Structures and Functions of Living Organisms
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Microorganisms - Unpacked
8.L.1 Understand the structure and hazards caused by agents of disease and that effect living
organisms
Fungus
Fungi is ________
Non-__________ organisms
Mostly __________ _________
Most fungi reproduce both ______ and _____ (producing ______)
This provides an _______ advantage. When the environment is favorable, rapid _______
reproduction ensures an _______ spread of the ______.
During _________ ________, sexual reproduction ensures_______ ________, increasing
likelihood that ________ will be better adapted to the new ____________ conditions.
Fungus
7. Fungi can sometimes ________ the tissues of living _____ and _______ and cause _______.
8. Fungal ________ is a major concern for humans because _______ _______ not only us but also our
food sources, making fungi ________ with humans for___________.
9. ________ _______ can cause mild to serious _________ in some people.
10. Billions of mold _______ can become ______ and may then be ________, triggering an _______
reaction.
• Parasites
1. A________ is an organism that ______ on another individual, known as the ______ .
2. They either _____ on or ___ their host’s body.
3. ________ _______favors _________ that allow a parasite to efficiently ________ its host.
4. Parasites are usually ________ anatomically and _________.
5. _________ are so specialized for a parasitic lifestyle that they do not even have a __________
________
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Parasites continued
6. They live in the _________ ___________of their host and absorb _________ directly through their
skin.
7. Infectious disease may also be caused by __________ _________, which may take up residence in the
_________, blood________, or tissues.
• Viruses
1. Viruses are ___________ particles composed of a _______ ________ (DNA or RNA) and a
protein coat.
2. Viruses need a _______ _____ to reproduce.
3. Viruses invade _________ _________and use the enzymes and organelles of the ________
_______to make more viruses, usually _______ those cells in the process.
4. Viral diseases are among the ________ ________illnesses in humans.
5. These __________ range from mild fevers to some forms of ________ and include several other
severe and ____________ diseases.
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Viruses continued
6. Transmission of these illnesses ________; some are transmitted by _________ ________, while
others are transmitted through ________ or an _______ ________.
7. Vaccines and some _________ drugs are used to _________ and _______ the spread of viral disease.
• Bacteria
1. Bacteria are _________ single-________ organisms.
2. Bacteria can live in a __________ of places (with ________, _______ oxygen, extreme ____,
extreme ________).
3. Bacteria reproduce through _______ _______, a form of _________ reproduction.
4. Under __________ conditions, bacteria can ______ and _______ extremely rapidly, and
bacterial populations can _______ very quickly.
• Bacteria continued
5. __________ are used to ________ the growth of bacteria.
6. Because _________ have been __________, many diseases that were once easy to _______ are
becoming more _______ to treat.
7. Antibiotics have been _______ _______, many diseases that were once easy to treat are becoming
more difficult to treat.
8. ________ _________ in bacteria occurs when mutant bacteria survive an antibiotic treatment and
give rise to a _____________ population.
• A disease ___________ happens when a disease occurs in greater numbers than expected in a
_____________ or ___________, or during a season.
- An ____________ may occur in one community or even __________ to several countries.
- It can last from days to years.
- Sometimes a _________ case of a _______ disease is considered an outbreak.
- This may be true if it is an __________ disease, is new to a community, or has been _________ from a
population for a long time.
- An outbreak can be considered as an _____________ or ______________.
• Epidemic and pandemic are ___________ terms that refer to the spread of __________ disease
among a population
- There are ________ main differences between ________ and _________.
- The term pandemic normally is used to _________ a far _______ number of people affected
than epidemic.
- Pandemic also refers to a ________ _______ region being affected.
- In the most _________ case, the entire global __________ would be affected by a pandemic.
• The term epidemic and pandemic usually refer to the ________ ______ __________, the area
that is affected or both.
- An epidemic is defined as an ________ or health-related issue that is showing up in more cases
than would _____________ be expected.
- It occurs when an ___________ disease spreads __________ to many people.
- In 2003, the severe acute __________ _________ (SARS) epidemic took the lives of nearly 800 _________ worldwide.
e case of a pandemic, even more of the population is affected
than in an epidemica pandemic typically is in a
widespread area (usually worldwide) rather than being
confined to a particular location or region and affect
global populations.
= an epidemic is not worldwide.
For example, malaria can reach epidemic levels in regions
of Africa but I not a threat globally. Whereas a flu strain
can begin locally (epidemic) but eventually spread
globally (pandemic).
= this is not unusual for a new virus, because if people
have not been exposed to the virus before, their immune
systems are not ready to fight it off, and more people
become ill.
= Swine flu started in Mexico City where it was feared to
lead to epidemic proportions in North America, now that
the flu had been found in New Zealand, Israel, Scotland
and many other countries, it has become pandemic.
= the 1918 Spanish flue and the Black Plague are extreme
examples of pandemics.
= keep in mind, though, tgraphically widespread
epidemic.
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Influenza ____________ have occurred more than ______
~ Spanish influenza killed ________ million people in ______.
~ the Asian influenza _______ 2 ______ people in 1957.
~ The _______ ______ influenza killed 1 million people in ________.
~ An influenza pandemic occurs when: a new _________ of virus arises. This means ________ have little
or no _________ to it; therefore, everyone is at risk.
~ the virus spreads easily from ________ to person, such as through _______ or coughing.
~ the virus begins to cause _________ ________worldwide. With past flu pandemics, the virus reached
all parts of the _________ within six to nine months.
~ with the speed of air travel today, ________ _________ experts believe an influenza pandemic could
spread much more quickly.
~ a pandemic can occur in ________. And all parts of the world may ______ be affected at the same
time.
- the case of a pandemic, even more of the population is affected than in an epidemic.
= a pandemic typically is in a widespread area (usually worldwide) rather than being confined to a
particular location or region and affect global populations.
= an epidemic is not worldwide.
For example, malaria can reach epidemic levels in regions of Africa but I not a threat globally. Whereas a
flu strain can begin locally (epidemic) but eventually spread globally (pandemic).
have not been exposed to
the virus before, their immune systems are not ready to
fight it off, and more people become ill.
= Swine flu started in Mexico City where it was feared to
lead to epidemic proportions in North America, now that
the flu had been found in New Zealand, Israel, Scotland
and many other countries, it has become pandemic.
= the 1918 Spanish flue and the Black Plague ahough,
that a pandemic doesn’t necessarily mean mInfluenza pandemics
= this is not unusual for a new virus, because if people
have occurred more than once
~ Spanish influenza killed 40-50 million people in 1918.
~ the Asian influenza killed 2 million people in 1957.
~ The Hong Kong influenza killed 1 million people in 1968.
~ An influenza pandemic occurs when: a new subtype of virus arises. This means humans have little or
no immunity to it; therefore, everyone is at risk.
~ the virus spreads easily from person to person, such as through sneezing or coughing.
~ the virus begins to cause serious illness worldwide. With past flu pandemics, the virus reached all parts
of the globe within six to nine months.
~ with the speed of air travel today, public health experts believe an influenza pandemic could spread
much more quickly.
~ a pandemic can occur in waves. And all pats of the world may not be affected at the same time.
typically is in a widespread area (usually worldwide) rather than being confined to a particular location
or region and affect global populations.
= an epidemic is not worldwide.
For example, malaria can reach epidemic levels in regions of Africa but I not a threat globally. Whereas a
flu strain can begin locally (epidemic) but eventually spread globally (pandemic).
= this is not unusual for a new virus, because if people have not been exposed to the virus before, their
immune systems are not ready to fight it off, and more people become ill.
= Swine flu started in Mexico City where it was feared to lead to epidemic proportions in North America,
now that the flu had been found in New Zealand, Israel, Scotland and many other countries, it has
become pandemic.
= the 1918 Spanish flue and the Black Plague are extreme examples of pandemics.
= keep in mind, though, that a pandemic doesn’t necessarily mean millions of deaths-it means a
geographically widespread epidemic.
• Influenza pandemics have occurred more than once
~ Spanish influenza killed 40-50 million people in 1918.
~ the Asian influenza killed 2 million people in 1957.
~ The Hong Kong influenza killed 1 million people in 1968.
~ An influenza pandemic occurs when: a new subtype of virus arises. This means humans have little or
no immunity to it; therefore, everyone is at risk.
~ the virus spreads easily from person to person, such as
through sneezing or coughing.
~ the virus begins to cause serious illness worldwide.
With past flu pandemics, the virus reached all parts of
the globe within six to nine months.
~ with the speed of air travel today, public health experts
believe an influenza pandemic could spread much more
quickly.
~ a pandemic can occur in waves. And all pats of the
world may not be affected at the same time.