#
Study
Year
3
Aligier
5
Baranova
7
Bouchard
9
Bujalska
Tissue
Comparison
Subjects
Pathway altered
2012 Subcutaneous adipose
tissue collected by
needle biopsy
Day 0, day 14
and day 56 of
overfeeding
13 healthy
males (18 to
55yo)
2005 Omental adipose
tissue obtained during
bariatric surgery; the
control samples from
non-obese
laparoscopic donor
ongoing nephrectomy
2010 subcutaneous adipose
tissue collected by
needle biopsy
Obese vs. nonobese
50 obese (9
type 2 diabetic),
9 non-obese
Day 14: ↑ lipid
metabolism, ↑ fatty
acid, ↑ lipid
biosynthesis; Day 56: ↑
lipid metabolism, ↑ cell
adhesion, ↑
extracellular matrix, ↑
collagens, ↑ blood
vessel development and
morphogenesis, ↑
members of renin
angiotensin family; ↓
Wnt/b-catenin signaling
↑ glycolisis enzymes; ↑
protein biosynthesis; ↑
cell cycle; ↓ oxysterol
biosynthesis, ↓
angiogenesis
highresponders vs.
low-responders
to weight
reduction
2006 Preadipocytes from
subcutaneous and
omental adipose tissue
preadipocytes
were treated
for 24 h with
100 nM cortisol
(F)
obese and
overweight
women, 7 low
responders to
weight loss and
7 high
responder to
weight loss
five females
(mean body
mass index 29.4
kg/m2)
undergoing
hysterectomy
expression in highresponders: ↑
cerebellar long-term
depression pathway; ↓
protein transport, ↓
blood vessels
development, ↓
angiogenesis
↑ regulation of
adipocyte
differentiation
10
Mutch
2009 Abdominal
subcutaneous fat
obtained by needle
aspiration, surgical
abdominal
subcutaneous fat
biopsies
obese-needle
vs. obese
surgery; leanneedle vs. leansurgery
9 obese-needle,
9 obese
surgery, 9 leanneedle, 10 leansurgery
12
Jernás
2006 Subcutaneous adipose
tissue surgical biopsies
and needle
12 lean subjects
20
Franck
2011 Adipose tissue biopsies
from the abdominal
subcutaneous depot
and the major
omentum
large
adipocytes
(mean 100.1 ±
3.94 µm) vs.
small
adipocytes
(mean 57.6 ±
3.54 µm)
before (week
0), during
(weeks 8 and
16) and after
(week 18)
treatment with
a very low
calorie diet
24 obese and 6
healthy
Surgery and Needle: ↑
cytokine-cytokine
receptor interaction,↑
FceRI signaling pathway,
↑ metabolism of lipids,
carbohydrates and
amino acids; ObeseNeedle vs. Lean-Needle:
↑ natural killer cell–
mediated
cytotoxicity,↑ antigen
processing and
presentation, ↓
cytokine-cytokine
receptor interaction, ↓
complement and
coagulation cascades,
↑ extracellular
component; surgical
biopsies: ↑
inflammatory ↑
cytoskeleton, ↑ cellular
interaction pathways,
↓ metabolism of lipid,
carbohydrate and
amino acid, ↓ oxidative
phosphorylation
pathway.
↑ immune-related, ↑
structure
regulated by caloric
intake: ↑ lipid and fatty
acid metabolism; ↓
protein synthesis, ↓
metabolism, ↓
lipogenesis, ↓ control
of protein synthesis, ↓
β-oxidation, ↓ insulin
resistance
25
Darimont
2008 mesothelial cells and
in cell fractions from
omental adipose tissue
mesothelial
cells vs. stroma
vascular
fraction vs.
adipocytes
29
Lee
2005 Subcutaneous adipose
tissue collected by
needle biopsy
Obese vs. nonobese
OAT and SAT
were collected
in 11 obese
Caucasian
female patients
undergoing
gastroplastic
surgery; for
microarray 5
OAT
20 non-obese
and 19 obese
30
Nair
Obese vs. nonobese
14 non-obese
and 14 obese
33
Hindle
2005 Preadipocytes from
subcutaneous
abdominal fat needle
biopsies
2010 Omental adipose
tissue samples
obtained during
bariatric surgery
Diabetic obese
vs. non-diabetic
obese
↑ genes associated
with cardiovascular, ↑
lipid metabolism, ↑
cellular development of
the hematologic system
development
36
Marrades
Obese vs. lean
37
Marrades
2010 Abdominal
subcutaneous adipose
tissue biopsies
collected by
liposuction
2011 Abdominal
subcutaneous adipose
tissue biopsies
collected by
20 morbidly
obese patients
undergoing
bariatric
surgery; 10
diabetic and 10
non-diabetic
9 lean and 9
obese, both
high fat
consumers
9 lean and 9
obese, both
high fat
consumers
↓ fatty acid oxidation,
↓ tricarboxylic acid
(TCA) cycle, ↓ electron
transport chain, ↓ fatty
Obese vs. lean
↑ inflammatory-related
genes
↑
inflammation/immune
system, ↑ signaling
transcription, ↑ cell
cycle control/cell
proliferation, ↑ cell
adhesion, ↑ structural
protein/cytoskeleton
organization, ↑
apoptosis, ↑
proteolysis/peptidolysis,
↑ cell growth and
maintenance, ↑ blood
coagulation, ↓ energy
energy
pathway/electron
transport
↑ inflammation
↓ basal and hormone
stimulated lipolysis,↓
lipoprotein and
cholesterol metabolism
liposuction
acid biosynthesis, ↓
glucose metabolism
45
MacLaren
2008 Subcutaneous adipose
tissue was collected
from the abdominal
wall; and omental
adipose tissue was
collected from the
greater omentum
Subcutaneous
IRO, n = 6, ISO +
and omental
NO = 10
adipose tissue
paired from
non-obese
(NO), insulinsensitive obese
(ISO) vs. insulinresistant obese
(IRO) subjects
50
Wang
2009 Abdominal
subcutaneous adipose
tissue biopsies
collected by needle
Treated vs.
Placebo
53
Yang
2004 Isolated adipocytes
from subcutaneous
adipose tissue
Male
individuals
either insulinresistant and
had at least
two firstdegree
relatives with
type 2 diabetes
or insulinsensitive and
had no known
family history
of diabetes
(controls)
72 obese men
and women
without family
history of
diabetes; 52
were treated
with ephedra
and caffeine
(E+C) and 20
with placebo
for 8 weeks
12 insulin
resistant and 10
controls
Omental: ↑ proteins
involved in extracellular
signaling, ↑
intracellular signaling,
↑ structural proteins,
↑ cell growth, ↑
differentiation, ↑
apoptosis, ↑
proteolysis, ↑ glucose
transport, ↑ protein
synthesis, ↑
proliferation, ↑
differentiation, ↓
intermediary
metabolism and energy
metabolism.
↑ purine metabolism,
↑ anion transport, ↑
cell adhesion, ↑
signaling pathway, ↑
cell sorting, ↑ protein
targeting
↑ cell cycle-dependent
transcriptional
regulation, ↑
cytoskeletal
reorganization, ↑ extracellular matrix
remodeling, ↑ signal
transduction, ↓ Wnt
signaling genes, ↓
adipogenic transcription
factors
55
Zhang
2007 Abdominal
subcutaneous and
omental adipose
tissue
2010 Visceral adipose tissue
56
Wang
57
Walewski
2010 Omental specimen
obtained during
bariatric surgery
59
Urs
2004 Subcutaneous
abdominal fat
60
Lee
2011 Culture of abdominal
subcutaneous and
omental adipose
tissues
63
Disk
2009 subcutaneous adipose
tissue obtained by
needle biopsy
64
Geiger
2011 SGBS adipocytes
69
GómezAmbrosi
2003 Omental adipose
tissue biopsies were
obtained during
laparoscopic surgery
Omental vs.
subcutaneous
adipose tissue
T2DM vs.
control
10 massively
obese men
↑ cell death
Two male
↓ mitochondrial
autopsy donors, OXPHOS
one with type 2
diabetes
mellitus and the
other without
type 2 diabetes
mellitus
Obese vs. non- 10 obese and 7 ↓ lipolysis, ↓ βobese
non-obese
oxidation, ↓
metabolism of fatty
acids
Adipocytes vs.
6 non-obese
↑ lipid metabolism
pre-adipocytes women
undergoing
elective
surgeries
or liposuctions.
Adipose tissue
4 severely
↓
treated with
obese subjects
immune/inflammatory,
insulin and
↓ pro-apoptotic
dexamethasone
pathways, ↑ acutevs. treated with
phase response, ↑
insulin
stress/defense response
SFA-rich diet vs. 20 abdominally ↑ inflammation
MUFA-rich diet overweight
subjects; 10 per
group
Hypoxic vs.
_
↑ glycolysis, ↑
normoxic cells
response to hypoxia, ↑
regulation of cellular
component movement,
↑ response to nutrient
levels, ↑ regulation of
cell migration, ↑
transcription regulator
activity
Obese vs. lean
6 male patients ↓ growth factors
pooled for the
obese and lean
groups
70
Mustelin
2008 Subcutaneous adipose
tissue biopsies
collected by needle
biopsy
Obese vs. nonobese co-twins
71
Wolfs
2010 Omental adipose
tissue biopsies were
obtained during
surgery
Visceral vs.
subcutaneous
adipose tissue
74
Szalowska
2011 Omental adipose
collected during
gynecological surgery
was cultured in 100
µg/ml of LPS during
24h.
LPS vs. control
18 pairs with a
reported BMI
difference of at
least 4 kg/m2,
co-twin was
non-obese
whereas the
other was
obese and 10
concordant
twins
20 T2D + NASH,
25 T2D, 41
NASH, 29 no
T2D + no NASH
7 healthy
caucasian
females
↓ mitochondrial
oxidative
phosphorylation
↑ signal transduction,
↑ cell adhesion, ↑ cell
communication, ↑
developmental
processes, ↑ lipid, fatty
acid, and steroid
metabolism, ↑ cell
structure and motility,
↑ developmental
processes, ↑ cell
adhesion,↑ immunity
and defense, ↑ signal
transduction, ↑ cell
adhesion-mediated
signaling
↑ chemokines, ↑
growth and
differentiation of
hematopoietic
precursors, ↑ antiapoptosis, ↑
modulation of immune
response, ↑
extracellular matrix
remodeling, ↓
lysosomal/endosomal
system activity, ↓
basement membrane
components, ↓
extracellular matrix
components, ↓ cell
adhesion and migration,
↓ deoxyribonucleases
activity, ↓
detoxification
75
Tienen
2011 Preadipocyte cell
cultures were
prepared from
subcutaneous fat
biopsies collected by
liposuction
77
Dankel
2010 Subcutaneous adipose
tissue biopsies
collected during
surgery
80
Kolehmainen 2008 Subcutaneous adipose
tissue collected by
needle biopsy
Shah
2009 Serial subcutaneous
adipose samples were
collected by needle
aspiration, 30 min
before and 4, 12, and
24 h after LPS
82
83
Kursawe
2010 Subcutaneous adipose
tissue collected by
needle biopsy
T2DM vs.
control
seven T2DM
obese patients
and nine
control obese
subjects
16 patients (12
women) peroperatively and
one year after
surgery, and
from 13 lean
healthy control
subjects who
underwent
inguinal hernia
repair (6
women).
Weight
reduction vs.
control
Human
endotoxixemia
(LPS 3ng/kg) 30
min before and
4, 12, and 24 h
after LPS;
validation
group: 0.6
ng/kg of LPS 0,
4, 12, 24h
9 weight
reduction >5%
and 10 controls
14subjects for
human
endotoxixemia
(LPS 3ng/kg), 30
min before and
4, 12, and 24 h
after LPS; 7
subjects for
validation: 0.6
ng/kg 0, 4, 12,
24h
High ( >0.11) vs. Thirty-eight
Low (< 0.11)
obese
VAT/(VAT +
adolescents; 16
SAT) ratio
low and 18 high
for microarray
↓ adipogenesis, ↓
extracellular matrix
remodeling, ↓ actin
cytoskeleton, integrin
signaling genes, ↓
insulin signaling, ↓
lipid metabolism, ↑
inflammation, ↑
apoptosis
Immunity and defense
and Signal transduction
were strongly overrepresented among
down-regulated genes
post-surgery; overrepresentation
postoperatively of the
Immunity and defense
sub-categories B-cell,
Tcell, and natural killer
cell mediated immunity
an
↓ extracellular matrix,
↓ cell death
↑ cell adhesion, ↑
chemokine and
cytokine, ↑ acutephase response, ↑ Tcell activation, ↑ metal
binding, ↑ lipid
metabolism
↓ lipogenesis, ↓
adipogenesis markers
85
Klimcakova
2011 Paired subcutaneous
and visceral adipose
tissue from subjects
undergoing abdominal
surgery
lean,
overweight,
obese, and
obese with
metabolic
syndrome
8 lean, 8
overweight, 8
obese and 8
obese with
metabolic
syndrome
87
MárquezQuiñones
2010 Subcutaneous adipose
tissue collected by
needle biopsy
22 successful
weight lost and
22 unsuccessful
88
Capel
2009 Subcutaneous adipose
tissue collected by
needle biopsy
90
Clément
2004 Subcutaneous adipose
tissue collected by
needle biopsy
Successful
weight lost
compared to
unsuccessful
weight lost;
between diet
branches
1) an energy
restriction
phase, i.e.,
before versus
after the VLCD,
2) a weight
stabilization
phase, i.e.,
after the VLCD
versus after
weight
maintenance,
and 3) the
entire dietary
intervention
Obese subjects
before and
after 2 or 28
day VLCD
22
premenopausal
women
MS vs. LE: ↓ branchedchain amino acid, ↓
fatty acid, ↓
carbohydrate, ↓
mitochondrial energy
metabolism, ↑
immune, ↑
angiogenesis, ↑
apoptosis;
subcutaneous vs.
omental: ↑ lipid, ↑
carbohydrate
metabolism; omental
vs. subcutaneous: ↑
immune response, ↑
cell death, ↑
angiogenesis
↑ OXPHOS, ↑ TGF-β
signaling, ↑ cell
proliferation
During energy
restriction: ↓ lipid, ↓
carbohydrate, ↓
mitochondrial energy
pathways; during
weight stabilization: ↑
lipid, ↑ carbohydrate
metabolism, ↓
immunity and defense
was decreased; Overall
dietary intervention: ↓
immunity, ↓ tissue
remodeling
29 obese
↓ pro-inflammatory
caucasian
factors, ↑ antiwomen,
inflammatory molecules
premenopausal,
subjects
94
RodríguezAcebes
126 Cancello
2010 Subcutaneous adipose
tissue collected from
women undergoing
bariatric surgery
Obese vs.
control
15 morbidly
obese and 10
non-obese
control patients
2005 Subcutaneous adipose
tissue collected during
adjustable gastric
roux-em-Y bypass
surgery and
monocytes
differentiated in
macrophages
Adipocytes
from lean and
morbidly obese
subjects before
and 3 months
after bypass
surgery; for
macrophages:
non-obese
7 lean and
10vmorbidly
obese subjects
before and 3
months after
bypass surgery;
monocytes
from 15 nonobese were
cultured and
differentiated
in macrophages
↑ transcription factors
for early stages of
adipocyte
differentiation, ↓
transcription factors for
late stages of adipocyte
differentiation
adipocytes: ↑
metabolism/ energy, ↑
lipid metabolism, ↑
glucose metabolism, ↑
secretory pathway;
macrophages: defense
response, ↑
chemotaxis, ↑ humoral
immune response, ↑
antigen processing, ↑
inflammatory
response,↑ regulation
of cell proliferation, ↑
regulation of
transcription, ↑ protein
biosynthesis, ↑
extracellular matrix
organization and
biogenesis; after weight
loss: ↑ complement
related factors, ↑ major
histocompatibility
complex, ↓ defense
and immune response,
↓ chemotactism, ↓
positive regulation of
cell proliferation, ↓
cell-cell signaling