESCRIPTORS: equivalence between diplomas; globalization; quality control; accreditation;
qualifications; study abroad; international trade.
Internacionalización de la educación superior en América Latina y el Caribe: reflexiones y
lineamientos
Gacel-Avila, Jocelyne / Inter-American Organization for Higher Education [Canada].
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Instituto de Gestión y Liderazgo Universitario; Asociación Mexicana para la Educación
Internacional; Ford Foundation.-- 1999. 210pp. ISBN: 968-895-877-8
DESCRIPTORS: international education; university cooperation; international cooperation;
institutional administration; institutional evaluation; Latin America; Caribbean.
International branch campuses: scale & significance
Observatory on Borderless Higher Education [UK].-- London, 2002.
DESCRIPTORS: international education
CONTENTS: International branch campuses, aimed at recruitment of local students in the
developing world, are a new and under-researched phenomenon. These ventures have
generally been developed by universities with long-standing international franchise
arrangements. Branch campuses deepen commitment to international provision, moving away
from majority dependence on local partners for delivery and towards a genuine corporate
presence. Given controversy over examples of poor quality franchising, branch campuses offer
a number of advantages, including firmer corporate control, higher local profile and an
innovative way to stand out in a crowded marketplace.
International education: towards a critical perspective
Callan, Hilary; Ed. / European Association for International Education [Netherlands].-- 2000.
50pp. ISBN: 90-74721-15-x
DESCRIPTORS: international education; international educational exchange; study abroad.
ABSTRACT: This collection of papers has had Its origins lie in a number of discussions,
beginning in the mid -1990s and initially somewhat isolated from one another, in which calls
for a new and more critical examination of the taken-for-granted value of international
education have to be heard. In turn, the call for a critical perspective reflects more general
underlying trends, among which I would include: a growing perception among those in the
field that investment of resources in international education requires specific educational,
social and philosophical justifications; a realisation that justifications need to be articulated,
not assumed; an increasing sense of common professional identity among practitioners in the
field, transcending differences of nationality, specialism and seniority, and accompanied by a
desire for reflexive self-examination of systems and purposes; an enlarging awareness of
international education as an emerging object of research and analysis in its own right; with a
corresponding search for appropriate theoretical apparatus. Here, we bring together a selection
of these discussions as they have taken place within the EAIE in recent years.
International initiatives and trends in quality assurance for European higher education
Campbell, Carolyn; Van der Wende, Marijk / European Network for Quality Assurance in
Higher Education [Finland].-- Helsinki, 2001. 38pp. ISBN: 951-98680-0-3
DESCRIPTORS: quality control; professional recognition; equivalence between diplomas;
Europe.
CONTENTS: The focus of the report is on mapping in particular those initiatives and
processes relevant in the field of quality assurance and recognition beyond those undertaken at
the national level. Accordingly the report will complete the already existing state-of-art reports
on quality assurance in EU and EEA countries. Furthermore it provides an analysis of the
issues affecting the debate on quality assurance in Europe. The report does not intend to
provide the answers, but to identify the key issues and skech the main questions to be
answered. The first chapter of the report will give an introduction to the theme of
internationalisation and quality assurance, discussing both the links and tension between them
as a way to introduce the main questions to be addressed in this paper and following
discussions. Chapter two will give an analysis of the wider context for European higher
12
education by discussing some world-wide trends and the challenges that they represent for
Europe. Chapter three will focus on the recent initiatives that have been taken in Europe in
order to respond to these wider challenges, i.e. the Sorbonne and Bologna Declarations and the
follow-up process. Chapter four will review the current state of the art in the areas of quality
assurance and recognition in Europe, illuminating in particular those initiatives and processes
beyond those undertaken at the national level and compare those with the challenges of the
emerging European agenda. In chapter five, tha main issues to be discussed and questions to
be answered in respect of the future of quality assurance and recognition in Europe will be
summarized.
Internationalisation at home: a position paper
Crowther, Paul et al. / European Association for International Education [Netherlands].-Amsterdam, 2000. 42pp. ISBN: 90-74721-16-8
DESCRIPTORS: international education; educational quality.
Internationalisation in European non-university higher education
Wächter, Bernd; Ed. / Academic Cooperation Association.-- Bonn, Lemmens, 1999. 255pp.
ISBN: 3-932306-35-X
DESCRIPTORS: international education; international educational exchange; curriculum
development; Europe; Austria; Belgium; Czech Republic; Denmark; Estonia; Finland;
Germany; Greece; Iceland; Ireland; Netherlands; Norway; Portugal; Slovenia; Switzerland.
ABSTRACT: Europe’s universities have a long tradition of international cooperation. But
what about the “non-university” type of higher education institution, such as the Duch
hogescholen, the German Fachhochschulen, or the Irish Institutes of Technology? It is often
assumed that the international cooperation activities of these young institutions are quite
limited. However, little research has been devoted to the issue so far.The Academic
Cooperation Association has therefore decided to explore the state of internationalisation in
Europe’s “non-universities”. The present publication contains state-of-the-art reports from 15
European countries, and the papers of a seminar of international expert which explored the
topic in a cross-European thematic approach.
Internationalisation in higher education (A paper and seven essays on international cooperation
in tertiary sector)
Wächter, Bernd; Ed. / Academic Cooperation Association.-- Bonn, Lemmens, 1999. 172pp.
ISBN: 3-932306-33-3
DESCRIPTORS: international education; international educational exchange; Europe.
CONTENTS: Part 1. Why internationalisation? Motives and rationale behind international
higher education cooperation; What is internationalisation? Activities and framework
conditions; Policies of internationalisation; The case of Europe: a continent on the way to
educational integration. Part 2. Assessing the quality of internationalisation. The
internationalisation quality review process (IQRP), The role of the rector in the
internationalisation of a university, Fit for the global job market: a university perspective;
Brain-drain in Africa; The export of higher education: the Dutch case; The marketing of
higher education in New Zealand and Australia.
Internationalisation in the sector of new higher education institutions in Europe: country essays
Academic Cooperation Association [Belgium].-- 1999. 1 v.(in various pagings).
DESCRIPTORS: international education; Europe; Austria; Flemish; Belgium; Czech
13
Republic; Denmark; Estonia; Finland; Germany; Greece; Iceland; Ireland; Netherlands;
Norway; Portugal; Slovenia; Switzerland.
International Quality Assurance, Accreditation and the Recognition of Qualifications in Higher
Education "Globalization and Higher Education" [Working Documents]
UNESCO.-- Paris, 2002.
MEETING: UNESCO Global Forum. 1st. Paris, 2002.
DESCRIPTORS: quality control; equivalence between diplomas; qualifications; globalization;
study abroad; distance education; transnational education; privatization; international trade;
Arab Countries; Asia and the Pacific; Latin America; Caribbean; Europe.
CONTENTS: Working Documents -- Towards policy frameworks: articulating guiding
principles (C.Campbell); GATS - higher education implications, opinions and questions
(J.Knight); The developing world of borderless higher education: markets, providers, quality
assurance and qualifications (R.Middlehurst); Outlooks for the international higher education
community in constructing the global knowledge society (D.Van Damme); Trade in higher
education and GATS basics (Z.Varoglu). Regional Case Studies -- Arab states; Asia and the
Pacific; Latin America and the Caribbean; Europe. Reference Documents -- ESIB policy paper
on commodification of education; Le commerce international de services d'education: est-il
bon? est-il mechant? (K.Larsen and S.Vincent-Lancrin).
Internationalisation: Is UK plc competing?
Commonwealth Higher Education Management Service.-- London, 1999. 41pp.
ISBN: 0-85143-167-4
DESCRIPTORS: international education; educational strategies; university administration;
Commonwealth; Canada; Australia; UK.
CONTENTS: Moving beyond the market: a Commonwealth perspective (M.Gibbons);
Internationalisation: what Dearing forgot (D.Blight); A profile of Canadian university
internationalisation: lessons learned, directions proposed and strategies adopted (J.Shute);
Internationalisation strategies: a practical guide for university managers (A.Olsen).
Internationalisation and tertiary education institutions in New Zealand
Back, Ken; Davis, Dorothy; Olsen, Alan / IDP Education Australia; New Zealand. Ministry
of Education.-- Canberra, 1998. 154pp.
DESCRIPTORS: international educational exchange; international education;
multiculturalism; case studies; New Zealand.
CONTENTS: New Zealand context for internationalisation; Conceptual framework for
internationalisation; Stocktake; Case studies; New Zealand's multiculturalism in tertiary
education institutions; A potential international student programme for New Zealand.
Internationalisation of higher education in Asia Pacific countries
Knight, Jane; Ed.; Wit, Hans de; Ed. / European Association for International Education
[Netherlands]; IDP Education Australia; OECD. IMHE. -- Amsterdam, 1997. 186pp. ISBN:
90-74721-10-9
DESCRIPTORS: international education; higher education system; Asia and the Pacific;
Australia; Hong Kong; Indonesia; Japan; Malaysia; New Zealand; Singapore; Pacific Region;
Thailand.
Internationalisation of Indian Higher Education
Powar, K.B.; Ed. / Assiciation of Indian Universities.--New Delhi, 2001. 200pp.
ISBN: 81-7520-066-9
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DESCRIPTORS: international education; India
ABSTRACT: An important development of the nineties of the last century has been the largescale internationalisation of higher education. This has taken three forms: the incoming of
foreign students, development of institutional linkages, and `export of education' through
franchise or distance education programmes. India, unfortunately, has been slow to respond to
the challenges of internationalisation. The Association of Indian Universities recently
organised a Roundtable to discuss the different issues related to the Internationalisation of
Indian Higher Education. The papers presented at this Roundtable, covering the sub-themes
`Global Perspectives and Issues', `Internationalising Indian Higher Education', and
Programmes for Internationalisation in Indian Institutions', are presented in this publication.
The recommendations of the Roundtable are given in the form of a 'Mysore Statement'.
Internationalization of Higher Education in South China
Umaly, Ruben C.; Ed.; Jian-shi, Li; Ed. / Association of University of Asia and the Pacific;
Guizhou University [China].-- 1998. 76pp.
MEETING: AUAP Learning and Sharing Forum III. Guiyang,P.R.China, 1998.
DESCRIPTORS: international education; international educational exchange; China.
Internationalization of Higher Education in the United States of America and Europe: A
historical, comparative, and conceptual analysis
Wit, Hans de.-- Westport,CT and London, Greenwood Press, 2002. 270pp.
ISBN: 0-313-32075-6
DESCRIPTORS: international education; USA; Europe.
CONTENTS: 1. The historical development of the internationalization of higher education:
acomparative study of the United States of America and Europe. 2. The internationalization of
higher education: a conceptual framework. 3. Thematic isue in the internationalization of
higher education.
Internationalization of higher education: an institutional perspective
UNESCO European Centre for Higher Education.-- Bucharest, 2000. 91pp.
ISBN: 92-9069-158-1
DESCRIPTORS: international education; educational strategies; leadership; global approach;
equivalence between diplomas.
CONTENTS: Changing rationales for the internationalization of higher education (H.de Wit);
Missing in action: leadership for international and global education for the Twenty-first
century (J.A.Mestenhauser); "The show is not the show/but they that go": the Janus-face of the
internationalized university at the turn of the century (D.Steiner); Transnational education and
recognition of qualifications (L.A.Wilson and L.Vlasceanu).
Internationalization of U.S. higher education. Preliminary status report 2000
Hayward, Fred M. / American Council on Education.-- Washington,DC, 2000. 40pp.
DESCRIPTORS: international education; USA.
15
ABSTRACT: This report presents an overview of international education at U.S. colleges and
universities.. It reviews both published and unpublished accounts of curricular and cocurricular undergraduate internationalization. Given the inconsistency and spotty availability
of much of the data, formulating definitive conclusions about the state of internationalization
is difficult. However, the data do suggest that in spite of an apparent growing national interest
in international education, relatively few undergraduates gain international or intercultural
competence in college. Contents: Foreign languages; Study abroad; International dimensions
of the curriculum; Academic requirements; International awareness; International students and
faculty; Institutional suport for internationalization; Federal, State, and Foundation support for
international education; Employment demands; Attitudinal and experiential data.
Marketing education worldwide
Dhondt, Maaike; Ed.; Wächter, Bernd; Ed. / Academic Cooperation Association.-- Dijon,
2002. 41pp.
MEETING: ACA International Expert Seminar. Dijon,France, 2002.
DESCRIPTORS: universities; marketization; international education; ethics.
ABSTRACT: Marketing of European higher education worldwide has been one of the core
concernes of the Academic Cooperation Association during the past years. An emerging world
market of higher education, with around two million international, has put the theme on the
agenda. With few exceptions, Europe and its higher education institutions are not particularly
successful on this market. The major streams of internationally mobile students move to North
America and Australia. In order to improve its competitive edge, Europe needs to innovate in
a number of ways. But, beyond being able to thus offer quality products, it needs to make
them visible to the outside world. In other words, it needs marketing. The purpose of the
Seminar was to put marketing effords into a wider intellectual perspective, and to discuss their
implications, and likns to other higher education issues of concern.
National Policies for the Internationalisation of Higher Education in Europe
Kalvemark, Torsten; Ed.; van der Wende, Marijk; Ed. / National Agency for Higher
Education [Sweden]; Netherlands Organization for International Cooperation in Higher
Education.-- 1997. 274pp.
DESCRIPTORS: Educational Policy; International Cooperation; International Education;
Policy Making; Europe. - Change Strategies; Comparative Analysis; Educational Reform;
Educational Trends; Government Role; Government Policy; Trend Analysis.
ABSTRACT: This report presents an overview and analysis of national policies for
internationalization in higher education in Europe over the last 10 years. The study examined
six major issues: (1) fundamental political ideas and commitments underpinning national
policies; (2) priorities for national policies and motives for their setting; (3) procedures used in
the development of national policies; (4) policy implementation; (5) changes in national
higher education systems as a result of the internationalization process; and (6) assessment of
how national policy affects or is affected by international/multilateral initiatives. The first
chapter, titled "Missing Links: The Relationship between National Policies for
Internationalisation and Those for Higher Education in General," and the penultimate chapter,
"International Comparative Analysis and Synthesis", both by Marijk van der Wende, identify
trends and compare the national policies reviewed. The intervening nine chapters review the
policies of the following nations or areas: Austria, Denmark, Finland, Germany, Greece, the
Netherlands, Sweden, United Kingdom, and Central and Eastern Europe and Russia. The final
chapter summarizes the main findings of this study, noting the growing importance of
economic motives for internationalization policies, the diminishing conceptual disconnection
between internationalization policies and general higher education policy, and the enhanced
influence of institutional and market forces.
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Networks of Knowledge: Collaborative innovation in international learning
Gross Stein, Janice; Stren, Richard; Fitzgibbon, Joy; Maclean, Melissa.-- Toronto, Buffalo,
London, University of Toronto Press, 2001. 175pp. ISBN: 0-8020-8371-4
DESCRIPTORS: universities; knowledge; dissemination of knowledge; information networks;
globalization; future society; scientific cooperation; exchange programmes; science
programmes; research and development; Canada.
ABSTRACT : The network is the pervasive organizational image of the new millennium. This
book examines one particular kind of network - the 'knowledge network' - whose primary
mandate is to create and disseminate knowledge based on multidisciplinary research that is
informed by problem-solving as well as theoretical agendas. In their examination of five
knowledge networks based in Canadian universities, and in most cases working closely with
researchers in developing countries, operational with the theoretical, and to respond to broad
social processes. Operating through networks, rather than through formal, hierarchical
structures, diverse communities of researchers create different kinds of knowledge and
disseminate their results effectively across disciplinary, sectoral, and spatial boundaries.
Analysis of networks in health, environment, urban, and educational fields suggests that old
categories of 'north' and 'south' are becoming blurred, and that the new structures of
knowledge creation and dissemination help to sustain collaborative research.
New media and borderless education: a review of the convergence between global media
networks and higher education provision
Cunningham, S.; Tapsall., S.; Ryan, Y.; Stedman, L..; Bagdon, Kerry; Flew, T. /Australia.
Dept of Employment, Education, Training and Youth Affairs. Higher Education Division,.
Canberra, Commonwealth of Australia, 1998. 254pp. ISBN: 0-642-23718-2
A New World of Knowledge: Canadian Universities and Globalization (Un nouveau monde du
savoir: les universités canadiennes et la mondialisation)
Bond, Sheryl; Ed.; Lemasson, Jean-Pierre; Ed. / International Development Research Centre
[Canada]. Centre de Recherches pour le Développement International.-- Ottawa, 1999. 294pp.
ISBN: 0-88936-893-7
DESCRIPTORS: international education; international educational exchange; student
mobility; international cooperation; globalization; higher education policy; international trade;
information technology; university research; administrative organization; Canada.
ABSTRACT: A New World of Knowledge examines how globalization has obliged
universities in Canada to reassess and rethink the international dimension of their mission and
practice. All now include an international dimension in their mission statement. Is this a true
statement of educational principles? Or is it simply a marketing message intended to position
the university to cope with budget reductions through the sale of educational services? The
book looks at the important role that Canadian universities have played in shaping Canada’s
response to the problems of international development. It provides the historical backdrop and
level of analysis needed to properly inform choices for the future of higher education in
Canada and abroad.
Opening minds to the world. 50 years of Open Doors
Institute of International Education [USA].-- 2000. CD-ROM.
DESCRIPTORS: international educational exchange; statistical analysis; reports; CD-ROM;
17
USA.
CONTENTS: Nationalities; Fields of study; Academic levels; Institutional enrollments; Study
abroad; International scholars; Intensive English; Policy analysis.
Outcomes of international education: research findings
Davis, Dorothy; Ed.; Olsen, Alan; Ed. / IDP Education Australia.-- Canberra, 1998. 126pp.
DESCRIPTORS: international educational exchange; international education; academic
achievement; performance; graduate employment; Australia.
CONTENTS: The comparative performance of overseas and Australian undergraduates; The
foundations of higher education: do students make the grade?; Outcomes of student exchange;
The effects of overseas teaching experiences on professional and curriculum development in
an Australian university; Worth more than gold: the unexpected benefits associated with
internationalisation of tertiary education; Graduate employment outcomes for international
students; Graduate training for career paths in developing countries: outcomes and needs.
Progress and Promise : Report on internationalization at Canadian universities
Knight, Jane / Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada.-- Ottawa, 2000. 100pp.
ISBN: 0-88876-203-8
DESCRIPTORS: international education; universities; study abroad; international trade;
Canada.
Public experience, attitudes, and knowledge: a report on two national surveys about
international education
Hayward, Fred M.; Siaya, Laura M. / American Council on Education.-- Washington,DC,
2001. 65pp.
DESCRIPTORS: international education; national surveys; global approach; intercultural
communication; USA.
ABSTRACT: This is a report detailing the findings of two surveys related to international
education. The first examined the public’s international experience and knowledge, and
attitudes about international education, while the second surveyed high school seniors’ plans
to participate in international activities once they enter college. A Report on Two National
Surveys About International Education reveals a growing public recognition that international
knowledge and experience are increasingly important to daily life and global economic
success.
Putting research into practice: avenues in study and analysis of international higher education
Academic Cooperation Association; European Association for International Education. -1999..
DESCRIPTORS: international education; Europe; Ukraine; Belarus; Netherlands.
CONTENTS: Seminar papers: Educational and moral instruction process in higher
educational institution: Ukrainian variant; Transformation of Ukrainian educational system
[Private schools on the way to European integration]; Recognition of credits in the framework
of Socrates: a Dutch case study; Increasing engineering student participation in study abroad:
a study of U.S. and European programs; Democratization, harmonization and
internationalization of higher education in Belarus; Journal of Studies in International
Education implementing internationalization: the practical application of the fractal process
model.
Quality and internationalisation in higher education
OECD. IMHE Programme.-- 1999. 268pp. ISBN: 92-64-170049-9
DESCRIPTORS: international education; educational management; strategic planning;
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standards; study abroad; exchange programmes; pilot projects; educational quality; case
studies; Mexico; USA; Finland; Australia; Kenya; Poland.
CONTENTS: Part 1. Internationalisation and quality assurance: concepts. Part 2. The
internationalisation quality review process: overview and case studies. Part 3. Quality review:
approaches and issues. Guidelines for the Internationalisation Quality Review Prcess[IQRP]
for institutions of higher education.
Re-Forming Higher Education: the International Way
European Association for International Education [Netherlands].-- Leipzig, 2000. 6pp.
MEETING: EAIE Annual Conference. 12th Session. Leipzig, Germany, 2000.
DESCRIPTORS: educational certificates; international education; UK.
CONTENTS: From the contents: 1. Schatzman, Margit A.: External examinations and
beyond; 2. Selected general education certificates; 3. EAIE General Meeting.
Reforming the higher education curriculum: internationalizing the campus
Mestenhauser, Josef A.; Ed.; Ellingboe, Brenda J.; Ed. / American Council on Education.-Phoenix,Arizona, Oryx Press, 1998. 244pp. ISBN: 1-57356-173-8
DESCRIPTORS: curriculum development; international education; educational reform; USA.
ABSTRACT: With the concept of a global village now a reality, institutions of higher
learning must think beyond American social, cultural, and economic borders. Reforming
the Higher Education Curriculum is a collection of papers that explore how a college or
university can plan and implement a systemwide program for internationalizing the
curriculum, not only from the perspective of specific international programs, but throughout
the entire university. The authors address this issue from a variety of perspectives,
discussing reasons why internationalizing the curriculum is needed, recommending general
approaches for doing so, and creating an outline for internationalizing courses in various
disciplines. Also provided are suggestions for internationalizing faculty thinking and
assessing student outcomes for international programs. This book will be of great interest to
presidents, deans, vice presidents for academic affairs, faculty members, and administrators
of international study programs. From contents: Internationalization for the Twenty-First
century; Multidisciplinary perspectives on curricular change; Evidence, evaluation, and
outcomes of internationalization
Report on transnational education from the perspective of the Spanish higher education system
Melis Maynar, Margarita; Garcia-Velasco, Javier D.F.; Gonzales Iglesias, Marisol / Spain.
Ministry of Education and Culture.-- Madrid, 1999. 20pp.
DESCRIPTORS: international education; higher education system; Spain.
Report on the potential for creating a Nordic-Baltic space for higher education and training
Nordic Council of Ministers; Nordic Council. – Copenhagen, 1999. 60pp.
DESCRIPTORS: international educational exchange; equivalence between diploms; bilateral
agreements; regional cooperation; Nordic countries; Baltic countries; Estonia; Latvia;
Lithuania; Finland; Denmark; Sweden; Norway; Iceland
19
CONTENTS: 1. Structure and Organisation of Higher Education: Higher Education in
the Baltic States and the Nordic countries. 2. Degree systems in the Baltic States and the
Nordic countries. 3 Recognition of degrees: Academic and professional recognition of
degrees. 4. Higher Education Access and Admission Requirements f or Foreign Students:
5. The Internationalisation of Higher Education: Organisations for co-operation within
higher education; Mobility programmes and bilateral agreements between the Nordic
and Baltic countries; Nordic programmes; Bilateral scholarships in the Baltic/Nordic
countries; Participation in European union co-operation and programmes; Instruction
provided in foreign languages (English); Conclusions and recommendations
Strategies for internationalisation of higher education: a comparative study of Australia,
Canada, Europe and the United States of America
Wit, Hans de; Ed. / OECD; European Association for International Education [Netherlands];
Association of International Education Administrators [USA].-- Amsterdam, 1995. 176pp.
ISBN: 90-74721-04-4
DESCRIPTORS: international education; international educational exchange; comparative
analysis; Australia; Canada; Europe; USA.
CONTENTS: Strategies for internationalisation of higher education: historical and conceptual
perspectives; The international policy contexts for international higher education in the United
States of America; Internationalisation of higher education in Europe; A national study on
internationalisation at Canadian universities; Internationalisation of higher education in
Australia.
Survey on Master degrees and joint degrees in Europe
Tauch, Christian; Rauhvargers, Andrejs / European University Association.-- Genève, 2002.
44pp.
DESCRIPTORS: masters degrees; equivalence between diplomas; Europe.
ABSTRACT: Questions related to the duration and architecture of Master level degrees across
Europe as well as to the development of joint degrees offered in partnership by institutions
from different countries are particularly high on the European higher education political
agenda. It is for this reason that the European University Association (EUA) commissioned
this study, which has been carried out with the support of the European Commission through
the SOCRATES programme. It includes an analysis of Master degrees in the European Higher
Education Area undertaken by Christian Tauch (German Rectors Conference) and a study of
joint degrees prepared by Andrejs Rauhvargers (Latvian Rectors Conference).This survey
represents the first attempt to describe and analyse systematically the present state of the art in
respect of Master leveldegree programmes and joint degrees offered across Europe. The
results show that in these two important, and often interrelated areas, further reflection and
action are needed to clarify and define both the architecture of Master degrees and the "joint
degree" concept in Europe.The EUA will use the results of this survey in preparing the Graz
Convention of Higher Education Institutions which is being held in May 2003 to prepare the
input of Europe's universities to the Bologna Process follow-up meeting of European
Ministers of Higher Education, scheduled for September 2003 in Berlin. The results will also
feed into the pilot project on joint Master programmes in Europe which EUA is presently
implementing, also with the support of the European Commission through the SOCRATES
programme.
A Time of Turbulence and Transformation for Internationalization
Knight, J. / Canadian Bureau for International Education.-- Ottawa, 1999.
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DESCRIPTORS: higher education policy; international trade; international education.
Trade in educational services: trends and emerging issues [Working paper]
Larsen et al / OECD.-- Paris, 2002.
DESCRIPTORS: higher education policy; international trade.
Trade in higher education services: the implications of GATS
Knight, Jane / Observatory on Borderless Higher Education [UK].-- London, 2002. 24pp.
DESCRIPTORS: transnational education; market economy; international education;
international trade; higher education policy.
ABSTRACT: Trade in higher education services is a billion dollar industry, including
recruitment of international students, establishment of university campuses abrod, franchised
provision and online learning. The General Agreement on Trade in Services [GATS] is
currently being negotiated under the auspices of the World Trade Organisation [WTO]. GATS
is designed to increase trade liberalisation internationally, and includes ‘education’ as a
service sector. Examples of perceived ‘barriers’ in the trade in higher education services might
include visa restrictions, taxation that disadvantages foreign institutions and accreditation
arrangements that privilege domestic institutions and qualifications. Some view GATS as a
positive force, accelerating the influx of private and foreign providers of higher education into
countries where domestic capacity is inadequate. Other take a more negative view, concerned
that liberalisation may compromise important elements of quality assurance and permit private
and foreign providers to monopolise the best students and most lucrative programmes. Many
aspects of GATS are open to interpretation, and many nations have yet to fully engage in the
process, at least in respect of the potencial implications for education. In this report the author
sets out a clear overview of the GATS agenda, and considers a wide range of issues that may
affect developing and developed countries.
Trading public good in the higher education market
Newman, Frank; Couturier, Lara K. / Observatory on Borderless Higher Education [UK].-London, 2002. 14pp.
DESCRIPTORS: educational strategies; competition; market economy; social responsibility;
transnational education; international education; higher education policy; international trade.
ABSTRACT: ‘Competition can be beneficial, but it requires a good regulatory framework in
order to function effectively’. Higher education now operates in a global, competitive
environment, and policymakers are inclined to encourage the competition to address longstanding flaws in the system. This is a time of great opportunity, if competition is used wisely.
The danger is that valuable attributes of the system will erode away because competition was
let loose in the absence of thoughful debate and careful planning.
Transnational Education and the New Economy: Delivery and Quality
UNESCO European Centre for Higher Education.-- Bucharest, 2001. 169pp.
ISBN: 92-9069-164-0
DESCRIPTORS: international education; open education; distance education; globalization;
educational quality; transnational education; educational quality; accreditation; new
technologies; USA; Africa; Spain; Hungary.
21
CONTENTS: I. Challenges for the New Economy - Reskilling and Retraining a Global
Workforce: Industry-Based Education and Training in the Vietnameese Banking Sector:
Development, Delivery, and Evaluation (J.P. and P.Di Virgilio); Global Student Services
(R.Markulis); SunTAN: A Four-Year Education in Training a Global Sales Force (J.Neece).
II. The Various Modes of Transnational Education from On-line to On-the-ground: The
Librarian: An Essential Link in Programme and Curriculum Development (M.Peach); Study
Materials and Teaching Methods in Open and Distance Learning Systems (R.Reis). III. The
Future of Borderless Education in a Third Wave World: Preparing Young People for Success
in the New Quality Century (J.J.Bonstingl); Attributes of a Global Seminar as a Change
Agent for Higher Education (H.D.Sutphin); The Globalization of Scottish Universities
(S.Beere). IV. Transnational GATE Principles and Models for Transnational Educational
Partnerships: Trends in Transnational Education (P.Pease); Developing Quality Assurance
Systems in African Universities: Implications for Transnational Education (G. O. S.
Ekhaguere); "And What About the Student?" Incorporating Student Expectations into the
Delivery and Evaluation of Transnational Education (R.Chitsika); Learning Partnerships in
Africa: Commercial Transactions or Reciprocal Exchanges (M.A. Beebe). V. Standards for
Quality Assurance in Distance Education: Quality Assurance for Distance Education (S.M.
Johnstone); A Case Study of Accreditation Standards: Spain and the United States of America
(L.Croxford); Distance Education Quality Standards in Hungary (J.Borzsak); Quality
Assurance in Off-Shore Provision: Some British Lessons Worth Learning (G.Alderman);
International Standards in Open and Distance Learning: How Can Professional Networks
Increase Quality Gain?(E.Wagner).
Transnational Education. Providers, partners and policy. Challenges for Australian institutions
off-shore
Davis, D.; Ed.; Olson, A.; Ed.; Bohm, A.; Ed. / IDP Education Australia.-- Canberra, 2000.
DESCRIPTORS: international education; Australia.
Transnational education project report and recommendations
Adam, Stephen / Confederation of European Union Rectors' Conferences.-- Brussels, 2001.
49pp.
ABSTRACT : The study on transnational education raises profound and far-reaching
implications for all those involved in the creation of the European higher education area,
notably the challenges represented by transnational education impact at the local, regional,
national and European levels. It is important that reactions to these multi-level challenges
result in a co-ordinated set of European responses. Transnational education should be viewed
as a positive set of opportunities and not something to be feared. It is a new and permanent
reality in European educational life.The globalisation of higher education manifests itself in
various forms, of which transnational education is perheps the most visible. It is something
that cannot be ignored. Transnational education has clear long-term implications for the nature
and structure of educational provision in Europe. It goes to the heart of the SorbonneBologna-Prague process. The study was the main focus of a pre-Prague conference in Malmö,
Sweden, where its findings were strongly endorsed. The report identifies vital issues that
demand our consideration. It suggests a positive way forward and provides a coherent and
detailed set of solutions for all stakeholders involved in building a Europe of knowledge. Its
messages should not be ignored.
Universities and Globalization: Critical Perspectives
Currie, Jan; Ed.; Newson, Janice; Ed..-- SAGE, 1998. 339pp. ISBN-0-7619-1066-2
DESCRIPTORS: Educational Policy; Global Approach; industry and education. -
22
Accountability; University Administration; Comparative Education; Distance Education;
Economics; Educational Trends; Foreign Countries; Governance; International Education;
Management Systems; Politics; private sector; Universities.
CONTENTS: The 14 papers in this collection examine how a globalizing political economy
affects the way universities are governed, discussing practices such as managerialism,
accountability, and privatization which represent a shift toward business values and a market
agenda. Part 1 gives a theoretical overview of the globalization agenda. Part 2 gives three
examples of national responses to the globalization agenda. Part 3 considers how universities
have been shaped by particular globalization practices such as corporate managerialism. Part 4
looks at higher education institutions that cross national borders (such as distance education
universities) and supranational regulatory agencies. The individual chapters are: (1)
"Introduction" (Jan Currie); (2) "Globalization and Education Policy in Australia" (Janice
Dudley); (3) "National Higher Education Policies in a Global Economy" (Sheila Slaughter);
(4) "The Changing Political Economy: The Private and Public Lives of Canadian Universities"
(Donald Fisher and Kjell Rubenson); (5) "The Service University in Service Societies: The
Norwegian Experience" (Arild Tjeldvoll); (6) "The Last Decade of Higher Education Reform
in Australia and France: Different Constraints, Differing Choices, in Higher Education Politics
and Policies" (Richard DeAngelis); (7) "Micro-Economic Reform Through Managerialism in
American and Australian Universities" (Jan Currie and Lesley Vidovich); (8)"Don't Count
Your Blessings: The Social Accomplishments of Performance Indicators" (Claire Polster and
Janice Newson); (9) "Changing Accountability and Autonomy at the 'Coalface' of Academic
Work in Australia" (Lesley Vidovich and Jan Currie); (10) "The Entrepreneurial University:
Macro and Micro Perspectives from the United States" (Edward H. Berman); (11)
"Globalization and Distance Education Mega-Institutions: Mega-Ambivalence" (Mick
Campion and David Freeman); (12) "Globalization, the OECD, and Australian Higher
Education" (Robert Lingard and Fazal Rizvi); (13) "Reshaping the Educational Agendas of
Mexican Universities: The Impact of NAFTA" (Heriberta Castanos-Lomnitz, Axel
Didriksson, and Janice Newson); and (14) "Conclusion: Respositioning the Local Through
Alternative Responses to Globalization" (Janice Newson). A glossary of acronyms and an
index are included. Individual chapters contain references.)
Universities and Globalization: Private linkages, public trust
Breton, Gilles; Ed.; Lambert, Michel; Ed. / UNESCO; International Association of
Universities; World Bank; OECD. - Paris, UNESCO Publishing; Paris, Economica; Québec,
PUL, 2003
MEETING: Conference, Université Laval, Québec, 2002
DESCRIPTORS: globalization; university role; international education; educational trends
(The book will be published in April 2003)
The Virtual Challenge to International Cooperation in Higher Education
Wächter, Bernd; Ed. / Academic Cooperation Association.-- Lemmens Verlag, 2002. 119pp.
ISBN: 3-932306-40-6
DESCRIPTORS: international education; educational cooperation; virtual university; quality
control; distance education; international educational exchange; student mobility.
ABSTRACT: The IT revolution is reshaping higher educaton. One affected area could be the
internationalisation of higher education. Will online learning replace traditional international
activities in the future, such as study or teaching in another country? And will it be necessary
to internationalise the content and format of curricula in the future if students can tap into
programmes from all over the globe via the Internet? Contents: Physical versus virtual
mobility: A paradigm change in international cooperation (P.Scott); The possibilities and
limits of virtual mobility in international cooperation (M.van der Wende); A public policy
23
approach to international mobility (U.Grothus); Virtual mobility and Australia's market-driven
approach (D.Davis); Virtual education and physical mobility: The Asia-Pacific experience
(R.C. Umaly); Virtual and physical mobility: A view from the US (P.Blumenthal); Nursing
and IT: A Nordplus network. International collaboration through net-based distance education
(A.Thoroddsen); Productive learning cultures (S.Lillejord); Virtual education and mobility: A
view of the European Commission (M.Karjalainen); Imagine global U - European Union and
international initiatives as an incentive for international virtual education (K.O.Aslaksen);
Quality assurance and accreditation for virtual education: A discussion of models and needs
(R.Middlehurst)
Virtual mobility: new technologies and the internationalisation of higher education
Van der Wende, Marjik; Ed. / Netherlands Organization for International Cooperation in
Higher Education .-- 1998. 116pp. ISBN: 90-5464-029-4
DESCRIPTORS: new technologies; international education.
Virtualization of Higher Education in the Era of Globalization: Issues and Trends
Löfstedt, J-I.; Ed./ Stockholm University. Institute of International Education. -- 2001. 94pp.
ABSTRACT: The aim of the study, supported by the Swedish Research Council, was to map
out the background and present scope of virtual programs in higher education in the world and
examine how leading university educators in various countries and continents define and
assess the present globalization processes and ‘virtual’ development. Examples of virtual
universities included in the study have been identified in the US, Canada, Europe, Africa and
Asia.. Contents: Conceptual framework and key concepts; Virtualization – a brief background;
Virtual higher education in Africa; Virtual higher education in China; Virtual higher education
in the World; Examples of online educator’s views; Concluding discussion – issues and
trends.
Zukunft der Ingenieurausbildung an Fachhochschulen vor dem Hintergrund der zunehmenden
Internationalisierung der Hochschulen [The future of training of engineers seen against the
background of increasing internationalization of higher education]
Hochschulrektorenkonferenz [Germany].-- Bonn, 1999. 146pp.
DESCRIPTORS: engineering education; Fachhochschule; international educational exchange;
international education; Germany.
II. PERIODICAL ARTICLES AND CHAPTERS IN BOOKS
Academic Freedom in a Globalising World [Theme issue]
International Association of Universities. -- IN: Higher Education Policy, v.15, no.4, 2002.
24
DESCRIPTORS: academic freedom; social responsibility; globalization.
CONTENTS: Academic freedom in an age of globalisation (G.Neave). Academic freedom
and social responsibility (J.Ramon de la Fuente). Academic freedom and current public policy
(L.A.Verbitskaya). Academic freedom and social responsibility: the role of university
organisations (H.van Ginkel). The new providers of higher education (J.L.Ibarra Mendivil).
Academic freedom and civil society: some personal reflections (M.B.Abdel-Motaal).
Academic freedom and civilised society (Jassbi, A.J.). Academic freedom and social
responsibility reflections from the African experience (F.Rajaoson). How to safeguard
academic freedom? A Canadian perspective (E.Egron-Polak). Academic freedom and social
responsibility: the role of university organisations and possible instruments for international
monitoring (J.J.Sánches-Sosa and S.Lerner-Febres). Re-engineering Mexican higher education
toward economic development and quality. The XXI century challenge (A.MungarayLagarda).
African universities and globalization (Les universités africaines et la mondialisation)
Niang, Souleymane / UNESCO Regional Office - Dakar [Senegal]. -- IN: Higher education
in Africa: achievements, challenges and prospects, p. 35-44.-- Dakar, 1998. 626 pp.
DESCRIPTORS: university role; education and development; global approach; Senegal;
Africa.
"And what about the student?" Incorporating student expectation into delivery and evaluation
of transnational education
Chitsika, Ruben / UNESCO European Centre for Higher Education . -- IN: Transnational
Education and the New Economy: Delivery and Quality, p. 93-106.-- Bucharest, 2001. 169pp.
DESCRIPTORS: transnational education; international education; evaluation of education;
student participation; Zimbabwe.
ABSTRACT: Based on existing research on student expectations, particularly regarding the
qualities of a good instructor and preferred teaching methods, the author presents the method
used and the results of his research carried out at the Zimbabwe Open University. He
concludes that institutions, prior to planning and delivering off-shore education programmes,
must be aware of student expectations and be able to meet or to manage them, with a view to
improving the quality of the services offered. The national development of the recipient
country should also envisage the access to information technology of its population, a step,
once taken, that may widen student choice of transnational programmes, as well as their active
participation in them. Such knowledge will also heighten student feedback to and guidance
from the instructor.
Borderless higher education in continental Europe
Davies, John L..-- IN: Minerva, v. 39, no. 1, p. 27-48, 2001.
DESCRIPTORS: higher education policy; alternative education; distance education; virtual
university; information technology; corporate education; international cooperation;
intergovernmental organizations; international trade; Europe.
ABSTRACT: This essay reviews factors that have led to the emergence of non-traditional
higher education in Europe over the last five years, and traces the new types of provider and
their operating characteristics. It suggests that these developments present profound challenges
25
for conventional institutions, for national governments and rectors’ conferences, and for intergovernmental organizations.
Borderless higher education: challenges to regulations, accreditation and intellectual property
rights
Farrington, Dennis J..-- IN: Minerva, v. 39, no. 1, p. 63-84, 2001.
DESCRIPTORS: higher education policy; alternative education; virtual university;
information technology; accreditation; regulatons; intellectual property; internet; international
trade.
ABSTRACT: By its nature, borderless higher education is no respecter of national boundaries.
This essay draws upon the work of the World Trade Organization and the Council of Europe
to propose the creation of an international database of recognized and accredited higher
education providers. The essay also considers consumer protection by national agencies and
accreditation, and the use of distinctive Internet domain names. Finally, it tackles the
controversial issue of ownership of commercially valuable copyright work generated by
academics.
Bridging Cultures and Traditions in the Reconceptualisation of Comparative and International
Education
Crossley, Michael.-- IN: Comparative Education, v36 n3 p319-32 Aug 2000.
DESCRIPTORS: Comparative Education; Cultural Context; Educational Reform; Educational
Research; Institutional Cooperation; Interdisciplinary Approach. - Global Approach;
International Cooperation; International Education; Theory Practice Relationship.
CONTENTS: Globalization is revitalizing comparative and international educational research.
While recognizing that context matters, this process should emphasize increased collaboration
between the humanities and social science research traditions; the global and the local;
mainstream and specialist research communities; differing units of analysis; theoretical
scholarship and empirical studies; policy and practice; and the international and comparative
constituencies.
Bridging the challenges of transnational education and accreditation (Relever le défi de
l'enseignement transnational et de l'accreditation)
Jones, Glenn R. / UNESCO European Centre for Higher Education. -- IN: Higher Education
in Europe; Enseignement supérieur en Europe, v. 26, no. 1, p. 107-116, 2001.
DESCRIPTORS: educational policy; transnational education; accreditation
ABSTRACT: Between 1985 and 1996, the world population of kindergarten through to higher
education students grew from 919 million to 1.13 billion. There are at least three typical global
higher education student profiles. Distance education – the delivery of education courses from
one location to students at another location – is an alternative way to reach many students
within these profiles. Distance education has a different set of characteristics from that typical
of place-bound education, and transnational education brings yet more features. Regardless of
the ways in which education is delivered, its quality assurance and maintenance of standards is
of paramount concern among many national and international institutions, organizations and
private sector companies, and students. Organizations such as the Global Alliance for
Transnational Education [GATE] provide a prototype for achieving such standards.
Building global learning experiences: a case study of a Hungarian, Ukrainian, and American
educational partnership (Bâtir des experiences mondiales d’apprentissage: une êtude de cas
d’un partenariat éducatif hongrois, ukrainien et américain)
26
Kubow, Patricia K.; Crawford, Suzanne H. / UNESCO European Centre for Higher Education
IN: Higher Education in Europe; Enseignement supérieur en Europe, v. 26, no. 1, p. 77-85,
2001.
DESCRIPTORS: learning; globalization; transnational education; Hungary; Ukraine; USA
ABSTRACT: Conceptions of education that fragment content and process and that
compartmentalize learning may not produce globally conscious citizens. Thus educational
policies that attend to both content and process, as well as to the local and global, are more
likely to foster citizens who are able to function successfully in a world characterized by
complex global challenges. Multidimensional citizenship developed through an international
partneship among Hungarian, Ukrainian and American educators offers a case in point of how
higher education can embrace a global dimension and expand professionalism in this new
centry.
Buying In and Selling Out -- Quality Issues in International Student Contracting Arrangements
Walker, Patricia / Center for Research into Quality [UK].-- IN: Quality in Higher Education,
v5 n3 p233-43 Nov 1999.
DESCRIPTORS: Contracts; Educational Quality; Foreign Students; Industry and Education
Relationship; international education; financial resources; UK. - Conflict; Program
Evaluation; Quality Control; Standards; Universities.
CONTENTS: Raises concerns about collaborative contractual arrangements that provide
educational services to international students within British institutions of higher education.
Reports that evaluation of a course for international students designed and delivered with a
private partner found the course commercially successful but educationally and professional
hazardous.
The Challenge and the Promise of International Education
Ebersole, John F..-- IN: Continuing Higher Education Review, v63 p98-106 Fall 1999.
DESCRIPTORS: Lifelong Education; International Education. - Economic Factors;
Educational Reform; Foreign Students; Study Abroad.
CONTENTS: Numerous economic factors favor greater involvement of higher education in
international education. Attention should focus on infusion of international content into undergraduate
curriculum, recruitment of international students, language training, study abroad, internships/work
study, and certificate programs. The responsiveness of continuing education makes it well placed to
answer the demand for international education.
The changing face of transnational education: moving education-not learners [Theme issue]
(La Visage changeant de l'enseignement transnational: délocalisation de l'enseignement et non
pas des apprenants)
UNESCO European Centre for Higher Education.-- IN: Higher Education in Europe;
Enseignement supérieur en Europe, v.24, no.2,1999.
DESCRIPTORS: educational reform; international education; distance education; educational
technology; information technology; communication technology; technological change;
educational evaluation; Australia; Viet Nam Sr; Malaysia; South East Asia.
27
CONTENTS: PART I. - Crisis and opportunity in transnational education. - The disintegration
of industry (L.Chipman); Diverting a crisis in global human and economic development: a
new transnational model for lifelong continuous learning and personal knowledge
management (L.R. Alley); The accelerating speed of change and its impact on education (G.R.
Jones); Changes in the Singapore University student demand since the currency crash (M.A.
Patton); Assuring quality distance learning programmes: the emergence of a new faculty (A.R.
Savage); Transnational factors influencing the establishment of educational standards for
professional licensure (J.A. Mirone); Transnational education-commpetition or
complementary: the case of Hong Kong (N.J. French). PART II. - Economics, culture,
politics, and transnational education. - Culture and politics (H.M. Fulbright); Distance
education for indegenous minorities in developing communities (M. Valadian); The value of a
Core Business in Vietnam: 1993-1998 (J. Pidgeon and P. Di Virgilio). PART III. - Innovation
and transnational education. - Global education: thinking creatively (D.G. Oblinger);
Academic integrity in electronic universities of the new millennium: a practitioner's
perspective (C. Gray and G. Salmon); Embarking on an educational journey-the establishment
of the first foreign full university campus in Malaysia under the 1996 education acts: a
Malaysian-australian case study (M. Banks and G. McBurnie); Compulsory schooling-the
critical dimension to work and learning in the new millennium (D. Mannix); A new model for
the new media-international university: the university of the Web (P. Pease); Markeeting
theory and practice on-line: a development towards international collaboration (F. Farrelly, S.
Joy and S. Luxton). PART IV. - Transnational education and the quality imperative. Managing quality assurance in higher education: a Scottish example (G. Gordon); Graduate
capabilities: a framework for assessing course quality (G. Hart, J. Bowden and J. Watters);
Quality faculty: the key to ensuring successful transnational education offerings in Southeast
Asia (H.L. Patton).
Changing rationales for the internationalization of higher education
De Wit, Hans / UNESCO European Centre for Higher Education. -- IN: Internationalization
of higher education: an institutional perspective, p. 9-22.-- 2000
DESCRIPTORS: international education.
ABSTRACT: The author explores the different rationales for internationalization (economic,
political, cultural, educational), and the various interests of the different groups of
stakeholders, which of course, tend to change over time. He underlines the importance for
institutions to develop their own proactive strategies for internationalization in the new,
global situation, in which universities are tending to be more autonomous and therefore freer
to operate and to form strategic alliances and in which partners and competitors are both local
and global. University leaders have to be encouraged to view internationalization as a core
function of their institutions and to develop and to implement policies and practices
corresponding to their own particular missions.
Competition in higher education: lessons from the corporate world
Nkopodi, N..-- IN: South African Journal of Higher Education, v. 16, no. 1, pp. 74-81, 2002.
DESCRIPTORS: globalization; international education; competition; market economy; South
Africa
ABSTRACT: Much has been written about the impact of globalisation in the corporate world.
Most of those involved in the corporate world are aware of the impact of globalisation on their
business activities and are taking required precautions. Actions followed include mergers,
acquisitions and strategic alliances. These actions are aimed at ensuring their survival and
28
profits in the face of increasing competition. In contrast, institutions of higher education in
South Africa are lagging behind in this regard. The decline in student numbers and cut in
government subsidy make it necessary for these institutions to examine the private sector for
strategies aimed at protecting their survival and profits. This article touches on activities often
encountered in the corporate world and suggests that institutions of higher learning can learn
from these actions. The purpose of this article is to impress on the reader that globalisation has
increased competition and that, in order to survive in a competitive market, higher education
institutions must improve and sustain their competitiveness. Other public institutions and
government departments are rising to the challenge and those involved in higher education
should do likewise.
Developing quality assurance system in African universities: implication for transnational
education
Ekhaguere, G.O.S. / UNESCO European Centre for Higher Education. -- IN: Transnational
Education and the New Economy: Delivery and Quality, p. 87-91.-- Bucharest, 2001. 169pp.
DESCRIPTORS: transnational education; international education; educational quality; Africa.
ABSTRACT: The Association of African Universities is operating a Quality Assurance
Programme over the 2001-2004 period with broad and specific objectives concerning quality
assurance and the relevance of higher education provision in African higher education
institutions. The African higher education sector is confronted with a lack of resources and
with the massification of student enrollments, which has implications for transnational
education. The Association has been and is involved in the development of quality assurance
systems in African universities through the building of adequate capacity for the evaluation of
transnational education provisions and agencies for quality management. It is contributing to
the increase in high quality, relevant, and affordable transnational education provision on the
African continent, and the emergence of certain African providers of transnational education,
such as Nigeria, South Africa, and Zimbabwe.
Difference, Globalisation and the Internationalisation of Curriculum
Rizvi, Fazal; Walsh, Lucas.-- IN: Australian Universities' Review, v41 n2 p7-11 1998.
DESCRIPTORS: College Curriculum; Global Approach; International Studies; Student
Centered Curriculum; Australia. - Curriculum Development; Foreign Countries; Future
Studies.
CONTENTS: As Australian higher education advances, new ways of thinking about the
college curriculum need to be developed to meet the changing imperatives of the global
environment and address the need for student-centered instruction. Internationalization tends
to destabilize conventional frameworks of curriculum design and implementation at local,
national, and international levels. An organic approach is recommended.
The Difficulties of Internationalizing the Undergraduate Curriculum
Bonfiglio, Olga.-- IN: Journal of Studies in International Education, v3 n2 p3-18 Fall 1999.
DESCRIPTORS: College Curriculum; Curriculum Development; Educational Trends; Global
Approach; Undergraduate Study; international education. - Change Strategies; Government
University Relationship; Higher Education; Resistance to Change; Trend Analysis.
CONTENTS: Five reasons why U.S. colleges and universities attempting to internationalize
the curriculum have major difficulties include: (1) competing purposes and directions that
shift with the political and economic climate; (2) governmental constraints; (3) institutional
29
structures that block change; (4) theoretical assumptions about curriculum that do not match
global realities; and (5) lack of data to support curricular change.
La dimensión internacional de las universidades mexicanas
Gacel Avila, Jocelyne / Asociación Nacional de Universidades e Instituciones de Educación
Superior [Mexico].-- IN: Revista de la Educación Superior, v.29, no.3, p.77-90, 2000.
DESCRIPTORS: university administration; international education; Mexico.
La dimensión internacional de las universidades mexicanas: un diagnóstico cuantitativo y
cualitativo
Gacel, Jocelyne / Asociación Mexicana para la Educación Internacional [AMPEI].-- IN:
Educación Global, no. 6, pp. 101-135, 2002.
DESCRIPTORS: international education; quantitative analysis; qualitative analysis; Mexico.
Dimensiones de la internalización de la educación superior en América latina y consecuencias de
las políticas de integración educativa
Martínez Larrechea, Enrique / Uruguay. Ministerio de Educación y Cultura.-- IN: Revista
Educación, no. 10, p. 61-71, 2000.
DESCRIPTORS: international education; regional cooperation; Latin America.
The Doctorate in the Nordic Countries
Kyvik, Svein; Tvede, Olaf.-- IN: Comparative Education, v34 n1 p9-25 Mar 1998.
DESCRIPTORS: Doctoral Degrees; postgraduate study; International Educational Exchange.
- Comparative Education; Educational Practice; Educational Trends; postgraduate students.
CONTENTS: Overview of research training systems leading to doctoral degrees in Denmark,
Finland, Norway, and Sweden emphasizes the structure of postgraduate education,
administration and funding, number of students, time to degree, completion rates, labor
market, and study abroad. Comparisons to U.S., British, German, and French systems suggests
a trend toward a common international doctorate.
Educación Internacional: Retos Administrativos y Académicos [Theme issue]
Asociación Mexicana para la Educación Internacional.-- IN: Educación Global, no. 6, 2002.
DESCRIPTORS: international education; university administration; privatization; USA;
Mexico.
CONTENTS: Los estudios de á rea en la internacionalización del currículo : elprograma de
estudios sobre los Estados Unidos de la Universidad Veracruzana (B.Murrieta) ; La
internacionalización de la educación superior : el reto de integrar el aprendizaje transcultural
en el currículo de licenciatura (V.Kholer); El desarrollo de competencias interculturales. Un
cambio de dentro hacia afuera (A.Arzac); La calidad y la internacionalización de la educación
superior (H. De Vit); La educación superior en la frontera M éxico-Estados Unidos : la
necesidad de una visión de conjunto (F.Marmolejo ; F.León); Privatization and higher
education policy in the United States and Puerto Rico: private gain, entrepreneurship and the
public good (E.Aponte); Enseñar a pensar enseñando a leer: reflexiones sobre un seminario de
metodología (F.Leal Carretero); La dimensión internacional de las universidades mexicanas.
Un diagnóstico cuantitativo y cualitativo (J.Gacel); Estudiantes internacionales de posgrado.
Sus experiencias y necesidades académicas (R.Hernández ); Engaging US faculty in
internationalization (Ch.Olson).
The Emergence of entrepreneurial cultures in European universities (L'émergence des cultures
d'entreprise dans les universités européennes)
30
Davies, John L. / OECD. IMHE. -- IN: Higher Education Management; Gestion de
l'Enseignement Supérieur, v. 13, no. 2, pp. 25-44, 2001.
DESCRIPTORS: university administration; entrepreneurship; sustainable development;
leadership; Europe.
ABSTRACT: This article considers the development of the phenomenon of
entrepreneurialism in European universities in terms of cultural transformation and the
problems associated therewith. It draws on some initial propositions deriving from the IMHE
study “The Entrepreneurial University” in 1987, and elaborates these in the context of more
recent projects undertaken by the author. The article outlines the constituent elements of the
emerging entrepreneurial culture in universities; analyses issues of sustainability in culture
development in terms of various domains of institutional life; considers a rage of strategies for
culture change; and examines the ramifications for university leadership and national
government.
The Emergence of Trans-Regional Educational Exchange Schemes (TREES) in Europe, North
America, and the Asia-Pacific Region (L'émergence des Plans Trans-Régionaux d'Echange en
Europe, en Amérique du Nord et dans la région Asie-Pacifique)
Aaviksoo, Jaak / UNESCO. European Centre for Higher Education .-- IN: Higher Education
Europe; Enseignement supérieur en Europe, v. 26, no. 1, p. 95-106, 2001.
DESCRIPTORS: international education; globalization; Europe; USA; Asia.
ABSTRACT: This article demonstrates that salient aspects of globalization have led to the
emergence of trans-regional educational exchange schemes [TREES] in higher education.
What sets these schemes apart from others is the proliferation of international university
organization that “go beyond region” and infiltrate other parts of the globe despite policy
barriers. This article illustrates how the current globalizing efforts to establish regionalized
free trade zones, as evidenced in such organizations as the European Union [EU], the North
America Free Trade Agreement [NAFTA], and the Asia-Pacific Economic Co-operation Zone
[APEC] have led to processes of internationalization in which national governments, higher
education institutions, and other international university organizations vie for position. It
concluds with a discussion of selected strategies and issues as these affect the developemnt of
international university co-operation as a whole and the impact they may have on higher
education in the future.
Ethical and policy considerations of worldwide marketing of higher education
Egron-Polak, Eva / Academic Cooperation Association. -- IN: Marketing Education
Worldwide. Edited by M. Dhondt and B. Wächter, pp. 34-39.-- Dijon, 2002. 41pp.
DESCRIPTORS: marketization; educational policy; ethics.
European universities, world partners (Universités d'Europe, partenaires du monde)
Association of European Universities.-- IN: CRE-Action, no. 115, Whole issue,1999.
PROGRAMMES/PROJECTS: Bologna Declaration on the European Space for Higher
Education (1999).
DESCRIPTORS: university cooperation; globalization; education and development; global
approach; regional cooperation; international cooperation; Europe.
CONTENTS: The academic needs of a European space for higher education (K.Edwards);
Trends and issues in learning structures in higher education in Europe – Executive Summary
(G.Haug); The Challenges of a European higher education space (H-U.Erichsen);
31
Globalisation and the university (P.Scott); Notes on Europe, globality and higher education
(M.Daxner); The challenge of globality in European inter-university cooperation (A.Barblan).
SUPPLEMENT: The CRE, NGOS and European integration (L.Cerych); CRE and the
universities in Europe: an institutional saga (G.Neave); La CRE, autonomie et vaste cadre
européen (W.Rüegg); Vers l’Europe de l’éducation (C.Allègre) ; La CRE, pilote de
l’internationalisation (T.Simon)
GATS and the education service industry: the politics of scale and global reterritorialization
Robertson, Susan L.; Bonal Xavier; Dale, Roger / Comparative and International Education
Society.-- IN: Comparative Education Review, v46, n4, p. 472-496, 2002
DESCRIPTORS: international education; international trade.
The General Agreement on Trade in Services: Implications for Public Post-Secondary
Education in Australia
Cohen, Marjorie Griffin.-- IN: Australian Universities' Review, v42 n2 and v43 n1 p9-15
2000.
DESCRIPTORS: Global Approach; Higher Education; International Trade; Private Sector;
Public Education; Australia. - Educational Economics; Educational Policy; Educational
Trends; Foreign Countries; Government Role; Politics of Education; Privatization; School
Business Relationship; Trend Analysis; Universities.
ABSTRACT: Explores how extensions to the General Agreements on Trade in Services
(GATS) designed to increase market access of private service providers to industries now in
the public sector could affect public higher education. Asserts that these agreements have an
alarming potential to limit the role of government in the delivery of public services such as
higher education.
Global Corporations "R" Us? The Impacts of Globalisation on Australian Universities
Pratt, Graham; Poole, David.-- IN: Australian Universities' Review, v42 n2 and v43 n1 p16-23
2000.
DESCRIPTORS: Educational Trends; Entrepreneurship; Higher Education; Australia. College Administration; Educational Finance; Foreign Countries; Governance; International
Education; Privatization; School Business Relationship; Universities.
CONTENTS: Discusses the rise of entrepreneurialism in Australian universities as one
response to globalization. Examines its positive and negative effects upon educational
standards, academic morale, and structure of academic work. Highlights areas of fundamental
change in the sector, including changes in university missions and culture and the uneven
impact of entrepreneurialism on different parts of the university.
Global market competition and higher education
Kivinen, O.; Kaipainen, P..-- IN: South African Journal of Higher Education, v. 16, no. 1,
pp. 60-66, 2002.
DESCRIPTORS: globalization; international education; market economy
ABSTRACT : For higher education the globalisation of the economy and working life means
increasing competition for resources, students and status. Today, as new forms of knowledge
production are gaining ground, universities no longer hold the monopoly on scientific research
and knowledge. This article seeks to chart appropriate strategies for the university of the 21st
32
century. First it explores early and recent changes in higher education, such as the
massification of higher education , various drifts affecting universities and harmonisation of
the European degree structures. The globalisation of the market economy has meant changes
in the survival strategies of universities and their research policies. Is it possible
simultaneously to maintain excellence in research and in teaching? One of the challenges lies
in providing high-quality education in the new fields without weakening the more traditional
disciplines. One survival strategy could be to merge, another to specialise in few chosen fields.
The article also ponders over the value of academic degrees in the future and concludes with a
look at future prospects for the role and mission of the university.
Global university education: some cultural consideration (L'enseignement dans l'université
mondiale: quelques considerations culturelles)
Croxford, Leslie / UNESCO. European Centre for Higher Education.-- IN: Higher Education
in Europe; Enseignement supérieur en Europe, v. 26, no. 1, p. 53-60, 2001.
DESCRIPTORS: distance education; virtual university; international education; cultural
differentiation; USA.
ABSTRACT: Global education is advancing rapidly as a result of recent developments in
communications. Yet cyber universities and on-line study are never likely to replace,
altogether, the traditional terrestrial locations that also globalize higher education. These
places on the ground bring with them human populations, each with its own culture. So culture
needs to be taken into account, especially if any given system of education is to venture into
foreign societies. Such cultural issues are the focus of this article. More particularly, it
considers the cultural tensions provoked by the requirements that American liberal arts
education imposes on different constituencies of foreign students with respect to study skills.
The Global University: a perspective from Australia
Martin, Anne L. / University Continuing Education Association [USA].-- IN: Continuing
Higher Education Review, v. 65, pp. 25-37, 2001.
DESCRIPTORS: educational management; universities; distance education; global approach;
educational quality; Australia.
ABSTRACT: An address by A.L.Martin, Deputy Vice Chancellor of Deakin University. It
analyzes the distinctive features of Deakin University’s mission: founded as a distance
education university, modeled on the British Open University, and a prime provider of
corporate continuing education activities through its corporate division, Deakin Prime. The
global reach of Deakin Prime is evidenced through its offices in Australia, Singapore, India,
and the US by a curriculum that provides customized credit and noncredit courses at all levels
leading to bachelor’s and master’s degrees as well as certificates awarded by Deakin
University to students around the world. While celebrating the successes of this venture, she
also discusses the attendant problems, notably quality assurance, infrastructure concerns,
cultural differences, ownnership issues, market/image issues, risk management, and finances.
The Globalisation of development knowledge and comparative education [Theme issue]
King, Kenneth; McGrath, Simon.-- IN: Compare, v.32, no.3, 2002
DESCRIPTORS: knowledge; development aid; education and development; research policy;
learned societes; development agencies; international education; international cooperation;
information technology; UK; Africa; Japan; Netherlands; Zimbabwe; Southern Africa;
Developing Countries.
CONTENTS: Using knowledge: the dilemmas of 'Bridging Research and Policy' (D.Stone).
33
Knowledge society, education and aid (J.B.G.Tilak); Banking on knowledge: the new
knowledge projects of the World Bank (K.King); From the Adam Smith Institute to the
Zapatistas: an Internet Gateway to all development knowledge (A.Wilks); Local spirit, global
knowledge: a Japanese approach to knowledge development in international cooperation
(N.Sawamura); The British Department for International Development and knowledge-based
aid (S.McGrath); E-development, e-cooperation: connecting the worlds of information and
development (P.Ballantyne); New technology tools for human development? towards policy
and practice for knowledge societies in southern Africa (P.Johnson).
Globalisation and Higher Education: Challenges for the 21st Century
Scott, Peter / Association for Studies in International Education [USA].-- IN: Journal of
Studies in International Education, v4 n1 p3-10 Spr 2000.
DESCRIPTORS: international education; globalisation; Future Studies; Global Approach;
higher education policy; international trade. - Trend Analysis.
CONTENTS: Discussion of the importance of globalization in higher education policy
stresses, first, that globalization not only transcends but ignores national boundaries, and
second, that globalization is one element in a shift from modernity to post-modernity, and
involves radical reconfiguration of society and reconstitution of current concepts and
mentalities. Suggests this new environment will test the resilience of the university.
Globalisation and Internationalism: Democratic Prospects for World Education
Jones, Phillip W.-- IN: Comparative Education, v34 n2 p143-55 Jun 1998.
DESCRIPTORS: Democracy; Educational Policy; Educational Trends; Global Approach;
International Organizations. - Capitalism; multiculturalism; future studies; International
Relations; Peace; Role of Education.
CONTENTS: Contrasts the logic of globalization with that of internationalism (global pursuit
international structures). Uses these frameworks to explore the policies of key international
organizations in education (UNESCO, UNICEF, the World Bank).
Globalisation and the university (Université et mondialisation)
Scott, Peter / Association of European Universities.-- IN: CRE-action, no.15, p. 35-46, 1999.
DESCRIPTORS: university role; global approach; higher education policy; Europe.
Globalization and the university: myths and realities in an unequal world
Altbach, Philip G. / Association of Catholic Colleges and Universities. -- IN: Current Issues in
Catholic Higher Education, p. 5-25, Winter 2003
ABSTRACT: Globalization in higher education and science is inevitable. Historically,
academe has always been international in scope, and it has always been characterized by
inequalities. Modern technology, the Internet, the increasing ease of communication, and the
flow of students and highly educated personnel across borders enhances globalization. No
academic system can exist by itself in the world of the 21st century. The challenge is to
recognize the complexities and nuances of the modern context and then seek to create a global
academic environment that recognizes the need to ensure that academic relationships are as
equal as possible. Recognizing inequality is the first step. The second is to create a world that
ameliorates these inequalities. These tasks, in the context of marketization and the pressures of
mass higher education, are not easy ones. Yet, it is important to ensure that globalization does
not turn into the neocolonialism of the 21st century.
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Globalisation, New Managerialism, Academic Capitalism and Entrepreneurialism in
Universities: Is the Local Dimension Still Important?
Deem, Rosemary.-- IN: Comparative Education, v37 n1 p7-20 Feb 2001.
DESCRIPTORS: College Administration; College Environment; Entrepreneurship; Free
Enterprise System; Universities; Europe; North America. - Case Studies; Comparative
Education; Foreign Countries; Fund Raising; Higher Education; Organizational Change.
ABSTRACT: Draws on recent comparative case studies of universities in Europe and North
America to examine global and local factors in changing university management practices.
Discusses effects of economic globalization, internationalization of ideas and educational
practices, the ideology of new managerialism, and entrepreneurial fund raising. Criticizes the
studies' methodology and suggests that local factors were underemphasized.
Globalising and internationalising the higher education sector: challenges and contradictions in
less industrialised countries
Ntshoe, I.M..-- IN: South African Journal of Higher Education, v. 16, no. 1, p. 82-90, 2002.
DESCRIPTORS: globalization; international education; developing countries; South Africa.
ABSTRACT: The increasing shift towards globalisation, internationalisation, marketisation
and managerialism in Higher Education (HE) in Advanced Industrialised Countries (AICs)
and in general, in Less Industrialised Countries (LICs) in particular, is examined. The postapartheid case of South Africa is used as an example of these processes in LICs. It contests the
impacts and influences of increasing managerialism, the introduction and domination of the
discourse and language of business in HE, emphasis on public accountability, creation of
quasi-market HE sector, gradual move away from institutional autonomy, collegiate culture
towards entrepreneurial and academic capitalism culture in HE in general and in postapartheid in particular. It further examines issues of equity, redress, social justice and social
reconstruction and development in relation to globalisation, marketisation and
internationalisation in HE in LICs. It is concluded that the HE sector in LICs is shaped by
worldwide structural adjustments, which HE must respond to, however, intra-state and intrainstitutional competition creates a situation where the rich sections of communities and
historically advantaged institutions become richer, and poor ones poorer. It concludes that
historical inequitable allocation of resources to HE within nation-states tend to entrench and
reproduce inequalities because HLIs have no capacity to diversify their funding base, to
become entrepreneurial and capitalist institutions. It is therefore concluded that, while
globalisation and managerialism have had negative effects on HE, many institutions have not
been able to respond to these challenges.
Globalization and its effects on higher education beyond the nation-state (La globalisation et ses
effets sur l'enseignement au-delà de l'état-nation)
Magrath, Peter C. / UNESCO European Centre for Higher Education.--. IN: Higher
Education in Europe; Enseignement supérieur en Europe, v. 25, no. 2, p. 251-258, 2000.
DESCRIPTORS: international education; globalisation; educational policy.
Globalization of education in Spain: from isolation to internationalization to globalization (La
mondialisation de l'enseignement en Espagne: de l'isolement à l'internationalisation et à la
mondilisation)
Peach, Martha / UNESCO European Centre for Higher Education .-- IN: Higher Education in
Europe; Enseignement supérieur en Europe, v. 26, no. 1, p. 69-76, 2001.
35
DESCRIPTORS: higher education history; educational reform; globalization; international
education; Spain.
ABSTRACT: This article explores the recent past of Spain and how the Spanish embrace of
globalization tendencies has been generated by internal problems. These include the remaining
legacy of Franco’s régime , a declining university-age population, and the perceived need to
participate, at an international level, in academic-sponsored research.
The globalization of higher education
Blight, Denis; Davis, Dorothy. -- IN: Higher Education Re-formed, p. 95-113.-- London,
Falmer, 2000. 214 pp.
DESCRIPTORS: international education; educational reform; educational forecasting.
The globalization of higher education: some observations regarding the free market and the
national interest (La mondialisation de l'enseignement supérieur: quelques observation
concernant le marché libre et l'intérêt national)
Alderman, Geoffrey / UNESCO European Centre for Higher Education .-- IN: Higher
Education in Europe; Enseignement supérieur en Europe, v. 26, no. 1, p. 47-52, 2001.
DESCRIPTORS: international education; quality of education; labour market; globalization;
state and education.
ABSTRACT: The globalization of higher education, which is as much an affair of electronic
delivery as of franchising and of validation of university awards, has given rise to various
concerns. The most well known of these has been the question of quality; however, there are
also cultural, economic, and political factors, examples of all of these being given. Some
countries, indeed, have made such efforts to regulate transnational higher education offerings
on their national territories that they have created less than legitimate barriers to such
programmes. The higher education community should respond forcefully to these barriers.
Globalization Practices and the Professoriate in Anglo-Pacific and North American Universities
Currie, Jan.-- IN: Comparative Education Review, v42 n1 p15-29 Feb 1998.
DESCRIPTORS: Accountability; College Environment; Academic Staff; academic staff
university relation; Power Structure; Universities; globalization. - Foreign Countries; Free
Enterprise System; institutional environment; Productivity; Teacher Attitudes; Work
Environment.
ABSTRACT: Globalization has brought market and business practices into universities, but
with serious negative ramifications. Interviews with 253 U.S. and Australian faculty, plus
additional data drawn from New Zealand and Canadian studies, focused on the rise of
performance-based accountability and corporate managerialism and their effects on faculty
working conditions, collegiality, and faculty status in the university power structure.
Globalization versus the universal role of the university (La globalization contre le rôle universel
de l'université)
UNESCO European Centre for Higher Education. -- IN: Higher Education in Europe;
Enseignement supérieur en Europe, v. 25, no. 2, p. 243-249, 2000.
36
DESCRIPTORS: university role; international education; globalisation.
Going global? Internationalizing Australian Universities in a time of global crisis
Welch, Anthony / Comparative and International Education Society.-- IN: Comparative
Education Review, v46, n4, pp. 433-471, 2002
DESCRIPTORS: international education; globalization; foreign students; academic staff;
curriculum; university programmes; Australia.
CONTENTS: Maping internationalization and globalization;The international student
"market"?; The professoriate; Programs and curricula; The revolt against globalization.
Good neighbours and faraway friends: regional dimensions of international education:
conference report
European Association for International Education.-- IN: EAIE Forum, Special edition. 2000.
DESCRIPTORS: international education; regional cooperation; Europe.
ABSTRACT: ‘Good neighbours and faraway friends: regional dimensions of international
education' was the special theme of the 11th Annual EAIE Conference. Following an
initial proposal by the local organising committee, the EAIE agreed to adopt this subject
as an important issue to be discussed in depth. In previous years we had already looked at
various different types of cooperation, and the general trend had led us to enlarge our
perspectives and possibilities to a wider community. Nevertheless, we also realize how
important a close relationship and common actions with our neighbours can be. Higher
education institutions see genuine benefits in cooperation based on links using different
kinds of approaches. If we consider as ‘international’ any relations conducted over a
distance and with at least one border in between, these activities can be undertaken with
partners from any part of the world and - perhaps more logically-with our neighbours.
Times are changing, and so are the meanings of words such as `neighbours: The MeuseRhine Euregion hosted the EAIE conference and showed how working together within a
regional concept is a good way to approach international activities. Other examples were
demonstrated during the conference, and you will no doubt read about some of them in
the articles in this Conference Report.
The Growth of cross-border education
OECD. Centre for Educational Research and Innovation. –
IN: Education Policy Analysis 2002, pp.89-115.-- 2002. 131pp.
DESCRIPTORS: transnational education; student mobility; international trade; quality
control; higher education policy; educational statistics
Higher education as an international commodity: ensuring quality in partnership
Hodson, Peter J.; Thomas, Harold G..-- IN: Assessment and Evaluation in Higher Education,
v.26, no.2, 2001.
DESCRIPTORS: quality control; cultural diversification; international cooperation; UK.
ABSTRACT: Overseas collaborative activity has been particularly popular with many UK
Higher Education Institutions over the past decade. As a result, it is attracting the attention of
the Quality Assurance Agency and has created its own audit agenda. This paper argues that
existing collaborative audit approaches lack cultural sensivity and are open to manipulation.
A broader range of performance indicators is needed to achieve reliable data that will be valid
for the context in which they are taken. Without such a breadth of indicators, the existing
strength of diversity will be constrained and the drive for standards will result in a compliance
approach that delivers conformity. However, such conformity may be at the lowest secure
37
level and at the expense of quality enhancement.
Higher education in Indonesia and the role of transnational education (L'enseignement
supérieur en Indonésie et le rôle de l'enseignement transnational)
Tadjudin, M. K. / UNESCO European Centre for Higher Education. -- IN: Higher Education
in Europe; Enseignement Supérieur en Europe, v. 25, no. 3, p. 395-400, 2000.
DESCRIPTORS: educational policy; international education; accreditation; educational
quality; Indonesia.
ABSTRACT: As transnational higher education is here to stay, developing countries like
Indonesia should make provision for it in preparing their national plans for the development of
higher education. Given the economic crisis of 1998-1999 in this country that has led to
cutbacks in traditional higher education possibilities, transnational offerings in some cases
may help to fill the gap. However, transnational offerings should be regulated by national
authorities in order to protect the population from low-quality and/or fraudulent offerings. It
should not be restricted abusively for the sake of restricting it. Rather, in developing countries,
traditional and transnational higher education offerings should be complementary.
Organizations like GATE and INQAAHE should collaborate in the elaboration of a formal
recognition process to be adopted by national accreditation bodies involved in transnational
higher education.
Higher education in the process of European integration, globalizing economies and mobility of
students and staff
Amaral, Alberto / International Association of Universities. -- IN: Higher Education and the
nation state: the international dimension of higher education. Edited by Jeroen Huisman,
Peter Maassen and Guy Neave, pp. 121-147.-- Oxford, Pergamon. IAU Press, 2001. 237 pp.
DESCRIPTORS: studen mobility; academic staff mobility; educational quality; quality
control; evaluation of education; European integration; regional cooperation; global approach;
European Union.
Higher education internationalization strategies: of marginal significance or all-pervasive?
UNESCO European Centre for Higher Education.-- IN: Higher Education in Europe;
Enseignement supérieur en Europe, v 25, n1, pp. 7-124, 2000.
DESCRIPTORS: educational cooperation; university cooperation; globalization; regional
cooperation; Europe. - curriculum development; educational objectives.
Higher learning as a joint venture between state and industry: the example of the international
university in Germany
Ziegler, Heide / International Association of Universities. -- IN: Challenges facing higher
education at the millennium. Edited by Hirsch, Werner Z. and Weber, Luc E., p. 111-117.-Phoenix, Oryx Press. Oxford, Pergamon. IAU Press, 1999
DESCRIPTORS: international universities; international education; Germany.
How International Experience Affects Teaching: Understanding the Impact of Faculty Study
Abroad
38
Sandgren, David; Ellig, Nick; Hovde, Peter; Krejci, Mark; Rice, Mary / Council on
International Education Exchange [USA].-- IN: Journal of Studies in International Education,
v3 n1 p33-56 Spr 1999.
DESCRIPTORS: Academic Staff; University Teaching; Course Content; Global Approach;
International Educational Exchange; Teacher Exchange Programs. - Personal Narratives;
Study Abroad; Surveys.
ABSTRACT: A study, drawing on faculty self-reports and interviews, examined the processes
linking the short-term study-abroad experiences of college faculty and the global content of
their classroom teaching. It found that experience abroad enhanced the social and selfawareness of participants, which in turn led to increased global content of classroom teaching.
Excerpts from faculty statements illustrate findings.
An innovation perspective on internationalisation of higher education institutionalisation: the
critical phase
Van der Wende, Marjik / Council on International Education Exchange [USA].-- IN: Journal
of Studies in International Education, v. 3, no. 1, p. 3-13, 1999
DESCRIPTORS: international education; institutional role.
Integration or isolation: internationalism and the internet in Canadian higher education
Farquhar, Robin H..-- IN: Journal of Higher Education Policy and Management, v. 21, no. 1,
p. 5-15, 1999
DESCRIPTORS: distance education; virtual university; Canada.
Inter-regional cooperation in higher education in Europe
Haug, Guy; Race, Julia / Council on International Educational Exchange [USA].-- IN:
Journal of Studies in International Education, v. 2, no. 2, p. 3-34, 1998.
DESCRIPTORS: regional cooperation; international educational exchange; Europe.
ABSTRACT: This article draws on the preparatory research, discussions and conclusions of a
conference on Regional Cooperation and Mobility in Higher Education jointly organised by
Concil of Europe and Nordic Council of Ministers in 1997. Regional cooperation is defined as
cooperation between sub-national “regions” (either across a common border or longer
distance), or between such “regions” and/or countries located within a relatively small
geographical area of Europe. The article introduces a number of very diverse cooperation
schemes fitting these definitions. It examines the nature and purpose of inter-regional
cooperation in higher education, its relationship with other types of international cooperation
in higher education and its role within overall inter-regional cooperation. Key determinants of
the future development of inter-regional cooperation in higher education are identified and
scenarios and recommendations for the future proposed. The article demonstrates that regional
cooperation is a complement to, and in no way a substitute for broader, longer distance
cooperation in higher education. It shows the specific value of cross-border academic
cooperation in terms of resource sharing, regional planning and as a stepping stone towards
broader regional links, not the least in areas where borders have long been closed or disputed.
The international dimension in quality assessment and quality assurance
Vroeijenstijn, A. I..-- IN: Assessment and Evaluation in Higher Education, v. 24, no. 2, p.
39
237-248, 1999.
DESCRIPTORS: educational quality; quality evaluation; international education
ABSTRACT: Many countries are working on the design of an external quality assessment
agency for higher education. Such an agency has to fulfil national needs and expectations.
However, higher education is as such international in scope. This paper draws attention to the
need for internationalisation of quality assessment. The national frontieres are too narrow for
validating our standards. Looking at the situation in Europe, the author discusses the need for
a Europen dimension and makes a proposal for a European Centre for Substantial
Equivalence. In the future a European or international quality hallmark will play an important
role in student mobility, staff mobility and the mobility of emplyees.
International diploma mills grow with the Internet
Contreras, Alan L. / Boston College [USA]. Center for International Higher Education .-- IN:
International Higher Education, no. 24, p. 5-6, 2001.
DESCRIPTORS: international education; accrediting agencies; quality control; WEB.
International Higher Education, University Governance [Theme issue]
National Tertiary Education Union [Australia].-- IN: Australian Universities' Review,
v.42,no.2,1999; v.43,no.1, p. 5-64, 2000.
DESCRIPTORS: international education; university administration; governance; universities;
Australia; USA; Russian Federation; Argentina.
CONTENTS: Living with the other: higher education in the global era (S. Marginson); The
general agreement on trade in services: implications for public post-secondary education in
Australia (M. Griffin Cohen); Global corporations "R" us? The impacts of globalisation on
Australian universities (G. Pratt and D. Poole); The role of the state in the provision of higher
education in the United States (B. Pusser); Tuition policy issues in Russian higher education
(O. Bain); The americanisation of the reformed university in Argentina (M. Mollis);
Comparing national education systems in the global era (S. Marginson and M. Mollis)
The International provision of higher education: do universities need GATS?
Barblan, Andris / OECD.-- IN: Higher Education Management and Policy, v. 14, no. 3, pp.
77-92, 2002.
DESCRIPTORS: international trade; international education; universities.
ABSTRACT: The provision of higher education in the world is governed by two approaches
represented by the UNESCO, on one side, by the WTO, on the other. The members of both
organisations are the same governments but the two work on divergent assumptions as far as
the development of a world system of higher education is concerned. At UNESCO, actors
join a system of common references in order to set up a series of co-operative agreements
and ventures - which can be reversible, as participants remain very much in control of their
level of commitment to a wider global community. At WTO, on the contrary, actors merge
their references by accepting an automatic development of internationalisation that becomes
irreversible as the countries accept multilateral concessions from each other.
Governments agreed to enter the field of service deregulation in the Millenium Round by
signing the General Agreement on Trade in Services, the GATS, in 1995. This represented a
totally new area for all people concerned, be they in the Ministries of Trade, Tourism,
Health of Education. Indeed, can the rules developed for goods apply to services-as if
services were equal to goods? Can value be defined along the same lines for a material
product and a virtual good like a service, in education for instance? Is not a service market
much more supply-driven than a market of goods- thus requiring different modalities of
international co-operation? That is the whole point of the debate concerning the
40
commitment to GATS made by several countries exporting education and it explains the
claim for caution made last year by higher education associations of the United States,
Canada and Europe. This should not hinder the use of UNESCO conventions to reach
similar results, or to use convention to move on to agreements at a later stage, when trust
and confidence are shared by all partners.
The International Student Experience; A U.S. Industry Perspective
Van Hoof, Hubert B. / Council on International Education Exchange [USA].-- IN: Journal of
Studies in International Education, v3 n2 p57-71 Fall 1999.
DESCRIPTORS: Employer Attitudes; International Educational Exchange; Study Abroad;
Work Experience. - Higher Education; International Education; Surveys.
ABSTRACT: A survey of U.S. job recruiters (n=67) concerning their perceptions of the value
of a student's international experience found recruiters did not value international exchange
very highly and instead favored national work experience over international work experience.
Company characteristics affected perceptions, but recruiters' personal international
experiences did not.
International trade in educational services: good or bad?
Larsen, Kurt; Vincent-Lancrin, Stéphan / OECD.-- IN: Higher Education Management and
Policy, v. 14, no. 3, pp. 9-45. 002.
DESCRIPTORS: international trade; international education.
ABSTRACT : International trade in post-secondary educational services has grown
substantially over the past decade. Traditionally it takes the form of international
student/ teacher mobility but also, and increasingly, foreign investment by educational
institutions or e-learning services. These developments in international trade in post secondary educational services, which have come to the fore with the inclusion of
educational services in the World Trade Organisation's negotiations on the General
Agreement on Trade in Services, are causing great concern in the teach ing and student
community. This paper analyses the challenges and opportunities that international
trade in educational services represents for higher education systems in industrialised
and developing countries, and shows the importance of international quality assurance
in education. Breaking with studies that view the international education market as
homogeneous, the paper argues that traditional higher education will be less affected
by these developments than the lifelonglearning sector, and that trade in such services
will expand more in the developing countries than in the industrialised world.
The international vision in practice: a decade of evolution (La mise en practique de la vision
internationale: dix ans de progres)
Callan, Hilary / UNESCO European Centre for Higher Education. -- IN: Higher Education in
Europe; Enseignement supérieur en Europe, v. 25, no. 1, p. 15-23, 2000.
DESCRIPTORS: international education; educational management; international
organizations; university cooperation; distance education; global approach; Europe.
ABSTRACT: Discusses the relationship between the idea of internationalization of higher
education and its concrete expression in terms of professional organization and practice,
emphasizing the role of the European Association for International Education. Traces how the
broadening concept of internationalization has resulted in new activities and programs,
strategic integration, policy articulation, and juxtaposition of internationalization with
Europeanization and globalization.
Internationalisation as a Challenge for Higher Education in Europe
Teichler, Ulrich / European Higher Education Society.-- Kluwer Academic Publishers.-- IN:
41
Tertiary Education and Management, v5 n1 p5-23 1999.
DESCRIPTORS: International Education; Europe. - Foreign Countries; Global Approach;
Government University Relationship; Higher Education; Universities.
ABSTRACT: Discussion of internationalization in higher education in Europe finds that
although the major forces are still predominantly national, the internationalization process
impacts individual institutions through growing pressures for diversity, increasing popularity
of managerialism, and compliance with policies of the European Commission, which seem to
favor de-nationalization of higher education.
The Internationalisation of European universities: a return to medieval roots
Geuna, Aldo.-- Dordrecht, Kluwer Academic Publishers.-- IN: Minerva, v. 36, no. 3,
p. 253-270, 1998
DESCRIPTORS: international educational exchange; international education; educational
history; Europe.
ABSTRACT: The research universities, usually elite pre-war institutions and a handful of new
postwar universities, will be the privileged participants in the university development.
Internationally well known for their competence in specific filds of knowledge, connected
through European research networks, they will increase their international focus. Increasingly,
professors, researchers, students and funding sources will have a nationality different from
that of their university. These universities will be influenced not only by the policies of their
own governments, but also by the initiatives of the European Commission and other
international organisations, and by the opportunities offered by industry at an international
level. Their strong position, both scientifically and politically, will ensure them a strong
bargaining power in the development of national and international relationships with
government and industry.
Internationalisation of higher education: facilitating partnerships between universities
Anderson, B.; Maharasoa, M. -- IN: South African Journal of Higher Education, v. 16, no. 1,
p. 15-21, 2002
DESCRIPTORS: international education; university cooperation; South Africa; USA.
ABSTRACT: The higher education sector in South Africa has been characterised by a myriad
of changes in recent years. One such a change is the expansion of private higher education
which, in most cases, is a consequence of internationalisation. Internationalisation manifests
itself in various ways, ranging from inter-institutional co-operation to agency agreements. This
article strives to highlight the important role that internationalisation can play in facilitating
partnerships between higher education institutions across continents. To achieve this
objective, literature on partnership in higher education was studied. An example of a
partnership between a university in South Africa and a university in the United States of
America will be provided as authentic evidence that, assuming the notion of “partnering”,
internationalisation could significantly contribute to the provision of university education.
Although it has only been running for three years, the case study is provided to enable readers
to critically determine the feasibility of forging partnerships at the intercontinental level.
Internationalisation of undergraduate education: the UTS initiative
Brill, Rhondda / Council on International Education Exchange [USA].-- IN: Journal of
42
Studies in International Education, v. 2, no. 2, p. 81-98, 1998.
DESCRIPTORS: undergraduate students; international education; Australia.
ABSTRACT: Rapid change, challenging world issues, cultural diversity, international trade
and improved telecommunications are just some of the forces driving universities to
internationalise undergraduate education. Graduates of the future will need not only the
knowledge and skills appropriate to their professional or practical fields but also a range of
competencies which enable them to operate effectively across cultures in an interdependent
world. The University of Technology, Sydney has responded to the demand for
internationalisation with the development of a combinet degree model which allows
undergraduates to undertake a professional degree program in conjunction with an
International Studies Program. The components of the International Study Program allow
students to study the language, learn about the society and experience living and studying in
the country or region of their major. The design of the International Studies Program addresses
many of the issues raised in the international education literature.
Internationalisation of universities
Pellert, Ada / Austrian Foundation for Development Research; Viennese University
Preparation Programme. -- IN: Education for Transition: One Europe - One World?,
p. 24-33.-- Vienna, 1999. 137 pp.
DESCRIPTORS: universities; international education.
The Internationalisation of university education: Australia and Finland compared
Dobson, Ian R.; Hölttä, Seppo / European Higher Education Society.-- IN: Tertiary Education
and Management, v. 7, no. 3, 243-254, 2001.
DESCRIPTORS: international education; foreign students; student mobility; comparative
analysis; Australia; Finland.
ABSTRACT: This paper examines alternative attitudes to internationalisation, using Australia
and Finland as case studies. In Australia, the principal thrust of ‘internationalisation’ has been
one of the export of educational services. The fees paid by the majority of the 84 000
international university students have become a critical part of the funding of Australia’s
university system. In Finland, universities continue to be funded almost exclusively through
government grants, and official philosophy towards the internationalisation of higher
education differs from the more direct economic Australian model. Comparative philosophy,
mobility and comparative numbers are considered.
Internationalisation or Indigenisation of Educational Management Development? Some Issues
of Cross-Cultural Transfer
Rodwell, Susie.-- IN: Comparative Education, v34 n1 p41-54 Mar 1998.
DESCRIPTORS: International Educational Exchange; admistrator education; Professional
Development. - change strategies; cultural factors; Distance Education; Educational Trends;
Primary Education; Secondary Education.
ABSTRACT: Questions the legitimacy of transferring educational models and materials
between countries. Reviews recent trends in educational management development in Western
and less developed countries and assesses the cross-cultural transfer of "school-based
management self-development." Suggests that indigenization of models may be most
appropriate, but the knowledge base for such a strategy remains limited.
Internationalisation policies: about new trends and contrasting paradigms
Van der Wende, Marijk C. / International Association of Universities.-- IN: Higher Education
43
Policy, v. 14, no. 3, p. 249-259, 2001
DESCRIPTORS: international education; higher education policy; educational trends; Europe.
ABSTRACT: In this article, internationalisation of higher education is analysed as a response
to globalisation. A distinction is made between two paradigms in internationalisation:
competition and cooperation. The different approaches to internationalisation in the AngloSaxon countries on the one hand and in continental Europe on the other are analysed along the
lines of these two paradigms. With respect to the role and position of continental Europe in the
global higher education market the following questions are explored. Is there a real higher
education market in Europe and if so for whom? Should and can European higher education
actually compete internationally, and if so, is cooperation the right strategy to do so? It will be
concluded that the effectiveness of cooperation and especially that of international university
consortia in international competition is largely still hidden in the future. Furthermore, many
questions still remain to be answered in order to improve our understanding of the
international higher education market in terms of its segmentation and the related
diversification of the higher education sector and its functions.
"Internationalisation" or "globalisation" of higher education? Conceptual changes in recent
discussions and documents
Lauterbach, Hanna / Bayerisches Staatsinstitut für Hochschulforschung und
Hochschulplanung.-- IN: Beiträge zur Hochschulforschung, no. 1, pp. 21-46, 2001.
DESCRIPTORS: international education; globalization; Germany.
CONTENT: First, the article gives a critical overview of the development and some recent
scholarly differentiation of the concept of “internationalisation of higher education”. Second,
it applies this differentiation to reconstruct the different meanings of the term
“internationalisation in higher educatin” in the recent debate among political, scientific and
economic leaders and leading institutions in Germany. Third, it argues that there is not only a
hidden agenda of internationalisation – namely globalisation – but another sub-text aiming at
ignoring the aspect of “Bilding” of higher education (education-for-life, human growth) in
favour of an almost axclusive focus on “Ausbildung” (professional training).
Internationalization in Belarus: the post-Soviet experience
Klimanovich, O. V.; Gancheryonok, I. I. / Boston College [USA]. Center for International
Higher Education.-- IN: International Higher Education, no. 20, p. 14-15, 2000.
DESCRIPTORS: educational reform; international education; Belarus.
The Internationalization of higher education: implications for Australia and its education
'clients'
Turpin, Tim; Iredale, Robyn; Crinnion, Paola.-- IN: Minerva, v. 40, no. 4, p. 327-340, 2002
DESCRIPTORS: international education; Australia.
ABSTRACT: Institutions of higher education are today under increasing pressure to
internationalize their courses and programmes. The overall impact of this process is far from
clear. This essay compares and contrasts patterns of Australian higher education offered to
students from developing countries, with services delivered to Australian-born students. We
suggest that the process of globalization is contributing to uneven economic and educational
development, and may weaken the over-stretched educational systems of poorer countries.
Knowledge society, education and aid
Tilak, Jandhyala B.G.-- IN: Compare, v.32, no.3, p. 297-310, 2002
44
DESCRIPTORS: knowledge; development aid; education and development; research policy;
learned societes; development agencies; international organizations; developing countries.
ABSTRACT: The paper describes the salient features of the emerging knowledge society, its
relationship with education, the role of the internatinal organisations in knowledge
development and knowledge management, and specifically the need for knowledge-based aid
policies. The paper argues that development of strong education systems, including
specifically higher education and research systems, is a necessary prerequisite for
development of a knowledge society. International aid organisations have been active in the
development of education directly, and thereby in knowledge development indirectly in
developing countries. Some organisations have also initiated efforts that aim at knowledge
development and management directly. But the approches of international organisations for
knowledge development and management need to be modified to suit the divergent dynamic
socio-economic conditions and national policies. Also based on the principle of comparative
advantage, it can be suggested that knowledge development should be the main responsibility
of governments in developing countries, while knowledge management could be the task of
the international aid organisations.
Learning partnerships in Africa: commercial transaction or reciprocal exchange
Beebe, Maria A. / UNESCO European Centre for Higher Education. -- IN: Transnational
Education and the New Economy: Delivery and Quality, p. 107-119.-- Bucharest, 2001.
169pp.
DESCRIPTORS: transnational education; international education; universities; services; new
technologies; international trade; Africa.
ABSTRACT : The author challenges the view that all transnational education services,
particularly those offered in Africa, must necessarily be only commercial transactions.
Positive African examples are offered in support of the author’s own definition of
transnational education, according th which “non-local providers work out a range of alliances
with local providers” and of her vision of the same as global education, the goal of which is
the linking of learners with ideas, information, teachers, and with one another. Finally, the
author advances arguments in defense of her thesis that, while transnational education services
necessitate commercial transactions, reciprocal exchange as a demonstration of global
consciousness must be a balancing factor.
Leveraging globalization as a policy paradigm for higher education (Elever la mondialisation au
rang de paradigme politique pour l'enseignement supérieur)
McBurnie, Grant / UNESCO. European Centre for Higher Education. -- IN: Higher
Education in Europe; Enseignement supérieur en Europe, v. 26, no. 1, p. 11-26, 2001.
DESCRIPTORS: international education; globalization; socio-economic factors; Australia.
ABSTRACT: While globalization poses challenges, it also offers powerful opportunities for
the higher education community to play a key role in shaping the future. This explores
globalization as a policy paradigm, both from international and local [Australian] perspectives.
It first looks broadly at various strands of globalization – economic, political, cultural,
technological – and suggests how each may relate to higher education. The specific example
of Australia is then used to illustrate how one government is currently addressing globalization
issues of particular concern to it: the promotion, protection, and quality assurance of education
as an international enterprise. The government has used concerns about globalization as a
“lever” to introduce new legislation extending control over the higher education sector. The
author concludes by arguing that, like governments and other bodies, the higher education
community can “leverage” globalization to judiciously move debate and shape future policy
directions.
Living with the Other: Higher Education in the Global Era
Marginson, Simon.-- IN: Australian Universities' Review, v42 n2 and v43 n1 p5-8 2000.
45
DESCRIPTORS: Educational Trends; Global Approach; Higher Education. - College
Administration; Comparative Education; Educational Change; Educational Planning;
Educational Policy; Foreign Countries; Governance; International Education; Politics of
Education; Trend Analysis; Universities.
ABSTRACT: Introduces six articles that form this issue's feature section on international
higher education. Uses the articles to explore issues of globalization in higher education,
including the danger of a global convergence in models of higher education that may poorly
serve the needs of different institutions.
Managing Regional Collaboration in Higher Education: The Case of the North American Free
Trade Agreement [NAFTA]. (Gérer la collaboration régionale dans l'enseignement supérieur)
Crespo, Manuel / OECD.-- IN: Higher Education Management; Gestion de l'Enseignement ,
v12 n1 p23-39 2000.
DESCRIPTORS: International Cooperation; International Educational Exchange;
International Relations; educational management; regional cooperation; North America;
Canada; USA; Mexico.
ABSTRACT: Describes accomplishments in increasing collaboration in higher education
within the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). Analyzes procedures for
determining equivalencies of courses and degrees and for improving transnational mobility of
students and professors. Also discusses the role of the private sector in research, education and
training within the NAFTA agreement and identifies contentious issues and expected future
developments.
Markets for "Borderless Education"
Fielden, John.-- IN: Minerva, v. 39, no. 1, p. 49-62, 2001.
DESCRIPTORS: higher education policy; alternative education; virtual university;
information technology; educational management; international trade; UK.
ABSTRACT: This essay presents a snapshot of the situation confronting British universities
that are entering the ‘virtual’ or ‘e-learning’ market. It reviews the impact of recent changes
on international students, both in the UK and overseas, and it considers how these changes
may affect institutional managers, strategic leadership, and organizational structures
Measuring internationalisation in educational institutions: case study: French management
schools (Mesurer le degré d'internationalisation d'un établissement de formation - un exemple
français en gestion)
Echevin, Claude; Ray, Daniel / OECD.-- IN: Higher Education Management and Policy;
Politique et gestion de l'enseignement supérieur, v. 14, no. 1, pp. 95-108, 2002.
DESCRIPTORS: management education; institutional administration; international education;
cost effectiveness; France.
ABSTRACT: This article suggests some simple, low-cost methods that may help directors of
higher education facilities to visualise their school’s position on the international market. The
approach draws on examples from some fifty management schools throughout France.
Missing in action: leadership for international and global eduacation for the twenty-first century
Mestenhauser, Joseph A. / UNESCO European Centre for Higher Education. -- IN:
Internationalization of higher education: an institutional perspective, p. 23-62.-- 2000.
46
DESCRIPTORS: international education; leadership.
ABSTRACT: The author outlines the main barriers to internationalization. In addition to
conceptual problems resulting from confused definitions of internationalization and
globalization, he defines three main categories of barriers: (i) those related to knowledge, and
thus crucial in terms of the curriculum, e.g., the excessive “compartimentalization” of
knowledge, often implying reluctance of faculty to become involved with the broader issues
involved in internatonalization, the failure to appreciate new modes of knowledge production,
the “knowledge gap” between what the organization knows, and what it needs to know,
“scarce knowledge”, referring to knowledge about lack of knowledge, (ii) those related to
change and reform e.g., university structures and planning mechanisms, preparing students to
cope with change, etc.: and (iii) those related to educational leadership, e.g., university
structures – vertical and hierarchical – which do not reflect the way that global knowledge
should be managed.
Missions and Structures: Bringing Clarity to Perceptions about Globalization and Higher
Education in Canada
Levin, John S..-- IN: Higher Education, v37 n4 p377-99 Jun 1999.
DESCRIPTORS: Community Colleges; Educational Reform; Global Approach; Institutional
Mission; International Studies; Canada. - Change Strategies; University Role; Educational
Trends; Institutional Characteristics; Longitudinal Studies; Qualitative Research; Trend
Analysis; Two Year Colleges.
CONTENTS: A qualitative, longitudinal study of community colleges, including four
Canadian institutions, sought to (1) identify and analyze actual institutional behaviors as they
adjust to the demands of globalization, and (2) examine the evolving development of the
community college as a social institution by focusing on the actions and conditions leading to
mission alteration.
Mobility and Cooperation in Education: Recent Experiences in Europe [Theme issue]
IN: European Journal of Education, v. 36, no. 4, 2001.
DESCRIPTORS: educational mobility; international education; international programmes;
Europe; Czech Republic.
CONTENTS: The Internationalisation of education - schools in Europe and the SOCRATES
Programme (J.Gordon); Learning by leaving - towards a pedagogy for transnational mobility
in the context of vocational education and training(S.Kristensen); The international dimension
in national higher education policies: what has changed in Europe in the last five years?
(M.van der Wende); Mobility during the course of study and after graduation (U.Teichler and
V.Jahr); ERASMUS: continuity and change in the 1990s (F.Maiworm); Internationalisation of
higher education in the Czech Republic - the impact of European Union Programmes
(V.Stastna).
Moving towards professionalism: the strategic management of international education activities
at Australian universities and their Faculties of Business
47
Poole, David.-- IN: Higher Education, v. 42, no. 4, pp. 395-435, 2001.
DESCRIPTORS: entrepreneurship; international education; educational management;
educational strategies; foreign students; Australia.
ABSTRACT: In Australia, the growth of international entrepreneurial activities has resulted in
the creation of a significant export-oriented sector. These activities include the recruitment of
international students to Australian campuses, the development of Australian university
campuses in offshore locations, and the delivery of Australian degree programs at both
onshore and offshore locations in partnership with universities, professional associations and
private corporations. The aim of this study is to explore how Australian universities,
particularly in terms of their Faculties of Business, organise and manage international
entrepreneurial activities.
The operation of transnational Degree and Diploma Programs: the Australian case
Adams, Tony / Council on International Educational Exchange [USA].-- IN: Journal of
Studies in International Education, v. 2, no. 1, p. 3-22, 1998.
DESCRIPTORS: international education; university programmes; Australia
ABSTRACT : The development of an export oriented international student program in
Australia in the mid 1980’sprovided the impetus for Australian higher education institutions to
take their programs offshore. Now a decade later, 34 of Australia’s 38 universities are offering
493 programs offshore to an estimated 20.000 students, predominately undertaking Australian
qualifications in their own country (AVCC,1997). This paper discusses the various models
that Australian higher education institutions have used to develop these transnational programs
(including twinning, moderation, distance mode, joint awards, internet delivery, franchising
and campus models), and explores a number of issues in their delivery (including why
programs are offered offshore, quality assurance and the rules and regulations of the home
country).
Opportunity and risk in transnational education - issues in planning for international campus
development: an Australian perspective (Risques et opportunités de l'enseignement
transnational - questions concernant le développment de campus universitaires internationaux:
une perspective australienne)
McBurnie, Grant; Pollock, Anthony / UNESCO European Centre for Higher Education. -IN: Higher Education in Europe; Enseignement Supérieur en Europe, v. 25, no. 3, p. 333-343,
2000.
DESCRIPTORS: international education; educational strategies; Australia.
ABSTRACT: This article, that is based upon the experience of Monash University, identifies a
range of opportunities and risks involved in transnational education and addresses a number of
key planning issues in establishing an international campus. These include the guiding
principles adopted by the university, country selection factors, market research, considerations
in developing an appropriate delivery model, and the assurance of the academic quality and
educational integrity of the programmes offered. The authors refer to literature in the field
concerning corporate risk and identify factors relevant to the higher education sector. The
article stresses the need for an appropriate integration of strategic vision, academic priorities,
and business considerations to ensure that opportunities offered by transnational education are
successfully realized.
The Pedagogical Implications of Diverse Conceptualizations of Internationalization: A U.S.
Based Case Study
48
Schoorman, Dilys.-- IN: Journal of Studies in International Education, v3 n2 p19-46 Fall
1999.
DESCRIPTORS: Case Studies; Definitions; Global Approach; Teaching Methods. Administrator Characteristics; Change Strategies; Academic Staff; College Students;
Educational Reform; Educational Principles; Educational Trends; Foreign Students; Higher
Education; Research Universities; Student Attitudes; Teacher Attitudes.
CONTENTS: Evaluation of a university-wide mission to internationalize included interviews
with administrators, faculty members, and students in two departments. Findings indicated: (1)
diverse understandings and implementations of internationalization; (2) perspectives linked to
perceived relevance of internationalization to specific fields; and (3) underutilization of
international students as educational resources. A conceptual definition of internationalization
is offered.
Políticas de internacionalización: estrategias e implementación
Asociación Mexicana para la Educación Internacional.-- IN: Educación Global, no. 4 , 2000.
DESCRIPTORS: international education; higher education policy; university programmes;
student mobility; case studies; Latin America; North America; Sweden; Mexico; Germany.
CONTENTS: Internationalization at U.S. institutions of higher education, pp.5-10
(W.L.Barnhart); Developing a policy program for internationalization: the case of Uppsala
University, pp.19-24 (L.Fransson); Relaciones trilaterales: internacionalización para el
desarrollo de la capacidad institucional, pp.25-28 (C.C.Trevino, M.Ungson and F.L.García);
Globalization, integration, identity and cultural diversity in North America and the periphery,
pp.73-84 (E.Aponte); Un futuro común para las dos Américas a la hora de la globalización?,
pp.85-94 (R.Avila); What does globalization means for teaching and learning?, pp.155-158
(M.F.Green and M.Baer).
Pursuing internationalization as a means to advance the academic mission of the university: an
Australian case study (Poursuivre l'internationalisation comme moyen de faire progresser la
mission académique de l'université: une étude de cas en Australie)
McBurnie, Grant / UNESCO European Centre for Higher Education.-- IN: Higher Education
in Europe; Enseignement supérieur en Europe, v. 25, no. 1, p. 63-73, 2000.
DESCRIPTORS: international education; university role; case studies; global approach;
Australia. - Case Studies; Diversity [Student]; Foreign Countries; Higher Education;
Institutional Mission; International Education; Student Experience; Study Abroad.
CONTENTS: Examines issues involved in the pursuit of internationalization, using Monash
University (Australia) as a case study. Describes internationalization of the student body, the
establishment and enhancement of a presence overseas, and the internationalization of the
educational experience. Stresses the principle that international activities must significantly
advance the core academic functions of the university.
Quality assurance in off-shore provision: some British lessons worth learning
Alderman, Geoffrey / UNESCO European Centre for Higher Education. -- IN: Transnational
Education and the New Economy: Delivery and Quality, p. 143-152.-- Bucharest, 2001.
169 pp.
DESCRIPTORS: distance education; educational finance; educational quality; international
education; UK.
ABSTRACT: Starting from the reality that the off-shore provision of higher education
programmes by British universities through franchising, validation, distance learning, etc.,
dating back to the 1836 External Programme of the University of London and the award of its
External Degrees, now constitutes an export industry, the author reveals the preoccupation of
49
the British Higher Education Quality Council and its successor organization, the Quality
Assurance Agency for Higher Education, with the maintenance of high quality educational
standards. One way in which standards have been maintained was by the dispatch, in 1995, of
fact-finding missions to Europe and the Far East. It seems that the ensuing (unpublished)
reports determined, in some cases, that the quality of off-shore British university education
and the standards of British university education awards had lamentably declined. The Quality
Assurance Agency for Higher Education, established in 1997, started undertaking annual
overseas audits focused on the off-shore programmes delivered by British universities. The
audit teames publish their academic reports on the quality assurance of the involved British
institution, also including the replies of the institutions concerned. In some cases, the British
teams have had to contend with bad faith on the part of the host higher educational authorities.
Quality Transnational Education: A Shared Commitment for Sustainable Development [Theme
issue]
UNESCO European Centre for Higher Education.-- IN: Higher Education in Europe, v. 27,
no. 3, 2002.
DESCRIPTORS: transnational education; international education; sustainable development.
CONTENTS: The Impact of globalization on the Ibero-American virtual university ( M.Casas
Armengol); Developing a sustainable educational process in Indonesia: a project of the Global
Dialogue Institute (L.Marion); The Implications of e-learning (F.F.Kelly); The National
accreditation system for higher education institutions in Russia (Y.P.Pokholkov,
A.I.Chuchalin and S.B.Mogilnitsky); The "Millennium Intent": A case study in assuring
quality international standards for educating healthcare professionals (S.M.Goldsmith);
Accreditation and quality assurance in Europe (H.Sebkova); Educating leaders in developing
nations (R.Henderson); Quality measures in distance learning (W.J.Husson and
E.K.Waterman); Planning for the internationalization of a postgraduate professional degree
programme in Library and information science (V.L.Gregory and S.R.Wohlmuth);
Articulating the Guidelines for Distance Learning Library Services of the Association of
Colleges and Research Libraries outside the library profession (H.R.Gover); Pitfalls,
challenges, and triumphs: issues in an international capacity development project
(A.Erasmus); The Global forces affecting the education sector today - the universities in
Europe as an example (B.Brock-Ume); A comparative overview of some fundamental aspects
of university management as practiced in several European countries (S.Zaharia); How the
public views the Swiss higher institutes (J-P.Antonietti,F.Crettaz von Roten and JP.Leresche); Changes in Slovenian higher education: governance, autonomy, admission, and
quality (P.Zgaga).
Re-educating humankind: globalizing the curriculum and teaching international ethics for the
New Century (Rééduquer l'humanité: mondialiser les programmes et enseigner une éthique
internationale pour le nouveau siècle)
Runte, Roseann / UNESCO. European Centre for Higher Education.-- IN: Higher Education
in Europe; Enseignement supérieur en Europe, v. 26, no. 1, p. 39-46, 2001.
DESCRIPTORS: international education; globalization; ethics.
CONTENTS: Nations, cultures, languages – all are converging in this globalizing world of the
early Twenty-First Century, giving individuals both a feeling of powerlessness and a sense of
infinite possibilities. A new ethics of globalization is needed. The best way to create such an
ethics is through education. The author proposes several means by which students at all levels
of education can achieve global awareness on a personalized basis, in particular, through two
university-level courses. These would be required, respectively, of entering university
freshmen and of exiting graduating seniors, to be taught simultaneously in networks of higher
education institutions all over the world. These courses would focus on global awareness and
50
on the local solution of globally relevant problems. Much of the feasibility of the simultaneous
global delivery of such courses would depend on the deft use of the Internet and, in general, of
the information and communication technologies.
Regulation and quality assurance in transnational education
Machado dos Santos, Sérgio / European Higher Education Society.-- IN: Tertiary Education
and Management, v.8, n.2, pp. 97-112, 2002.
DESCRIPTORS: quality control; transnational education.
The regulation of transnational higher education in Southeast Asia: case studies of Hong Kong,
Malaysia and Australia
McBurnie, Grant; Ziguras, Christopher.-- IN: Higher Education, v. 42, no. 1, pp. 85-105,
2001.
DESCRIPTORS: international education; transnational education; regulations; Asia; Hong
Kong; Malaysia; Australia.
ABSTRACT: The millennium round of the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS)
underlines issues relating to the regulation of education as an internationally traded service.
Transnational education is a key component of such trade. Southeast Asia is something of a
laboratory in the development and regulation of transnational education. The region combines
high demand, keen competition among providers, and host country regulatory regimes ranging
from relatively faire to strongly interventionist. This paper examines the approaches of three
Southeast Asian governments – Hong Kong, Malaysia and Australia – to the regulation of
transnational education within their borders. In each case the authors provide background on
the higher education system, describe the regulatory approaches to transnational education,
and analyse the motivations behind regulation. Both the neoliberal approach of the WTO to
trade in educational services, and critiques of this approach, are outlined. The authors
conclude that any attempts to promote global standards or quality principles for transnational
ducation must address the myriad concerns of governments, including consumer protection,
advancing national goals and protecting the local system.
Should we become more international or more regional? Aspects of minority higher education in
Europe (Devrait-on devenir plus internationaux ou plus régionaux? Aspects concernant
l'enseignement supérieur des minorités en Europe)
Kozma, Tamas; Radacsi, Imre / UNESCO European Centre for Higher Education .-- IN:
Higher Education in Europe; Enseignement supérieur en Europe, v. 25, no. 1, p. 41-45, 2000.
DESCRIPTORS: international education; minority groups; regional cooperation; Intercultural
Education; Multilingualism; university cooperation; Ethnic Groups; Europe.
CONTENTS: Addresses the problem of educating minorities when the political borders of
European nation-states fail to coincide with ethno-linguistic realities. Suggests two solutions
to problems of higher education for ethno-linguistic minorities: (1) multilingual universities,
and (2) regional cooperation in higher education in border areas.
"The show is not the show but they that go": the janus-face of the internationalized university at
the turn of the century
51
Steiner, Dorothea / UNESCO European Centre for Higher Education. -- IN:
Internationalization of higher education: an institutional perspective, p. 63-74.-- 2000.
DESCRIPTORS: universities; international education.
ABSTRACT: The Author responds to the conceptual confusion deriving from the terms,
globalization and internationalization and points to the global as the context, and to the
international as the privileged relations and skills to be developed within this context, but
always from a basis within a particular local/national environment. The development of
international skills and competencies are keys to dealing successfully with the global
environment.
Strategic management of internationalisation process: problems and options
Kehm, Barbara M. / European Higher Education Society.-- IN: Tertiary Education and
Management, v. 5, no. 4, pp. 369-382, 1999.
DESCRIPTORS: international education; educational management; institutional
administration; international educational exchange; Europe.
ABSTRACT: In the framework of their first SOCRATES/ERASMUS applications in 1996,
institutions of higher education in Europe were asked to formulate and submit a European
Policy Statement (EPS) expressing the managerial and strategic thrust of their European goals
and activities for which they wanted to received support. As this was a new exercise for many
institutions, especially from countries in which mission statements are not the rule, the
resulting EPSs often contained a number of inconsistencies with regard to institutional
strategies and policies and with regard to the relationship between institutional and European
goals and policies. The contribution discusses typical problems of the strategic management of
internationalisation processes at higher education institutions by presenting results of an
analysis of these EPSs. It also draws some conclusions regarding implications for the future
developments in the context of institutional management of change and the concept of the
learning organisations.
Students in Transnational Tertiary Education. (Les étudiants dans l'enseignement transnational
de troisième cycle)
Liston, Colleen / UNESCO European Centre for Higher Education.-- IN: Higher Education in
Europe, v24 n3 p425-37 1999.
DESCRIPTORS: Academic Standards; Student Development; postsecondary education;
international education; alternative education; foreign students; accreditation; educational
quality; study abroad; educational accountability; case studies.
CONTENTS: Uses case studies to explore effects on students of study at foreign branches of
institutions of higher education or attendance at schools based in foreign countries. Considers
the legal, ethical, and practical implications of transnational study for students. Proposes a
taxonomy to guide providers and accrediting bodies in setting and monitoring standards in
transnational tertiary education.
Supranational organizations and transnational education (Organisations supranationales et
enseignement transnational)
Yelland, Richard / UNESCO European Centre for Higher Education . -- IN: Higher
Education in Europe; Enseignement Supérieur en Europe, v. 25, no. 3, p. 297-303, 2000.
ABSTRACT: This article opens with a few words on globalization and internationalization
and the views of OECD regarding the broader higher education policy environment. Secondly,
it gives some examples of national approaches, and third, some comments on quality and
internationalization.
Sustaining Educational Quality in theGlobal Marketplace
Lenn, Marjorie Peace / America-Mideest Educational and Training Services (AMIDEAST). --
52
IN: Advising Quarterly, Fall 2000. 5pp.
ABSTRACT: As the global marketplace promotes accelerated international linkages, branch
campuses, single purpose programs, and other forms of trans-national education, quality
remains the key to their sustainability. It is not always easy, however, to sustain quality at
remote locations. For reasons of custom, law, language, cost, and just plain convenience, the
challenges to providing a quality educational program can be extensive.The author is the
Executive Director of the Center for Quality Assurance in International Education,
Washington,DC
Technology and Delivery: Assessing the Impact of New Media on "Borderless" Education.
Cunningham, Stuart.-- IN: Australian Universities' Review, v41 n1 p10-13 1998.
DESCRIPTORS: Distance Education; Educational Technology; International Cooperation;
international trade; Industry and Education Relationship; Australia. - Services; Educational
Trends; Foreign Countries; Global Approach; Information Technology; Institutional
Cooperation; Lifelong Education; private sector; Technological Advancement.
CONTENTS: Influences on the development of international distance education are examined,
focusing on the trend toward privatization of higher education and anticipated cooperation
between media leaders and universities. Factors in the success of such efforts and the response
of critics are considered, and the conclusions drawn by a major Australian report (the West
Repot) on higher education's future are outlined.
Thinking Not as Usual: Adding the Intercultural Perspective
Yershova, Yelena; DaJaeghere, Joan; Mestenhauser, Josef.-- IN: Journal of Studies in
International Education, v4 n1 p39-78 Spr 2000.
DESCRIPTORS: Comparative Analysis; Critical Thinking; Cultural Factors; Intercultural
Communication. - Higher Education; International Education.
CONTENTS: Suggests that development of intellectual competencies are embedded in the
cultures in which they are practiced and taught. Examines the cultural components of three
such competencies in detail: intercultural competence, critical thinking, and comparative
thinking. Urges that the international education field address the role of culture in the
development of these competencies.
Trade, education and the GATS: what's in, what's all the fuss about?
Sauvé, Pierre / OECD.-- IN: Higher Education Management and Policy, v. 14, no. 3,
pp. 47-76, 2002.
DESCRIPTORS: international trade; international education.
ABSTRACT: This paper addresses some of the public policy controversies surrounding the
treatment of education services under the World Trade Organisation's General Agreement on
Trade in Services (GATS). The rapid rise in cross-border trade and investment in education
services observed in recent years has given new prominence to the role the GATS might play
as a force for progressive liberalisation in the sector. The paper provides a synthetic
description of the core features of the GATS, highlighting in particular how the four modes of
supplying services subject to the Agreement's disciplines relate to trade in education services.
The paper recalls the policy flexibility WTO members retain under the GATS as regards the
nature, extent and pace of possible progressive liberalisation. It describes a number of key
misunderstandings and fallacies that have tended to cloud a rational discussion of the possible
effects of the GATS on trade in education services. The paper also depicts the key elements
found in the negotiating proposals on education services put forward to date by the
governments of Australia, New Zealand, Japan and the United States, recalling their
circumscribed nature and the acute awareness WTO members are showing about the policy
53
sensitivities arising in the sector. The paper concludes with a discussion of the limited role the
GATS can be expected to play as a force for change in the education field. The paper argues
that many of the impediments that stand in the way of greater cross-border exchanges of
education services may be more appropriately pursued outside a trade policy setting.
Transnational education and recognition of qualifications
Wilson, Lesley A.; Vlasceanu, Lazar / UNESCO European Centre for Higher Education .-IN: Internationalization of higher education: an institutional perspective, p. 75-90.-- 2000.
DESCRIPTORS: qualifications; equivalence between diplomas.
Transnational education in the Slovak Republic: threat or challenge? (L'enseignement
transnational en République Slovaque: menace ou défi?)
Hrábinská, Maria / UNESCO European Centre for Higher Education.--IN: Higher Education
in Europe; Enseignement Supérieur en Europe, v. 25 no. 3, p. 387-394, 2000
DESCRIPTORS: educational quality; international education; accreditation; Slovakia.
ABSTRACT : This article discusses the pros and cons of transnational higher education
offerings from the vantage point of a small Central European country, the Slovak Republic,
and with special reference to franchising. Transnational higher education offerings are
definitely needed, not only in the Slovak Republic, but in the other countries of Central and
Eastern Europe as well, existing national higher education systems and institutions not being
sufficiently developed to cope with increasing enrolment pressures. But there need to be
adequate safeguards against fraudulent offerings , debased standards, and other such problems.
The implantation of two franchised campuses of City University, Bellevue, Washington
(USA) is cited as a very positive example of a foreign higher education institution that has
been able to successfully integrate itself into the fabric of Slovak higher education regulations
and offerings high-quality course programmes.
Transnational Educational Provisions: Enabling Access or Generating Exclusion [Theme issue]
UNESCO European Centre for Higher Education.-- IN: Higher Education in Europe;
Enseignement Supérieur en Europe, v.25, no.3, 2000.
DESCRIPTORS: international education; global approach; access to higher education;
academic staff mobility; student mobility; study abroad; lifelong education; accreditation;
online systems; educational quality; virtual university; intercultural education; second
language instruction; Africa; Slovakia; Indonesia; Sri Lanka; Europe; New Zealand; Australia.
ABSTRACT: The growing importance of internationalization has brought about, among other
things, new networking and organizational settings, which deal with whole spectra or specific
sets of issues related to the internationalization of higher education. One these is GATE which
describes itself as a “strategic partnership of non-governmental organizations, multinational
corporations, national associations, governmental agencies, nd institutions of higher education
that come together to maximize information and to asure quality in a rapidly globalizing
education and human resources market”. This organization offeres quality assurance
certification to providers and programmes of transnational education. A selected number of
papers that where originally delivered at the 4th Annual Conference of GATE, Melbourne
19999 are published. Contents: Part I: International trade in higher education: the larger
picture Part II: The pros and cons of on-line delivery of higher education courses and
programmes Part III: Views from receiving regions and countries Part IV: The need for
cultural and linguistic sensivity on the part of providers.
Transnational higher education in Lithuania
Mockiene, Birute / Boston College [USA]. Center for International Higher Education.--
54
IN: International Higher Education, no. 24, p. 7-8, 2001.
DESCRIPTORS: transnational education; international education; franchising; Lithuania.
Trends and models in international quality assurance in higher education in relation to trade in
education
Van Damme, Dirk / OECD.-- IN: Higher Education Management and Policy, v. 14, no. 3,
pp. 93-136, 2002.
DESCRIPTORS: quality control; educational quality; international trade.
Trends in transnational education
Pease, Pamela / UNESCO European Centre for Higher Education. -- IN: Transnational
Education and the New Economy: Delivery and Quality, p. 81-86.-- Bucharest, 2001. 169 p.
DESCRIPTORS: distance education; transnational education; international education; USA.
ABSTRACT: Given the reality of the expansion of on-line and electronic delivery of
education and training across national boundaries, consumers of this transnational education
are offered greater opportunities and choices. The challenges for learners, corporations, and
governments are to be able to distinguish the credible and high quality programmes from those
that are less credible. In this environment, the Global Aliance for Transnational Education
(GATE ) may assume an important role in assessing the quality of education. Its “Principles of
Best Practice for Transnational Education” provide a benchmark by which to begin to measure
the quality of the education or training offered and the extent to which it provides a contentrich learning experience that serves a diverse student body.
University challenges: borderless higher education, today and tomorrow
Middlehurst, Robin.-- IN: Minerva, v. 39, no. 1, p. 3-26, 2001.
DESCRIPTORS: higher education policy; educational trends; alternative education;
educational technology; learning; lifelong education; virtual university; information
technology; knowledge; international trade.
CONTENTS: Developments in the domain of ‘Borderless Education’ are being shaped by a
number of factors, including the emergence of the ‘knowledge economy’, pressures for lifelong learning, and advances in the use and nature of information and communication
technologies. This overview categorizes some of these tendencies, and highlights some of the
challenges now confronting universities and governments.
The value of international study experience on the labour market: the case of Hungary: A study
on the impact of Tempus on Hungarian students and their transition to work
Bremer, Liduine / Council on International Education Exchange.-- IN: Journal of Studies in
International Education, v. 2, no. 1, p. 39-58, 1998.
DESCRIPTORS: international education; learning expirience; labour market; educational
reform; student mobility; labour market; Hungary.
ABSTRACT: This article report on the findings of a 1996 research project undertaken by an
international team in Hungary. The project aimed to identify and describe the various types of
impact that a study period abroad has on individual Hungarian students, from the point of
view of the students themselves, their home institutions, and their subsequent employers.
Results show that former Tempus students do obtain various clearly identifiable benefits.
Hungarian employers appreciate the enhanced skills, improved language, communication
skills, knowledge, and attitude of the former Tepus students and explicitly take these into
account at recruitment and at selection for further internal promotion. It was also found,
however, that information on the opportunities offered by the Tempus programme does not
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reach many organisation in business and industry.
III. INTERNET RESOURCES:
UNESCO
http://www.unesco.org/education/studyingabroad/index.shtml
The Studying Abroad site on Access, Mobility and Quality Assurance in Higher Education provides
information on academic qualifications and an admission requirement for further studies; updated
information on higher education systems, quality assurance and accreditation issues, transnational
education including open and distance learning (ODL) provisions and virtual universities, admission
procedures or access models world-wide.
This site has resources for tertiary education policy makers, national, regional as well as international
associations and experts concerned with these issues, members of the university community and
students.
Also found on this site is information on the Global Forum on International Quality Assurance,
Accreditation and Recognition of Qualifications. The mission of the Forum, established under the
auspices of UNESCO, is to link existing frameworks dealing with international issues of quality
assurance, accreditation and the recognition of qualifications and provide a platform for dialogue
between them.
THE OBSERVATORY ON BORDERLESS HIGHER EDUCATION
http://www.obhe.ac.uk/
The Observatory on Borderless Higher Education provides information and analysis on a major area of
higher education expansion.The term 'borderless education' encompasses a broad range of activities
and developments which cross (or have the potential to cross) the traditional borders of higher
education, be they geographical, sectoral or conceptual. So, for example, the Observatory tracks
developments in areas such as e-learning, growth in private and corporate education, developing
markets and international collaboration.
ACADEMIC COOPERATION ASSOCIATION
http://www.aca-secretariat.be/02projects/Quality_Review.htm
Internationalisation Quality Review: Strengthening internationalisation strategy: A service for higher
education institutions offered by ACA - EUA – IMHE in cooperation with INQAAHE
http://www.aca-secretariat.be/05publications/aca_papers.htm
ACA Papers on International Cooperation in Education
INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF UNIVERSITIES
http://www.unesco.org/iau/internationalisation.htm
http://www.unesco.org/iau/globalization/index.html
Various documents, institutions and programmes worldwide dealing with the issues of
internationalization and globalization of higher education – site also provides links to other
organizations and websites.
AMERICAN COUNCIL ON EDUCATION
http://www.acenet.edu/programs/international/
A Program of ACE’s Center for Institutional and International Initiatives
EUROPEAN ASSOCIATION FOR INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION
http://www.eaie.nl/publications/
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The Journal of Studies in International Education; The Occasional Papers-- EAIE publications about
international education, how international education will influence and be influenced by an icreasingly
transnational world.
INSTITUTE OF INTERNATIONAL EDUCATION
http://opendoors.iienetwork.org/
Open Doors reports includes comprehensive, and detailed data on international students, scholars in
the US and American students who study abroad.
OECD. Centre for Educational Research and Innovation
http://www.oecd.org/EN/about/0,,EN-about-624-20-no-no-no-624,00.html
OECD Forum on Trade in Educational Services
CERI is working on the issue of the internationalisation of post-secondary education and training with
three complementary strands -- Statistics and indicators on the main trends in the internationalisation
of post-secondary education and training; Illustrative case studies on e-learning activities in postsecondary education and training.
NAFSA: ASSOCIATION OF INTERNATIONAL EDUCATORS
http://www.nafsa.org/Template.cfm?Section=AboutInternationalEducation&NavMenuID=11
NAFSA is the world's largest nonprofit association dedicated to international education.
BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATABASE ON HIGHER EDUCATIO (HEDBIB)
http://www.unesco.org/general/eng/infoserv/db/hedbib.shtml
The International Bibliographic Database on Higher Education (HEDBIB) is an integrated
database including over 28.000 references, from 1988 onward, on higher education systems,
administration, planning and policy, costs and finances, evaluation of higher education, issues
related to staff and students, cooperation, mobility and equivalences of degrees, curricula,
teaching methods and learning processes.
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