Table 2: Quality of articles assessed using the Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE)
Magnitude Confounding
Author
Year
Design
Bias Imprecision Indirectness
Heterogeneity
of effect
Adjustment
25
Gardiner et al.
2011
Cross-sectional
-1
-1
-1
-1
0
1
26
Lynch et al.
2011
Cross-sectional
-1
-1
-1
0
0
1
27
Maeba et al.
2010
Cross-sectional
-1
0
-1
0
0
1
28
George et al.
2011
Cross-sectional
2
-1
-1
0
0
1
Stamatakis et al.29
2012
Cross-sectional
-1
0
-1
0
0
1
30
Frank et al.
2010
Cross-sectional
-2
-1
-1
0
0
1
31
Gomez-Cabello et al.
2012
Cross-sectional
-1
-1
-1
0
1
0
32
Gomez-Cabello et al.
2012
Cross-sectional
-1
-1
-1
0
0
0
Buman et al.33
2010
Cross-sectional
-2
0
-1
0
0
1
34
Hamer et al.
2012
Cross-sectional
-2
0
-1
0
0
1
35
Hamer et al.
2012
Cross-sectional
-2
-1
-1
0
0
1
36
Bankoski et al.
2011
Cross-sectional
0
-1
-1
0
0
1
37
Gao et al.
2007
Cross-sectional
0
-1
-1
0
1
1
Inoue et al.38
2012
Cross-sectional
-2
-1
-1
0
0
1
39
Dogra et al.
2012
Cross-sectional
-1
-1
0
0
1
1
40
Gennuso et al.
2013
Cross-sectional
0
-1
-1
0
1
1
41
Geda et al.
2011
Cross-sectional
-1
0
-1
0
1
1
Geda et al.42
2012
Case-Control
-1
-1
-1
0
1
0
43
Balboa-Castillo et al.
2011 Prospective Cohort
-2
-1
0
0
1
1
44
Campbell et al.
2013 Prospective Cohort
-1
0
0
0
0
1
45
Martinez-Gomez et al.
2013 Prospective Cohort
-1
0
0
0
1
1
46
Pavey et al.
2012 Prospective Cohort
-1
0
0
0
1
1
León-Muñoz et al.47
2013 Prospective Cohort
-1
0
0
0
1
1
48
Verghese et al.
2003 Prospective Cohort
-2
0
0
0
1
1
Doseresponse
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
0
Rating
1
1
1
3
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
3
1
2
3
2
1
2
2
3
4
4
2