Supplementary material to:
The history of early cereal cultivation in northernmost Fennoscandia as indicated by
palynological research
Torbjörn Josefsson1,2, Per H. Ramqvist2,3, Greger Hörnberg2
1
Department of Forest Ecology and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-901
83 Umeå, Sweden. Phone: +46 90 786 8372, Fax: +46 90 786 8163. E-mail: torbjorn.josefsson@slu.se
2
Institute for Subarctic Landscape Research, Torget, SE-938 31 Arjeplog, Sweden
3
Department of Historical, Philosophical and Religious Studies, Umeå University, SE-901 87 Umeå,
Sweden
Appendix List of sites from south to north in Sweden, Finland and Norway (63-71° N) with dates (uncertain dates in parentheses) of the earliest finds of cereal pollen types
identified through pollen analysis. Pollen types are presented in accordance with the original work and with harmonized taxonomy and nomenclature (abbreviations for the
references used in the identification of pollen types are explained in the methods section)
Site
Sweden
Banafjäl, Örnsköldsvik
Yttersel, Anundsjö
Ytterseltjärnen, Anundsjö
Norrböle, Anundsjö (n=2)
Hamptjärnen, Näsåker
Råmyren, Näsåker
Hotingsmyran, Hoting
Långrumpskogen, Umeå
Mariehem, Umeå
Prästsjön, Umeå (n=3)
Hamptjärn, Umeå
Kassjön, Umeå
Abbortjärnen, Hotagen
Gumboda, Ånäset (n=2)
Håltjärnen, Åsele
Lappmyran, Vindeln
Svartkälstjärn, Vindeln
Bjurselet, Byske
Svedjan, Piteå
Grandskogen, Piteå
Lappviken, Kåtaselet
Mattisberg, Luleå
Fisktjärnen, Heden, Boden
Högträsk, Kalix
Ipmatisjauratj, Arjeplog
Gieddeålge, Arjeplog
Munka, Arjeplog
Hiednikvalta, Arjeplog
Strömbackatjärnen, Edefors
Kroktjärnen, Edefors
Ahmarova, Övertorneå
Kartajauratj, Porjus
Coordinates
Elevation Earliest date
Original pollen type(s)
Harmonized pollen type(s)
Archive
Reference
63°17’ N, 19°03’ E
63°25’ N, 18°20’ E
63°25’ N, 18°21’ E
63°26’ N, 18°17’ E
63°26’ N, 16°56’ E
63°28’ N, 16°50’ E
64°07’ N, 16°07’ E
63°42’ N, 19°33’ E
25
80
60
50-52
175-180
1151
335-340 1
100 1
200-50 BC
No date2
No date3
(2200 BC)4
(AD 1000)5
AD 10006
AD 15006
AD 15007
Engelmark 1994; Lindqvist 2000
Miller et al. 1979
Miller and Robertsson 1979
Huttunen and Tolonen 1972
Huttunen and Tolonen 1972
von Stedingk and Baudou 2006
von Stedingk and Baudou 2006
Segerström et al. 1994
40-45
32-50
64
84
387
30-35
305
290 1
257
52-54
13
11
295
12
24
33
480
710
460
660
51
58
230
480
AD 1300
(700 BC)
(850 BC)
850 BC8
AD 950
400 BC
(AD 1000)
AD 850
AD 1650
(1950 BC)4
AD 1600
AD 1400
No date9
AD 1200
150 BC10
No date
(6000 BC)
AD 1350
AD 1600
(AD 1700)6
950 AD7,8
750 AD8
AD 1600
AD 1400
–
Cerealia-t*
Cerealia-t (B E F)
Hordeum-t, Triticum-t (B E F)
Secale cereale (B E F)
Hordeum-t (M)
Hordeum-t (M)
Hordeum-t, Secale cereale,
Triticum-t (M)
Secale cereale (B M)
Cerealia-t (B M)
Triticum-t (B E F)
Cerealia-t (B E M)
Secale cereale (Bt)
Hordeum-t (B M)
Cerealia-t (B E F M)
Secale cereale (B M)
Secale cereale (F M R)
Cerealia-t*
Secale cereale (A B M)
Triticum-t (A B M)
Cerealia-t*
Secale cereale (A B M)
Hordeum-t (A B M)
Cerealia-t*
Cerealia-t*
Hordeum-t (M)
Cerealia-t (M)
Hordeum-t (M)
Hordeum-t (A B M)
Cerealia-t (A B M)
Secale cereale (M)
Secale cereale (M)
Peat/soil
Soil
Lake
Peat
Lake
Peat
Peat
Peat
63° N, 20° E
63° N, 20° E
63°53’ N, 20°13’ E
63°55’ N, 20°01’ E
63°53’ N, 14°27’ E
64° N, 21° E
64°09’ N, 17°22’ E
64°09’ N, 19°34’ E
64°16’ N, 19°33’ E
64°59’ N, 21°06’ E
65°16’ N, 21°23’ E
65°24’ N, 21°15’ E
65°19’ N, 19°56’ E
65°39’ N, 22°02’ E
65°49’ N, 21°35’ E
65°53’ N, 23°33’ E
66°09’ N, 18°10’ E
66°13’ N, 15°41’ E
66°33’ N, 17°47’ E
66°46’ N, 15°58’ E
66°13’ N, 20°51’ E
66°14’ N, 20°51’ E
66°40’ N, 23°18’ E
66°57’ N, 19°26’ E
Cerealia
Cerealia
Cerealia
Hordeum, Triticum
Secale
Hordeum type
Hordeum type
Hordeum type, Secale cereale,
Triticum
Secale cereale
Cerealia
Triticum type
Cerealia undiff.
Secale cereale
Hordeum type
Cerealia
Secale
Secale cereale
Hordeum
Secale cereale
Triticum type
Cerealia
Secale cereale
Hordeum type
Cerealia
Hordeum type
Hordeum type
Cerealia undiff.
Hordeum type
Hordeum type
Cerealia undiff.
Secale cereale
Secale cereale
Peat
Lake
Lake
Lake
Lake
Peat
Lake
Peat
Lake
Soil
Peat
Peat
Soil
Peat
Lake
Lake
Peat
Peat
Peat
Peat
Lake
Lake
Peat
Peat
Wallin 1996
Engelmark 1976
Tolonen 1972
Segerström 1990c
Giesecke 2005
Wallin 1996
Segerström 1982
van der Linden et al. 2008
Barnekow et al. 2008
Königsson 1970
Segerström 1995
Segerström 1995
Robertsson and Miller 1985
Segerström 1995
Segerström 1990b
Tolonen 1981
Hörnberg et al. 2006
Staland et al. 2011
Josefsson et al. 2009
Karlsson et al. 2009
Segerström 1990b
Segerström 1990b, 1991
Hörnberg et al. 2012
Marrajegge, Porjus
Abisko Östra, Abisko
Finland
Heinälampi, Siilinjärvi, Kuopio
Lintunemossen, Vörå, Vasa
66°59’ N, 19°17’ E 490
68°21’ N, 18°49’ E 360
(AD 1700)4,6
(600 BC)4
Hordeum type
Cerealia type
Hordeum-t (M)
Cerealia-t (F M P R)
Peat
Peat
63°07’ N, 27°39’ E 97-103
63°07’ N, 22°12’ E 18-20
AD 150-2007,8
(AD 250)
(AD 300)
Cerealia type, Secale cereale
Cerealia
Hordeum, Secale, Triticum
Lake
Peat
Peat
Lampeltmossen, Vörå, Vasa
Marjenemossen, Vörå, Vasa
Träskismyren, Vasa
63°08’ N, 22°10’ E 30
63°08’ N, 22°18’ E 20
63°09’ N, 21°35’ E 15
AD 850
(AD 250)
AD 5007
Hordeum type
Cerealia
Hordeum type
Cerealia-t*, Cerealia-t*
Cerealia-t*
Hordeum-t, Secale cereale,
Triticum-t (B E F)
Hordeum-t (B E F M)
Cerealia-t*
Hordeum-t (B E F M)
Katamossen, Vörå, Vasa
Vitmossen, Vörå, Vasa
63°11’ N, 22°18’ E 20
63°11’ N, 22°23’ E 33
(100 BC)
AD 1250
Hordeum type
Cerealia type
Vikpäre, Vörå, Vasa
63°14’ N, 22°13’ E 10-12
AD 1000
Hordeum type
Nedreskogen, Vörå, Vasa
Nääverpakanneva, Kalijärvi, Vasa
63°16’ N, 22°17’ E 10
63° N, 23° E
AD 1300
(AD 1700)4
Cerealia, Secale cereale
Cerealia
Karvilampi, Pihtipudas
63°20’ N, 25°38’ E 112
(2300 BC)
Cerealia excl. Secale
Liinalampi, Pithipudas
Lehmilampi, Nurmes
Ahmasjärvi, Vaala
Nimisjärvi, Vaala
Sotkasuo, Vaala
Järvelänjärvi, Oulu
Pilpajärvi, Oulu
Hailuoto, Oulu (n=2)
Sipola-Isola, Hailuoto, Oulu (n=2)
Kittilä, Hailuoto, Oulu
Merijänjärvi, Oulu
Tervola, Kemi
Kiimjänkä, Kemi
Kokkokangas, Torneå
Oravaisensaari, Torneå
Särkikangas, Kuusamo
Kangerjoki, Kuusamo
Rukatuntupi, Kuusamo
Paanajärvi, Kuusamo (n=3)
Poikkivaara, Övertorneå
63°25’ N, 25°25’ E
63°37’ N, 29°06’ E
64°29’ N, 26°27’ E
64°30’ N, 26°46’ E
64°50’ N, 26°25’ E
64°34’ N, 24°47’ E
64°57’ N, 25°49’ E
65° N, 24° E
65°03’ N, 24°48’ E
65°01’ N, 24°40’ E
65°17’ N, 25°30’ E
65° N, 24° E
65°59’ N, 24°39’ E
65°49’ N, 24°11’ E
65°55’ N, 24°10’ E
65°55’ N, 29°11’ E
66°07’ N, 29°00’ E
66°09’ N, 29°09’ E
66°16’ N, 30° E
66° N, 23° E
(AD 50)
3000 BC8
(5500 BC)4,6
(3450 BC)4,7
(3950 BC)4
(4100 BC)4
(2600 BC)4,6,7
(AD 1200)
AD 1400
AD 1250
(1000 BC)4
(AD 650)4
(300 BC)4
AD 1500
(AD 1350)
No date
AD 1700
No date
AD 130011
No date
Cerealia type
Hordeum type
Cerealia
Cerealia
Cerealia
Cerealia
Cerealia
Cerealia type
Hordeum, Secale
Hordeum
Cerealia
Cerealia
Cerealia
Hordeum type
Cerealia, Secale
Cerealia type
Cerealia type
Cerealia type
Cerealia
Secale
1301
96
98
135
81
100
40
2-10
7-8
7-8
30
25
40
12
6
255-2601
285-2901
300-3101
128-136
85
Peat
Peat
Peat
DeLuca et al. 2013
Hörnberg et al. 1999
Jankovská and Kociánová 2010
Grönlund et al. 1992
Miettinen and Vuorela 1988
Tolonen et al. 1976
Segerström and Wallin 1991; Wallin and
Segerström 1994
Hordeum-t (B E F M)
Peat
Miettinen and Vuorela 1988
Cerealia-t*
Peat
Segerström and Wallin 1991; Wallin and
Segerström 1994
Hordeum-t (B E F M)
Peat
Segerström and Wallin 1991; Wallin and
Segerström 1994
Cerealia-t, Cerealia-t (B E F M) Peat
Vuorela 1989
Cerealia-t*
Peat
Segerström and Wallin 1991; Wallin and
Segerström 1994
Cerealia-t (B)
Lake
Segerström and Wallin 1991; Wallin and
Segerström 1994
Cerealia-t (A)
Lake
Vuorela 1982
Hordeum-t (B P)
Lake
Vuorela 1997, 2007
Cerealia-t (B F)
Lake
Koivula et al. 1994
Cerealia-t (B F)
Lake
Augustsson et al. 2013
Cerealia-t (B F)
Peat
Reynaud and Hjelmroos 1980, 1981
Cerealia-t (B F)
Lake
Reynaud and Hjelmroos 1980, 1981
Cerealia-t (B F)
Lake
Reynaud and Hjelmroos 1980, 1981
Cerealia-t (B)
Peat
Reynaud and Hjelmroos 1980, 1981
Hordeum-t, Secale cereale (F M) Peat
Reynaud and Hjelmroos 1980, 1981
Hordeum-t (F M)
Peat
Reynaud and Hjelmroos 1976
Cerealia-t (B F)
Peat/lake Hicks 1992; Hicks and Birks 1996
Cerealia-t*
Soil
Hicks 1992; Hicks and Birks 1996
Cerealia-t (B F)
Peat
Reynaud and Hjelmroos 1980, 1981
Hordeum-t (A B M)
Peat
Reynaud and Tobolski 1974
Cerealia-t, Secale cereale (A B F) Peat, soil Reynaud and Hjelmroos 1980, 1981
Cerealia-t*
Peat
Segerström 1995
Cerealia-t*
Peat
Hjelmroos 1974, 1978
Cerealia-t*
Peat
Hicks 1976, 1985
Cerealia-t*
Lake
Hicks 1976, 1985
Secale cereale (A B)
Soil
Hicks 1976, 1985
Kaakonlantto, Övertorneå
Iso-Mustajärvi, Övertorneå
Lohijärvi, Övertorneå
66°13’ N, 23°45’ E 50
66°13’ N, 26°46’ E 75
66°27’ N, 24°20’ E 741
(AD 1100)4
(3550 BC)4,6
No date12
Cerealia
Cerealia
Cerealia
Cerealia-t (B F)
Cerealia-t (B F)
Cerealia-t (B)
Peat
Lake
Peat
Norway
Tømmerholt, Trondheim
Trondheim (n=7)
Drestad, Trondheim
Tilrem, Brønnøysund
Kulstad, Mosjøen
Skaitidalen, Røkland (n=3)
Arstad, Bodø
Tjong, Rødøy, Bodø
Sund, Hemnes, Bodø
Hustad, Bodø
Naurstad, Bodø
Heggmoen, Bodø
Jensvold, Bodø
Daurmålsvann, Bodø
Seivågmyr, Bodø
Hernesmyr, Bodø
Stormyra, Vestvågøy, Lofoten
Alstad, Vestvågøya, Lofoten
Moland, Lofoten
Årstrandmyra, Lofoten
Samamyra, Harstad, Lofoten
Elgsnes, Harstad, Lofoten (n=3)
Skar, Dønna, Lofoten
Justad, Vestvågøya, Lofoten (n=2)
Tangstad, Vestvågøya, Lofoten (n=2)
Rystad, Vestvågøya, Lofoten (n=2)
Bøstad, Lofoten
Strønstad, Austvågøya, Lofoten
Gimstadbakken, Lofoten
63° N, 10° E
63-64° N, 10-12° E
64°10’ N, 11°14’ E
65° N, 12° E
65° N, 13° E
66° N, 15° E
67°01’ N, 14°34’ E
66°42’ N, 13°25’ E
66°12’ N, 13°39’ E
67°06’ N, 14°01’ E
67°16’ N, 14°50’ E
67° N, 14° E
67° N, 14° E
67°13’ N, 14° E
67°13’ N, 14° E
67°16’ N, 14°21’ E
68° N, 13° E
68°16 N, 13°56 E
68° N, 13° E
68°18’ N, 14°06’ E
68° N, 16° E
68° N, 16° E
68° N, 16° E
68°09’ N, 13°48’ E
68°14’ N, 13°39’ E
68°14’ N, 13°47’ E
68°15’ N, 13°45’ E
68°26’ N, 14°44’ E
68°38’ N, 14°27’ E
2551
10-206
120-125
10-151
96
460-640
4
601
101
22
18
150
24
20
36
12
28
10
16
16
42
10-30
5-10
9-20
15-22
19-30
14-18
12-15
AD 600
No date
(AD 880)
No date13
No date
(3350 BC)4
AD 900
(2700 BC)4
(1900 BC)4
250 BC
(700 BC)6
(AD 700)6
(AD 1150)6
(1550 BC)6
(400 BC)6
(AD 600)6
(1300 BC)4
650 BC
(1100 BC)4
(2650 BC)4,6
(AD 1300)4
(100 BC)4,7
(400 BC)4
(AD 1050)6
1150 BC
1500 BC
(2150 BC)4
200 BC
850 BC
Cerealia
Not specified
Hordeum type
Hordeum type
Not specified
Hordeum type
Cerealia
Hordeum type
Hordeum type
Cerealia
Avena
Hordeum
Cerealia undiff.
Cerealia
Hordeum, Triticum type
Cerealia
Cerealia
Hordeum type
Hordeum type
Hordeum type, Triticum
Avena, Cerealia
Hordeum type
Hordeum type
Avena, Hordeum type
Hordeum type
Hordeum type
Hordeum type
Hordeum type
Hordeum
Cerealia-t*
–
Hordeum-t (B F P)
Hordeum-t (B)
–
Hordeum-t (B E F G)
Cerealia-t (F)
Hordeum-t (B)
Hordeum-t (B)
Cerealia-t (F)
Avena-t (F)
Cerealia-t*
Cerealia-t (F)
Cerealia-t (F)
Hordeum-t, Triticum-t (F)
Cerealia-t (F)
Cerealia-t (F)
Hordeum-t (B F P)
Hordeum-t (B)
Hordeum-t, Triticum-t (B)
Cerealia-t*, Cerealia-t*
Hordeum-t (A B F)
Hordeum-t (A B F)
Avena-t, Hordeum-t (B F P)
Hordeum-t (B F P)
Hordeum-t (B F P)
Hordeum-t (A B F)
Hordeum-t (B F P)
Hordeum-t (B F P)
Peat
Peat
Peat
Peat
Peat
Peat
Peat
Peat
Peat
Peat
Peat
Peat
Peat
Peat
Peat
Peat
Peat
Peat
Peat
Peat
Peat
Peat/soil
Peat
Peat
Peat
Peat
Peat
Peat
Peat
Ibestad, Tromsø
Hundstad, Kveøy, Tromsø
Laugen, Harstad, Tromsø
Vinja, Dyrøy, Tromsø
68° N, 17° E
68°44’ N, 16°10’ E
68°49’ N, 16°33’ E
69° N, 17° E
16
20-251
8
-
No dates
(900-300 BC)
1300 BC6
No date14
Not specified
Cerealia, Hordeum type
Hordeum type
Hordeum16
–
Cerealia-t, Hordeum-t (B F M P)
Hordeum-t (F P)
Cerealia-t*
Peat
Soil
Lake
Peat
Bondestam 1999
Hjelmroos 1978
Hjelmroos 1978; Reynaud and Hjelmroos
1980, 1981
Hjelmroos 1978; Reynaud and Hjelmroos
1980, 1981
Tikkanen 1978
Hafsten 1988
Vorren et al. 1990
Nilssen 2010; Vorren et al. 1990
Vorren and Nilssen 1982
Vorren et al. 1990
Høeg 1972
Moe 1991
Vorren and Nilssen 1982
Vorren and Nilssen 1982
Moe 1991
Moe 1991
Moe 1998
Moe 2001
Moe 2003
Moe 2003
Moe 2003
Moe 1983
Nilssen 2010; Vorren et al. 1990
Vorren and Nilssen 1982
Vorren and Nilssen 1982, Nilssen 1988
Vorren 1975
Vorren 1983, 1986; Vorren and Alm 1985
Vorren 1986
Nilssen 1988, 2010; Vorren et al. 1990
Nilssen 1988, 2010; Vorren et al. 1990
Nilssen 1988, 2010; Vorren et al. 1990, 2012
Vorren 1979, 1986; Vorren and Nilssen 1982,
Johansen and Vorren 1986, Vorren et al. 1990
Nilssen 2010; Vorren et al. 1990
Nilssen 2010; Vorren et al. 1990
Vorren et al. 1990
Sjögren 2010; Sjögren and Arntzen 2013
Greipstad, Kvaløya, Tromsø (n=5)
Austein, Tromsø (n=2)
Bakkan, Andøya, Lofoten (n=3)
Deggemyra, Hofsøy, Tromsø (n=2)
Bakkemyra, Torsli, Tromsø
Bakkejord, Kvaløya, Tromsø (n=5)
Brensholmen, Tromsø
69° N, 18° E
69° N, 18° E
69°01’ N, 15°31’ E
69°02’ N, 17°03’ E
69°12’ N, 17°33’ E
69°31’ N, 18° E
69°35’ N, 18°01’ E
10-35
101
30
7-9
140
15-30
10-151
1100 BC4
550 BC
(1300 BC)4,7
(1200 BC)4
(1350 BC)4,6
(AD 400)
1150 BC
Hordeum type
Hordeum type
Hordeum type
Hordeum type
Cerealia
Cerealia
Hordeum type, Triticum type
Cerealia-t*
Hordeum-t (F)
Hordeum-t (A B F)
Hordeum-t (A B F)
Cerealia-t*
Cerealia-t (F)
Hordeum-t, Triticum-t (F)
Peat
Peat
Peat/soil
Peat
Peat
Peat
Peat
Tveraabak and Vorren 2001
Vorren and Alm 1985
Vorren 2002
Vorren 2005a
Vorren 1975, 1986
Vorren 1973, 1975, 1979, 1986
Vorren 1979; Vorren et al. 1982; Vorren and
Alm 1985
Dåfjord, Tromsø
69°59’ N, 19°25’ E 10
No date
Hordeum type
Cerealia-t*
Peat
Vorren 2009
Lampemyr, Alta
69° N, 23° E
30
(AD 1650)4,6
Hordeum type
Cerealia-t*
Peat
Vorren 2005a
Oaggejokka, Karasjok
69° N, 25° E
290
(1350 BC)4
Hordeum type
Cerealia-t*
Peat
Vorren 1979
4
Mortensnes, Vadsø
70° N, 29° E
45
(AD 1300)
Hordeum type, Secale
Cerealia-t*, Cerealia-t*
Peat
Høeg 2000
Vatnan, Sørøya, Hammerfest (n=4) 70° N, 22° E
12-31
No date15
Hordeum type
Hordeum-t (F)
Soil
Høeg 2000
Melkøya, Hammerfest (n=5)
70°42’ N, 23°36’ E 13-30
7850 BC
Hordeum type
Hordeum-t (F M)
Peat
Høeg 2000
Risfjorddalen, Mehamn
71° N, 28° E
53
(1450 BC)4,6
Cerealia type
Cerealia-t*
Peat
Vorren 2005b
Mehamn
71° N, 27° E
25
(800BC)4,6
Avena type
Cerealia-t*
Peat
Jensen 2004; Jensen and Elverland 2009
Note: The dates, rounded to 50 years, and elevation, meters above sea level at present, are presented as calibrated dates in BC/AD. Pollen data where no published criteria or keys were used for separating cereal
grains from other grasses, or where the criteria or reference to a specific key were lacking are marked with (*)
1 Elevation (m a.s.l.) according to Google Earth maps
2 Approximate uncalibrated date based on the timing of the immigration of spruce in the region is 2900 BP
3 Approximate uncalibrated date based on the timing of the immigration of spruce in the region is 3000 BP
4 Date based on our own calibration (mid-value 2σ) of the original conventional 14C age
5 Date based on sedimentation rate
6 Date based on our own interpolation of the original 14C ages
7 Finds of cereal pollen types before this time, but with no date or poorly dated
8 Original dates based on varve counts
9 Cerealia pollen were recorded in soil sections derived from house foundations and oven constructions. Uncalibrated 14C ages of charcoal from the foundations ranged from 800 to 3900 BP
10 Dates for Hordeum type pollen at ca 150 cm. Dating below this level is uncertain. Avena and Cerealia pollen types occur down to a depth of 3.75 m
11 Date based on comparisons with palaeomagnetic data derived from Saarinen 1994
12 Approximate uncalibrated date based on the timing of the immigration of spruce and land uplift in the region is 5500 BP
13 Approximate uncalibrated date is 3100 BP
14 Approximate uncalibrated date is 1450 BP
15 Hordeum type pollen were recorded in a charcoal sample below a house-ground wall c. 5300-4000 years old
16 ‘Hordeum’ or ‘Hordeum type’ not clear
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