Name: __________________________________________ Block: ____________ Date: ____________
Biology Fall Final Review Guide
1. What are the eight characteristics of life?
List & briefly define
H
Homeostasis
O
Organized
G
Growth
R
Reproduce
A
Adapt
C
Cells (comprised of one or more than one)
E
Energy reliant
R
Responds to stimuli
2. What is the difference between qualitative and quantitative data?
qualitative – type, color, texture, qualities
Quantitative – numbers, amounts
3. What is a dependent variable?
depends on the independent variable
Is measured in an experiment
4. What is an independent variable?
factor that “I” can change
Is being tested in an experiment
5. What is a control?
Constant or unchanged factor in an experiment
6. What is the basis of the metric system? _______10________________________
7. Compare and contrast endothermic and exothermic reactions.
8. What is activation energy?
Energy required for a reaction to begin
9. How does water maintain homeostasis? maintaining a cell’s internal environment
10. Which element is found in proteins, but not in carbs or lipids? ___nitrogen______________
11. Which substance (macromolecule) plays a role as an energy source? _____carbohydrates_______
12. Amino acids are the building blocks of which macromolecule? ____proteins___________
13. Which macromolecule stores genetic information? ______nucleic acids_________________
14. What does adding an enzyme do to a reaction?
1)
lowers the amount of activation energy required
2)
speeds up the rate of the reaction
15. Hemoglobin is an example of what type of macromolecule? ______protein_______________
16. What three things help maintain protein shape?
1) interactions among amino acids
2) hydrogen bonds
3) water’s polarity
17. Compare and contrast prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and organelles while eukaryotic cells have a nucleus and organelles
18. Fill in the following table about the plasma membrane:
Structure
Heads
Tails
Carbohydrate Chain
Cholesterol
Transport Protein
Function
Polar phosphate groups
Non-polar lipid chains
Identifying markers
Keeps non-polar lipid tails from sticking together
Allows small molecules through selective permeable membrane
19. Compare and contrast mitochondria and chloroplast.
Mitochondrion converts sugar into energy while the chloroplast converts light energy into sugar
20. What organelle is found only in animals? __________centriole__________________________
21. When is equilibrium reached during diffusion?
When there is continuous movement and constant concentration
22. What are the differences between facilitated diffusion and active transport?
Active transport requires energy input while facilitated diffusion does not
23. What does selective permeability mean?
Regulates what substances can travel into and out of the cell
24. Compare and contrast plant and animal cells.
Plants = cell wall, chloroplasts, photosynthesis and cellular respiration
Animals = centrioles
25. What types of materials are expelled during exocytosis?
Large molecules such as wastes and hormones
26. Plant cells are placed in the following solutions. What will happen to the cell?
Isotonic
Hypotonic
Hypertonic
Same concentration, so equal movement
Hypo = grow…Plant cell will swell, due to water entering, water moves from
an area of low concentration of solute outside the cell to an area of high
concentration of solute inside the cell
Plant cell will shrink, due to water leaving (outside cell is high concentration
of solute, compared to inside cell)
27. The phospholipid head is made of ______polar phosphate groups_____________ while the tails are
made of ___nonpolar lipids__________________________.
28. How does the phospholipid bilayer maintain its shape in a water environment?
Polar phosphate heads are attracted to polar water molecules, nonpolar lipid tails are repelled by water
forcing them inward.
29. Define organelle: specialized structures that carry out special functions
30. During osmosis, water (solvent) moves from areas of [low, high] solute concentration to areas of
[low, high] solute concentration.
31. Where in ATP is energy stored? In the bond between the 2nd and 3rd phosphate group
32. Look at the energy diagram below. Overall, is energy absorbed or released? How do you know?
energy is absorbed, because the reactants have lower energy than the products
33. Compare and contrast anabolic and catabolic. Also include which reaction is which.
Anabolic Builds -------------------Catabolic Destroys
-Forms large molecule
-breaks down large molecules
-Photosynthesis
- Cellular Respiration
34. 6 CO2 + 6 H2O are the __Reactants_________ for photosynthesis and the
__Products_________
for cellular respiration.
35. C6H12O6 + 6 O2 are the _Products____________ for photosynthesis and the ___Reactants_____
for cellular respiration.
36. ADP gains energy to become ____ATP_____________________________.
37. Which process takes energy from the sun to make carbohydrates? _____Photosynthesis_________
38. Describe a metabolic pathway and give an example. Photosynthesis stores light energy into
chemical energy (Glucose) and Cellular Respiration changes that chemical energy into mechanical
energy (ATP)
39. How does DNA fit into a cell? ___coils_______________________
(smallest to largest): Nucleotide- DNA-nucleosome- chromatin - chromosome
40. What shape does it form when it does this? __Chromosome________________
41. Compare the structural components in DNA and RNA.
DNA – sugar =deoxyribose, double helix, adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine
RNA – Sugar =ribose, single helix, adenine, uracil, cytosine, guaine
42. Where does tRNA travel to in order to direct the creation of a protein? ____ribosome________________
43. Which of the following samples are most related and least related according to the data table? Rat & human
Chargaff’s Data
Base Composition
Organism
A
T
G
C
Sample 1
Rat
28.6
28.4
21.4
21.5
Sample 2
E. coli
26.0
23.9
24.9
25.2
Sample 3
Human
30.9
29.4
19.9
19.8
44. What is the purpose of DNA replication? __copy DNA for mitosis__________________________________
Semiconservative Replication = each replicated DNA molecule contains one parent strand and one new
strand
45. Why does DNA unwind? Begin DNA replication
46. What is the purpose of transcription and translation? ___make protiens_____________________________
47. Put the following in the correct sequence:
protein synthesis,
translation, transcription
Transcription – translation – protein synthesis
48. Given the following numbers of cell cycles, how many cells would you have in the end?
a. 2 cycles: __4______________
b. 3 cycles: ___8_____________
49. Human cells have 46 chromosomes.
After each cell cycle, how many chromosomes will each new cell have? ________46__________
50. Why is cancer rare? The cell cycle checkpoints regulate mutations that cause cancer
51. The cell cycle is regulated by: _____proteins_________________________________
52. Multicellular organisms grow and develop. What happens to the cells as this happen (think size,
specialization, etc.)? –increase in number, specialize in structure, specialize in function
53. Why does a stem cell have potential medical uses? It is not specialized in structure and function
54. What is the biggest difference between adult and embryonic stem cells?
Adult – limited specialization
Embryonic – unlimited specialization
Which factors affect cell differentiation?
1) _____enzymes_______
2) __Proteins____________
3) _temperature__________________
55. Which of the lines in the image above is likely to represent a cancerous cell? ____A___________
56. What happened to the cells labeled B and D if they were in the presence of cancerous cells?
they died off because the cancerous cells deprived them of nutrients
57. What is binary fission and which types of things go through binary fission?
Asexual reproduction where a single celled organism divides into tow cells with identical genetic
information