ACRIS Livestock Density Update 2009-2011
Updated information to that provided in
Rangelands 2008 – Taking the pulse
Gary Bastin, ACRIS Management Unit
CSIRO, PO Box 2111, Alice Springs NT 0871
(email: Gary.Bastin@csiro.au)
This project is supported by Ninti One Limited, through funding from the Australian Government.
1
The views and opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors and do not necessarily
reflect those of the Australian Government.
While reasonable efforts have been made to ensure that the contents of this publication are factually
correct, the Commonwealth does not accept responsibility for the accuracy or completeness of the
contents, and shall not be liable for any loss or damage that may be occasioned directly or indirectly
through the use of, or reliance on, the contents of this publication.
2
ACRIS Livestock Density Update 2009-2011
Gary Bastin, ACRIS Management Unit
CSIRO, PO Box 2111, Alice Springs NT 0871
(email: Gary.Bastin@csiro.au)
Grazing pressure exerted by domestic livestock (sheep and cattle), kangaroos and feral herbivores
(goats, donkeys, camels, rabbits etc) is a major driver of change in the rangelands. The cumulative
effect of all grazers in an area is ‘total grazing pressure’ (TGP). The Australian Collaborative
Rangelands Information System (ACRIS) has the capacity to semi-regularly report changes in
livestock, kangaroo and goat densities. Change in livestock densities between 1992 and 2002 were
reported in Rangelands 2008 – Taking the pulse (Bastin & the ACRIS Management Committee
2008). A more recent account of change (2003-2008) is available at
www.environment.gov.au/land/publications/acris/acris-livestock-update.html. This report updates
change in livestock density between 2009 and 2011.
Key points
ACRIS has an embedded process for reporting change in livestock density based on periodic census
and surveys of agricultural businesses by the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS). Annual stock
returns from South Australian pastoralists are now the data source for that state. The combined data
are processed for ACRIS by Queensland Government staff. ACRIS is not able to quantify the
reliability of all regional data derived from ABS sources; past jurisdictional data show there is
agreement for some bioregions and differences elsewhere.
Previous reporting covered the periods 1992 to 2002 and 2003 to 2008. The most recent data show
that:

Stock density (almost exclusively cattle) has continued to increase in many northern pastoral
bioregions. In particular, 2011 densities were more than double the average between 1984
and 1991 (defined as a base period) in the Daly Basin, Gulf Coastal, Pine Creek, Gulf Fall &
Uplands and Davenport Murchison Ranges bioregions (all in the NT).

In contrast, regional livestock densities continued to decline between 2009 and 2011 in parts
of the south eastern, southern and south western rangelands. 2011 cattle numbers were also
reduced in the MacDonnell Ranges and Burt Plain bioregions of the southern NT.

In some bioregions, livestock densities appeared to broadly track seasonal quality (indicated
by decile rainfall) through the initially drier and then wetter years of the last decade. This is
the expected result and can indicate sustainable grazing management. In other bioregions,
particularly parts of northern and central Australia, reductions in density considerably
3
lagged declining seasonal quality. Timely monitoring of landscape function and critical
stock forage is critical where this is the case.
Kangaroos contribute significantly to total grazing pressure and recent changes in their regional
populations are reported in the associated product “ACRIS Kangaroo Density Update 2009-2012”.
Information about feral goats as a component of TGP is available at
www.environment.gov.au/land/publications/acris/acris-feral-goats.html and the Australian Feral
Camel Management Project is assisting efforts to reduce the impact of camels, particularly on nonpastoral lands.
Livestock densities in rangelands
Change in livestock density in response to seasonal conditions (seasonal quality) is a useful
indicator of sustainable management. There are two components to regional livestock density: (i)
the inherent productivity or capacity of the land to carry stock (i.e. long-term carrying capacity) and
(ii) the number of stock on the land relative to recent seasonal quality. For example, the Mitchell
grasslands in northern Australia have a high capacity to carry stock, but stock numbers are usually
reduced during periods of below-average rainfall.
The eastern margin of the rangelands has inherently greater pastoral productivity in terms of
livestock density (Figure 1, see Box 1 for data sources). Central and western pastoral bioregions
have the lowest stocking densities. Change over time in livestock density at bioregional scale is
relatively stable compared with the large differences in densities occurring between IBRA regions.
Annual livestock density for each
bioregion since 1992 is tabulated
in Appendix 1.
Figure 1. Stocking density for
2011 (Dry Sheep Equivalents /
km2).
Data sources: ABS, SA
Government, Qld DSITIA.
Map: ACRIS Management Unit.
not stocked
4
Box 1. Data on livestock numbers
The Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) conducts a complete Agricultural Census every five
years (most recently, 2011) and, in intervening years, surveys businesses to estimate levels of
agricultural production. The ABS compiles and reports census data by Statistical Local Area (SLA)
and survey data by larger Statistical Divisions (SD, i.e. groups of SLAs).
Additionally, the SA and WA Governments require pastoral lessees to submit annual returns of
livestock numbers.
The ABS livestock data are used by the Queensland Department of Science, Information
Technology, Innovation and the Arts (DSITIA) for AussieGRASS simulations. John Carter
(DSITIA) concorded the most recent ABS census data (2011) to bioregions (IBRA version 7) for
New South Wales, Queensland, Western Australia and the Northern Territory. The low level of
sampling in much of the rangelands means that it is not appropriate to concord the survey data
collected between census years. Rather, these data were used to interpolate probable IBRA-level
livestock numbers between the 2006 and 2011 censuses based on yearly change in the SD data.
Annual property-level livestock returns for South Australia were aggregated to bioregions. During
this process, and for all pastoral bioregions, numbers of livestock of various types and classes are
converted to Dry Sheep Equivalents (DSE: 50 kg wether at maintenance). These data were then
made available to ACRIS. ACRIS does not report livestock densities for bioregions where less than
25% of the area was grazed or where there were fewer than five pastoral leases.
The mapped area of grazed native and modified pasture in each rangeland bioregion was used to
calculate IBRA-level livestock density (data source: 2005-06 land use mapping, BRS 2006).
The accuracy of interpolated livestock numbers in the years between ABS Agricultural Censuses is
an important issue when interpreting and reporting changes in density at the bioregional level. In
the years between the five-yearly censuses, surveys only sample a small proportion of pastoralists
and the ABS data are reported at SD level (i.e. grouped SLAs). Data accuracy is obviously higher
in the years of census (1997, 2001, 2006, 2011). Also, where properties are very large, they may
extend across more than one bioregion causing a relatively poor correspondence between SLAs and
bioregions. This can further reduce the accuracy of the livestock densities reported here.
For Rangelands 2008 – Taking the pulse reporting, comparisons of the ABS-sourced data with
livestock returns to the WA and SA pastoral land boards showed variable levels of agreement.
There was broad agreement for the main pastoral bioregions in SA and parts of WA. However,
there were some discrepancies in other parts of WA, notably for the Kimberley and Yalgoo
bioregions. Further examples of the level of agreement for WA pastoral bioregions were provided
in the appendix to the previous livestock density update (see
www.environment.gov.au/land/publications/acris/acris-livestock-update.html).
In summary, a caveat applies – use caution when interpreting the changes in livestock densities
reported in this update.
5
Change in livestock density
To enhance the extent of IBRA-level change, ACRIS reports the percentage change in yearly
densities between 2009 and 2011 relative to the average of a base period (1984-1991) (Figure 2).
Maps of relative changes for preceding years (1992-2002 and 2003-2008) are available in earlier
reports (Rangelands 2008 – Taking the pulse and
www.environment.gov.au/land/publications/acris/acris-livestock-update.html). Yearly index
values of change and the base-period livestock density for each grazed bioregion are reported in
Appendix 2.
2009
2011
2010
not stocked
Figure 2. Percentage changes in livestock densities for rangeland bioregions between 2009 and 2011
compared with the mean stocking density for the 1984-91 period.
Data sources: ABS, SA Government, Qld DSITIA. Map: ACRIS Management Unit.
6
Much of northern Australia had a considerably higher livestock density between 2003 and 2008
compared with the average between 1984 and 1991 (Figure 2). This was a continuation of the trend
between 2003 and 2008 reported in the previous update. In particular:
 2011 densities were more than double the base period in the Daly Basin, Gulf Coastal, Pine
Creek, Gulf Fall & Uplands and Davenport Murchison Ranges IBRAs in the NT.
 The Sturt Plateau, Northern Kimberley, Mount Isa Inlier, Mitchell Grass Downs and Gulf
Plains IBRAs had densities in 2011 of 140 to 200 percent above the base period.
Conversely, much of the south eastern, southern and south western rangelands had a continuing
lower stocking density between 2009 and 2011 compared with the average for 1984-91, a trend
identified between 2003 and 2008 in the preceding livestock density update.
 2011 livestock densities in the Yalgoo, Murchison, Nullarbor, Coolgardie and Carnarvon
bioregions (all WA) were less than a third of the 1984-91 base period.

In south eastern Australia, the Riverina, Darling Riverine Plains and Murray Darling
Depression had a 2011 density of one-half to three-quarters of the 1984-91 average.

2011 cattle numbers were also reduced in the MacDonnell Ranges and Burt Plain IBRAs of
the southern NT being two-thirds to three-quarters that of the base period.
Time-traces of relative stocking density in Figure 3 illustrate bioregions where cattle numbers have
increased almost continuously since 1992 (Sturt Plateau), livestock numbers (as DSEs) have
consistently decreased (Murchison) or fluctuated over the 20-year period (Pilbara).
200
Sturt Plateau (NT)
180
Murchison (WA)
Pilbara (WA)
% Change in Livestock Density (1984-91 base)
160
140
120
base
100
80
60
40
20
2003-2008
2009-2011
0
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Figure 3. Percentage change in livestock densities between 1992 and 2011 for the grazed area of the
Sturt Plateau, Murchison and Pilbara bioregions. Change is calculated relative to the average
stocking density of each region for the 1984-91 period (dashed line).
Data sources: ABS, SA Government, Qld DSITIA. Graph: ACRIS Management Unit.
7
Livestock density adjusted for seasonal quality
An important indicator of sustainable grazing management is how quickly pastoralists adjust
livestock numbers to match seasonal conditions, particularly when seasonal quality is declining.
Two continuing examples1 of regional changes in livestock density and seasonal quality (based on
decile rainfall) are shown in Figure 4.
Pastoralists, collectively, in the Stony Plains bioregion appeared to match stock numbers to seasonal
quality through the 20-year period, noting that decile rainfall is for April of the year shown through
to March of the following year.. Over the last ten years, stocking density declined appreciably with
predominantly drier years until 2007. This decline continued until 2008 and then stabilised until
2010 before increasing substantially in 2011. This lagged effect of stocking density to decile
rainfall appears to represent the typical initial slow recovery in flock and herd numbers through
breeding as pastoralists re-establish their businesses following drier years.
In contrast, cattle numbers (on a DSE basis) in the neighbouring Finke bioregion remained well
above the 1984-91 average between 2002 and 2008 during a period that included three years of
below-average seasonal quality. Regional stocking density was then substantially reduced in 2009
as seasonal quality appeared to be improving. Further good seasons saw continuing increase in
cattle numbers in 2010 and 2011. The pattern in relative stocking density between 2002 and 2009
suggests that some pastoralists in the Finke bioregion maintained cattle numbers as seasonal quality
deteriorated until they were forced to destock (or cattle died). Where this was the case, it raises
concerns about sustainable grazing management and emphasises the need for timely monitoring of
both landscape function and critical stock forage to ensure that the natural resource base
underpinning livestock production (i.e. soil and vegetation) is not being degraded.
References
Bastin, G. & the ACRIS Management Committee (2008). Rangelands 2008 – Taking the Pulse.
Published on behalf of the ACRIS Management Committee by the National Land and Water
Resources Audit, Canberra. Available at:
www.environment.gov.au/land/rangelands/acris/index.html.
BRS (Bureau of Rural Sciences) (2006). Guidelines for Land Use Mapping in Australia: Principles,
Procedure and Definitions. A technical handbook supporting the Australian Collaborative Land
Use Mapping programme, Edition 3. BRS, Canberra, Australia.
1
The relationship between relative stocking density and seasonal quality for the Stony Plains and Finke bioregions
between 1992 and 2008 were shown in the previous livestock density update
(www.environment.gov.au/land/publications/acris/acris-livestock-update.html).
8
10
170
decile rainfall
9
relative change in stock density
Stony Plains IBRA
150
130
7
6
110
5
90
4
3
70
% of 1984-91 base stock density
Seasonal quality (decile rainfall)
8
2
50
1
0
30
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
10
170
decile rainfall
9
relative change in stock density
Finke IBRA
150
130
7
6
110
5
90
4
3
70
% of 1984-91 base stock density
Seasonal quality (decile rainfall)
8
2
50
1
0
30
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Figure 4. Change in relative stock density related to decile rainfall (as an indicator of seasonal quality)
for the neighbouring Stony Plains and Finke bioregions in central Australia for the 1991-2011 period.
Change is calculated relative to the average stocking density of each region for the 1984-91 period
(dashed line, also indicates median rainfall). Decile rainfall is the spatially averaged annual rainfall
(April-March period) for each bioregion ranked against the long-term record (1890-2011).
Data: Rainfall, Bureau of Meteorology; livestock density, ABS, SA Government and Qld DSITIA.
Graphs: ACRIS Management Unit.
9
Appendix 1: Yearly livestock densities (DSE km-2) for pastoral rangeland bioregions
Bioregion
Brigalow
Belt North
Brigalow
Belt South
Broken Hill
Complex
Burt Plain
Cape York
Peninsula
Carnarvon
Central
Kimberley
Channel
Country
Cobar
Peneplain
Coolgardie
Daly Basin
Dampierland
Darling
Riverine
Plains
Davenport
Murchison
Ranges
Desert
Uplands
Einasleigh
Uplands
Finke
Flinders
Lofty Block
Gascoyne
1992
80
1993
73
1994
66
1995
66
1996
70
1997
73
1998
78
1999
78
2000
75
2001
92
2002
90
2003
76
2004
80
2005
89
2006
90
2007
93
2008
105
2009
89
2010
78
2011
94
82
78
77
79
81
84
90
91
100
89
85
73
86
88
85
88
98
86
84
89
14
14
16
18
15
15
16
13
14
14
13
10
10
9
9
10
9
9
9
13
10
9
10
10
10
10
9
9
10
9
10
10
10
9
10
6
10
8
11
7
11
9
11
9
8
9
8
9
8
9
9
8
9
10
5
10
6
9
7
10
10
20
10
18
10
15
9
19
9
17
9
16
9
18
8
14
8
16
9
14
8
12
7
9
7
11
8
12
8
19
6
18
7
13
8
16
7
19
6
20
14
13
12
11
12
12
13
12
13
14
12
10
8
9
9
8
8
11
11
13
64
60
57
59
54
54
52
46
51
48
45
39
38
38
37
34
33
33
32
35
9
19
20
124
9
19
16
106
9
20
18
105
9
19
17
104
9
23
18
96
8
25
17
99
8
24
19
96
10
21
23
92
11
21
26
93
10
22
24
90
10
23
20
82
9
22
15
73
8
27
15
76
8
27
17
74
7
28
28
77
6
30
26
66
5
32
20
74
6
86
24
75
6
106
29
74
5
112
30
73
11
10
15
10
11
12
12
12
12
13
14
13
13
14
14
15
16
17
21
22
48
46
40
40
40
40
44
58
57
56
52
51
54
56
55
62
53
53
48
55
44
43
39
37
38
41
41
57
56
48
53
56
51
52
51
55
46
53
45
50
5
31
5
31
5
30
5
27
5
29
6
27
6
28
6
26
6
23
7
23
7
24
6
20
6
24
7
25
7
24
7
23
7
18
3
23
4
22
4
29
4
4
4
4
5
5
6
5
5
6
6
5
4
5
5
4
5
5
4
4
10
Bioregion
Gawler
Gulf Coastal
Gulf Fall and
Uplands
Gulf Plains
MacDonnell
Ranges
Mitchell
Grass Downs
Mount Isa
Inlier
Mulga Lands
Murchison
Murray
Darling
Depression
Northern
Kimberley
Nullarbor
Ord Victoria
Plain
Pilbara
Pine Creek
Riverina
Simpson
Strzelecki
Dunefields
Stony Plains
Sturt
Plateau
Victoria
Bonaparte
Yalgoo
1992
6
3
11
1993
6
3
9
1994
6
3
10
1995
6
3
11
1996
6
4
12
1997
6
4
13
1998
6
4
13
1999
6
4
12
2000
6
4
13
2001
6
5
14
2002
6
5
14
2003
5
5
13
2004
5
7
18
2005
5
8
18
2006
5
8
18
2007
4
8
20
2008
3
9
21
2009
4
11
19
2010
4
14
23
2011
5
15
24
27
11
29
10
30
10
30
11
28
12
28
12
29
12
25
11
35
11
33
12
35
13
33
12
38
9
31
9
35
9
32
10
36
10
38
5
35
6
39
7
37
35
34
35
32
31
34
33
37
40
36
31
36
34
37
35
36
40
42
46
18
20
20
19
19
19
21
18
26
25
25
23
32
26
29
27
30
26
25
27
28
4
25
25
4
24
25
4
25
26
4
27
26
4
23
27
4
23
29
4
23
29
4
20
31
4
22
25
4
22
23
4
20
17
3
17
18
2
18
20
2
17
18
2
17
18
2
16
20
2
15
23
2
14
22
1
14
25
1
18
14
14
13
20
14
13
14
15
17
15
13
10
11
12
20
18
14
16
19
20
3
21
3
20
4
21
3
21
4
22
4
22
4
23
3
22
4
23
3
24
3
24
3
22
2
22
2
23
2
26
2
27
2
26
3
16
3
20
3
21
7
24
128
6
7
28
118
6
9
27
116
6
8
30
108
6
8
33
107
6
9
35
107
6
10
34
98
7
10
28
91
6
10
30
94
6
11
32
95
7
12
32
87
7
10
32
74
6
13
30
79
5
12
30
77
5
11
31
82
5
8
33
72
5
9
39
61
4
11
36
51
4
9
43
50
5
8
47
62
6
5
15
6
14
6
16
6
18
5
19
5
20
6
19
7
19
6
19
6
20
7
21
5
20
5
23
5
24
5
25
4
26
3
28
3
21
3
26
5
28
28
29
32
33
32
34
33
35
36
38
38
35
35
36
40
42
42
24
29
31
16
15
15
14
14
14
14
12
12
12
10
10
9
9
8
6
4
4
4
4
Data source: ABS, SA Government and Qld DSITIA
11
Appendix 2: Mean livestock density for the 1984-91 (base) period (DSE km-2) and relative change in stocking density from 1992 to 2011
Bioregion
Brigalow
Belt North
Brigalow
Belt South
Broken Hill
Complex
Burt Plain
Cape York
Peninsula
Carnarvon
Central
Kimberley
Channel
Country
Cobar
Peneplain
Coolgardie
Daly Basin
Dampierland
Darling
Riverine
Plains
Davenport
Murchison
Ranges
Desert
Uplands
Einasleigh
Uplands
Finke
Base
(DSE
km-2)
71.1
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
112
103
93
93
98
103
110
109
105
130
127
107
113
125
126
131
148
126
110
133
76.4
107
103
100
103
106
110
117
119
131
117
111
96
112
116
112
115
128
113
110
117
15.7
88
90
100
117
95
96
104
82
87
87
81
62
62
60
60
62
57
56
58
80
9.3
10.3
109
92
103
95
105
101
101
90
104
87
111
94
108
85
108
63
109
74
117
72
123
90
115
84
83
89
85
84
87
89
93
73
98
96
56
96
70
91
74
100
9.5
21.9
101
90
102
80
100
71
94
87
97
78
98
72
99
81
88
63
84
72
91
65
79
55
74
41
75
49
81
53
83
87
65
82
71
62
86
73
71
89
62
93
12.2
117
110
98
93
98
100
109
102
109
115
101
81
65
70
71
68
66
87
92
105
60.1
106
99
96
99
90
91
87
76
85
80
75
65
63
64
62
56
55
54
53
58
8.8
16.3
24.2
104
119
82
105
116
67
108
123
73
104
117
71
100
143
75
95
153
70
96
149
79
115
127
93
126
128
108
109
137
99
118
144
83
107
135
62
87
164
64
91
168
69
77
172
115
73
183
108
60
193
81
68
527
99
64
648
120
59
687
125
112.0
110
95
94
93
86
88
86
82
83
81
73
65
68
66
69
59
66
67
66
65
10.7
101
89
138
96
107
114
112
112
112
121
127
119
124
127
130
138
146
156
193
205
41.9
114
110
95
95
94
96
105
138
137
133
124
122
129
134
132
149
127
127
116
131
39.9
110
108
99
93
96
103
102
142
140
121
132
140
127
131
127
138
116
134
113
125
4.9
111
104
102
112
110
116
115
129
127
135
143
132
132
135
137
140
143
69
80
90
12
Bioregion
Flinders
Lofty Block
Gascoyne
Gawler
Gulf Coastal
Gulf Fall &
Uplands
Gulf Plains
MacDonnell
Ranges
Mitchell
Grass
Downs
Mount Isa
Inlier
Mulga
Lands
Murchison
Murray
Darling
Depression
Northern
Kimberley
Nullarbor
Ord Victoria
Plain
Pilbara
Pine Creek
Riverina
Simpson
Strzelecki
Dunefields
Stony Plains
Base
(DSE
km-2)
27.8
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
111
111
108
98
104
97
101
95
83
83
86
73
86
89
86
83
64
81
79
105
4.3
5.4
5.2
11.7
91
109
66
91
89
116
55
81
100
116
59
89
97
111
57
96
109
113
72
105
119
108
77
112
128
116
75
110
116
118
84
106
106
104
84
110
139
104
91
117
131
113
95
122
117
96
89
115
101
94
141
152
106
97
145
153
120
93
148
157
97
84
158
166
120
65
166
176
123
71
215
159
93
70
264
193
83
100
281
204
27.0
10.1
100
108
106
101
110
102
110
107
104
114
103
123
108
119
93
112
131
113
122
122
130
128
121
120
140
87
116
90
129
92
117
97
134
103
141
49
131
62
143
65
31.5
117
111
107
110
100
100
107
105
117
127
113
97
114
110
117
112
114
128
134
147
17.9
100
110
109
104
109
106
117
102
144
137
140
129
180
145
162
151
166
146
137
151
28.1
101
88
89
92
94
97
102
105
111
91
82
61
65
71
66
63
71
83
79
88
4.3
25.6
95
99
95
93
99
96
98
106
103
89
103
90
104
88
90
79
96
86
91
86
85
80
79
67
43
69
46
67
44
67
38
64
37
58
36
54
32
55
28
70
12.0
114
119
109
169
116
108
121
123
142
129
108
80
90
97
163
154
114
132
161
169
5.9
23.7
55
89
55
85
60
89
56
91
65
91
63
93
66
95
58
95
66
99
51
102
59
101
50
91
34
93
37
96
30
112
33
115
28
111
53
69
55
84
44
89
8.2
21.4
113.9
5.7
86
112
112
103
86
129
104
101
104
125
102
100
94
140
95
102
98
155
94
106
106
165
94
108
120
161
86
114
118
131
80
112
122
139
82
112
132
149
83
117
145
149
77
118
125
149
65
101
156
139
69
84
140
142
67
87
128
145
72
86
92
153
63
83
108
182
54
78
135
168
45
73
112
203
44
79
98
220
54
96
4.6
113
127
122
122
120
118
129
142
129
127
142
119
103
107
103
88
69
73
72
110
13
Bioregion
Sturt
Plateau
Victoria
Bonaparte
Yalgoo
Base
(DSE
km-2)
14.9
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
102
94
108
121
125
133
130
125
126
135
142
133
157
161
165
175
185
141
174
185
32.3
88
91
100
103
99
104
104
109
112
117
118
108
109
112
124
129
129
74
90
95
15.0
107
97
97
95
95
95
95
78
81
79
66
65
57
59
51
37
28
25
28
25
Data source: ABS, SA Government and Qld DSITIA
14