Study Guide: Human Growth & Development
Modules 9-2/9-3: Emotional Development & Temperament
1. What does it mean to say that basic emotions are universal? What does it imply? What are
the most reliable cues to them? Are they also universal?
2. What are the three dimensions of emotion, and what other mental activities are involved in
the experience of emotion?
3. What are the purposes or functions of emotion, and how are they comparable to pain/
4. What are the dimensions of emotional competence that Sarnii talks about? You should be
able to recognize these and to name and describe two or three of them.
5. What is the understanding that we call a “Theory of Mind”?
6. From whose theory did the idea of emotional intelligence or EQ emerge? Who were the
authors of the MSCEIT and what is it? Who published the book “Emotional Intelligence”?
How did Salovey & Mayer define emotional intelligence?
7. What happens when emotional responses go seriously awry?
8. What are the primary emotions and when do they emerge? Are there any neutral emotions?
What does Erikson imply that our emotions help us to learn in the first year of life?
9. There are emotional milestones for infants and young children. How early do emotions
appear? When do anger and fear appear? What is social referencing, and when does it appear?
10. What is stranger anxiety and what is separation protest?
11. What are two strategies that babies use for emotional self-regulation?
12. What is required for the development of self-conscious emotions? When do they emerge,
and what are some of them?
13. Why is adult instruction required in relation to the self-conscious emotions? What are
shame, pride and guilt most often in response to? What are they linked to, and what do they
serve to do?
14. Which is related to good adjustment, shame or guilt? Why? What is shame associated with?
15. What emotions do small children fail to do well with?
16. Who experiences the most peer rejection?
17. What happens to babies of depressed mothers emotionally & behaviorally and where does it
lead?
18. In middle and late childhood what happens to awareness of the need for emotional
management, the ability to understand complex emotions, and the ability to conceal negative
emotions?
19. What happens to happiness between the 5th and 9th grades? Is it due to hormones? Describe
adolescent emotional behavior.
20. What happens to emotions in older adulthood? Is it due to the passage of time? What could
be other explanations?
21. What is temperament? What are its dimensions? What was the New York Longitudinal
Study? What were two of its primary findings?
22. Describe the classifications of temperament. What percentages of babies fall into each?
23. How was temperament assessed?
24. Is temperament biological? Can it be modified? People with what type of temperament
appear to have social problems in adulthood?
25. What is the question of temperament and goodness-of-fit?
26. What variable of personality does Kagan study in babies?
27. Describe the biological inhibition pattern.
28. How does American culture deal with shyness?
Study Guide: Childcare & Attachment
Feldman Modules 9-1, 14-1, p. 275
1. What is attachment? What did Freud and the psychoanalysts and behaviorists think was the
basis for attachment? What did Harlowe show to be its basis?
2. Describe the experimental paradigm known as the Strange Situation. What behaviors are
the researchers looking for?
3. Describe the four attachment patterns; what percentages of babies fall into each?
4. How does secure attachment make a person feel inwardly? What did Stroufe find secure
attachment to be related to?
5. Compare securely attached preschoolers to avoidantly and resistantly attached ones from
follow up studies.
6. To what is disorganized attachment consistently related in school?
7. What variable or description of social behavior repeatedly comes up in the interpretations of
attachment follow-up studies? (social competence)
8. From one study, what was the best predictor of adult function (not attachment)?
9. What does secure attachment to parents in adolescence relate to?
10. Describe the types of adolescent attachment and their associated behaviors.
11. Describe the types of adult attachment and their associated behaviors.
12. What are the factors affecting security of attachment? How late can a bond be established?
13. How is quality of care-giving related to attachment? Which types of care-giving are
associated with which types of attachment?
14. What was the Harvard Demo Project, and what is it an example of? (unrealistic comparison)
To what is it compared? (typical daycare centers and home care) In considering the quality of
daycare, why are adult to child ratio and rich language environment so important?
15. What type of childcare is preferred by parents, particularly for younger children?
17. What does research show the advantages of participation in Head Start to be?
18. How does exposure to full-time daycare outside the home seem to affect attachment,
cognitive development, and problem behavior?
19. What did Vanelli find about childcare and attachment? Belsky? The NICHD study?
20. What is the primary reason that we as a society are so committed to daycare?