Q #01… Describe the training process that physician experience. Why it is
important for physician to undergo such a rigorous training process before they
are allowed to practice medicine? Explain your reasoning.
Answer:
Throughout the carrier of medical studies, the physician undergoes a rigorous training
to gain the experience, to improve his skills and to make himself able enough to deal
with every type of patient and with every type of disease. This rigorous training starts
from the graduation level where the senior medical professors give the command to the
students to take histories from the patients, to examine the patient. By continuous
practice, students will be able enough to appear in their final professional exams. In the
final professional exam students should solve and present properly the short and long
cases, given by senior professors, to pass their graduation exams. In electives, house
job, and post graduation studies and in residency training, students should be supposed
to give their best.
This rigorous training is must because by this training a medical student learns how to
deal with the patients and how to make a diagnoses or a definitive diagnosis from many
differential diagnosis just by the presenting compliant of the patients. This training is
necessary because without this training a medical student can’t become a good
physician and to treat the patients or practice in future without the great assistance from
the senior doctors. This training gives the best time to the medical student to examine
the patients and gain better skills and appreciate the positive and negative findings.
This training Is important because by this training a medical student don’t just leans
and apply the bookish knowledge on the patients but also learn the communication
skills and ethics which helps the physician in their near future. This training is also
important because it trains the medical students or the physician to deal with the
incompliant patients. By this training a medical student or a physician becomes able to
apply all his knowledge for the benefit of patients. During the training a physician come
across the situation, in the presence of a senior doctors, in which a patient can’t
understand his language so by keeping this situation in view a medical student or a
physician start learning different languages to handle such situations.
This training teaches the physician to keep and show empathy to their patients not
just the sympathy. It trains the physician to handle different situations like to disclose a
bad news, to counsel the incompliant patient and to give surety that I can do my best to
keep you healthy but all the consequences are not in the hand of the doctor though he
is well trained, well experienced and well qualified.
The first and the foremost purpose of this training is to make a well trained doctor not
only a well qualified, sharp and well experienced that deals just with the physical illness
but also understand patient physiologically and treat his patients with respect. It is the
ethical duty of the doctor to think and do only those things that is in the benefit of the
patients not the source of black money for the doctor.
Q #02… Explain residency training and indicate the significance of it. List 3
examples of residency training and specify the differences among the selected
examples.
Answer:
The postgraduate training of three years, after the completion of four years of medical
school, is known as residency training.
Or
Residency is usually, but not always, a stage of graduate medical training. A resident
physician or resident or resident medical officer is a person who has received a medical
degree who practices medicine usually in a hospital or clinic.
Or
Residency is the period of advanced training in a medical specialty that normally follows
graduation from medical school and licensing to practice medicine.
Residency training is very important because it teaches the physician how to apply the
basic knowledge of medicine on patients which the resident has gained from the
graduation studies. It is important because it trains the physician to become so fluent in
his knowledge that he face no or very minimum problems during his practice. This
training teaches the physician the exact methods of examination of body systems on
patients and how to pick and interpret the positive and negative findings to solve a case.
It enables the physician to select any one of specialty from the vast medical profession
and train himself or make himself the master of that specialty. But all it depends upon
the physician’s hard work and enthusiasm towards his field.
Examples:
1) General psychiatry residency training.
2) Residency training in Dermatology.
3) Residency training in internal medicine followed by cardiology fellowship.
General psychiatry residency training:
In this training physician works in mental hospitals and asylums and also physician
see patients in the OPD. In the presence of senior doctors, physicians do hard work to
understand the symptoms of the patients and learn how to manage these patients.
Residency training in Dermatology:
In this field physician learn about the skin diseases and there management. In the
presence of senior doctors they learn how to use different instrument in examination of
patient and how to select different modalities to treat the patients.
Residency training in internal medicine followed by cardiology fellowship:
In this difficult training first physician learn the general medicine then direct towards the
medicine of cardiology. In this field physician gets the rigorous training about the
diagnosis of disease or pathology of cardiovascular system and then the management
of the patients. Senior doctors teach the physician or train the physician that how he will
deal with the emergency situation because this is one of the fields that relates with the
life and death of the patient.
Q #03…Select 3 medical specialists and identifies their respective specialties.
Conduct the word analysis of each medical specialist term by dividing the
medical specialist term in to word parts and specify the meaning of each. For
example, cardiologist can be broken down in to cardi/o (heart) and –ist
(specialist).
Answer:
1) Pediatrician.
2) Dermatologist.
3) Neurologist.
Pediatrician:
Pediatrician is a medical practitioner specializing in children and their diseases. The
word pediatrician means “healer of children.”
A Pediatrician is a child's physician who provides not only medical care for children who
are acutely or chronically ill but also preventive health services for healthy children. A
Pediatrician manages physical, mental, and emotional well-being of the children under
their care at every stage of development, in both sickness and health.
Ped- (child) and –ian (practitioner).
Dermatologist:
Dermatologist is a doctor who specializes in the physiology and pathology of the skin.
It deals with the hair, nails and skin diseases.
Dermat(o)- (or of pertaining to the skin) and ist- (specialist).
Neurologist:
Neurologist is a medical specialist in the nervous system and the disorders affecting
it. The nervous system comprises the central and peripheral nervous system. This
complex system involves the spinal cord and the brain. Illnesses, disorders, and injuries
that involve the nervous system frequently require a neurologist’s treatment.
Neur(o)- (of or pertaining to nerves or nervous system) and –ist(specialist).
Q #04… Choose one of the case reports on pages 176-187 in your text book.
Indicate the medical specialty and any term that is related to that specific medical
specialty. Then, specify the meaning of all related terms by breaking the terms
into word parts.
Answer:
Case report:
“Ms. Sessions has had dysmenorrhea and menorrhagia for several months. She is
also anemic. Because of the presence of large fibroid, as seen on the pelvic
ultrasound image (sonography) a hysterectomy was recommended. After it was
removed, the uterus was opened to reveal multiple fibroids (leiomyomas) bulging in to
uterine cavity and displacing the firm, white appearance.”
Medical specialty is Gynecology. And the following terms are related to gynecology:
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Dysmenorrhea.
Menorrhagia.
Fibroid.
Hysterectomy.
Dysmenorrhea:
Dysmenorrhea is painful menstruation, typically involving abdominal cramps.
Prefix
dys-
meaning
bad/difficult/defective/abnormal
meno-
meaning
menstruation
Combining form (root
Word +combining vowel)
Suffix
-rrhagia
meaning
rapid flow of blood
Menorrhagia:
Menorrhagia is abnormally heavy bleeding at menstruation.
Combining form (root
Word +combining vowel)
Suffix
meno-rrhagia
meaning
meaning
menstruation
rapid flow of blood
Fibroid:
Fibroid is a benign tumour of muscular and fibrous tissues, typically developing in the
wall of the uterus.
Or
Of characterized by fibres or fibrous tissue.
Combining form
fibr(o)-
meaning
fiber
Suffix
-oid
meaning
resemblance to
Hysterectomy:
Hysterectomy is a surgical operation to remove all or part of the uterus.
Combining form
hyster(o)-
meaning
pertaining to uterus
Suffix
-ectomy
meaning
removal of a body part
Other important terms in the scenario/case are:
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Anemia.
Ultrasound.
Sonography.
Leiomyomas.
Anemia:
Anemia is a state in which the level of hemoglobin in the blood is below the normal
range appropriate for age and sex. Anemia literally means absence of blood or we can
say anemia is absence of RBCs/hemoglobin in blood.
Prefix
Suffix
an–emia
meaning
meaning
not or without
blood
Ultrasound:
Ultrasound is sound or other vibrations having an ultrasonic frequency, particularly as
used in medical imaging.
Prefix
Root word
ultrasound
meaning
meaning
beyond/excessive
vibrations that travel through the air or
another medium.
Sonography:
Sonography is the analysis of sound using an instrument which produces a graphical
representation of its component frequencies. It is another term for ultrasonography.
Combining form
Suffix
sonography
meaning
meaning
related to sound.
process of recording.
Leiomyomas:
Leiomyomas is benign tumor of smooth muscle (usually in the uterus or digestive
tract).
Combining form
lei(o)-
meaning
smooth
Combining form
my(o)
meaning
related to muscle
Suffix
-oma
meaning
tumor/mass/collection
Q #05… Write your own case report using the medical terminology you have just
learned in this module. Begin by selecting a medical specialist and identify a
specialty.
Then use the appropriate word pars to form terminology that describes a medical
situation of your choosing.
Answer:
Case:
“A 30 years old obese female come with the complaint of pain in right hypocondrium
for 4 days. Four days back when she wakes up in the morning she experienced an
excruciating pain in the right hypochondrium. Pain is sudden in onset, severe in
intensity, radiates towards the right scapula and to the back, aggravates after taking
meal especially with fatty food and relieved by taking analgesics and is associated with
nausea and vomiting. Doctors admit her in the ward and her pain was managed by
analgesics. Her ultrasound abdomen was ordered and the report shows the
hyperechoic shadow in the gallbladder which shows the stone of 12mm in diameter in
gallbladder. Doctor makes the diagnosis of cholecystitis secondary to cholelithiasis.
Doctor planned a cholecystectomy for her and does a cholecystectomy 1 day back by
using the method of laproscopy. Now she is in the surgical ward for post operative care
and monitoring.”
Specialty is General surgery.
The important terms are:
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Hypochondrium.
Hyperechoic.
Cholecystitis.
Cholelithiasis.
Cholecystectomy.
Laproscopy.
Hypochondrium:
Hypochondrium is the upper region of the abdomen just below the lowest ribs on
either side of the epigastrium.
Hypo- (below/under), chondr(i)o- (cartilage) and –ium(structure/tissue)
Hyperechoic:
Hyperechoic is a term used to describe a part of an ultrasound image where the
echoes are brighter than normal or than the surrounding structures.
Hyper- (excessive) , echo(sound) and –ic (pertaining to)
Cholecystitis:
Cholecystitis is inflammation of the gall bladder.
Cholecyst(o)- (pertaining to the gall bladder) and –itis (inflammation).
Cholelithiasis:
Cholelithiasis is the formation of gallstones.
Cholecyst(o)- (pertaining to the gall bladder) and –iasis (condition)
Cholecystectomy:
Cholecystectomy is surgical removal of the gall bladder.
Cholecyst(o)- (pertaining to the gall bladder) and –ectomy (removal)
Laproscopy:
Laproscopy is a surgical procedure in which a fibre-optic instrument is inserted
through the abdominal wall to view the organs in the abdomen or permit small-scale
surgery.
Lapar(o)- (pertainint to abdomen) and -scopy (use of instrument for viewing).
Thank you 