1. Agro-industrial residues in Denmark: potential
The domestic biomass potential quantified in this section represents the currently available
amount of the selected residues, following expected yields (business-as-usual agricultural and
industrial practices) based on a number of literature sources (Table S1). Values are reported
on both wet and dry matter basis. Corresponding energy potentials may be quantified by
interested readers starting from the masses reported in Table S1 and using the LHV (or HHV
or CH4 potential) reported in Table S15 (Appendix S5).
residue ( ww)  pp WF
Eq. S1
(kg ww y-1)
residue ( DM )  pp WF  DM
Eq. S2
(kg DM y-1)
residue: residue produced from the industrial process
(kg ww y-1)
pp: primary product of the industrial process
(kg ww y-1)
WF: waste factor: residue (res)/primary product (pp)
(kg res kg-1 pp)
DM: dry matter content
(kg DM kg-1 ww)
The values for DM can be found in Table S15 (Appendix S5). The “waste factor” (WF)
equaled: 9 for whey based on average residue production from cheese (estimated from
statistics in Eurostat 2013), 0.1 for brewer grain (The brewers of Europe 2002), 0.14 for beet
molass (estimated from statistics reported in CEFS (2013), 0.77 for beet pulp (estimated from
statistics in CEFS 2013), 0.29 for beet top (LCA food 2003), and 0.73 for potato pulp (LCA
food 2004). Note that the sum of the “waste factors” (WF) for beet residues (top, pulp,
molasses) does not add up to 1 (because water is added during processing). The available
domestic production of wheat straw (2700 Mkg ww y-1, i.e. 2400 Mkg DM y-1) was retrieved
from Statistics Denmark (2014). The total straw production (including all the remaining
crops) is also reported (as footnote of Table S1: 5600 Mkg ww y-1, i.e. 4900 Mkg DM y-1).
Out of the total straw produced, 38% was left on-field, 30% was used for energy, 20% was
used for feeding, and 12% for bedding (Statistics Denmark, 2014). Similar figures were
quantified for the wheat straw (see Table S1). The potential for wild/nature grass (i.e.,
excluding grasses already in use for composting and grasses from urban areas/parks) was
retrieved from a dedicated report (Jørgensen et al., 2008).
S1
Table S1. Agro-industrial biomass residues in Denmark; nr: not relevant. In brackets is reported the standard deviation (68% confidence interval around the mean).
Values are rounded to 2 significant digits.
Agro-industrial
residue
Primary
product
Primary product
(Mkg ww y-1)
Biomass residue
(Mkg ww y-1)
Biomass residue
(Mkg DM y-1)
Current use
Geographic/Temporal scope
of the data
Wheat straw
Wheat
5000 (±500)
2700 (±290)
2400 (±70)
Nature grassβ
nr
nr
2000 (±220)
430 (±47)
Left on-field (37% ±5)
Energy (39% ±3)
Feeding (13% ±3)
Bedding (11% ±2)
Left on-field (100%)
Brewer’s grainγ
Beer
6600 (±600)
66 (±6)
16 (±1.5)
Feeding (100%)
DK 2006-2011
Sugar
520 (±30)
170 (±10)
39 (±2)
Feeding (100%)
DK 2006-2011
Sugar
520 (±30)
240 (±47)
62 (±12)
Feeding (100%)
DK 2006-2011
Starch
1500 (±250)
150 (±17)
21 (±2)
Feeding (100%)
DK 2007-2012
Sugar
520 (±30)
75 (±4)
60 (±3)
DK 2006-2011
Wheyθ
Cheese
2800 (±190)
2800 (±190)
180 (±12)
Manureι
Animal
products
Meat, dairy
34000
6200
Feeding, Alcohol (100%)
Feeding (40%)
Food (60%)
Use-on-land (96%)
Energy (4%)
α
Beet top
δ
Beet pulpε
Potato pulpζ
Beet molasses
η
DK 2007-20012
DK 2008
DK 2007-2012
DK 2013
α, ζ , θ Based on Statistics Denmark (2014). On average, for the period 2007-2012, the total straw produced (including straws from barley and other cereals) in Denmark was quantified
to 5600 (±390) Mkg ww y-1, i.e.. about 4900 Mkg DM y-1. Of the total straw produced, 38% was left on-field, 30% was used for energy, 20% was used for feeding, and 12% for bedding.
β Based on Jørgensen et al. (2008). This refers only to grass from low-lying and wet areas, unutilized. Grass cultivated for fodder and grass collected from urban areas/parks (garden
waste) is not considered in this estimate.
δ, ε, η Based on CEFS (2013). Total sugar production is estimated based on the ratio molasses/sugar = 0.14. For beet pulp, it is assumed that all beet pulp residues have DM content of
25% (Table S15). In reality, a share of the total beet pulp produced has DM 13% and a share is mixed with beet molass (DM content of this share unknown, see CEFS (2013) for detailed
information).
γ Based on The brewers of Europe (2012).
ι Based on Luostarinen (2013).
S2
References
LCA
food
(2003)
Sugar
production
(Sukker
produktion).
Available
at:
http://www.lcafood.dk/processes/industry/sugarproduction.htm (accessed February 15, 2015).
CEFS (2013) CEFS sugar statistics 2012. Comite Europeen des Fabricantes de Sucre (CEFS),
Brussels, Belgium. Available at: http://www.eurosugar.org/pdf/sugarstats2012.pdf (accessed
February 15, 2015).
Eurostat (2015). Available at: http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/data/database (accessed February 15,
2015).
Jørgensen U, Sørensen P, Adamsen AP, Kristensen IT (2008) Energi fra biomasse - Ressourcer og
teknologier vurderet i et regionalt perspektiv. University of Aarhus, Aahrus, Denmark. Available
at:
http://pure.au.dk/portal/en/publications/energi-fra-biomasse--ressourcer-og-teknologiervurderet-i-et-regionalt-perspektiv%28de526950-0bb2-11dd-ac47-000ea68e967b%29.html
(accessed February 15, 2015).
Luostarinen S (2013) Energy Potential of Manure in the Baltic Sea Regions: Biogas Potential &
Incentives and Barriers for Implementation. Baltic Forum for Innovative Technologies for
Sustainable
Manure
Management.
Available
at:
http://www.balticmanure.eu/download/Reports/bm_energy_potentials_web.pdf
(accessed
February 15, 2015).
Statistics Denmark (2014). Available at: http://www.statbank.dk/statbank5a/default.asp?w=1280
(accessed February 15, 2015).
The Brewers of Europe (2002) Guidance note for establishing BAT in the brewing industry. The
Brewers of Europe. Available at: http://www.cerveceros.org/pdf/CBMCguidance-note.pdf
(accessed February 15, 2015).
The Brewers of Europe (2012) Beer statistics 2012 edition. The Brewers of Europe. Available at:
http://www.brewersofeurope.org/uploads/mycmsfiles/documents/archives/publications/2012/stats_2012_web.pdf (accessed February 15, 2015)..
LCA food (2004) Potato flour production (Kartoffelmel produktion). Available at:
http://www.lcafood.dk/processes/industry/potatoflourproduction.htm (accessed February 15,
2015).
S3