Conservation Management Zones of Australia
Tasman Temperate Forests
Prepared by the Department of the Environment
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This project and associated products are the result of a collaboration between the Biodiversity Conservation
Division and the Environmental Resources Information Network (ERIN). Invaluable input, advice and support were
provided by staff and leading researchers from across the Department of the Environment (DotE), Department of
Agriculture (DoA), the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), and the academic
community. We would particularly like to thank staff within the Wildlife, Heritage and Marine Division, Parks
Australia and the Environment Assessment and Compliance Division of DotE, Nyree Stenekes and Robert
Kancans (ABARES), Sue McIntyre (CSIRO), Richard Hobbs (University of Western Australia), Michael Hutchinson
(ANU); David Lindenmayer and Emma Burns (ANU); and Gilly Llewellyn, Martin Taylor and other staff from the
World Wildlife Fund for their generosity and advice.
Special thanks to CSIRO staff Kristen Williams and Simon Ferrier whose modelling of biodiversity patterns enabled
identification of the Conservation Management Zones of Australia.
© Commonwealth of Australia, 2015.
The Conservation Management Zones of Australia profile is licensed by the Commonwealth of Australia for use
under a Creative Commons By Attribution 3.0 Australia licence with the exception of the Coat of Arms of the
Commonwealth of Australia, the logo of the agency responsible for publishing the report, content supplied by
third parties, and any images depicting people.
For licence conditions see here.
Contents
Acknowledgement of Traditional Owners and Country ................................................................ 4
Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 4
Zone at a glance .......................................................................................................................... 5
Population characteristics .......................................................................................................... 10
Employment, volunteering and incomes .................................................................................... 15
Agriculture, Natural Resource Management practices and sources of NRM advice .................. 18
Land tenure, land use, Native Title and Local Government Areas ............................................. 21
Zone vegetation characteristics ................................................................................................. 24
Ramsar and Nationally Important Wetlands............................................................................... 25
World and National Heritage ...................................................................................................... 27
Major National Reserve System properties................................................................................ 28
EPBC Act (1999) threatened ecological communities ............................................................... 29
EPBC Act (1999) threatened species ........................................................................................ 30
EPBC Act (1999) migratory species .......................................................................................... 36
Threatened endemic species ..................................................................................................... 38
Invasive species ........................................................................................................................ 43
Vegetation profiles and management recommendations ........................................................... 45
Acknowledgement of Traditional Owners and Country
The Australian Government acknowledges Australia’s Traditional Owners and pays respect to Elders past
and present of our nation’s Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander communities. We honour the deep
spiritual, cultural and customary connections of Traditional Owners to the Australian landscape, including
Australia’s waterways, land and sea country.
Introduction
The 23 Conservation Management Zones of Australia are geographic areas, classified according to their ecological
and threat characteristics. The zones are also aligned with the Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation of Australia.
The Conservation Management Zones provide a way of understanding Australia’s natural environment that will
assist in long-term conservation planning and help the Australian Government to better design, deliver and report
on Natural Resource Management (NRM) investments, including ensuring alignment of national NRM priorities with
local action.
The Conservation Management Zones also provide a filter through which to make national environmental and
socio-economic data more accessible and comprehensible, and a framework for gathering on-ground knowledge
and expertise about the environment. This will improve information flow to the Australian Government about
regional NRM requirements, best practice management, emerging NRM issues and knowledge gaps.
The Conservation Management Zones do not represent any change to existing administrative boundaries or
governance structures, but aim to support the NRM and wider community to cooperatively manage environmental
assets across boundaries, where they share common threats, ecological characteristics and stakeholders.
Each Conservation Management Zone profile contains a standard suite of nationally available ecological and socioeconomic information. We hope that this information will enable Australians of all ages and backgrounds to
engage with, understand and appreciate Australian landscapes, and support all Australians to manage our natural
resources more effectively.
The profile information provides an indicative, high-level stock-take of the environmental and socio-economic
landscape and it is not intended to be comprehensive. It should also be noted that, at present, the profiles contain
only limited information on aquatic ecosystems, coastal assets and Indigenous land management practices. In
future, consultation and comprehensive literature reviews will enable us to provide more complete information.
Zone at a glance
Source: Based on Australian Bureau of Statistics data
MAJOR CITIES AND TOWNS
POPULATION
Apollo Bay
1,092
Beauty Point – Bridport – George Town – Scottsdale
8,651
Burnie-Somerset-Penguin-Wynyard
28,028
Deloraine
2,324
Devonport – Latrobe – Port Sorell – Ulverstone
41,074
Dodges Ferry – Lewisham
4,452
Greater Hobart
183,446
Huonville
1,743
Greater Launceston
87,086
Lorne
1,046
Sheffield
1,111
Smithton
3,239
St Helens
1,503
NATURAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT (NRM) REGIONS
Corangamite Catchment Management Authority (CMA)
VIC
West Gippsland CMA
VIC
NRM Cradle Coast
TAS
NRM North
TAS
NRM South
TAS
TOP FIVE AGRICULTURAL COMMODITIES
VALUE (MILLIONS)
Dairy
$302
Beef
$176
Vegetables for consumption
$164
Fruit
$106
Wool
$97
Total value of agricultural commodities (including other commodities not listed here)
$1,123
CLIMATE CHARACTERISTICS*
Mean annual temperature
10.5 Celsius
Mean Maximum of the Hottest Month
20.5 Celsius
Mean Minimum of the Coldest Month
2.4 Celsius
Mean Annual Rainfall
1018.4 mm
Dominant rainfall season
Winter
* The figures are interpolated 75-year means (1921 to 1995) representing the period prior to the onset of
rapid climatic warming. Cited in: Williams KJ, Belbin L, Austin MP, Stein J, Ferrier S (2012)
Which environmental variables should I use in my biodiversity model? International Journal of
Geographic Information Sciences 26(11), 2009–2047. (Data derived from Australian Climate surfaces
version 2.1 for the ANUCLIM-BIOCLIM package).
For future climate projections please refer to: http://www.climatechangeinaustralia.gov.au/
Source: Based on Australian Bureau of Statistics data
Source: Based on data from the National Native Title Register; Collaborative Australian Protected Area Database (CAPAD); National
Vegetation Information System (NVIS); Species’ Profile and Threats Database (SPRAT).
Population characteristics
Population
Source: Based on Australian Bureau of Statistics data
LANGUAGES SPOKEN AT HOME
English
91.77%
Other languages
4.20%
Not stated
3.92%
Source: Based on Australian Bureau of Statistics data
Education
Source: Based on Australian Bureau of Statistics data
Employment, volunteering and incomes
Employment
Source: Based on Australian Bureau of Statistics data
Volunteering
Income
Source: Based on Australian Bureau of Statistics data
Agriculture, Natural Resource Management practices and
sources of NRM advice
Australian farmers manage over 60% of the Australian continent and shoulder much of the burden of responsibility
for maintaining and protecting Australia’s natural resource wealth. The information contained in this profile aims to
assist the wider community, non-governmental organisations and government agencies to support Australia’s key
environmental custodians.
Agricultural commodity values
Source: Based on Australian Bureau of Statistics data
Natural Resource Management practices and sources of NRM advice
* Data obtained from the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) 2012 Land Management Practices Survey
(LaMPS) 2012. LaMPS collected land practices information from approximately 50,000 farm businesses
across Australia. The data has been aligned to Conservation Management Zones from ABS Statistical Area
2 units and Australian Agricultural Environment units. The % figures presented here are indicative only.
For more information on LaMPS please refer to: http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/4630.0
** The sample for the Drivers of Practice Change 2012 survey consisted of a random subsample of 1228
broadacre farm managers from the Australian Agricultural and Grazing Industries Survey (AAGIS) frame.
The data has been aligned to Conservation Management Zones from ABS Statistical Area 2 units. For this
reason, the figures presented here are indicative only.
^ This chart indicates the sources of advice utilised for native vegetation management from respondents
who identified they sought advice.
For more information please refer to http://www.daff.gov.au/SiteCollectionDocuments/forestry/domesticforestry/prep-for-future/drivers-
Land tenure, land use, Native Title and Local Government
Areas
Source: Land tenure data based on Environmental Resources Information Network (ERIN) categorisation of Public Sector Mapping
Authority (PSMA) State Tenure 2012; Land use mapping based on Australian Collaborative Land Use and Management Program
(ACLUMP) 2012. For more information on Australian land use and management information and classification please refer to:
http://www.daff.gov.au/ABARES/aclump/
INDIGENOUS LAND COUNCILS
INDIGENOUS LAND COUNCILS
Native Title Services Victoria: http://www.ntsv.com.au
Tasmanian Aboriginal Land and Sea Council: http://www.talsc.net.au
NATIVE TITLE AND TRADITIONAL OWNERS
Traditional Owners
Registered Native Title Body Corporate
Gunai/Kurnai People
Hectares
% of zone
17.49
0.0003
Source: The Native Title Tribunal Register, October 2013.
For more information please refer to: http://www.nntt.gov.au/Pages/Searchportal.aspx
LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREAS
Break O’day Council
TAS
Brighton Council
TAS
Burnie City Council
TAS
Central Coast Council
TAS
Central Highlands Council
TAS
Circular Head Council
TAS
Clarence City Council
TAS
Derwent Valley Council
TAS
Devonport City Council
TAS
Dorset Council
TAS
Flinders Council
TAS
George Town Council
TAS
Glamorgan-Spring Bay Council
TAS
Glenorchy City Council
TAS
Hobart City Council
TAS
Huon Valley Council
TAS
Kentish Council
TAS
King Island Council
TAS
Kingborough Council
TAS
Latrobe Council
TAS
Launceston City Council
TAS
Meander Valley Council
TAS
Northern Midlands Council
TAS
Sorell Council
TAS
Southern Midlands Council
TAS
Tasman Council
TAS
Waratah-Wynyard Council
TAS
West Coast Council
TAS
West Tamar Council
TAS
Colac Otway Shire
VIC
LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREAS
Corangamite Shire
VIC
South Gippsland Shire
VIC
Surf Coast Shire
VIC
Zone vegetation characteristics
The National Vegetation Information System (NVIS) framework is a nationally consistent vegetation classification
system based on vegetation data collected by states and territories. It provides information on the extent and
distribution of vegetation types across the Australian landscape.
Two products are used to provide the Zone Vegetation Characteristics graph. A modelled pre-European vegetation
distribution (pre-1750), and extant (current extent) vegetation, which is based on contemporary vegetation
mapping. The information presented here relates to Major Vegetation Subgroups (MVSs). There are 85 MVS types
across Australia, describing the structure and floristic composition of dominant and secondary vegetation stratums
(e.g. canopy and mid-storey species). Major Vegetation Subgroups only reflect the dominant vegetation type
occurring in an area from a mix of vegetation types. Less-dominant vegetation groups which may also be present
are therefore not represented.
It is important to note that the vegetation information is indicative only, as state and territory mapping in Australia is
of variable resolution and scale. However, this data is the best available nationally consistent information on
vegetation, and the dataset continues to evolve and increase in accuracy.
Analysing this information at Conservation Management Zone, rather than national level provides greater
discrimination for decision makers, as clearance levels of vegetation types are not uniform across Australia.
For example, eucalypt woodlands with a tussock grass understory is a vegetation type found across Australia.
In the Brigalow Woodlands Conservation Management Zone, eucalypt open woodlands with a tussock grass
understory originally covered approximately 36% of the zone, but today it only covers only 14.5 % of the zone
(58.7% of this vegetation community has been cleared in the Brigalow). In the Northern Australia Tropical
Savannah zone, this vegetation type originally occupied 19.6% of the zone. Today, it occupies approximately
19.4% of the zone (only 2.3% of this vegetation type has been cleared). It should be noted that this data only
provides an indication of change in extent, and not vegetation condition.
For more information on the National Vegetation Information System (NVIS) please refer to:
http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/science-and-research/databases-and-maps/national-vegetation-informationsystem
Ramsar and Nationally Important Wetlands
RAMSAR WETLANDS
JURISDICTION
HECTARES
Lavinia
TAS
6,929
Moulting Lagoon
TAS
4,514
East Coast Cape Barren Island Lagoons
TAS
4,100
Flood Plain Lower Ringarooma River
TAS
3,399
Logan Lagoon
TAS
2,243
Apsley Marshes
TAS
881
Pitt Water-Orielton Lagoon
TAS
383
Corner Inlet
TAS
73
Little Waterhouse Lake
VIC
56
Jocks Lagoon
TAS
19
For more information on Ramsar please refer to: http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/water/water-ourenvironment/wetlands/ramsar-convention-wetlands
NATIONALLY IMPORTANT WETLANDS
JURISDICTION
HECTARES
CRITERIA
Aire River
VIC
708.93
1, 3, 4
Aspley Marshes
TAS
654.53
2, 5
Bells Lagoon
TAS
63.80
1, 6
Blackman River
TAS
7.06
1
Blackmans Lagoon
TAS
35.65
5
Bungaree Lagoon
TAS
10.14
5
Calverts Lagoon
TAS
43.24
1
Cataract Gorge
TAS
2.24
5, 6
Clarence Lagoon
TAS
33.78
5
Corner Inlet
VIC
57.62
1, 3, 4, 5
Douglas River
TAS
397.64
1, 5
Dublin Bog
TAS
1.08
5
Eagle Tarn Sphagnum
TAS
1.81
5
Earlham Lagoon
TAS
215.59
5
Elizabeth River Gorge
TAS
3.54
5
Fergusons Lagoon
TAS
85.98
5
Flyover Lagoon 1
TAS
29.41
5
Flyover Lagoon 2
TAS
27.18
5
Freshwater Lagoon
TAS
25.48
5
Glen Morey Saltpan
TAS
13.81
1
Glen Morriston Rivulet 1
TAS
1.49
1, 5
Goulds Lagoon
TAS
2.51
3
Hardings Falls Forest Reserve
TAS
2.28
5
Hogans Lagoon
TAS
79.51
5
Jocks Lagoon
TAS
6.87
5
Lake Chisholm
TAS
4.28
2
NATIONALLY IMPORTANT WETLANDS
JURISDICTION
HECTARES
CRITERIA
Lake Dulverton
TAS
225.53
5
Lake Flannigan
TAS
162.76
5
Lake Sydney
TAS
10.45
2
Lake Tiberius
TAS
972.02
5
Lavinia Nature Reserve
TAS
1,411.62
3, 4, 5
Little Thirsty Lagoon
TAS
1.11
5
Little Waterhouse Lake
TAS
12.97
1, 5
Logan Lagoon
TAS
1,003.30
1, 2, 3, 5
Lower Aire River Wetlands
VIC
88.33
1, 2, 3
Macquarie River 2
TAS
9.17
5
Macquarie River 4
TAS
12.46
5
Mona Vale Saltpan
TAS
8.46
1
Moulting Lagoon
TAS
2,743.15
1, 3, 6
Near Lagoon
TAS
14.69
1, 5
Orielton Lagoon
TAS
15.87
3, 4, 5
Oyster Cove
TAS
5.18
6
Pearshape Lagoon 1
TAS
6.71
1
Pearshape Lagoon 2
TAS
2.61
1
River Derwent
TAS
977.45
5
Sellars Lagoon
TAS
1,213.95
5
South East Cape Lakes
TAS
12.38
1, 5
South Esk River
TAS
14.79
5
Stans Lagoon
TAS
18.14
5
Surveyors Creek
TAS
8.92
5
The Chimneys
TAS
5.73
5
Thompsons Lagoon
TAS
55.98
5
Tin Dish Rivulet
TAS
5.17
1, 5
Township Lagoon
TAS
6.37
1, 4, 5
Tregaron Lagoons 1
TAS
12.60
5
Tregaron Lagoons 2
TAS
5.41
5
White Lagoon
TAS
10.65
1, 6
Nationally important wetlands are defined according to the following criteria:
1. It is a good example of a wetland type occurring within a biogeographic region in Australia.
2. It is a wetland which plays an important ecological or hydrological role in the natural functioning of a major
wetland system/complex.
3. It is a wetland which is important as the habitat for animal taxa at a vulnerable stage in their life cycles, or
provides a refuge when adverse conditions such as drought prevail.
4. The wetland supports 1% or more of the national populations of any native plant or animal taxa.
5. The wetland supports native plant or animal taxa or communities which are considered endangered or
vulnerable at the national level.
6. The wetland is of outstanding historical or cultural significance.
Please note, the above are a subset of all the Nationally Important Wetlands found within the Zone. For more
information on Nationally Important Wetlands please see: http://www.environment.gov.au/resource/directoryimportant-wetlands-australia-third-edition
World and National Heritage
HERITAGE VALUES
WORLD OR
NATIONAL
HERITAGE
TYPE
JURISDICTION
HECTARES
% OF
ZONE
Tasmanian Wilderness
World and National
Natural
TAS
402,976
8.57
Australian Convict Sites
(Darlington Probation Station)
World
Cultural
TAS
3,158
0.07
Western Tasmania Aboriginal
Cultural Landscape
National
Indigenous
TAS
11,221
0.24
Great Ocean Road and Scenic
Environs
National
Historic
VIC
3,893
0.08
Brickendon Estate
National
Historic
TAS
458
0.01
Darlington Probation Station
National
Historic
TAS
368
0.01
Recherche Bay
(North East Peninsula) Area
National
Historic
TAS
344
0.01
Coal Mines Historic Site
National
Historic
TAS
265
0.01
Port Arthur Historic Site
National
Historic
TAS
191
0.004
Woolmers Estate
National
Historic
TAS
82
0.002
Jordan River levee site
National
Indigenous
TAS
4
0.0001
Cascades Female Factory
National
Historic
TAS
0.6
0.00001
Cascades Female Factory Yard
4 North
National
Historic
TAS
0.2
0.000003
Richmond Bridge
National
Historic
TAS
0.1
0.000002
Please refer to the Australian Heritage Database for detailed information on listing criteria for these
heritage values: http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/heritage/publications-and-resources/australianheritage-database
For more information on Australia’s world and national heritage please refer to:
http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/heritage/about-australias-heritage
Major National Reserve System properties
MAJOR NATIONAL RESERVE SYSTEM PROPERTIES
Name
Property type
IUCN
category
Jurisdiction
Hectares
% of zone
Southwest
National Park
II
TAS
198,580
4.22
Great Otway
National Park
II
VIC
76,181
1.62
Franklin-Gordon
Wild Rivers
National Park
II
TAS
51,323
1.09
Wilsons Promontory
National Park
II
VIC
40,542
0.86
Arthur-Pieman
Conservation Area
VI
TAS
26,383
0.56
Wilsons Promontory
Wilderness Zone –
Schedule 5, National Parks Act
IB
VIC
21,870
0.47
Cameron
Regional Reserve
VI
TAS
20,320
0.43
Cradle Mountain-Lake
St Clair
National Park
II
TAS
18,970
0.40
Mount William
National Park
II
TAS
18,456
0.39
Ben Lomond
National Park
II
TAS
18,192
0.39
Wellington Park
Other Conservation Area
II
TAS
18,025
0.38
Freycinet
National Park
II
TAS
16,531
0.35
Douglas-Apsley
National Park
II
TAS
15,834
0.34
Mount Field
National Park
II
TAS
15,824
0.34
Southern Wilsons
Promontory R.N.A.
Remote and Natural Area –
Schedule 6, National Parks Act
II
VIC
14,273
0.30
Wingaroo
Nature Reserve
IA
TAS
10,767
0.23
Tasman
National Park
II
TAS
10,676
0.23
Maria Island
National Park
II
TAS
10,172
0.22
Mount Victoria
Forest Reserve
IV
TAS
8,275
0.18
Lungatalanana
Indigenous Protected Area
V
TAS
8,092
0.17
Sellars Lagoon
Game Reserve
VI
TAS
7,781
0.17
Lavinia
State Reserve
II
TAS
7,739
0.16
Strzelecki
National Park
II
TAS
7,565
0.16
Hartz Mountains
National Park
II
TAS
7,155
0.15
THE IUCN CATEGORIES ARE AS FOLLOWS:
Ia Strict Nature Reserve
Ib Wilderness Area
II National Park
III Natural Monument or Feature
IV Habitat/Species Management Area
V Protected Landscape/ Seascape
VI Protected area with sustainable use of natural resources
IUCN protected area management categories classify
protected areas according to their management
objectives. The categories are recognised by international
bodies such as the United Nations and are utilised by
many national governments, including the Australian
Government, as the global standard for defining and
recording protected areas.
Please refer to the IUCN website for further explanation:
http://www.iucn.org/about/work/programmes/gpap_home/gpap_quality/gpap_pacategories/
For more information on Australia’s National Reserve System please refer to:
http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/land/national-reserve-system
Source: Collaborative Australian Protected Area Database 2012.
EPBC Act (1999) threatened ecological communities
THREATENED ECOLOGICAL COMMUNITIES
Name
Listing status
% of total distribution*
% of zone**
Eucalyptus ovata – Callitris oblonga Forest
Vulnerable
100.00
0.11
Lowland Native Grasslands of Tasmania
Critically
Endangered
99.39
0.46
Alpine Sphagnum Bogs and Associated Fens
Endangered
2.46
0.27
Subtropical and Temperate Coastal Saltmarsh
Vulnerable
1.65
0.07
Giant Kelp Marine Forests of South East Australia
Endangered
n/a
n/a
* % of the total national distribution describes the proportion of the total national distribution of
the Threatened Ecological Community that is found within the zone.
** % of the total zone area describes the proportion of the zone that the Threatened Ecological Community
is likely or known to occur in.
It should be noted that the identification of any given Threatened Ecological Community above does not imply that
the Threatened Ecological Community (TEC) is found uniformly across the Conservation Management Zone.
Rather, the % of the TEC’s total distribution (*) within the zone is an indication of its importance to that zone
in terms of conservation efforts. The % of the zone (**) indicates how rare, or difficult the ecological community may
be to find within the zone.
The threatened ecological communities above are listed under The Environment Protection and Biodiversity
Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act), which is the Australian Government’s principal environmental legislation. For
more information, please refer to http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/communities
EPBC Act (1999) threatened species
THREATENED MAMMALS
Common name
Scientific name
Status
% of total
distribution*
% of
zone**
Common Wombat (Bass Strait)
Vombatus ursinus ursinus
Vulnerable
99.99
2.89
Eastern Barred Bandicoot (Tasmania)
Perameles gunnii gunnii
Vulnerable
98.03
62.29
Tasmanian Devil
Sarcophilus harrisii
Endangered
63.86
87.61
Spotted-tail Quoll, Spot-tailed Quoll, Tiger Quoll
(Tasmanian population)
Dasyurus maculatus maculatus
(Tasmanian population)
Vulnerable
63.58
79.51
Southern Bent-wing Bat
Miniopterus schreibersii bassanii
Critically
Endangered
9.66
2.77
Long-nosed Potoroo (SE mainland)
Potorous tridactylus tridactylus
Vulnerable
4.11
3.61
Southern Brown Bandicoot (Eastern)
Isoodon obesulus obesulus
Endangered
1.79
1.46
New Holland Mouse, Pookila
Pseudomys novaehollandiae
Vulnerable
1.25
2.53
Spot-tailed Quoll,
Spotted-tail Quoll, Tiger Quoll
(southeastern mainland population)
Dasyurus maculatus maculatus
(SE mainland population)
Endangered
0.46
1.73
Konoom, Smoky Mouse
Pseudomys fumeus
Endangered
0.18
0.02
Grey-headed Flying-fox
Pteropus poliocephalus
Vulnerable
0.03
0.09
Southern Right Whale
Eubalaena australis
Endangered
n/a
n/a
Humpback Whale
Megaptera novaeangliae
Vulnerable
n/a
n/a
Blue Whale
Balaenoptera musculus
Endangered
n/a
n/a
Common name
Scientific name
Status
% of total
distribution*
% of
zone**
Scrubtit (King Island)
Acanthornis magna greeniana
Critically
Endangered
100.00
0.02
Brown Thornbill (King Island)
Acanthiza pusilla archibaldi
Endangered
99.99
2.32
Masked Owl (Tasmanian)
Tyto novaehollandiae castanops
(Tasmanian population)
Vulnerable
92.11
66.93
Forty-spotted Pardalote
Pardalotus quadragintus
Endangered
88.64
0.21
Wedge-tailed Eagle (Tasmanian)
Aquila audax fleayi
Endangered
65.63
95.68
Tasmanian Azure Kingfisher
Ceyx azureus diemenensis
Endangered
50.50
18.09
Australian Fairy Tern
Sternula nereis nereis
Vulnerable
9.11
11.16
Swift Parrot
Lathamus discolor
Endangered
6.69
25.52
Australasian Bittern
Botaurus poiciloptilus
Endangered
6.00
47.32
Orange-bellied Parrot
Neophema chrysogaster
Critically
Endangered
4.16
5.61
Campbell Albatross
Thalassarche melanophris
impavida
Vulnerable
0.04
1.80
Northern Royal Albatross
Diomedea epomophora sanfordi
Endangered
0.03
1.80
Salvin’s Albatross
Thalassarche cauta salvini
Vulnerable
0.03
1.80
Shy Albatross, Tasmanian Shy Albatross
Thalassarche cauta cauta
Vulnerable
0.03
1.80
THREATENED BIRDS
THREATENED BIRDS
Buller’s Albatross, Pacific Albatross
Thalassarche bulleri
Vulnerable
0.02
0.39
Southern Royal Albatross
Diomedea epomophora
epomophora
Vulnerable
0.02
1.80
Chatham Albatross
Thalassarche eremita
Endangered
0.02
0.49
Wandering Albatross
Diomedea exulans (sensu lato)
Vulnerable
0.01
0.75
Antipodean Albatross
Diomedea exulans antipodensis
Vulnerable
0.01
0.75
White-capped Albatross
Thalassarche cauta steadi
Vulnerable
0.01
1.80
Gibson’s Albatross
Diomedea exulans gibsoni
Vulnerable
0.01
0.72
Black-browed Albatross
Thalassarche melanophris
Vulnerable
0.01
1.78
Southern Giant-Petrel
Macronectes giganteus
Endangered
0.01
1.66
Australian Painted Snipe
Rostratula australis
Endangered
0.01
0.04
Regent Honeyeater
Anthochaera phrygia
Endangered
May be
present
May be
present
Tristan Albatross
Diomedea exulans exulans
Endangered
n/a
n/a
White-bellied Storm-Petrel (Tasman Sea),
White-bellied Storm-Petrel (Australasian)
Fregetta grallaria grallaria
Vulnerable
n/a
n/a
Grey-headed Albatross
Thalassarche chrysostoma
Endangered
n/a
n/a
Soft-plumaged Petrel
Pterodroma mollis
Vulnerable
n/a
n/a
Blue Petrel
Halobaena caerulea
Vulnerable
n/a
n/a
Northern Giant-Petrel
Macronectes halli
Vulnerable
n/a
n/a
Gould’s Petrel
Pterodroma leucoptera
leucoptera
Endangered
n/a
n/a
* % of total distribution describes the proportion of the total national distribution of the threatened species
that is found within the zone.
** % of zone describes the proportion of the zone that the threatened species is likely or known to occur in.
The % of zone indicates how rare, or difficult the species may be to find within the zone.
THREATENED REPTILES
Common Name
Scientific name
Status
% of total
distribution*
% of
zone**
Pedra Branca Skink, Red-throated Skink
Niveoscincus palfreymani
Vulnerable
99.02
0.00003
Green Turtle
Chelonia mydas
Vulnerable
n/a
n/a
Loggerhead Turtle
Caretta caretta
Endangered
n/a
n/a
Leatherback Turtle, Leathery Turtle, Luth
Dermochelys coriacea
Endangered
n/a
n/a
Common name
Scientific name
Status
% of total
distribution*
% of
zone**
Bornemissza’s Stag Beetle
Hoplogonus bornemisszai
Critically
Endangered
100
0.12
Francistown Cave Cricket, Southern sandstone
cave cricket
Micropathus kiernani
Critically
Endangered
100
2.04
OTHER THREATENED FAUNA
OTHER THREATENED FAUNA
Central North Burrowing Crayfish
Engaeus granulatus
Endangered
100
0.87
Broad-toothed Stag Beetle, Wielangta Stag
Beetle
Lissotes latidens
Endangered
100
0.49
Blind Velvet Worm
Tasmanipatus anophthalmus
Endangered
100
0.11
Mount Arthur Burrowing Crayfish
Engaeus orramakunna
Vulnerable
100
0.32
Scottsdale Burrowing Crayfish
Engaeus spinicaudatus
Endangered
100
0.18
Simson’s Stag Beetle
Hoplogonus simsoni
Vulnerable
100
0.02
Vanderschoor’s Stag Beetle
Hoplogonus vanderschoori
Vulnerable
100
0.13
Tasmanian Chaostola Skipper, Heath-sand
Skipper
Antipodia chaostola leucophaea
Endangered
100
3.43
Furneaux Burrowing Crayfish
Engaeus martigener
Endangered
99.99
1.55
Swan Galaxias
Galaxias fontanus
Endangered
99.97
0.26
Burnie Burrowing Crayfish
Engaeus yabbimunna
Vulnerable
99.67
0.08
Marrawah Skipper, Alpine Sedge Skipper,
Alpine Skipper
Oreisplanus munionga larana
Vulnerable
99.58
0.37
a land snail, a charopid land snail
Discocharopa vigens
Critically
Endangered
95.94
0.37
Tasmanian Giant Freshwater Lobster, Giant
Lobster, Giant Freshwater Crayfish
Astacopsis gouldi
Vulnerable
82.03
0.22
Clarence Galaxias
Galaxias johnstoni
Endangered
42.67
0.24
Ptunarra Brown, Ptunarra Brown Butterfly,
Ptunarra Xenica
Oreixenica ptunarra
Endangered
31.46
0.15
Tasmanian Live-bearing Seastar
Parvulastra vivipara
Vulnerable
15.71
0.77
Eastern Dwarf Galaxias, Dwarf Galaxias
Galaxiella pusilla
Vulnerable
12.58
4.36
Growling Grass Frog, Southern Bell Frog, Green
and Golden Frog, Warty Swamp Frog
Litoria raniformis
Vulnerable
11.38
0.03
Spotted Handfish, Spotted-hand Fish
Brachionichthys hirsutus
Critically
Endangered
10.69
2.39
Swamp Galaxias
Galaxias parvus
Vulnerable
6.22
55.69
Ziebell’s Handfish, Waterfall Bay Handfish
Brachiopsilus ziebelli
Vulnerable
5.45
0.38
Australian Grayling
Prototroctes maraena
Vulnerable
3.94
0.16
Red Handfish
Thymichthys politus
Critically
Endangered
2.55
0.04
Derwent River Seastar
Marginaster littoralis
Critically
Endangered
0.09
0.91
Yarra Pygmy Perch
Nannoperca obscura
Vulnerable
0.07
0.01
Golden Sun Moth
Synemon plana
Critically
Endangered
May be
present
May be
present
School Shark, Eastern School Shark, Snapper
Shark, Tope, Soupfin Shark
Galeorhinus galeus
Conservation
Dependent
n/a
n/a
Eastern Gemfish
Rexea solandri (eastern
Australian population)
Conservation
Dependent
n/a
n/a
Great White Shark
Carcharodon carcharias
Vulnerable
n/a
n/a
Whale Shark
Rhincodon typus
Vulnerable
n/a
n/a
Southern Bluefin Tuna
Thunnus maccoyii
Conservation
n/a
n/a
OTHER THREATENED FAUNA
Dependent
THREATENED FLORA
Common Name
Scientific name
Status
% of total
distribution*
% of
zone**
Shy Susan
Tetratheca gunnii
Critically
Endangered
100
0.04
Stuart’s Heath
Epacris stuartii
Critically
Endangered
100
0.02
Masked Eyebright, Masked Cliff Eyebright
Euphrasia sp. Bivouac Bay
(W.R.Barker 7626 et al.)
Endangered
100
0.02
Border Heath
Epacris limbata
Critically
Endangered
100
0.11
Robust Leek-orchid
Prasophyllum robustum
Critically
Endangered
100
0.01
Grand Heath, Tall Heath
Epacris grandis
Endangered
100
0.29
Moleskin Dogwood
Pomaderris pilifera subsp.
talpicutica
Vulnerable
100
0.00
Roadside Wallaby Grass
Rytidosperma popinensis
Endangered
100
1.47
Tasmanian Bertya
Bertya tasmanica subsp.
tasmanica
Endangered
100
0.10
Davies’ Waxflower, St Helens Waxflower
Phebalium daviesii
Critically
Endangered
100
0.08
Sky-blue Sun-orchid
Thelymitra jonesii
Endangered
100
2.48
Tailed Spider-orchid
Caladenia caudata
Vulnerable
100
16.58
Gunn’s Boronia, Cataract Gorge Boronia
Boronia gunnii
Vulnerable
100
0.62
Three Hummock Leek-orchid
Prasophyllum atratum
Critically
Endangered
100
0.00
Marsh Leek-orchid
Prasophyllum limnetes
Critically
Endangered
100
0.00
Tunbridge Buttercup
Ranunculus prasinus
Endangered
100
2.16
Mt Cameron Heath, Granite Heath
Epacris graniticola
Critically
Endangered
100
0.20
Midland Greenhood
Pterostylis commutata
Critically
Endangered
100
5.49
Creeping Dusty Miller
Spyridium obcordatum
Vulnerable
100
1.22
Golfers Leek-orchid
Prasophyllum incorrectum
Critically
Endangered
100
0.27
Velvet Boronia
Boronia hippopala
Vulnerable
100
0.66
Mt Arthur Boronia
Boronia hemichiton
Vulnerable
100
1.06
Lindley’s Spider-orchid
Caladenia lindleyana
Critically
Endangered
100
0.14
Spreading Stenanthemum, Propellor Plant
Stenanthemum pimeleoides
Vulnerable
100
0.02
Ciliolate Hebe
Veronica ciliolata
Vulnerable
100
0.03
Myrtle Elbow Orchid
Arthrochilus huntianus subsp.
nothofagicola
Critically
Endangered
100
0.01
THREATENED FLORA
Black-tipped Spider-orchid
Caladenia anthracina
Critically
Endangered
100
1.30
Thick-stem Caladenia
Caladenia campbellii
Critically
Endangered
100
0.08
Sagg Spider-orchid
Caladenia saggicola
Critically
Endangered
100
0.01
Forest Fingers
Caladenia sylvicola
Critically
Endangered
100
0.06
Robust Fingers
Caladenia tonellii
Critically
Endangered
100
0.24
South Esk Pine
Callitris oblonga
subsp. oblonga
Endangered
100
0.12
Rosy Spider-orchid, Pale Spider-orchid,
Summer Spider-orchid
Caladenia pallida
Critically
Endangered
100
0.08
Short-spiked Midge-orchid
Genoplesium brachystachyum
Endangered
100
0.20
None
Prasophyllum amoenum
Endangered
100
0.02
Tapered Leek-orchid
Prasophyllum apoxychilum
Endangered
100
0.48
Pungent Leek-orchid
Prasophyllum olidum
Critically
Endangered
100
0.03
Knocklofty Leek-orchid
Prasophyllum perangustum
Critically
Endangered
100
0.00
Ben Lomond Leek-orchid
Prasophyllum stellatum
Critically
Endangered
100
0.50
Tunbridge Leek-orchid
Prasophyllum tunbridgense
Endangered
100
0.19
Reflexed Everlasting
Ozothamnus reflexifolius
Vulnerable
100
0.03
Graveside Leek-orchid
Prasophyllum taphanyx
Critically
Endangered
100
0.03
Basalt Guinea-flower
Hibbertia basaltica
Endangered
100
0.12
Sand Grasstree
Xanthorrhoea arenaria
Vulnerable
100
0.08
Scrambling Ground-fern
Hypolepis distans
Endangered
99.99
2.49
Variable Smoke-bush
Conospermum hookeri
Vulnerable
99.99
0.31
Freycinet Waxflower
Philotheca freyciana
Endangered
99.99
0.02
Bearded Heath, Freycinet Heath
Epacris barbata
Endangered
99.99
0.65
Buftons Eyebright, Hairy Cliff Eyebright
Euphrasia phragmostoma
Vulnerable
99.99
0.01
Snake Orchid
Diuris lanceolata
Endangered
99.99
0.65
Clubmoss Bush-pea
Stonesiella selaginoides
Endangered
99.98
0.63
Arthur River Greenhood
Pterostylis rubenachii
Endangered
99.98
0.08
Apsley Heath
Epacris apsleyensis
Endangered
99.98
0.41
Chestnut Leek-orchid
Prasophyllum castaneum
Critically
Endangered
99.98
0.17
Western Leek-orchid
Prasophyllum favonium
Critically
Endangered
99.97
0.18
Milford Leek-orchid
Prasophyllum milfordense
Critically
Endangered
99.97
0.04
Firth’s Midge-orchid
Genoplesium firthii
Critically
Endangered
99.92
0.06
THREATENED FLORA
Small-leaf Spyridium
Spyridium lawrencei
Endangered
99.91
2.07
Baudin’s Sea-lavender
Limonium baudinii
Vulnerable
99.91
0.05
Morrisbys Gum
Eucalyptus morrisbyi
Endangered
99.89
0.06
Peninsula Eyebright
Euphrasia semipicta
Endangered
99.87
0.14
Swamp Eyebright
Euphrasia gibbsiae subsp.
psilantherea
Critically
Endangered
99.75
0.01
Preminghana Billybutton
Craspedia preminghana
Endangered
99.72
0.001
Shiny Cliff Eyebright
Euphrasia amphisysepala
Vulnerable
99.7
0.02
Shy Eyebright, Southport Eyebright
Euphrasia fragosa
Critically
Endangered
99.69
0.03
Wrinkled Buttons
Leiocarpa gatesii
Vulnerable
99.47
0.37
South Esk Heath
Epacris exserta
Endangered
99.34
15.48
Shiny Grasstree
Xanthorrhoea bracteata
Endangered
99.24
5.91
Pretty Heath, Dan Hill Heath
Epacris virgata
Endangered
99.13
1.08
Grassland Greenhood, Cape Portland
Greenhood
Pterostylis ziegeleri
Vulnerable
98.86
0.42
Northern Leek-orchid
Prasophyllum secutum
Endangered
98.09
6.22
Fleshy Greenhood
Pterostylis wapstrarum
Critically
Endangered
97.9
4.64
Midlands Mimosa, Midlands Wattle
Acacia axillaris
Vulnerable
95.68
5.05
Basalt Pepper-cress, Peppercress,
Rubble Pepper-cress, Pepperweed
Lepidium hyssopifolium
Endangered
86.76
30.96
Native Wintercress, Riverbed Wintercress
Barbarea australis
Endangered
84.49
8.94
Pretty Leek-orchid
Prasophyllum pulchellum
Critically
Endangered
83.43
0.48
Windswept Spider-orchid
Caladenia dienema
Endangered
81.93
0.23
Eastern Spider Orchid
Caladenia orientalis
Endangered
81.57
0.29
Curtis’ Colobanth
Colobanthus curtisiae
Vulnerable
80.26
25.06
Pearlwort
Sagina diemensis
Endangered
67.79
0.63
Pygmy Cypress-pine, Pigmy Cypress-pine,
Dwarf Cypress-pine
Callitris oblonga
Vulnerable
62.03
1.06
Curly Sedge
Carex tasmanica
Vulnerable
42.78
32.25
Matted Flax-lily
Dianella amoena
Endangered
34.64
8.72
* % of total distribution describes the proportion of the total national distribution of the threatened species
that is found within the zone.
** % of zone describes the proportion of the zone that the threatened species is likely or known to occur in.
The % of zone indicates how rare, or difficult the species may be to find within the zone.
The above species are listed under The Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999
(EPBC Act), the Australian Government’s principal environmental legislation.
Please note that the list of threatened flora species is not comprehensive. The flora listed here have a
significant proportion of their total national distribution within the zone. For more information please refer
to: http://www.environment.gov.au/biodiversity/threatened/species or the Species Profiles and Threats
Database http://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/sprat/public/sprat.pl
EPBC Act (1999) migratory species
MIGRATORY BIRDS
Common name
Scientific name
Antipodean Albatross
Diomedea antipodensis
Bar-tailed Godwit
Limosa lapponica
Black-browed Albatross
Thalassarche melanophris
Black-faced Monarch
Monarcha melanopsis
Black-tailed Godwit
Limosa limosa
Buller’s Albatross
Thalassarche bulleri
Campbell Albatross
Thalassarche impavida
Caspian Tern
Sterna caspia
Cattle Egret
Ardea ibis
Chatham Albatross
Thalassarche eremita
Common Sandpiper
Actitis hypoleucos
Curlew Sandpiper
Calidris ferruginea
Double-banded Plover
Charadrius bicinctus
Eastern Curlew
Numenius madagascariensis
Flesh-footed Shearwater,
Fleshy-footed Shearwater
Puffinus carneipes
Fork-tailed Swift
Apus pacificus
Gibson’s Albatross
Diomedea gibsoni
Great Egret,
White Egret
Ardea alba
Great Knot
Calidris tenuirostris
Greater Sand Plover, Large Sand Plover
Charadrius leschenaultii
Grey Plover
Pluvialis squatarola
Grey-headed Albatross
Thalassarche chrysostoma
Grey-tailed Tattler
Heteroscelus brevipes
Latham’s Snipe,
Japanese Snipe
Gallinago hardwickii
Lesser Sand Plover, Mongolian Plover
Charadrius mongolus
Little Curlew, Little Whimbrel
Numenius minutus
Little Tern
Sterna albifrons
Marsh Sandpiper, Little Greenshank
Tringa stagnatilis
Northern Giant-Petrel
Macronectes halli
Northern Royal
Albatross
Diomedea sanfordi
Oriental Plover, Oriental Dotterel
Charadrius veredus
Pacific Golden Plover
Pluvialis fulva
Painted Snipe
Rostratula benghalensis
(sensu lato)
Rainbow Bee-eater
Merops ornatus
MIGRATORY BIRDS
Red Knot, Knot
Calidris canutus
Red-necked Stint
Calidris ruficollis
Ruddy Turnstone
Arenaria interpres
Rufous Fantail
Rhipidura rufifrons
Salvin’s Albatross
Thalassarche salvini
Sanderling
Calidris alba
Satin Flycatcher
Myiagra cyanoleuca
Sharp-tailed Sandpiper
Calidris acuminata
Short-tailed Shearwater
Puffinus tenuirostris
Shy Albatross,
Tasmanian Shy Albatross
Thalassarche cauta (sensu stricto)
Sooty Shearwater
Puffinus griseus
Southern Giant-Petrel
Macronectes giganteus
Southern Royal
Albatross
Diomedea epomophora (sensu stricto)
Terek Sandpiper
Xenus cinereus
Tristan Albatross
Diomedea dabbenena
Wandering Albatross
Diomedea exulans
(sensu lato)
Whimbrel
Numenius phaeopus
White-bellied
Sea-Eagle
Haliaeetus leucogaster
White-capped
Albatross
Thalassarche steadi
White-throated
Needletail
Hirundapus caudacutus
Wood Sandpiper
Tringa glareola
OTHER MIGRATORY SPECIES
Common name
Scientific name
Blue Whale
Balaenoptera musculus
Bryde’s Whale
Balaenoptera edeni
Dusky Dolphin
Lagenorhynchus obscurus
Great White Shark
Carcharodon carcharias
Green Turtle
Chelonia mydas
Humpback Whale
Megaptera novaeangliae
Killer Whale, Orca
Orcinus orca
Leatherback Turtle, Leathery Turtle, Luth
Dermochelys coriacea
Loggerhead Turtle
Caretta caretta
Porbeagle, Mackerel Shark
Lamna nasus
Pygmy Right Whale
Caperea marginata
OTHER MIGRATORY SPECIES
Southern Right Whale
Eubalaena australis
Whale Shark
Rhincodon typus
For more information please refer to: http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/biodiversity/migratory-species
Threatened endemic species
THREATENED ENDEMIC SPECIES
Taxonomic
group
Scientific name
Reservation status
EPBC Act status
IUCN status
Birds
Dromaius ater
Unreserved
Extinct
n/a
Crabs, Yabbies,
Isopods and Allies
Engaeus australis
Recorded in reserves
n/a
Near Threatened
Crabs, Yabbies,
Isopods and Allies
Engaeus disjuncticus
Unreserved
n/a
Endangered
Crabs, Yabbies,
Isopods and Allies
Engaeus granulatus
Recorded in reserves
Endangered
Critically
Endangered
Crabs, Yabbies,
Isopods and Allies
Engaeus martigener
Recorded in reserves
Endangered
Endangered
Crabs, Yabbies,
Isopods and Allies
Engaeus orramakunna
Recorded in reserves
Vulnerable
Near Threatened
Crabs, Yabbies,
Isopods and Allies
Engaeus spinicaudatus
Recorded in reserves
Endangered
Critically
Endangered
Crabs, Yabbies,
Isopods and Allies
Engaeus yabbimunna
Recorded in reserves
Vulnerable
Vulnerable
Crabs, Yabbies,
Isopods and Allies
Ombrastacoides pulcher
Recorded in reserves
n/a
Vulnerable
Fish
Brachionichthys hirsutus
Recorded in reserves
Endangered
Critically
Endangered
Fish
Brachiopsilus ziebelli
Recorded in reserves
Vulnerable
n/a
Fish
Galaxias fontanus
Recorded in reserves
Endangered
Critically
Endangered
Molluscs
Austropyrgus dyerianus
Recorded in reserves
n/a
Vulnerable
Molluscs
Austropyrgus elongatus
Unreserved
n/a
Data Deficient
Molluscs
Beddomeia averni
Unreserved
n/a
Vulnerable
Molluscs
Beddomeia briansmithi
Unreserved
n/a
Vulnerable
Molluscs
Beddomeia camensis
Unreserved
n/a
Vulnerable
Molluscs
Beddomeia capensis
Unreserved
n/a
Endangered
Molluscs
Beddomeia fallax
Unreserved
n/a
Endangered
Molluscs
Beddomeia forthensis
Unreserved
n/a
Vulnerable
Molluscs
Beddomeia fultoni
Unreserved
n/a
Vulnerable
Molluscs
Beddomeia gibba
Unreserved
n/a
Vulnerable
Molluscs
Beddomeia hallae
Unreserved
n/a
Vulnerable
Molluscs
Beddomeia inflata
Unreserved
n/a
Vulnerable
Molluscs
Beddomeia kershawi
Unreserved
n/a
Vulnerable
Molluscs
Beddomeia kessneri
Recorded in reserves
n/a
Vulnerable
THREATENED ENDEMIC SPECIES
Molluscs
Beddomeia krybetes
Recorded in reserves
n/a
Vulnerable
Molluscs
Beddomeia launcestonensis
Unreserved
n/a
Vulnerable
Molluscs
Beddomeia lodderae
Unreserved
n/a
Vulnerable
Molluscs
Beddomeia mesibovi
Recorded in reserves
n/a
Vulnerable
Molluscs
Beddomeia minima
Unreserved
n/a
Vulnerable
Molluscs
Beddomeia petterdi
Recorded in reserves
n/a
Vulnerable
Molluscs
Beddomeia phasianella
Unreserved
n/a
Vulnerable
Molluscs
Beddomeia protuberata
Unreserved
n/a
Vulnerable
Molluscs
Beddomeia ronaldi
Unreserved
n/a
Vulnerable
Molluscs
Beddomeia salmonis
Unreserved
n/a
Vulnerable
Molluscs
Beddomeia tasmanica
Recorded in reserves
n/a
Vulnerable
Molluscs
Beddomeia topsiae
Unreserved
n/a
Vulnerable
Molluscs
Beddomeia turnerae
Recorded in reserves
n/a
Vulnerable
Molluscs
Beddomeia waterhouseae
Unreserved
n/a
Vulnerable
Molluscs
Beddomeia wilmotensis
Unreserved
n/a
Vulnerable
Molluscs
Beddomeia wiseae
Unreserved
n/a
Vulnerable
Molluscs
Nanocochlea monticola
Recorded in reserves
n/a
Vulnerable
Molluscs
Nanocochlea pupoides
Recorded in reserves
n/a
Vulnerable
Molluscs
Anoglypta launcestonensis
Recorded in reserves
n/a
Near Threatened
Molluscs
Allocharopa erskinensis
Recorded in reserves
n/a
Vulnerable
Molluscs
Pernagera gatliffi
Recorded in reserves
n/a
Vulnerable
Molluscs
Roblinella agnewi
Recorded in reserves
n/a
Vulnerable
Molluscs
Helicarion rubicundus
Recorded in reserves
n/a
Vulnerable
Molluscs
Pasmaditta jungermanniae
Unreserved
n/a
Vulnerable
Plants
Caladenia anthracina
Recorded in reserves
Critically
Endangered
n/a
Plants
Caladenia caudata
Recorded in reserves
Vulnerable
n/a
Plants
Caladenia saggicola
Unreserved
Critically
Endangered
n/a
Plants
Corunastylis brachystachya
Recorded in reserves
Endangered
n/a
Plants
Corunastylis firthii
Recorded in reserves
Critically
Endangered
n/a
Plants
Petalochilus campbellii
Unreserved
Critically
Endangered
n/a
Plants
Petalochilus sylvicola
Unreserved
Critically
Endangered
n/a
Plants
Petalochilus tonellii
Recorded in reserves
Critically
Endangered
n/a
Plants
Prasophyllum amoenum
Recorded in reserves
Endangered
n/a
Plants
Prasophyllum apoxychilum
Recorded in reserves
Endangered
n/a
Plants
Prasophyllum atratum
Recorded in reserves
Critically
Endangered
n/a
THREATENED ENDEMIC SPECIES
Plants
Prasophyllum castaneum
Recorded in reserves
Critically
Endangered
n/a
Plants
Prasophyllum favonium
Recorded in reserves
Critically
Endangered
n/a
Plants
Prasophyllum limnetes
Recorded in reserves
Critically
Endangered
n/a
Plants
Prasophyllum milfordense
Unreserved
Critically
Endangered
n/a
Plants
Prasophyllum olidum
Recorded in reserves
Critically
Endangered
n/a
Plants
Prasophyllum perangustum
Unreserved
Critically
Endangered
n/a
Plants
Prasophyllum robustum
Unreserved
Critically
Endangered
n/a
Plants
Prasophyllum stellatum
Recorded in reserves
Critically
Endangered
n/a
Plants
Prasophyllum taphanyx
Unreserved
Critically
Endangered
n/a
Plants
Prasophyllum tunbridgense
Recorded in reserves
Endangered
n/a
Plants
Pterostylis commutata
Recorded in reserves
Critically
Endangered
n/a
Plants
Pterostylis wapstrarum
Unreserved
Critically
Endangered
n/a
Plants
Pterostylis ziegeleri
Recorded in reserves
Vulnerable
n/a
Plants
Speculantha atriola
Recorded in reserves
Endangered
n/a
Plants
Thelymitra jonesii
Recorded in reserves
Endangered
n/a
Plants
Thynninorchis nothofagicola
Unreserved
Critically
Endangered
n/a
Plants
Xanthorrhoea arenaria
Recorded in reserves
Vulnerable
n/a
Plants
Argentipallium spiceri
Unreserved
Critically
Endangered
n/a
Plants
Craspedia preminghana
Recorded in reserves
Endangered
n/a
Plants
Ozothamnus reflexifolius
Recorded in reserves
Vulnerable
n/a
Plants
Sagina diemensis
Recorded in reserves
Endangered
n/a
Plants
Hibbertia basaltica
Unreserved
Endangered
n/a
Plants
Epacris apsleyensis
Recorded in reserves
Endangered
n/a
Plants
Epacris barbata
Recorded in reserves
Endangered
n/a
Plants
Epacris graniticola
Recorded in reserves
Critically
Endangered
n/a
Plants
Epacris limbata
Recorded in reserves
Critically
Endangered
n/a
Plants
Epacris stuartii
Recorded in reserves
Critically
Endangered
n/a
Plants
Epacris virgata
Recorded in reserves
Endangered
n/a
Plants
Stonesiella selaginoides
Recorded in reserves
Endangered
n/a
Plants
Allocasuarina duncanii
Recorded in reserves
Vulnerable
n/a
THREATENED ENDEMIC SPECIES
Plants
Euphrasia amphisysepala
Recorded in reserves
Vulnerable
n/a
Plants
Euphrasia fragosa
Recorded in reserves
Critically
Endangered
n/a
Plants
Euphrasia phragmostoma
Recorded in reserves
Vulnerable
n/a
Plants
Euphrasia semipicta
Recorded in reserves
Endangered
n/a
Plants
Lasiopetalum micranthum
Recorded in reserves
Vulnerable
n/a
Plants
Austrodanthonia popinensis
Recorded in reserves
Endangered
n/a
Plants
Conospermum hookeri
Recorded in reserves
Vulnerable
n/a
Plants
Boronia gunnii
Recorded in reserves
Vulnerable
n/a
Plants
Boronia hemichiton
Unreserved
Vulnerable
n/a
Plants
Boronia hippopala
Recorded in reserves
Vulnerable
n/a
Plants
Philotheca freyciana
Recorded in reserves
Endangered
n/a
Concentrations of unreserved endemic species
The colour grids and numbers are an indication of the location and number of endemic species that have all their
known range outside of the National Reserve System. Concentrations of unreserved endemic species may be
useful focal areas for private land conservation efforts.
Endemism analyses were provided by the Australian Government Department of Environment Australian Natural
Heritage Assessment Tool (ANHAT). The ANHAT database has been compiled from specimens and site records
held in state agency wildlife atlases, museum collections, and the work of individual researchers. For more
information please refer to: http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/heritage/publications-and-resources/australiannatural-heritage-assessment-tool
Invasive species
INVASIVE MAMMALS
Common name
Scientific name
% of total distribution*
% of zone**
Cat, House Cat, Domestic Cat
Felis catus
0.61
99.38
Rabbit, European Rabbit
Oryctolagus cuniculus
0.79
92.35
House Mouse
Mus musculus
1.20
91.06
Brown Hare
Lepus capensis
3.76
79.40
Black Rat, Ship Rat
Rattus rattus
3.34
78.95
Red Fox, Fox
Vulpes vulpes
0.46
60.25
Brown Rat, Norway Rat
Rattus norvegicus
10.26
41.46
Domestic Dog
Canis lupus familiaris
0.72
38.27
Goat
Capra hircus
0.65
29.53
Pig
Sus scrofa
0.18
13.39
Feral deer species in Australia
Feral deer
1.34
10.92
Domestic Cattle
Bos taurus
0.17
6.03
Horse
Equus caballus
May be present
May be
present
Common name
Scientific name
% of total distribution*
% of zone**
European Goldfinch
Carduelis carduelis
5.24
99.87
Common Starling
Sturnus vulgaris
2.17
99.43
Skylark
Alauda arvensis
7.24
99.42
Common Blackbird, Eurasian Blackbird
Turdus merula
5.11
99.41
House Sparrow
Passer domesticus
1.58
99.19
European Greenfinch
Carduelis chloris
22.63
94.96
Rock Pigeon, Rock Dove, Domestic Pigeon
Columba livia
1.68
91.24
Mallard
Anas platyrhynchos
5.91
88.98
Spotted Turtle-Dove
Streptopelia chinensis
3.05
54.04
Common Myna, Indian Myna
Acridotheres tristis
1.67
18.32
Indian Peafowl, Peacock
Pavo cristatus
35.10
5.36
California Quail
Callipepla californica
98.56
5.21
Wild Turkey
Meleagris gallopavo
34.99
5.21
Common Pheasant
Phasianus colchicus
34.71
5.21
Asian House Gecko
Hemidactylus frenatus
0.87
4.16
Eurasian Tree Sparrow
Passer montanus
0.17
1.01
Song Thrush
Turdus philomelos
0.15
0.12
Red Junglefowl, Domestic Fowl
Gallus gallus
1.03
0.01
OTHER INVASIVE FAUNA
* % of the total national distribution of the invasive species found within the zone.
** % of the total zone area that the invasive species is likely or known to occur in.
INVASIVE FLORA
Common name
Scientific name
% of total distribution*
% of zone**
Gorse, Furze
Ulex europaeus
11.62
98.46
Blackberry, European Blackberry
Rubus fruticosus aggregate
5.52
97.75
Willows except Weeping Willow, Pussy Willow and
Sterile Pussy Willow
Salix spp. except
S.babylonica, S.x calodendron
& S.x reichardtii
6.68
93.56
Boneseed
Chrysanthemoides monilifera
subsp. monilifera
8.30
56.17
Broom, English Broom, Scotch Broom, Common
Broom, Scottish Broom, Spanish Broom
Cytisus scoparius
10.40
52.74
Bridal Creeper, Bridal Veil Creeper,
Smilax, Florist’s Smilax, Smilax Asparagus
Asparagus asparagoides
2.61
45.62
Montpellier Broom, Cape Broom, Canary Broom,
Common Broom, French Broom, Soft Broom
Genista monspessulana
13.76
43.62
African Boxthorn, Boxthorn
Lycium ferocissimum
2.52
28.16
Bitou Bush, Boneseed
Chrysanthemoides monilifera
15.38
23.22
Serrated Tussock, Yass River Tussock,
Yass Tussock, Nassella Tussock (NZ)
Nassella trichotoma
3.53
21.72
Chilean Needle grass
Nassella neesiana
1.03
5.72
Madeira Vine, Jalap, Lamb’s-tail,
Mignonette Vine, Anredera,
Gulf Madeiravine, Heartleaf Madeiravine,
Potato Vine
Anredera cordifolia
2.55
5.05
Asparagus Fern, Climbing Asparagus Fern
Asparagus scandens
10.70
4.38
Flax-leaved Broom, Mediterranean Broom, Flax
Broom
Genista linifolia
1.32
1.14
Prickly Pears
Opuntia spp.
0.10
0.85
Climbing Asparagus, Climbing Asparagus Fern
Asparagus africanus
1.93
0.51
Ward’s Weed
Carrichtera annua
May be present
May be
present
Olive, Common Olive
Olea europaea
May be present
May be
present
Broom
Genista sp. X Genista
monspessulana
May be present
May be
present
* % of the total national distribution of the invasive species found within the zone.
** % of the total zone area that the invasive species is likely or known to occur in.
It should be noted that the identification of any given invasive species above does not imply that the
species is found uniformly across the Conservation Management Zone. The % of the zone area (**)
indicates how common or rare the species may be within the zone.
For more information on invasive species please refer to:
http://www.environment.gov.au/topics/biodiversity/invasive-species
Vegetation profiles and management recommendations
Vegetation extent information and species lists contained in the vegetation profiles are based on analysis from
the National Vegetation Information System (NVIS), including analysis of Major Vegetation Subgroups and
NVIS Level V descriptions. Please see http://www.environment.gov.au/node/18930 for more information.
The management recommendations have been drawn from EPBC Act Recovery Plans, EPBC Act Ecological
Communities Listing Advice and other sources. The recommendations are indicative only. Systematic reviews of
management literature, consultation processes and improved Natural Resource Management program monitoring
and evaluation will support development of a comprehensive set of management recommendations over time.
Eucalyptus open forests with a shrubby understorey vegetation profile
68.33% Remaining
Commonly found species within this community
Eucalyptus obliqua; Eucalyptus tenuiramis; Eucalyptus amygdalina; Eucalyptus nitida; Eucalyptus pulchella;
Eucalyptus globulus; Eucalyptus viminalis; Eucalyptus rubida; Banksia marginata; Acacia dealbata; Leptospermum
spp.; Allocasuarina littoralis; Goodenia ovata; Acacia verticillata; Tasmannia lanceolata; Gahnia grandis; Exocarpos
cupressiformis; Epacris impressa; Pultenaea juniperina; Richea sprengelioides; Tetrarrhena juncea; Poa
labillardierei; Blechnum nudum; Pteridium esculentum; omandra longifolia; fern; rush.
Management recommendations
PROTECTION
Protect remnants
from clearing.
Protect hollowbearing trees.
Protect standing
dead trees and
fallen timber.
SUSTAINABLE
AGRICULTURAL
PRACTICE
REHABILITATION FIRE
MANAGEMENT
WILDLIFE
MANAGEMENT
WEED
MANAGEMENT
FERAL
ANIMAL
MANAGEMENT
t
DISEASE
MANAGEMENT
Eucalyptus (+/- tall) open forest with a dense broad-leaved and/or tree-fern
understorey (wet sclerophyll) vegetation profile
65.66% Remaining
Commonly found species within this community
Eucalyptus regnans; Eucalyptus obliqua; Eucalyptus delegatensis subsp. Tasmaniensis; Eucalyptus brookeriana;
Eucalyptus amygdalina; Nothofagus cunninghamii; Atherosperma moschatum; Acacia dealbata; Pittosporum
bicolor; Coprosma quadrifida; Olearia argophylla; Pomaderris apetala; Microsorum pustulatum; Polystichum
proliferum; Microsorum pustulatum; Blechnum spp.; Dicksonia antarctica; fern.
Management recommendations
PROTECTION
SUSTAINABLE
AGRICULTURAL
PRACTICE
Avoid further
fragmentation and
clearance of
forests.
If foresting,
ensure forestry
practices support
regeneration of
both understorey
and overstorey
species.
Maintain standing
dead trees, leaf
litter and fallen
timber.
Minimise soil
compaction from
forestry
equipment.
REHABILITATION FIRE
MANAGEMENT
Disturbance from
fire is essential for
regeneration of
mountain ash
forests.
Research
suggests that the
mean interval
between high
intensity fires that
result in death of
some trees is
between 75-150
years. Mountain
ash forests will
sharply reduce in
extent if high
intensity fire
intervals are more
frequent.
WILDLIFE
MANAGEMENT
Protect and
maintain hollow
bearing trees as
these provide
habitat for treedwelling
mammals.
In forests that
have had mature,
hollow-bearing
trees selectively
logged provide
nesting boxes for
both mammals
and birds. Monitor
boxes regularly for
invasive species.
WEED
MANAGEMENT
FERAL
ANIMAL
MANAGEMENT
Manage feral cats.
DISEASE
MANAGEMENT
Eucalyptus open forests with a grassy understorey vegetation profile
82.13% Remaining
Commonly found species within this community
Eucalyptus viminalis; Eucalyptus amygdalina; Eucalyptus delegatensis; Eucalyptus morrisbyi; Eucalyptus
dalrympleana; Bursaria spinosa; Allocasuarina verticillata; Dodonaea viscosa; Acacia dealbata; Acacia mearnsii;
Acacia melanoxylon; Banksia marginata; Exocarpos cupressiformis; Poa spp.; Austrodanthonia spp.; Pteridium
esculentum; Lomandra longifolia; Themeda triandra; tussock grass; rush.
Management recommendations
PROTECTION
SUSTAINABLE
AGRICULTURAL
PRACTICE
REHABILITATION FIRE
MANAGEMENT
WILDLIFE
MANAGEMENT
Encourage uptake
of conservation
agreements and
covenants on
private land.
Where possible,
exclude livestock
from remnants.
Encourage
regeneration
through fencing
and stock
exclusion. Do not
plant into high
quality sites as this
disturbs natural
succession
patterns and
compositional
balance.
If few, or no
hollow bearing
trees are present
within remnants
then place nest
boxes for
mammals and
birds on larger
trees. Monitor and
manage boxes
regularly for
invasive species.
Where necessary,
undertake
revegetation using
locally sourced
seed and/or tube
stock.
Ensure fencing is
wildlife friendly.
No electrical
fencing of bottom
strand, and no
barbed wire.
Protect riparian
zones and avoid
riverbank erosion
through
maintaining native
vegetation.
Retain standing
dead trees and
fallen timber and
ban firewood
collection and
timber harvesting.
Avoid spray drift
from adjacent
paddocks into
remnants.
Fence paddock
trees in nearby
agricultural land as
these provide
critical landscape
linkages.
WEED
MANAGEMENT
FERAL
ANIMAL
MANAGEMENT
DISEASE
MANAGEMENT
Implement
hygiene practices
to avoid spread of
disease, such as
avoiding
introduction of
foreign soil or
plant material.
Eucalyptus woodlands with a shrubby understorey vegetation profile
3.09% Remaining
Commonly found species within this community
Eucalyptus obliqua; Eucalyptus ovata; Eucalyptus viminalis subsp. Viminalis; Eucalyptus perriniana; Eucalyptus
baxteri; Melaleuca squarrosa; Leptospermum continentale; Banksia marginata; Xanthorrhoea australis; Epacris
lanuginosa; Hypolaena fastigiata; Sprengelia incarnata; Baloskion tetraphyllum; Gahnia sieberiana; Selaginella
uliginosa; Tetratheca ciliata; Gahnia radula; sedge; heath; shrub; forb.
Management recommendations
PROTECTION
SUSTAINABLE
AGRICULTURAL
PRACTICE
REHABILITATION FIRE
MANAGEMENT
WILDLIFE
MANAGEMENT
Encourage uptake
of conservation
agreements and
covenants on
private land.
Where possible,
exclude livestock
from remnants.
Encourage
regeneration
through fencing
and stock
exclusion. Do not
plant into high
quality sites as this
disturbs natural
succession
patterns and
compositional
balance.
If few, or no
hollow bearing
trees are present
within remnants
then place nest
boxes for
mammals and
birds on larger
trees. Monitor and
manage boxes
regularly for
invasive species.
Protect riparian
zones and avoid
riverbank erosion
through
maintaining native
vegetation.
Retain standing
dead trees and
fallen timber and
ban firewood
collection and
timber harvesting.
Maintain the
condition
of travelling
stock routes.
Avoid spray drift
from adjacent
paddocks into
remnants.
Where necessary,
undertake
revegetation using
locally sourced
seed and/or tube
stock.
Fence paddock
trees in nearby
agricultural land as
these provide
critical landscape
linkages.
Too frequent and
intense fires can
impact upon the
regeneration
capacity of
remnants.
Ensure fencing is
wildlife friendly.
No electrical
fencing of bottom
strand, and no
barbed wire.
WEED
MANAGEMENT
FERAL
ANIMAL
MANAGEMENT
DISEASE
MANAGEMENT
Cool temperate rainforest vegetation profile
90.93% Remaining
Commonly found species within this community
Athrotaxis selaginoides; Athrotaxis cupressoides; Nothofagus cunninghamii; Nothofagus gunnii; Eucalyptus
coccifera; Eucryphia milliganii; Phyllocladus aspleniifolius; Leptospermum rupestre; Atherosperma moschatum;
Archeria hirtella; Agastachys odorata; Olearia pinifolia; Olearia persoonioides; Trochocarpa gunnii; Archeria
eriocarpa; Diselma archeri; Richea pandanifolia; Blechnum wattsii; Polystichum proliferum; Gleichenia alpina;
Prionotes cerinthoides; Astelia alpina; Empodisma minus; Grammitis billardierei; fern; epiphyte; heath; shrub.
Management recommendations
PROTECTION
SUSTAINABLE
AGRICULTURAL
PRACTICE
REHABILITATION FIRE
MANAGEMENT
WILDLIFE
MANAGEMENT
Encourage uptake
of conservation
agreements and
covenants on
private land.
Ensure apiarists
maintain strict
surveillance of
hives during
leatherwood
honey production
(in order to
prevent the
establishment of
feral bee
populations).
Improve the
connectivity of
remnants through
facilitating
regrowth
as well as active
replanting.
Raise public
awareness to
reduce road
mortality rates of
threatened
mammals.
Fire intervals of
<100 years result
in the loss of cool
temperate
rainforest. Fire
should therefore
be excluded as
much as possible.
Some cool
temperate
rainforest species
may survive or
regenerate if the
fires are cool and
the remnant is
long unburnt
(>100 years).
Other cool
temperate
rainforest species,
such as pines,
may be lost
permanently in fire
events.
Establish and
maintain a captive
breeding program
for Tasmanian
spotted-tail quolls.
Improve forestry
practices to
eliminate or
reduce negative
consequences
on fauna.
WEED
MANAGEMENT
FERAL
ANIMAL
MANAGEMENT
DISEASE
MANAGEMENT
Implement
control measures
for non-native
predators, such as
cats. However,
ensure that feral
cat trapping and
poisoning does
not have adverse
affects on
Tasmanian
spotted-tail quolls.
Implement strict
hygiene protocols
to prevent spread
of Myrtle wilt
(which affects
Nothofagus
cunninghamii) and
Phytophthora
cinnamomi.
This includes
managing public
and vehicle
access, and
preventing the
introduction of
foreign soil and
plant material.
Low closed forest or tall closed shrublands (including Acacia, Melaleuca and
Banksia) vegetation profile
56.53% Remaining
Commonly found species within this community
Leptospermum lanigerum; Melaleuca ericifolia; Pomaderris apetala; Acacia longifolia subsp. Sophorae;
Ozothamnus turbinatus; Acacia melanoxylon; Melaleuca squarrosa; Leucopogon parviflorus; Banksia marginata;
Notelaea ligustrina; Gahnia grandis; Carex appressa; Olearia argophylla; Coprosma quadrifida; Leptospermum
continentale; Triglochin procera; Stellaria angustifolia; Rhagodia candolleana; Isolepis nodosa; Acaena pallida;
Eleocharis acuta; Blechnum nudum; Ehrharta stipoides; Hypolepis rugosula; Poa labillardierei; Polystichum
proliferum; Viola hederacea; fern; tussock grass; forb; sedge; other grass.
Management recommendations
PROTECTION
SUSTAINABLE
AGRICULTURAL
PRACTICE
REHABILITATION FIRE
MANAGEMENT
Retain fallen
timber and ban
firewood
collection.
Fence remnants.
Fence to allow
natural
regeneration.
Exclude stock
altogether whilst
remnants are
regenerating
and saplings
are palatable.
Use seed sourced
directly from the
same sites for
rehabilitation
purposes.
Fire should be low
intensity.
Burn at 10–15
year
intervals in
banksia dominant
remnants to assist
in regeneration.
WILDLIFE
MANAGEMENT
WEED
MANAGEMENT
Control woody
weeds such as
gorse and
blackberry.
In remnants
containing
banksia, Yorkshire
fog, cocksfoot and
brown-top bent
can be
problematic grass
species.
FERAL
ANIMAL
MANAGEMENT
DISEASE
MANAGEMENT
Implement strict
hygiene regimes
to avoid spread of
Phytophthora
cinnamomi. This
includes
managing public
pedestrian and
vehicle access
and avoiding
introduction of soil
and foreign
plant matter.
Temperate tussock grasslands vegetation profile
100% Remaining
Commonly found species within this community
Poa labillardierei; Themeda triandra; Eucalyptus amygdalina; Eucalyptus rodwayi; Eucalyptus viminalis; Eucalyptus
gunnii; Eucalyptus delegatensis; Tasmannia lanceolata; Olearia pinifolia; Leucopogon hookeri; Acacia dealbata;
Poa rodwayi; Schoenus spp.; Austrodanthonia spp.; Austrostipa spp.; Poa clivicola; tussock grass.
Management recommendations
PROTECTION
SUSTAINABLE
AGRICULTURAL
PRACTICE
Encourage uptake
of conservation
agreements and
covenants on
private land.
Do not set stock.
Protect from
conversion
to cropping.
However,
strategic grazing
is an effective tool
for maintaining the
diversity and
abundance of
grassland
species.
Seek advice from
the Tasmanian
Department of
Primary
Industries, Parks,
Water and
Environment on
grazing regimes
that balance
productivity with
biodiversity
outcomes.
REHABILITATION FIRE
MANAGEMENT
Fire can be used
to control
incursion of
woody species
into grassland
remnants.
Burning is
recommended
when there is no
gap visible
between tussocks.
Autumn is the
best season for
burning.
Seek advice from
the Tasmanian
Department of
Primary
Industries, Parks,
Water and
Environment
Threatened
Species Unit on
appropriate
burning regimes
for your property.
WILDLIFE
MANAGEMENT
WEED
MANAGEMENT
FERAL
ANIMAL
MANAGEMENT
Monitor gorse to
see whether it is
being utilised as
shelter by
bandicoots. Seek
advice from your
NRM organisation
prior to gorse
removal if this is
the case.
Monitor and
manage woody
weeds, such as
broom, gorse and
Spanish heath.
Manage cats,
dogs and rabbits.
Avoid adverse
impacts from
chemicals or other
mechanisms to
manage weeds.
DISEASE
MANAGEMENT
Wet tussock grassland with herbs, sedges or rushes, herblands or ferns
vegetation profile
99.58% Remaining
Commonly found species within this community
Lepidosperma filiforme; Centella cordifolia; Eucalyptus gunnii; Eucalyptus gunnii subsp. Divaricata; Astelia alpina;
Gleichenia alpina; Baloskion australe; Billardiera scandens; Glycine clandestina; Imperata cylindrica; Hemarthria
uncinata; Microlaena stipoides; Poa spp.; Carex spp.; sedge; fern; heath; tussock grass; rush.
Management recommendations
PROTECTION
SUSTAINABLE
AGRICULTURAL
PRACTICE
REHABILITATION FIRE
MANAGEMENT
Encourage uptake
of conservation
agreements and
covenants on
private land.
Exclude stock and
maintain fences to
control domestic
stock access.
Develop and
implement
suitable fire
management
strategies to
protect Alpine
Sphagnum Bogs
and Associated
Fens ecological
community.
WILDLIFE
MANAGEMENT
WEED
MANAGEMENT
Eradicate weeds,
especially
Spanish heath
and Salix spp.
Willows.
Undertake early
detection and
eradication of
founder
populations of
new invasive
weeds.
Manage public
access to prevent
spread of weeds
and plant disease.
FERAL
ANIMAL
MANAGEMENT
DISEASE
MANAGEMENT
Ensure strict
hygiene protocols
are in place to
avoid spread of
Phytophthora
cinnamomi.