6.01-The Excretory System
Page 2-Focus Questions: How does urine form in the kidneys?
The kidneys have multiple functions. List the three functions below.
What is Urea?
Use the urine formation worksheet below and fill it in as you view the video on urine formation.
Urine formation Video Worksheet
Word bank: bladder, filter, gland, glomerulus (used twice), hypothalamus, kidneys, nephron, pituitary, poison, proteins, regulate, removed, renal tubule, stimulates, urine, ureters, urea
1. The regulation of water content takes place in the _____________ and is under the control of a hormone called ADH, Anti-Diuretic Hormone.
2. When the body is short of water, the ____________________responds in two ways. It
____________ the thirst centers in the brain. And secondly, it stimulates the
_______________to secret Anti-Diuretic Hormone, ADH, into the blood, where it's carried to the kidneys.
3. It’s the kidneys' job to ___________the blood and _______________its water content.
4. ____________is a watery fluid that's produced in the kidneys. It's our body's way of removing soluble toxins that have accumulated. The body needs to remove them, because if they were allowed to build up, they would ___________the tissues.
5. The urine trickles down the ____________or tubes, connecting the kidneys to the bladder. As more urine collects, the bladder expands. And at a certain point, it's automatically emptied.
6. The major waste product in urine is ____________. It is formed in the liver from the breakdown of ___________ not required by the body.
7. The urea is transported in the blood to the kidneys. Here it's _________ and mixed with water and other substances removed from the blood to form urine.

8. There are millions of _____________in the kidney. They are responsible for removing urea from the blood.
9. Blood reaches the ____________, where the narrow vessels create an area of relatively high pressure. This forces the fluid part of the blood through the walls of the _______________ capillaries. Blood cells and proteins are too large to pass through and remain in the blood, but the fluid passes through.
10. The filtered fluid, or filtrate, trickles along the ________________, where much of the water, glucose, and salts are reabsorbed, ensuring the blood maintains its correct composition. The toxic urea is left in the fluid.
11. The remaining fluid then trickles into the collecting ducts and finally into the ureters. Now called urine, it passes down the ureters and drips into the ________________.
Assessment
Create the Kidney Function Flow Chart described in the instructions.
Submit your assignment under 6.01 The Excretory System.
6.01 Honors- Excretory Structures
Page 2-Focus Question: What is the function of the ureters, the urinary bladder, and the urethra?
Use the urinary function video worksheet below and fill it in as you review the functions of the urinary organs.
Urinary function video worksheet
Word Bank: bladder, blood, concentration, pH, volume, urethra
1. Kidneys remove nitrogen containing wastes from the ______________.
2. Kidneys regulate salt, water, mineral and vitamin _________________ in the body. It also regulates blood ____________ and __________ levels.
3. Ureters pass urine from the kidneys to the _________________, which collects and stores it.
4. Urine leaves the bladder through the _____________ and exits the body.
Page 3-Focus Questions: What are the microscopic structures of the ureters and urinary bladder?

View the slides of the ureter and the bladder . Note the locations of the smooth muscle tissues, connective tissues, and epithelium.
It may be helpful for you to review the tissues that were covered in a previous lesson.
As you view the slides, examine each of the labeled structures. Use the worksheet to draw and record your observations in your course notes. Label the locations and functions of the different tissue types found in the urinary bladder and ureter. This will be used as a study tool.
As you view the tissue slides, draw your observations in the space provided. Include any written notes that may be helpful when you are studying and preparing for your assignment.
Tissue Slide Observations
Human Bladder 4X
Blood Vessel 20X
Ureter 4X
Ureter 40X
ASSESSMENT
Complete all tasks and readings that are outlined in the lesson.
Complete the 06.01 Honors Excretory Structures
6.02- The Immune System

Page 2-Focus Questions: What makes an organism an infectious agent and a target for your immune system? What physical barriers keep infectious agents out of the body?
To discover how our immune system blocks the entrance of infectious agents to our body, use the infectious organisms video worksheet and fill it in as you view the video.
Infectious Organisms Video Worksheet
Word Bank: antibacterial, bacteria, cancer, enzymes, harmless, living, microorganisms, nasal, viruses, saliva, skin, throat, toxin
1. Illness can be caused by have a variety of ___________________including fungi, spores, and single-celled animals like amoebas.
2. Most common illnesses in humans are caused by ____________and ____________.
3. Bacteria are tiny single-celled organisms that are present everywhere. Most bacteria are
___________ and some are even beneficial.
4. A virus is a kind of parasite. It can’t live by itself without a host cell. It is not considered a
___________organism. When it enters a living cell, it takes over the resources of that cell and uses them to reproduce itself.
5. The __________is your first line of defense. It's generally impermeable to bacteria and viruses. It also secretes anti-bacterial _____________. Without these chemical secretions your skin could become the home for molds, fungi, and colonies of other microorganisms.
6. Tears and _______________ contain an ________________ enzymes that can kill microorganisms by breaking down their cell walls.
7. Antigens can get stuck in the mucus of your _______ passages and _______ and swallowed.
Then your stomach acid goes to work.
8. An antigen is any substance that your body reacts against. It can be microorganisms, such as a bacteria or a virus. It can be a ____________, a poisonous substance, or an unhealthy cell from your own body such as a ___________ cell.
Page 3-Focus Questions: How can non-specific responses of the immune system protect us from infection?
The immune system fights infection with non-specific and __________ responses. Physical barriers, such as the _________ and mucous membranes, are just one form of non-specific protection. Another non-specific response is _____________, which raises your body temperature in an attempt to destroy invading organisms.

Use the non-specific immunity video worksheet below and fill it in as you learn more about our non-specific immune responses.
Non-Specific Immunity Video Worksheet
Use the word bank to fill in the worksheet as you watch the video on non-specific immune responses. Make sure to review the concept map at the bottom of the worksheet. It shows how each non-specific immune response is categorized.
Word Bank: basophils, histamines, monocyte, neutrophils, puss
1. ___________________float through your bloodstream and gather at sites of infection. Once there, they release a chemical substance called histamine from the little granules contained within each cell.
2. _________________ cause inflammation and increased blood flow. This brings neutrophils and monocytes to the site.
3. _______________ are attracted by inflammation and infection. Like basophils, they too contain granules filled with powerful chemicals that are released when they encounter foreign invaders. They can also gobble up these antigens and kill them before they enter the bloodstream.
4. Dead neutrophils form the _______ we sometimes see at the site of a cut.
5. Once at the injury site, the ______________turns into a macrophage or cell eater. It surrounds and engulfs invading microorganisms and cleans up dead neutrophils and other cellular debris.

•Saliva
•Stomach acid
•Tears
•Antibacterial enzymes
•Histamines
•Fever-
•White Blood Cells - such as basophils, neutrophils, and monocytes
Page 4- Focus Questions: How can specific responses of the immune system protect us from infection?
Specific immunity-
Antigens-
Use the specific immunity video worksheet and fill it in as you learn about our specific immune responses.
Specific Immunity Video Worksheet
Humoral Immune Response-
B lymphocytes
Where are they produced?
How do they fight infection?

Cell-mediated Immune
response-
T Lymphocytes
How do immunoglobulins/antibodies assist B-cells?
Why does the body need Memory B cells?
Helper T-cells and Cytokines How do they fight infection?
Cytotoxic (killer) T-cells
Why does the body need memory T cells?
How do they fight infection?
Page 5-Focus Questions: How does our environment prepare our immune system to fight off infection? How do vaccines and antibiotics help the immune system fight or prevent infection?
Memory B and T cells need exposure to ________ in order to build a protective memory against pathogens. For this reason, contact with ___________ microorganisms can help prepare the immune system for future invasions from harmful bacteria and viruses.

Vaccines and ___________ work with our immune system to help us fight infection.
How do vaccines build immunity?
How do antibiotics fight bacterial infections?
Use the vaccines and antibiotics video worksheet and fill it in as you learn more about vaccines and antibiotics.
Vaccines and Antibiotics Worksheet
Word Bank: bacterial, chemicals, dead, immune, memory, mutating, viruses
1. Vaccinations are made from a __________form of the organism or a form of the organism that cannot cause disease.
2. When a vaccine is injected into a person, they develop an _______________response to the vaccine and they have a _____________to the virus.
3. Some viruses keep ______________and changing their structure so that vaccines are not as effective against them.
4. Antibiotics are ____________that seek out and kill bacterial cells without harming any other cells.
5. Antibiotics are effective against ______________infections but they have no effect on most
______________.
Assessment
Use the instructions and rubric in the lesson to complete the assignment.
Submit your work as 06.02 Immune System.
6.03- The Lymph System
Page 2-Focus Questions: What are the general functions of the lymph system?
Open the lymph system worksheet and fill it in as you view the video on the multiple functions of the lymphatic system.

Lymph System Worksheet
Word Bank: circulatory, elimination, infectious agents, lymph, nodes, vessels
1. The lymphatic system is a vast network of __________ running through the body.
2. It has a number of functions including ______________ of water that congests tissues.
3. Every day blood circulation releases large amounts of liquid into the body's tissues called _________.
This fluid circulates in one direction, toward the center of the body.
4. Lymph passes through the lymph vessels to small clusters of organs called the lymph ____________.
They contain many of the body's defense cells.
5. The defense cells of the lymph nodes eliminate ____________________.
6. Once the lymph is cleansed by the nodes, it moves to the ___________ system via the subclavian veins.
Page 3-Focus Questions: What are the general structures of the lymph system?
When blood circulates through your body, some of the blood plasma leaks through the blood vessel walls and into the surrounding tissues. Most of the plasma moves back into the blood vessels, but some of the yellowish fluid, called _________, is left behind.
Lymphocytes-
Chyle-
Lymph vessels, ducts, and small round structures called ___________, which are gathered in clusters at the neck, armpit, groin, and inside the chest and abdomen. They collect lymph from smaller lymph vessels and cleanse it by removing pathogens, _____________, or foreign substances from it. When lymph nodes encounter an infectious agent, they begin making white blood cells, like _________________, to help fight the infection.
Once the lymph is filtered, it moves into larger lymph vessels, called _____________, by muscle contractions. These lymph vessels contain __________ that prevent lymph from flowing backward. The lymphatics converge to ______________ that drain back into the blood through the _____________ of the circulatory system. Blood is eventually filtered by the kidneys and the waste products are excreted as urine.
In addition to the lymph nodes, lymphatic tissues are found in the thymus, spleen, tonsils, and the gut. Flip the cards below to review the functions of lymphatic tissues within these organs.
Thymus-

Spleen-
Tonsils-
Peyer’s Patches-
ASSESSMENT
Complete the 06.03 Lymph System Quiz
6.04- The Reproductive System
Page 2-Focus Question: What are the structures and functions of the male and female reproductive systems?
The reproductive system deals with the production, nourishment, and transport of gametes.
Gametes-
Spermatozoa-
Oocytes-
Zygote-
Use the Reproductive System Worksheet and fill it in as you review the structure and functions of the reproductive system.
Reproductive System Worksheet
Word Bank: cervix, eggs, epididymis, fallopian tube, female, fertilization (used twice), fetus, follicles, gametes, genetic, haploid, ovaries, ovary, ovulation, progesterone, scrotum, semen, seminiferous tubules, sperm (used twice), testes, testosterone, urethra, uterus, vas deferens, zygote (used twice), 200,000, 500
Human Gametes
Female reproductive systems are responsible for the production of ____________ .
Fertilization and development take place in the ________________ reproductive system.

The production of _________________ takes place in the male reproductive system.
Male Reproductive System
Sperm are male _______________ , or sex cells. They are ______________, meaning they carry half the genetic content necessary to form a zygote.
The other half of the __________________content comes from the female egg.
___________________ is the process of male and female gametes joining together to form a
____________________.
Sperm are produced in the ___________________. They are contained in a saclike structure called the ______________________.
An important male hormone, __________________ , is also produced in the scrotum.
Each testis consists of small, coiled tubes called _________________ . There are between 300 and 600 tubules in each testis.
Sperm cells are produced in the seminiferous tubules, but then move to the ______________ where they mature and are stored.
Mature sperm exit through the _______________. The two vas deferens empty through the
_________________, the same structure through which urine empties.
The seminal vesicles, Cowper’s glands, and prostate gland secrete fluids into the urethra that nourish and protect the _________________. That fluid mixture is called
_____________________, which leaves the body through the penis.
Female Reproductive System
A female’s egg can potentially be fertilized by a male’s sperm to form a ________________.
Eggs are created in the woman’s _________________, which also produce the female hormones estrogen and _________________ .
The female reproductive system contains two ovaries, each of which contains about small egg sacs called __________________ .
While women are born with thousands of egg sacs, only about _______________ ever mature during the woman’s life.
When the egg sac matures, its follicle moves to the surface of the _______________, breaks open, and releases the egg. This process is referred to as .

The egg then travels through the oviduct, also called the ___________________ . If occurs, it happens here in the fallopian tubes.
Then the egg travels to the thick-walled, muscular ____________________. This is where a
________________ develops from the fertilized egg.
At the bottom of the uterus is the ____________. That’s the opening to the vagina, which leads to the outside of the body.
ASSESSMENT
Complete the 06.04 Reproductive System quiz
6.04 Honors- Fertilization to Birth
Page 2-Focus Question: What happens to the cells from fertilization to the development of a fetus?
1. In fertilization, ________ travels up the vaginal canal and fuses with the egg in the female’s
_______________ tube.
2. The fertilized egg, called a ___________, travels down the fallopian tube and attaches itself into the lining of the uterus.
3. The lining provides nourishment for the egg as it divides, eventually forming a _________.
4. As the cells divide, they become specialized and develop into the many ____________ and cells that can be found in the human body.
Use the Fertilization and Development Worksheet below and fill it in as you review the fertilization and fetal development video below.
Fertilization and Development Worksheet
Word Bank: amnion, blastocyst, bones, breathe, cell divisions, cervix, chorion, digestive, ears, ectoderm, egg, endoderm, fallopian tube, fetus, four, fourteenth, gastrula, germ, gestation, lungs, mesoderm, morula (used twice), nine (used twice), ninth, organs, oxytocin, placenta, reproductive, skin, sperm, umbilical cord, uterus (used twice), week, zygote
Fertilization involves the fusing of a male ______________ with a female ovum, also referred to as an __________________ . This results in the formation of a ______________________ .
The zygote slowly moves through the _______________ , as it gradually undergoes a series of referred to as cleavage.

In the process of cleavage, the zygote repeatedly divides and develops into a ball of cells called a
_____________________.
After several days, the _________________ continues to undergo cell division until eventually forming a hollow ball of cells called a ___________________ .
After about a ___________, the blastocyst becomes imbedded in the wall of the in a process called _______________ . This signifies the beginning of pregnancy.
Following implantation, the blastocyst further develops into a three-layered structure called the
____________________.
The three layers, referred to as _________________ layers, eventually give rise to specific body tissues and ___________________ .
The outer layer, called the _____________, develops into the nervous system and
_____________________ .
The middle layer, called the ________________ , develops into the muscles, _______________
, kidneys, heart, blood vessels, and ________________ system.
The _____________, the inner layer, gives rise to the liver, _______________ , certain glands, and the ______________ system.
Following the development of the germ layers, a more complex _______________ forms which has two outer membranes: the _____________ and the ____________________ .
The chorion contributes to the ________________ , through which gases, nutrients, and wastes are exchanged between the mother and the embryo.
The ________________ is a tube that connects the embryo to the placenta.
From the _______________ week of development until birth, the developing embryo is referred to as a _______________. By this time, the major body systems have developed.
By the ________________ week, the hands, arms, legs, feet, nose, eyes, and ________________ have developed.
From approximately ___________ months until birth, the fetus grows rapidly.
The length of pregnancy, referred to as the _______________ period, is about ___________ months in humans.

At roughly _______________ months of development, a pituitary hormone called
______________ increases, which stimulates the birth process.
During labor, the _________________ contracts rhythmically for several hours. The opening to the ________________ widens, and strong contractions push the fetus out through the vagina.
After the baby is born, it begins to ________________ on its own.
Page 3-Focus Question: What happens in each trimester of fetal development?
Human pregnancy, or gestation, takes approximately nine months. The gestation time is divided into three stages, called trimesters.
Trimester one: months 1-3
Trimester two: months 4-6
Trimester three: months 7-9
Use the slide show in the lesson to describe the fetal development during each trimester.
First Trimester – Month 1
First Trimester – Month 2
First Trimester – Month 3
Second Trimester – Month 4 through 6
Third Trimester – Month 7 and 8

Third Trimester – Month 9
Assessment
Follow the instructions and rubric for the assignment.
Submit your work as 06.04 Honors—Fertilization to Birth.
6.05- Fetal Circulation
Page 2- Focus Questions: What is the path of blood circulation through a fetus and how does it change after birth?
The primary function of the lungs is to supply oxygen to the cells of the body, but the fluid surrounding the fetus prevents gas exchange. To compensate for this temporary barrier, the fetus is connected to the mother’s nutrient and oxygen supply by the ____________ cord and
_______________.
Use the fetal circulation video worksheet below and fill it in as you learn about fetal circulation through the umbilical cord and placenta.
Fetal Circulation Worksheet
Word bank: abdomen, arteries, blood pressures, close, deoxygenated, diffuse, ductus arteriosus, ductus venosus, lungs, never, oxygenated, placenta, umbilical cord, veins, villi
1. The umbilical cord forms from the baby’s ________________ when he’s just a tiny embryo.
2. The umbilical cord contains one vein that sends ______________ blood into baby’s body, and two arteries that remove the ________________ blood.
3. The umbilical vein of baby’s cord passes into his inferior vena cava by way of a special vessel called the_______________.
4. When blood returns to the heart, a portion of it flows into the lungs but the largest fraction of blood flows through the _____________________, down to the babies lower extremities, and into the two ________________of his cord.
5. The source of all of baby’s oxygen, nutrients, and waste disposal is the __________________.

6. The blood of the umbilical cord moves into smaller blood vessels that lie within the
________of the placenta.
7. Oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, and wastes can __________________through the villi tissues and transfer between the mother’s blood and the blood vessels of the baby.
8. The mother’s _________carry carbon dioxide and wastes away from the placenta.
9. The _________________carries the nutrients and oxygen back to the baby.
10. Mother’s blood and baby’s blood _______________ mix in the placenta. The mother’s blood contains immune system substances that would recognize the baby’s blood as something alien.
11. When baby takes his first breath and his umbilical cord is cut, the _________________in various sections of his vascular system change. This change causes the ductus venosus and the ductus arteriosus to ______________.
12. The blood is redirected to the ___________ to receive oxygen and release carbon dioxide.
Assessment
Complete the fetal circulation chart as outlined in the lesson.
Submit your work as 06.05 Fetal Circulation in assessments.