Botanical & Medicinal Plant Garden Notes
Updated October 2013 by Katie Lutz, Resident Naturalist
References/Referencias:
 A Field Guide to Plants of Costa Rica, Margaret B. Gargiullo. 2008, Zona Tropical Publication.
 La utilidad de las plantas medicinales en Costa Rica, Hernan Rodriguez Navas. 2000, EUNA.
 Medicinal Plants of Costa Rica, Ed Bernhardt. 2008, Zona Tropical Publication.
 Tropical Plants of Costa Rica, Willow Zuchowski. 2007, Zona Tropical Publication.
 Wikipedia (English, Spanish). Note: Utilized for links at the bottom of the page.
 INBio Costa Rica.
 Conversations with Lucas Ramirez.
Botanical Garden History/Historia del jardín botánico:
In the summer of 2003, six UGA landscape architecture students spent about a week on-site developing the
garden's master plan under the tutelage of faculty member Gregg Coyle from UGA's College of Environment &
Design. They finished with a plan to convert a two-hectare (five-acre) area that previously contained an
agricultural plot, some open pasture, and forest into a low impact sustainable design utilizing many native
plants. With the help of several key university figures, the plan has been implemented and now the garden—
Jardin Botanico de San Luis—is in full bloom, offering not only a delightful spot for a nature walk, but also an
excellent educational opportunity for researchers and students alike.
The original design included an edible crops garden. There are currently 3 parts to the garden:
(1) Greenhouse
(2) Medicinal Plant Garden
(3) Forest trails
Former Edible Crops Garden/ Jardin antiguo de cultivos comestibles:
 The idea of this garden was to show examples of common food crops. Unfortunately the peccaries thought
that our edible garden was quite edible too. Most of this area has now been converted into a second faculty
house. If folks are really interested in crops, you can take them on a tour of the farm.
Greenhouse/Invernadero:
 The greenhouse was built thanks to a donation by Mission College (San Jose, California, USA).
 This is where we produce plants for the medicinal garden; native plants for landscaping; and also native tree
seedlings for the Carbon Offset program.
 It varies year to year, but we grow anywhere from 10 to 30 different species of trees for the reforestation
project. They are a mix of species selected based on various characteristics: providing food for birds/wildlife
(ex: Lauraceae); erosion control (ex: Balsa), etc.
 You can talk a little bit about the Carbon Offset program and Bellbird Biological Corridor, especially if the
group is not going to hear about these elsewhere.
Medicinal Plant Garden and Forest Trails/Jardín de plantas medicinales y sendero forestal:
Medicinal plant use has a long history in Costa Rica. Nine tribes of indigenous peoples were very dependent on
plant use for survival, sustenance, healing, and communication with ancestors/spirits. Shamans, which could vary
from a more spiritual role to something more akin to a witch, were in charge of the connections between the spirits
and the body. To fulfill their work, they utilized a variety of plants and were very careful with whom they shared this
acquired knowledge. Once colonists starting arriving in the early 1500s, a net loss of knowledge occurred as
indigenous populations of about 400,000 were reduced to about 10,000. This was mainly due to the spread of
disease. However, once these colonists and other immigrants came to Costa Rica, they brought with them their
own medicinal knowledge and plants. This resulted in a mixture of information, culture, and beliefs that brings us to
the present day. The remaining indigenous peoples typically do not depend on Western medicine and focus on
using almost exclusively native plants. Ticos, whether from the city or the country, tend to depend more on a mix of
plants, or almost exclusively on non-native medicinal plants.
The medicinal plant garden and forest trails contain plants that are used in traditional Costa Rican folk medicine and
are commonly planted or collected by people in the San Luis Valley. Between the medicinal plant garden and the
forest trails that surround it, we’ve identified over 120 medicinal plants.
In talking about medicinal plants, it’s important to talk through the process of using them. You should at least cover
these basic points:
1. You must know something about cause of illness. For example, if you have a stomachache, is it due to
a parasite? Worms? Indigestion? Each of these have different treatments. The best recommendation is
to go to a doctor to determine the exact cause and then seek a medicinal plant specialist to provide a
treatment with medicinal plants. Many people in Costa Rica choose this option because the cost of
drugs is very high.
2. Need to know not only which plant, but which part of the plant to use: Leaves, flowers, roots, rhizomes,
stem, fruits, etc. Misidentifying which plant to use could have some very serious consequences. In
some cases, different parts may be used for different things. In some cases, some parts have medicinal
uses, while others may be toxic!
3. How to prepare: tea/infusion, decoction, eating leaves/fruits, topical application, etc.
4. Important to remember that preparation, dose, etc. are important, just like pharmaceutical medicine, if
you take the wrong thing or the wrong dose, it may not work (or it may be harmful). Best to seek the
advice and recommendations of an expert.
5. A final and very important point. You need to know the location from the plant was collected. Medicinal
properties are often decreased if the plant is growing in an environment that is not in its normal range.
Vocabulary and Definitions/Vocabulario y definiciones:
Plant Parts:
Root-la raíz
Rhizome-el rizoma
Stem-el tallo
Shoot-el brote
Bark-la corteza
Branch-la rama
Leaf-la hoja
Sap-la savia
Thorn-la espina
Flower-la flor
Pollen-el pólen
Fruit-la fruta
Seed-la semilla
Fruit Skin-La cáscara
Ripe-maduro
To Flower-florecer
To Harvest-cosechar
Medicinal Terms:
 Allergy-(la alergia), an abnormal reaction of the body to a previously encountered allergen introduced by
inhalation, ingestion, injection, or skin contact, often manifested by itchy eyes, runny nose, wheezing,
skin rash, or diarrhea.
 Bath-(el baño), a washing or immersion of something, especially the body for medical treatment.
 Crush-(Exprimir), to force out by squeezing or pounding.
 Decoction-(la decocción), a preparation made by boiling plant parts in some kind of liquid, most often
water.
 Diuretic-(el diurético), an agent that increases the secretion and expulsion of urine.
 Edible-(comestible), safe for human consumption.
 Essential Oil-(el aceite esencial), any of a class of volatile oils obtained from plants, possessing the odor
and other characteristic properties of the plant, used chiefly in the manufacture of perfumes, flavors, and
pharmaceuticals.
 Extract-(el extracto), a solid or liquid substance extracted from a plant containing its essence in
concentrated form.
 Grind-(pulverizar), to reduce to a powder.
 Infusion-(la infusión), a preparation made by steeping plant parts in hot water. Typically steeped longer
and with more plant parts than a tea.
 Insecticide-(el insecticida), a substance or preparation used for killing insects.
 Laxative-(el laxante), an agent promoting evacuation of the bowels or a mild purgative.
 Poison/Poisonous-(el venero/veneroso), a substance with an inherent property that tends to destroy life
or impair health.
 Poultice-(la cataplasma), a mixture of various healing herbs made into a paste wrapped in material and
applied to the surface of the skin.
 Powder-(el polvo), any solid substance reduced to a state of fine, loose particles.
 Salve-(el ungüento), a medicinal ointment for healing or relieving wounds and sores.
 Sedative-(el sedante), a soothing agent that reduces nervousness, distress, and irritation.
 Steep-(dejar/reposar), to soak in water or another liquid to extract some constituent.
 Stimulant-(el estimulante), an agent that strengthens, stimulates, or tones the stomach.
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Tea-(el té), any of various infusions prepared from the leaves, flowers, etc., of other plants, and used as
beverages or medicines. Can be served hot or cold.
Tincture-(la tintura), an herbal solution preserve in alcohol.
Tonic-(la tónica), an agent taken over a period of time-in frequent, small dosages-that tends to restore
health and stimulate the organism.
Topical-(el tópico), applied externally to a particular part of the body.
Toxic-(tóxico), acting as or having the effect of a poison.
Tranquilizer-(el tranquilizante), something that has a sedative or calming effect without inducing sleep.
Miscellaneous:
Ants-las hormigas
External-externo
Greenhouse-el invernadero
Internal-interno
Rope-el mecate
Shaman-el chamán
Trail-el sendero
MEDICINAL PLANTS ALONG PIPER TRAIL/ Sendero Piper:
Spanish name: Guayaba
English name: Guava
Scientific name: Psidium guajava
Family: Myrtaceae
Distribution: Native, ranging from Florida to South America. Found throughout Costa Rica.
Uses: Edible, delicious fruit that are made into jam, jelly, paste, and filling for pastries and candles and are a
great source of Vitamin C. When fruits are found on the ground, are filled with fly larvae and attract Morpho
butterflies and many other animals. Make a decoction from various parts of the plant to treat diarrhea and
dysentery. Source of firewood.
Notes: If map is to your right, some are seen growing to your left.
Spanish name: Churristate, Pudreoreja
English name: Morning Glory
Scientific name: Ipomoea spp.
Family: Convolvulaceae
Distribution: Native, many species range from Mexico to South America. In Costa Rica, found to 1500 m.
Uses: Depending on the species, they can attract pollinators, the roots can be edible, or can be used for
spiritual practices.
Caution: TOXIC. Many species contain harmful, LSD-like chemicals.
Notes: Found growing on the Garden Map starting the Piper Trail, and in various locations in the Garden.
Spanish name: Café
English name: Coffee
Scientific name: Coffea arabica
Family: Rubiaceae
Distribution: Non-Native, originated in East Africa (Ethiopia and Sudan). Now found throughout Costa
Rica, mostly at 800-1400 meters.
Uses: Coffee is one of the most popular beverages world-wide. Coffee is a stimulant that can help people
stay alert and focused. It also acts as a diuretic and mild laxative. Coffee has a caloric value of 0 and can
be helpful in maintaining weight. Fresh ground coffee is an excellent odor absorber.
Caution: Drinking too much coffee can cause anxiety, upset stomach, and possible weight gain (if adding
large amounts of sugar and milk).
Notes: Seen growing on the left near the faculty houses.
Spanish name: Zorrillo, Lotería, Sainillo
English name: Dumb Cane
Scientific name: Dieffenbachia oerstedii
Family: Araceae
Distribution: Native, various species found from Mexico to South America. Understory plant that reaches
1500 m in Costa Rica.
Uses: Used in insecticides to kill cockroaches and rodents. In South America, added to mixtures used on
poison arrows. Sap can be irritating, but also used to treat warts externally.
Caution: Calcium oxalate crystals cause burning and swelling of the mouth and throat.
Notes: Seen along the ground of the Piper Trail.
Spanish name: Zarzaparrilla
English name: Sarsparilla
Scientific name: Smilax chiriquensis
Family: Smilacaceae
Distribution: Native, various species found from Mexico to Columbia. Found throughout Costa Rica.
Uses: The root of the plant is considered to have general strengthening effects on the immune system and is
high in iron, therefore Sarsaparilla root tonic is recommended for a wide variety of illnesses, including cancer,
cough, flu, fever, sexually transmitted diseases, and parasites. It has also been prescribed to combat anemia,
lower uric acid content in urine, and lower high blood pressure. Also consumed by athletes before heavy
physical activity for energy and slimming effect.
Notes: Found all along Piper Trail.
Spanish name: Calzoncillo
English name: Passionflower
Scientific name: Passiflora biflora
Family: Passifloraceae
Distribution: Native, various species found from Florida to Peru. In Costa Rica, found up to about 1000 m.
Uses: An infusion of leaves is used to treat renal infections and kidney problems. Leaves and fruits are
edible, high in vitamins.
Notes: Found all along Piper Trail.
PLANTS IN MEDICINAL PLANT GARDEN/Plantas en Jardín de plantas medicinales
A1. Spanish name: Sarampión
English name: Polka Dot/Measles Plant
Scientific name: Hypoestes phyllostachya
Family: Acanthaceae
Distribution: Non-Native, escaped ornamental with origins in Africa. Native species of this family compose a
significant percentage of the understory plants in Costa Rican cloud forests.
Uses: No known medicinal value, popular with horticulturalists as a house plant.
A2. Spanish name: Cabello de angel
English name: Powder Puff Plant
Scientific name: Calliandra bijuga
Family: Fabaceae-Subfamily Mimosoideae
Distribution: Native, ornamental found particularly around San Jose, Costa Rica.
Uses: No known medicinal value, attracts a variety of pollinating animals.
A3. Spanish name: Noni
English name: Noni, Indian Mulberry
Scientific name: Morinda citrifolia
Family: Rubiaceae
Distribution: Non-Native, origins in the Polynesian Islands. Common ornamental especially on the
Caribbean side of Costa Rica.
Uses: There are many medicinal uses for this plant. Fruit is blended to make a drink, which has an
unpleasant taste and is used to treat high blood pressure, constipation, and for weight loss. Fruit is also
used as an insecticidal shampoo. Leaf poultices can relieve pain and reduce inflammation. Roots yield
reds, purples, and yellows for dye in India.
A4. Spanish name: Cara de mula
English name: Colocasia
Scientific name: Colocasia spp.
Family: Araceae
Distribution: Non-Native, origins in Southeast Asia, found throughout Costa Rica up to 1600 m in wet areas.
Uses: Related to Taro which is (also a non-native) cultivated and eaten. Cooking decreases the amount of
acridity and makes it safe to eat.
Caution: Calcium oxalate crystals cause burning and swelling of the mouth and throat.
A5. Spanish name: Mata moscas, Pelicano
English name: Dutchman’s Pipe
Scientific name: Aristolochia grandiflora
Family: Aristolochiaceae
Distribution: Native, ranges from Mexico to Panama. In Costa Rica grows to 1000 m on both slopes.
Uses: The alkaloids in various species of this family allow the plant to be used to treat colds, asthma, fever,
and snakebite. In Costa Rica, it is thought that Dutchman’s Pipe is a carnivorous plant, this is false. Flies are
attracted by the odor of rotting flesh and are trapped in the flower tube for one day, where they pollinate the
flower and are released upon pollination.
Caution: TOXIC. Consuming some species of this family may induce abortion, coma, and/or death.
A6. Spanish name: Reina de la noche
English name: Angel’s Trumpet
Scientific name: Brugmansia candida
Family: Solanaceae
Distribution: Non-Native, origins in South America. Ornamental at mid- to high elevations in Costa Rica.
Uses: Indigenous peoples of South America consume the plant to commune with ancestors. It is used
externally as an anesthetic, especially for headaches, pain in the kidneys, pain from the sciatic nerve,
rheumatism, arthritis, and bruises. The plant can also be used to treat asthma (by boiling the leaves and
inhaling the vapor).
Caution: TOXIC. This plant should never be ingested. It is a hallucinogen and contains Scolpamine and other
toxins that can induce temporary insanity and even death. The hallucinogenic experience begins with a violent
period followed by stupor and visions.
A7. Spanish name: Cola de zorro/gato
English name: Porterweed
Scientific name: Stachytarpheta frantzii
Family: Verbenaceae
Distribution: Native, found throughout Central America. In Costa Rica, mostly on Pacific Slope 200-1300m.
Uses: No known medicinal value, an ornamental that attracts a variety of pollinators. Relative S. jamaicensis,
found along both coasts in Costa Rica, is used on various skin conditions, decoctions are taken for fever and
coughs and to expel worms; for menstrual disorders; and as a diuretic or tonic.
B1. Spanish name: Pitanga
English name: Brazilian Cherry
Scientific name: Eugenia uniflora
Family: Myrtaceae
Distribution: Non-Native, found along South American east coast from Suriname to Uruguay. In Costa Rica
mostly found on the Caribbean side.
Uses: Pest-resistant and often used in gardens as a hedge. Fruits are edible and high in Vitamins A and C.
Fruits used as a flavoring and base for jams and jellies.
B2. Spanish name: Yerba buena
English name: Spearmint
Scientific name: Mentha citrata
Family: Lamiaceae
Distribution: Non-Native, origins in SE Asia and Europe. Found in high elevations in Costa Rica.
Uses: Contains menthol which is an essential oil. Acts as a nerve calming agent, improves digestion,
stimulates liver and gallbladder function, increase blood flow, and has antibacterial properties. Traditionally
prepared by infusion or steeping the leaves and used to relieve insomnia, menstrual cramps, morning sickness,
gas, coughs, headache, heartburn, nausea, abdominal pains, and other problems related to nerves. Can be
used externally to help to soothe skin irritation and relieve respiratory problems. Mint oil can also be used as
mouthwash to help prevent cavities. Commonly used in cooking and can make delicious hot and cold drinks.
Caution: Do not use with kidney problems.
B3. Spanish name: Yerba buena (Anticólico)
English name: Peppermint
Scientific name: Mentha piperita
Family: Lamiaceae
Distribution: Non-Native, origins in SE Asia and Europe. Found in high elevations in Costa Rica.
Uses: Contains menthol which is an essential oil. Acts as a nerve calming agent, improves digestion,
stimulates liver and gallbladder function, increase blood flow, and has antibacterial properties. Traditionally
prepared by infusion or steeping the leaves and used to relieve insomnia, menstrual cramps, morning sickness,
gas, coughs, headache, heartburn, nausea, abdominal pains, and other problems related to nerves. Can be
used externally to help to soothe skin irritation and relieve respiratory problems. Mint oil can also be used as
mouthwash to help prevent cavities. Commonly used in cooking and can make delicious hot and cold drinks.
Caution: Do not use with kidney problems.
B4. Spanish name: Citronela
English name: Citronella
Scientific name: Cymbopogon nardus
Family: Poaceae
Distribution: Non-Native, originated in Tropical Asia. Found throughout Costa Rica.
Uses: Produces essential oils from its leaves. Used externally as an insect repellent. Also used in
aromatherapy, as a perfume for soap, and as a household disinfectant.
Caution: Cannot be eaten because it is unpalatable. Invades pastureland, rendering it useless for grazing
cattle.
B5. Spanish name: Zacate limón
English name: Lemon grass
Scientific name: Cymbopogon citrates
Family: Poaceae
Distribution: Non-Native, originated in India. Found throughout Costa Rica.
Uses: An infusion of the leaves is taken to treat diarrhea and stomach aches, help digestion, relieve asthma
and bronchitis, and to aid with cold and flu symptoms. The essential oils can be used as an insect repellent
and in perfumed soaps and detergents.
B6. Spanish name: Mariposilla
English name: Periwinkle
Scientific name: Catharanthus albus
Family: Apocynaceae
Distribution: Non-Native, originated in Madagascar. In Costa Rica, found from sea level to 1500 m.
Uses: Leaves are used externally to treat foot fungus. Researchers in the USA and Canada discovered that
some alkaloid compounds-vincristine and vinblastine-within the plant to be useful in the treatment of Hodgkin’s
disease and childhood leukemia. Various cultures have used the leaves in a decoction to treat sore throat and
high blood pressure or the roots in a decoction to treat toothaches and expel worms. Also attracts a variety of
pollinators. C. albus has white flowers, the more common variant C. roseus (Rosy Periwinkle) has pink flowers.
Caution: TOXIC. This plant is hallucinogenic and may cause loss of hair, muscle deterioration, and damage to
nervous system and internal organs.
B7. Spanish name: Ruibarbo
English name: Curly Dock
Scientific name: Rumex Crispus
Family: Polygonaceae
Distribution: Non-Native, origins in Europe and Western Asia. In Costa Rica, found from 1100 to 1400m.
Uses: The root can be made into a tincture that can treat psoriasis, eczema, and urticarial externally. The root
can also be made into a tea that can remedy iron deficiencies, anemia, hemorrhoids, infections, and digestive
disorders.
Caution: Should not be taken for any longer than 7 days at a time.
C1. Spanish name: Apazote
English name: American Wormseed, Mexican Tea
Scientific name: Chenopodium ambrosioides
Family: Chenopodiaceae
Distribution: Native, origins in the Americas. Found throughout Costa Rica.
Uses: An infusion of leaves and flowering stems are used as an anti-parasitic agent and anti-inflammatory, as
well as to ease kidney problems, stomachaches and stomach gasses, hemorrhoids and to regulate the
menstrual cycle. Frequently used in Mexican cooking and its use in preparing beans is thought to keep them
from going bad. Genus name is now Dysphania.
Caution: TOXIC. Apazote is an abortive agent and, in high doses, can cause heart attack, headache, and
death from respiratory failure.
C2. Spanish name: Yerba lechera
English name: Euphorbia
Scientific name: Euphorbia lancifolia
Family: Apocynaceae
Distribution: Native, ranging from Mexico to Costa Rica. In Costa Rica, common in yards from low to mediumhigh elevations.
Uses: Teas and baths of leaves used to increase milk flow in new mothers. Sap used externally for hair
removal.
Caution: TOXIC. Consuming plant may cause irritation of mouth and gut, followed by vomiting and diarrhea;
larger doses can cause more severe reactions. Exposure to sap may cause blistering of skin.
C3. Spanish name: Azul de mata, Sacatinta
English name: Indigo
Scientific name: Justicia tinctoria
Family: Acanthaceae
Distribution: Native, ranging from Mexico to Columbia. In Costa Rica, found primarily in high, cool climates.
Uses: Used externally to treat chest problems and bronchitis, or applied to the hair and scalp for dandruff.
Historically, an infusion of the leaves can help treat coughs, gastrointestinal problems, and kidney infections.
The shoots and leaves have been used to dye fabrics dark blue-purple.
Caution: TOXIC. It is advised to not consume this plant.
C4. Spanish name: Chirca
English name: Yellow Oleander, Lucky Nut
Scientific name: Thevetia peruviana
Family: Apocynaceae
Distribution: Native, ranging from Mexico to Costa Rica. In Costa Rica, from 100-1200 m.
Uses: Sap is used externally to treat arthritis and rheumatism. Formerly Cascabela thevetia.
Caution: TOXIC. Every part of this plant is toxic, the highest concentrations of toxins are in the seeds.
Consuming a single fruit can kill an adult human. Used as fish poisons, insecticides, and poisons for human
murders and suicides. Death by oleander is extremely violent and painful.
C5. Spanish name: Mirto
English name: Common Myrtle, True Myrtle
Scientific name: Myrtus communis
Family: Rutaceae
Distribution: Non-Native, ornamental with origins in SE Europe and North Africa. Distribution in Costa Rica
unknown.
Uses: No known medicinal value. Attracts a variety of pollinators and provides food for birds.
C6. Spanish name: Verbena
English name: Vervain
Scientific name: Verbena littoralis
Family: Verbenaceae
Distribution: Native, ranging from Mexico to Chile. In Costa Rica, found on both slopes in disturbed areas from
mid- to high elevations.
Uses: A plant with remarkable healing powers. An infusion of the entire plant is used as an anti-parasite agent
and anti-inflammatory. A decoction of the entire plant is used to fight fevers, diarrhea, kidney and liver
problems, stomach infections, hepatitis, menstrual disorders, and to heal wounds. Can also be used to
make shampoo and treat skin problems.
C7. Spanish name: Melisa
English name: Lemon Balm
Scientific name: Melissa officinalis
Family: Lamiaceae
Distribution: Non-Native, escaped ornamental originating in the Mediterranean. In Costa Rica, mainly found in
or near people’s private gardens.
Uses: An infusion of leaves is a stimulant, can help calm the heart and nerves, aid digestion, treat morning
sickness and severe menstruation pains, and headaches. Commonly used in cooking and mixed with other
drinks.
C8. Spanish name: Moriseco
English name: Spanish Needle, Cobbler’s Pegs
Scientific name: Bidens pilosa
Family: Asteraceae
Distribution: Native, origins in the Americas. Distribution in Costa Rica unknown.
Uses: Edible and shows potential for suppressing cancer growth.
C9. Spanish name: Lavendar, Lavanda
English name: Lavender
Scientific name: lavandula angustifolia
Family: Lamiaceae
Distribution: Non-Native, originating in the Old World. Distribution in Costa Rica unkown.
Uses: An infusion of the leaves soothes insect bites, burns, and headaches. Used in aromatherapy to relieve
stress and relax. The essential oil has antiseptic and anti-inflammatory properties. Commonly used to produce
fragrances in a variety of products. Lavender is also popular to add to many different dishes.
Caution: Can be an allergen and should not be consumed if pregnant or breast-feeding.
D1. Spanish name: Dienteleón
English name: Common Dandelion
Scientific name: Taraxacum officinale
Family: Asteraceae
Distribution: Non-Native, originating in Mediterranean Europe and North America, but found growing in
fields throughout the world’s temperate zones. In Costa Rica, found above 1100 m.
Uses: Considered one of nature’s greatest medicines. In European homeopathic and non-homeopathic
medicine, it is marketed as a diuretic, laxative, and anti-rheumatic agent. Traditionally in Costa Rica the
leaves are used to combat liver problems and kidney problems, and applied externally against warts and
tumors. The root has been used to alleviate respiratory difficulties and gastrointestinal discomfort. The root
has also been used to neutralize stomach acid caused by caffeine consumption. Also used by veterinarians
to make an udder balm.
D2. Spanish name: Frailecillo
English name: Bellyache-Nettlespurge
Scientific name: Jatropha gossypiifolia
Family: Euphorbiaceae
Distribution: Non-Native, origins in the Americas. Commonly found in hot, humid areas. In Costa Rica, found
on the Atlantic side and Southern Pacific.
Uses: A decoction of the leaves is used to help digestive disorders and decrease cholesterol in the body. A
decoction of the bark relieves menstrual pain and reduces fever.
Caution: TOXIC. This plant has known natural abortive properties. The seeds may cause diarrhea, disrupt
circulation, and respiration.
D3. Spanish name: Albahaca (Cimarrona)
English name: Costa Rican Basil
Scientific name: Ocimum micrantha
Family: Lamiaceae
Distribution: Native cultivar of Basil. O. basilicum (Basil) originated in tropical Asia and is now cultivated
throughout the world. In Costa Rica, mostly found around the Central Valley and in private gardens.
Uses: Used for relief of asthma and bronchitis by cooking entire plant and inhaling the vapor. An infusion is
taken to help ear pain, parasites, and to stimulate children's appetites. Also, a commonly used culinary herb.
D4. Spanish name: Culantro coyote
English name: Culantro, Mexican Coriander
Scientific name: Eryngium foetidum
Family: Apiaceae
Distribution: Native with origins ranging from Mexico to Brazil and Peru. In Costa Rica, found throughout the
Central Valley and the North Pacific region.
Uses: The leaves, which are rich in calcium, iron, riboflavin, vitamin B2, and carotene, are used to cure
anemia, stimulate appetite, and purify blood. An infusion of leaves can help with menstrual problems,
stomach problems, vomiting, and diarrhea. Also a commonly used culinary herb.
Caution: TOXIC. This plant has known natural abortive properties.
D5. Spanish name: Consuelda
English name: Comfrey
Scientific name: Syphytum officinale
Scientific name: Boraginaceae
Distribution: Non-Native, origins in Europe. Distribution in Costa Rica unknown.
Uses: Root and leaf tea used to reinforce general health, as well as to combat diarrhea, dysentery, coughs, and
vomiting of blood. Used topically to help heal broken bones, bruises, wounds, or ulcers.
D6. Spanish name: Papaya
English name: Papaya
Scientific name: Carica papaya
Family: Cariaceae
Distribution: Native, from Mexico to South America. In Costa Rica, found throughout the country, but grows
best below 200m.
Uses: The ripe fruit is 80% water and is high in Vitamins A and C. The ripe, red fruit is made into a juice or
syrup to help treat a wide variety of digestive ailments. The unripe, green fruit can be cooked and eaten to help
treat asthma, cough, and tuberculosis. The latex from unripe fruit can be applied externally to warts and fungal
skin diseases.
Caution: TOXIC. Eating an excessive amount of green fruit and seeds can have an abortive effect. Fresh latex
is also an irritant and is especially harmful if gotten in the eyes.
D7. Spanish name: Ajillo
English name: Guinea Henweed
Scientific name: Petiveria alliacea
Family: Phytolaccaceae
Distribution: Native, from Mexico to Northern SA. In Costa Rica, found in dry areas, mainly in Guanacaste.
Uses: In Costa Rica, mainly used to treat sinus infections, rheumatism, and throat cancer. In other locations, a
decoction of leaves is used to treat nervous, respiratory, and gastrointestinal afflictions, headaches, tooth
problems, rheumatism, and inflammation.
D8. Spanish name: Tilo
English name: Linden Flower
Scientific name: Justicia pectoralis
Family: Acanthanceae
Distribution: Native to the American tropics. In Costa Rica, often found in hot, humid lowland areas.
Uses: Sometimes used to calm nerves, relieve insomnia, headaches, menstrual pains, indigestion, and gas.
Often used to cure chronic coughs and bronchitis.
D9. Spanish name: Milenrama
English name: Yarrow
Scientific name: Achillea millefolium
Family: Asteraceae
Distribution: Non-Native, origins in temperate areas of North America, Europe, and Asia. In Costa Rica, found
at higher elevations.
Uses: Used to treat fevers, flu, colds, diarrhea, uterine problems, headaches, and hair loss. As a tonic tea,
helps boost the body’s natural defenses.
E1. Spanish name: Yerba mora
English name: American/Glossy Nightshade
Scientific name: Solanum americanum
Family: Solanceae
Distribution: Native, found in the tropics world-wide. Distribution in Costa Rica unknown.
Uses: A decoction of the leaves acts as a sedative and treats ulcers. Ripe fruits can be made into jelly and
other sweets.
Caution: TOXIC. Do not eat the plant or green, unripe fruits raw. It can produce hallucinations, vomiting,
diarrhea, and irritation of the skin. In severe cases it can cause paralysis and cardiac arrest.
E2. Spanish name: Golondrina
English name: Hyssop-leaf Sandmat
Scientific name: Chamaesyce hyssopifolia
Family: Euphorbiaceae
Distribution: Native, ranging from Southern US to Northern SA. Grows throughout Costa Rica in
agricultural lands and on roadsides.
Uses: A tea made from this plant is used to combat urinary tract infections, diarrhea, and asthma.
Caution: TOXIC. It has been known to be used as an abortive agent.
E3. Spanish name: Chile picante
English name: Hot Chile Pepper, Cayenne
Scientific name: Capsicum frutescens
Family: Solanaceae
Distribution: Native, origins in Central or South America. Found throughout Costa Rica.
Uses: An excellent antioxidant when eaten. Hot chile leaf tea has been used to combat the flu and asthma.
Chiles are also recommended for a variety of other ailments, including fever, weakness in convalescents,
varicose veins, and neuralgia. Also said to help prevent stomach cancer and have anti-parasitic properties.
Caution: Eating hot varieties of chiles can cause irritation of the mouth and stomach.
E4. Spanish name: Echinacea
English name: Echinacea
Scientific name: Echinacea angustifolia
Family: Asteraceae
Distribution: Non-Native, origins in central prairies of North America. In Costa Rica, found at higher elevations.
Uses: Indigenous tribes of the mid-Western plains of North America used the entire plant to treat colds, flus,
coughs, fevers, infections, snakebites, arthritis, and rheumatism. Commonly prepared as a tea to simulate
immune system response.
E5. Spanish name: Altamisa
English name: Feverfew
Scientific name: Chrysanthemum parthenium
Family: Asteraceae
Distribution: Non-Native, origins in Central and Southern Europe. In Costa Rica, found at higher elevations.
Uses: Similar to Chamomile. Tea made from the flowers is used to regulate the menstrual cycle, digestion, and
the nervous system. It can also be useful to combat asthma, migraine, colds, flu, and arthritis.
E6. Spanish name: Salvia
English name: Sage
Scientific name: Salvia officinalis
Family: Lamiaceae
Distribution: Non-Native, origins in Europe. In Costa Rica, found at higher elevations.
Uses: An infusion of the leaves can treat nervous disorders, tremors, depression, digestive disorders, and
help prevent osteoporosis. Commonly used as a culinary herb.
Caution: The overuse of the essential oil may cause nausea and vomiting.
E7. Spanish name: Sábila
English name: Aloe
Scientific name: Aloe vera
Family: Liliaceae
Distribution: Non-Native, origins in Central West and South Africa. In Costa Rica, grows best in dry areas with
irrigation.
Uses: Aloe is most commonly recognized for its curative properties when applied to burns, wounds, or
otherwise irritated / damaged skin. However, its recorded medicinal properties span an exceptionally broad
range of maladies including such diverse afflictions such as allergies, parasites, and dandruff, and as serious as
cancer and AIDS. Aloe is used in shampoo and cosmetics – in US is a $1.5 billion/year industry. The best
cream is made by combining aloe + water + Vitamin E. Also known as A. barbadensis.
Caution: Can also be taken internally, but NOT by people w/ O blood type.
E8. Spanish name: Sarangundí
English name: Senna
Scientific name: Senna reticulata
Family: Fabaceae–Subfamily Caesalpinioideae
Distribution: Native, ranging from Mexico to Brazil. In Costa Rica, found primarily in humid areas, on both
slopes, and in the Central Valley.
Uses: Applied externally to alleviate arthritis, rheumatism, and foot fungus. Taken internally to lower fever, to aid
liver problems, and to alleviate colitis or stomach gas. Depending on the preparation, the leaves in tea can work
as either a laxative or as an anti-diarrhea agent. Formerly in genus Cassia and related to Wild Senna (S.
marilandica).
Caution: The root can induce vomiting.
E9. Spanish name: Pericón
English name: Mexican Tarragon/Marigold
Scientific name: Tagetes lucida
Family: Asteraceae
Distribution: Non-Native, ranging from Mexico to parts of Guatemala and Honduras. In Costa Rica, during the
rainy season can be found in nurseries in cool areas.
Uses: An infusion of the flowers and leaves can help treat pains in all of the body, anemia, eye inflammation,
nervous disorders, gastrointestinal disorders, and respiratory problems.
E10.Spanish name: Vetiver
English name: Vetiver Grass
Scientific name: Vetiveria zizanioides
Family: Poaceae
Distribution: Non-Native, origins in India. Found throughout Costa Rica.
Uses: An infusion of the roots and leaves are taken orally as an anti-parasitic treatment, a tranquilizer, to
improve circulation and red blood cell production, and for stomach pains.
Caution: The essential oils from this plant can allergic reactions of the skin.
F1. Spanish name: Coloradillo, Fosforillo
English name: Hamelia, Redhead
Scientific name: Hamelia patens
Family: Rubiaceae
Distribution: Native, ranging from Mexico to Argentina. Commonly found on the Pacific slope in Costa Rica in
both dry and wet areas.
Uses: Used widely in Central America to treat dysentery, to regulate the menstrual cycle, and to combat
anemia, cancer, and malaria. The root has been used to treat kidney stones, rheumatism, and diabetes.
Substances from the leaves and stems can also be applied externally against skin problems such as eczema,
cuts, sores, and burns. The plant is also cultivated as an ornamental.
F2. Spanish name: Hoja del Aire
English name: Air/Life Plant
Scientific name: Kalanchoe pinnata
Family: Crassulaceae
Distribution: Non-Native, origins in Madagasscar. In Costa Rica, found at lower elevations.
Uses: The juice from the leaves can be used externally to treat many skin problems, headaches, bruises,
strains, and sprains. A decoction is taken internally to treat throat problems, colds, and flu.
F3. Spanish name: Juanilama
English name: Lemon Verbena
Scientific name: Lippia alba
Family: Verbenaceae
Distribution: Native to the Americas, ranging from the Southern US to Argentina and also found in the
Caribbean. Found throughout Costa Rica.
Uses: Used externally to treat rheumatic pain or colds. Taken internally for gastrointestinal problems, liver
problems, and as a fever-reducer or expectorant.
F4. Spanish name: Ajenjo
English name: Wormwood
Scientific name: Artemisia absinthium
Family: Asteraceae
Distribution: Non-Native, European in origin. In Costa Rica, mostly found in the Central Valley and other
temperate zones.
Uses: Leaves are used in tea regulate menstruation, and to combat liver and gastrointestinal problems. The
plant stimulates stomach and liver secretions; acts as an anti-inflammatory in cases of arthritis and rheumatism;
and can be an antiseptic cleanser for skin injuries. In Greek mythology, the use of this plant was dedicated to
the goddess Artemis.
F5. Spanish name: Ambrosía
English name: Ragweed
Scientific name: Ambrosia cumanensis
Family: Asteraceae
Distribution: Native. Ranges from Mexico to Northern SA. Distribution in Costa Rica unknown.
Uses: Prepared as a tea for the liver and nerves.
Caution: Best known for severe and wide-spread allergies cause by its pollen.
F6. Spanish name: Tomillo
English name: Thyme
Scientific name: Thymus vulgaris
Family: Lamiaceae
Distribution: Non-Native, origins in the Mediterranean. In Costa Rica, found at higher elevations.
Uses: Used in Europe to help strengthen the circulatory and nervous systems. Also used to improve
digestion, and to combat respiratory problems. Commonly used as a culinary herb.
Caution: Overuse may cause vomiting and pure thyme oil in even small amounts can cause skin rashes. It
is advised that pregnant women and people with heart conditions avoid consuming this plant.
F7. Spanish name: Orozuz
English name: Aztec Sweet Herb
Scientific name: Lippia dulcis
Family: Verbenaceae
Distribution: Native, ranging from Mexico to Panama. In Costa Rica, found in parts of the Central Valley along
stream banks and agricultural lands, up to 1800 m.
Uses: In Costa Rica, mainly used as a sweetener (similar to Stevia) and is good as a tea. In other location a
decoction of the leaves is used to treat a variety of digestive and pulmonary disorders.
Caution: TOXIC. In high doses, can be used as an abortive agent.
F8. Spanish name: Salvia virgen
English name: Virgin sage
Scientific name: Buddleja americana
Family: Buddlejaceae
Distribution: Native, ranging from Mexico to Central America. In Costa Rica, most common to the Pacific
Slope and in the Central Valley, from mid- to high elevations.
Uses: An infusion of roots and leaves can combat kidney infections and act as a diuretic. They have also been
known to be used as an anti-diarrhea treatment, a treatment for stomachache, and a treatment for rheumatism.
An externally applied infusion can treat rashes and skin problems.
F9. Spanish name: Stevia
English name: Stevia
Scientific name: Stevia spp.
Family: Asteraceae
Distribution: Non-Native, originated in Uruguay and Paraguay. In Costa Rica found in gardens and farms.
Uses: Used as a sugar substitute (300x sweeter than cane sugar) and contains no calories or sugars. In
South America used as a digestive aid.
G1. Spanish name: Árnica
English name: Arnica
Scientific name: Chaptalia nutans
Family: Asteraceae
Distribution: Native, ranging from Mexico to Argentina. In Costa Rica, found at low- to mid-elevations in
disturbed areas, such as agricultural zones and roadsides.
Uses: Applied externally in a plaster for bruises and sprains. The roots can be used in tea as anti-parasitic
agents, and the roots and leaves have both been used against ulcers.
G2. Spanish name: Sornia
English name: Acanthus
Scientific name: Dicliptera unguiculata
Family: Acanthaceae
Distribution: Native, various species in Central America. In Costa Rica, found in the Central Valley and on
both slopes in humid areas.
Uses: Used to combat intestinal parasites, worms, and giardia.
G3. Spanish name: Mozote, Mozote de caballo
English name: Triumfetta
Scientific name: Triumfetta semitriloba
Family: Tiliaceae
Distribution: Native, ranging from Mexico to Peru. In Costa Rica, found on the Pacific slope in wet areas from
300-2200 m.
Uses: The bark of is said to refresh the stomach, to be effective against stomach or intestinal ulcers, to ease
gastritis, to be good for the liver and kidneys, and to be effective against sores in the mouth. Mozote is used
to make a traditional drink or “fresco,” especially in the Guanacaste area. Also known as T. lappula.
G4. Spanish name: Orégano
English name: Oregano
Scientific name: Lippia graveolens
Family: Verbenaceae
Distribution: Native, ranging from southern Texas to Nicaragua. In Costa Rica can be found in the Central
Valley and in private gardens.
Uses: Used as an infusion to relieve bronchial problems, asthma, and coughs, as well as headaches, menstrual
pains, kidney pains, stiff necks, sore gums, and swelling. Commonly used as a herb for cooking. Cleanses
throat when taken combined with water (like a tea). Cooking and mixing with milk ruins the medicinal
properties of oregano, for this reason, add toward end of cooking process.
G5. Spanish name: Llantén
English name: Common Plantain
Scientific name: Plantago major
Family: Plantaginaceae
Distribution: Non-Native, originating in Europe and Northern and Central Asia. In Costa Rica, occurs at high
elevations.
Uses: Commonly used to stimulate bowel movements and to treat urinary tract infections. Also said to stop
hemorrhaging, sometimes used as a blood cleanser, diuretic, expectorant, and decongestant. Used topically to
heal bee stings, burns, and surface wounds. Locally, it is widely renowned to be effective against stomach
problems, such as ulcers and gastritis.
G6. Spanish name: Hierba de gato
English name: Catnip
Scientific name: Nepeta cataria
Family: Lamiaceae
Distribution: Non-Native, originating in Europe and SW to Central Asia. Distribution unknown in Costa Rica.
Uses: Make an infusion and drink as a tea at bedtime for 4-5 days to treat insomnia. Can also be taken for
stress relief, can be used as a culinary herb, and can be used to attract lacewings (which feed on aphids
and other pests). The compound Nepetalactone found within catnip is what causes cats to react wildly to
this plant, but only has a mild effect on humans, resulting in its medicinal properties.
G7. Spanish name: Saúco
English name: Mexican Elderberry
Scientific name: Sambucus mexicana
Family: Caprifoliaceae.
Distribution: Non-Native, originating in Mexico. Found in temperate forests, especially the Central Valley of
Costa Rica.
Uses: Infusions of the leaves and flowers have traditionally been used against respiratory problems, such as
cough, bronchitis, and colds. They have also been used against digestive difficulty, such as dysentery, gastritis,
and flatulence. The bark of the tree is an anti-diuretic, and anti-inflammatory properties have been attributed to
both the leaves and the root.
H1. Spanish name: Tuete
English name: Ironweed
Scientific name: Vermonia patens
Family: Asteraceae
Distribution: Native, ranging from Mexico to Northern SA. In Costa Rica, found in disturbed areas up to
1400m.
Uses: Coagulant, used on cuts, to stop bleeding. Smash up leaf and apply to skin. Related species in
Africa are commonly used as culinary herbs and as treatment for fever, tooth problems, and symptoms
associated with AIDS.
H2. Spanish name: Sulfatillo
English name: Witheringia
Scientific name: Witheringia solanacea
Family: Solanaceae
Distribution: Native, ranging from Mexico to Bolivia. Found in wet forests from 300-1600 m, particularly on the
Caribbean side in Costa Rica.
Uses: Used to combat fever. The fruits have been taken to alleviate or prevent stomachache, headache, and
thirst. The roots have been used as external treatments for arthritis, and the plant has been used in combination
with Quinine (family Rubiaceae, genus Cinchona) to combat malaria.
H3. Spanish name: Cola de Caballo
English name: Horsetail
Scientific name: Equisitum bogotense
Family: Equisetaceae
Distribution: Native, ranging from Costa Rica to Columbia. In Costa Rica, found in wet, disturbed areas from
400-2500m.
Uses: A decoction can treat urinary tract infections, kidney stones, and other kidney problems. Can also
stimulate nail growth and strengthen teeth, bones, and skin. Used externally for cleansing wounds and
preventing hair loss.
Caution: Pregnant women and people with heart or kidney disease should not consume this plant.
H4. Spanish name: Sorosí
English name: Balsam Pear
Scientific name: Momordica charantia
Family: Cucurbitaceae
Distribution: Non-Native, originating in Africa. In Costa Rica, found in the Central Valley and the South.
Uses: Pulverizing the leaves can be used externally to treat a variety of skin problems and cleanse wounds.
Can also cleanse the blood and lower blood-sugar levels.
Caution: TOXIC. Seeds are considered toxic. Research in the 80s showed a possible link between certain
alkaloid in the fruit and liver damage.
H5. Spanish name: Achiote
English name: Annatto
Scientific name: Bixa orellana
Family: Bixaceae
Distribution: Non-Native, originating in the Amazon. In Costa Rica, up to 700m in wet, disturbed areas.
Uses: Historically has been used for its red color as a body paint, fabric coloring, and insect repellent. Bixin,
which is present in the seeds, is a safe food coloring and provides a dose of Vitamin A. Can also be used in
some oils, paints, and varnishes. Anatto was a valuable cash crop for red food dye almost world-wide until the
1970s when artificial coloring was introduced. Medicinally, leaves were made into a tea and used to control
dandruff and stimulate hair growth, treat diarrhea, fever, and headaches.
Caution: The seeds and juice inside fruits can cause permanent stains on clothing and temporary coloring to
skin.
H6. Spanish name: Rosa de jamaica
Scientific name: Hibiscus sabdariffa
English name: Roselle
Family: Malvaceae
Distribution: Non-Native, origins in Africa. In Costa Rica, a popular ornamental that is typically found in the
Atlantic zone at lower elevations.
Uses: Leaves and flowers are edible. Leaves can provide relief from painful menstruation. Leaves and flowers
together in a tea can treat excessive menstrual flow and prevent miscarriages. Use the tea externally to treat
skin problems.
H7. Spanish name: Jengibre
English name: Ginger
Scientific name: Zingiber officinale
Family: Zingiberaceae
Distribution: Non-Native, originating in India and China. Found throughout Costa Rica.
Uses: Considered a universal medicine by many cultures. Excellent to mix with other medicinal plants because
it increases absorption and circulation. Used as a preventative and treatment against a wide variety of
maladies, including infections, stomachache, respiratory difficulties, morning and motion sickness, and fever.
Also applied topically to relieve rheumatism, arthritis, headache, and spinal aches. A popular addition to food
dishes and commonly used as a general immune system stimulant.
I1. Spanish name: Cardamomo
English name: Cardamom
Scientific name: Elettaria cardamomum
Family: Zingiberaceae
Distribution: Non-Native, origins in Asia. In Costa Rica, mainly seen on the Caribbean side.
Uses: Seeds are crushed and added to toothpaste to treat bad breath and prevent tooth decay. Can also
prevent dandruff and acne. A tincture taken internally can help treat a variety of stomach ailments. Cardamom
is also added as a flavoring to a variety of drinks.
Spanish name: Ortiga, Mala mujer
English name: Urera, Stinging Nettle
Scientific name: Urera baccifera
Family: Urticaceae
Distribution: Native, ranging from Mexico to South America. In Costa Rica, found in open, wet areas up to
1300 m.
Uses: Historically, the underside of the leaf has been used externally on the affected areas to treat an inflamed
sciatic nerve, paralysis, and cramps.
Caution: One of the most consistently and painfully stinging species. Avoid touching at all costs.
Notes: Found all around edges of Botanical Garden, shares English and Spanish common names with U.
dioica.
Spanish name: Trebol rojo
English name: Red Clover
Scientific name: Trifolium pratense
Family: Fabaceae-Subfamily Faboideae
Distribution: Non-Native, originating in Europe, Western Asia, and NW Africa. Distribution in Costa Rica
unknown.
Uses: Widely grown as a fodder crop due to its ability to fix nitrogen. Used in salads and teas. Said to be high
in potassium. Historically, used to treat coughs and cancer. Used locally in a salve to cure rashes in children.
Caution: Medicinal quantities may cause rash-like reactions, muscle ache, headache, nausea, vaginal
bleeding, and slow blood-clotting.
Notes: Found throughout the Botanical Garden.
Spanish name: Agra, Bejuco negro
English name: Wild grape
Scientific name: Vitis tillifolia
Family: Vitaceae
Distribution: Native, ranging from Mexico to Venezuela. In Costa Rica, found up to 1300 m.
Uses: Treats kidney problems. Vine is a great source of emergency water. Not to be confused with the
European wine grape V. vinifera which is also cultivated in Costa Rica.
Notes: Found growing in the back of the Botanical Garden and along the trails.
PLANTS ALONG GARDEN POND LOOP/ Plantas cerca de la lagunita
P1. Spanish name: Cinco Negritos, Soterré
English name: Lantana
Scientific name: Lantana spp.
Family: Verbenaceae
Distribution: Native, from Southern US to Northern SA. In Costa Rica, in disturbed areas to 2000m.
Uses: Ornamental that attracts a variety of pollinators. Historically used to treat a variety of conditions, but
especially skin problems.
Caution: TOXIC. Researchers have discovered several toxic components to this plant causing skin irritation
externally and vomiting and nausea when taken internally.
P2. Spanish name: Copey
English name: Autograph Tree
Scientific name: Clusia spp.
Family: Clusiaceae
Distribution: Native, from Southern US to Northern SA. In Costa Rica, common on the Pacific slope up to
1200m.
Uses: Resins and sap are used in industrial products. The name Autograph Tree comes from the ability of the
leaves to retain writing. Indigenous peoples and the first colonists used these leaves for paper to communicate
and for playing cards. Related to Mangosteen and St John’s Wort which can be used to treat depression and
anxiety.
P3. Spanish name: Pacaya
English name: Bamboo Palm
Scientific name: Chamaedorea costaricana
Family: Arecaceae
Distribution: Native, ranging from Southern Mexico to Western Panama. In Costa Rica, in wet forests at mid
elevation from 500-2300m mostly on the Pacific slope.
Uses: Palm hearts are popular and nutritious to eat. In Guanacaste, some species are used to make alcohol.
P4. Spanish name: Cítrico
English name: Citrus
Scientific name: Citrus spp.
Family: Rutaceae
Distribution: Non-Native, originally from Asia. Found throughout Costa Rica, less on the Caribbean slope.
Uses: Lemons, limes, oranges, and grapefruits are all edible and contain high levels of Vitamin C and
bioflavonoids. The essential oils in the leaves and fruit rind are used for calming nerves, treating colds and the
flu. Orange peels used in a tea can improve digestion.
Caution: Citrus juices on skin, when exposed to the sun, can cause photo-sensitivity and skin cancer.
P5. Spanish name: Cascabel, Bijagua
English name: Rattlesnake Plant, Prayer Plant
Scientific name: Calathea crotalifera
Family: Marantaceae
Distribution: Native, Mexico to Ecuador. In Costa Rica up to 1500m in humid areas.
Uses: Leaves can be used to wrap tamales. Indigenous peoples have used them to wrap their dead prior to
burial and as disposable umbrellas. Also a popular ornamental. Closely related to Musaceae and
Heliconiaceae.
P6. Spanish name: Mastate
English name: Mastate
Scientific name: Daphnopsis americana
Family: Thymeceaceae
Distribution: Native, ranging from Mexico to Panama. In Costa Rica, from 200-2100m, particularly Osa.
Uses: The bark makes for an excellent rope. The older the tree, the stronger the rope.
P7. Spanish name: Pachulí
English name: Patchouli
Scientific name: Pogostemon cablin
Family: Lamiaceae
Distribution: Non-Native, originating in tropical Asia. Distribution in Costa Rica unknown.
Uses: The essential oil has long been used to make perfumes and incense. The leaves can be used as an
insect repellent.
P8. Spanish name: Caña agria
English name: Spiral Ginger
Scientific name: Costus spicatus
Family: Costaceae
Distribution: Native, Nicaragua to Columbia. A variety of species found throughout Costa Rica.
Uses: Has a variety of uses. Tea made from the rhizome of this plant is used to combat bladder and kidney
problems, as well as to lower inflammation of the uterus. Can also treat headaches, flu, fever, and
bronchitis. Closely related to Zingiberaceae.
Caution: It should not be used during the first four months of a pregnancy.
Notes: 3 species of Costus can be seen in the botanical garden, this variety is the most potent medicinally.
P9. Spanish name: Heliconia, Platanilla
English name: Heliconia
Scientific name: Heliconia latispatha
Family: Heliconiaceae
Distribution: Native, ranging from Mexico to Northern SA. In Costa Rica, in sunny or disturbed areas up to
1300m.
Uses: Indigenous peoples use the leaves as food wrappers and thatching. The rhizomes are sometimes
consumed as a treatment for cancer. Great example of co-evolution with hummingbirds, Rufous-Tailed
Hummingbirds pollinate this species and sometimes nest on the leaves. Most common variety found in Costa
Rica and are a popular ornamental. Closely related to Marantaceae and Musaceae.
P10.Spanish name: Targuá
English name: Dragon’s Blood
Scientific name: Croton draco
Family: Euphorbiaceae
Distribution: Native, ranging from Guatemala to Columbia. In Costa Rica, common from 125-1200 m.
Uses: The sap of the tree is principally used to combat mouth and dental problems, such as cavities, loose
teeth, and sores. In Germany they make toothpaste out of it. It can be taken internally to treat ulcers, and it
is also applied topically to alleviate skin problems and as a sunblock. Genus is commonly planted as part of
Carbon Offset Program.
Caution: TOXIC. If taken internally, only in small quantities as it is toxic.
P11.Spanish name: Indio Desnudo, Jiñote, Jiñocabe English name: Gumbo Limbo
Scientific name: Bursera simaruba
Family: Burseraceae
Distribution: Native, ranging from Mexico to Columbia. In Costa Rica, generally below 1100 m.
Uses: Macerate the bark and consume to treat gastritis, diarrhea, gastric ulcers, and stomach cramps. Used in
a bath it can help treat burns, measles, and fevers. Commonly seen along roads as part of living fences.
Caution: Excessive use may cause nausea and vomiting.
P12.Spanish name: Guarumo
English name: Cecropia
Scientific name: Cecropia obtusifolia
Family: Cecropiaceae/Urticaceae
Distribution: Native, ranging from Mexico to Northern SA. In Costa Rica, found in wet forests below 1500m.
Uses: Tea made from leaves causes contractions – in the past was used to speed up childbirth. Now rural
farmers use this tea on their cattle to speed up the birthing process and ejecting the placenta. Can also
help with prostate problems and insomnia. If not discussed prior, a great chance to talk about mutual
relationships between the Cecropia tree and the Azteca ants.
Caution: When consuming internally, do not consume more than 3 days in a row. Has potentially
hallucinogenic and toxic properties. Sap can also stain clothing.
P13. Spanish name: Cabuya renca
English name: Cabuya
Scientific name: Furcraea cabuya
Family: Agavaceae
Distribution: Native, in Mexico and Honduras to Panama. In Costa Rica, on Pacific slope in dry areas from 50
to 1500 m.
Uses: Not to be confused with Agave. In Costa Rica grown on plantation to produce fiber for making rope.
P14.Spanish name: Balsa
English name: Balsa
Scientific name: Ochroma pyramidale
Family: Bombacaceae/Malvaceae
Distribution: Native, ranging from Mexico to Bolivia. In Costa Rica, found up to 1000m.
Uses: The lightweight bark can be used to construct yolks, boats, boxes, and twine. A decoction of the flowers
can treat colds and coughs.
P15.Spanish name: Jabillo
English name: Sandbox Tree, White Cedar
Scientific name: Hura crepitans
Family: Euphorbiaceae
Distribution: Native, ranging from Nicaragua to Northern SA. In Costa Rica, found up to 1400m.
Uses: Use the bark for fishing. Sap has been used as a fish poision.
Caution: TOXIC. Can cause temporary blindness if sap gets in the eye.
P16.Spanish name: Banano
English name: Banana
Scientific name: Musa acuminata
Family: Musaceae
Distribution: Non-Native, origins in SE Asia and India. In Costa Rica, up to 1200m.
Uses: The bananas that we eat reproduce asexually and are thus very susceptible to disease. Wild bananas
can sexually reproduce. Plantains and cuadrados (similarly reproduce asexually) can also be seen on our
property and are the other common varieties of Musa. The giant leaves can be used as thatch and food
wrappers. Besides being edible, the fruits can also be used to make alcohol, vinegar, and to make flour.
Bananas are high in Potassium and Vitamins B6 and C, plantains contain lots of Vitamin A. Sap and leaves are
used externally to treat skin problems. Sap is taken internally for dysentery, epilepsy, and hysteria. Closely
related to Marantaceae and Heliconiaceae.
Caution: Sap can stain clothing.
P17.Spanish name: Anisillo
English name: Piper, Root Beer Plant
Scientific name: Piper auritum
Family: Piperaceae
Distribution: Native, ranging from Mexico to Ecuador. In Costa Rica, up to 1700 in disturbed or open sites.
Uses: Crush the leaf to produce a rootbeer like odor. Once crushed, place under a hat to treat headaches
from the sun or on a swollen insect bite to reduce swelling. An infusion of the leaves has been used to aid
digestion.
Caution: TOXIC. Contains safrole which has been shown to cause liver cancer in rats, do not consume.
P18.Spanish name: Gavilana
English name: Jackass bitters
Scientific name: Neuroleana lobata
Family: Asteraceae
Distribution: Native, ranging from Mexico to South America. In Costa Rica, up to 1800m in wet and open sites.
Uses: The tea from this plant is principally used to combat diarrhea, stomachaches, and stomach parasites. It
can also be applied topically for skin problems such as allergies and mange. Typically mixed with other herbs to
mask the incredibly bitter taste.
P19.Spanish name: Flor Blanco, Juche
English name: Frangipangi
Scientific name: Plumeria rubra
Family: Apocynaceae
Distribution: Native, ranging from Mexico to Panama. In Costa Rica, can be found up to 1400m in mostly dry
Forests, but mostly below 300m on the Pacific slope.
Uses: Scent is used in making perfumes. The sap is mainly used externally to speed up the healing process of
ligaments, bruises, and broken bones.
Caution: TOXIC. Do not take internally. Sap may cause skin irritation and blisters.
P20.Spanish name: Hombre Grande
English name: Bitterwood
Scientific name: Quassia amaya
Family: Simaroubaceae
Distribution: Native, ranging from Mexico to the Amazon basin. In Costa Rica, grows primarily in hot, humid
zones of low to mid elevations.
Uses: Well-known for making “bitters” from the bark (known as gotas amargas in Spanish). Used in
numerous Central and South American countries as a bark tea or decoction for problems of the digestive
system, including diarrhea, stomachache, ulcers, and parasites. One of the bitterest plants in the world.
Insecticides have also been made from the bark.
Caution: Do not consume during menstruation, could cause vertigo, colic, or fevers.
P21. Spanish name: Sagú, Periquitoya
English name: Arrowroot
Scientific name: Maranta arundinacea
Family: Marantaceae
Distribution: Native, ranging from Mexico to Brazil. In Costa Rica, typically found in Pacific lowlands below
800 m.
Uses: The rhizome is known for its nutritive properties, and is used in cases of anemia, malnutrition, and
diarrhea. Mixing the powdered root with water makes a beverage that is good for developing intestinal fauna.
It is also recommended for nursing mothers. The dried rhizomes are starchy and used to thicken food.
P22.Spanish name: Malva
English name: Cheeseweed, Mallow
Scientific name: Malva parviflora
Family: Malvaceae
Distribution: Non-Native, found in North Africa, Europe, and Asia. Distribution in Costa Rica unkown.
Uses: Leaf extracts have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Leaves are used to treat vomiting.
PLANTS AT END OF DIOSPYROS TRAIL/ Plantas a finales del Sendero Diospyros:
L1. Spanish name: Güitite
English name: Wild Tree Tobacco
Scientific name: Acnistus arborescens
Family: Solanaceae
Distribution: Native, ranging from Mexico to South America. In Costa Rica, found from 600 to 1500 m.
Uses: Leaves can be used externally in baths and poultices for hemorrhoids, bruises, and dandruff. Teas
made from new growth or flowers are taken for sore throat and coughs. The tree contains the anti-tumor
substance Withacnistin. Used as a living fence post and attracts an array of insects and hummingbirds. The
fruits are edible and more than 40 species of birds feed on them.
L2. Spanish name: Romero
English name: Rosemary
Scientific name: Rosmarinus officinalis
Family: Lamiaceae
Distribution: Non-Native, of Mediterranean origin. In Costa Rica, found at high elevations and in gardens.
Uses: Used to stimulate blood circulation, relieve stress, treat mild depression, ease pain in aching joints,
earaches, menstrual pains. Has been used to aid in digestion, relieving ulcers, and swollen glands, and to
treat intestinal gas and stomach pains. Often used as a herb for culinary purposes.
Caution: Excessive use may cause nausea and vomiting.
L3. Spanish name: Jamaica
English name: All-Spice
Scientific name: Pimenta dioica
Family: Myrtaceae
Distribution: Non-Native, origins in the East Indies. In Costa Rica, common on the Caribbean slope and rare
in the Central Valley.
Uses: Primarily used as a seasoning, an infusion of the leaves act as a stomach tonic, an appetite suppressant,
and to lower cholesterol.
PLANTS NOT CURRENTLY IN GARDEN/ Plantas NO actualmente en el jardín:
Spanish name: Cardosanto
English name: Mexcian Poppy
Scientific name: Argemone mexicana
Family: Papaveraceae
Distribution: Native, found from Southern USA to Uruguay. In Costa Rica found from 700-1300 m.
Uses: Used to regulate menstrual cycle and relieve pains by controlling ovarian function. Used to lower
fevers, stop hemorrhaging, for treating anemia and asthma.
Caution: TOXIC. It is a hallucinogen and narcotic. Fresh seeds may induce vomiting.
Notes: Not currently in Botanical Garden, can be found near Guard House.
Spanish name: Albahaca
English name: Basil
Scientific name: Ocimum basilicum
Family: Lamiaceae
Distribution: Non-Native, originated in tropical Asia and is now cultivated throughout the world. In Costa Rica,
mostly found around the Central Valley and in private gardens. Related to the native variety O. micrantha.
Uses: Used for relief of asthma and bronchitis by cooking entire plant and inhaling the vapor. An infusion is
taken to help ear pain, parasites, and to stimulate children's appetites. Also, a commonly used culinary herb
Notes: Not currently in Botanical Garden, can be found in the Greenhouse.
Spanish name: Ruda
English name: Rue
Scientific name: Ruta chalepensis
Family: Rutaceae
Distribution: Non-Native, originating in the Mediterranean and Asia Minor.
Uses: Used to reduce swollen glands, treat intestinal worms, stop hemorrhaging, clean eyes and ears, treat
headaches, calm nerves, strengthen capillaries, relieve menstrual cramps, and treat high blood pressure. Used
locally in San Luis as a remedy for earaches and toothaches.
Caution: TOXIC. Recent studies have concluded that oil of Rue is toxic and may cause nausea, vomiting,
cramps, dizziness, delirium, and unconsciousness. Is an abortive agent that may be fatal to the mother. Skin
may become irritated and blister on contact.
Notes: Not currently in Botanical Garden, can be found in the Greenhouse.
Spanish name: Ortiga
English name: Stinging Nettle, Urera
Scientific name: Urtica dioica
Family: Urticaceae
Distribution: Non-Native, originating in Europe, Asia, Northern Africa, and North America. In Costa Rica, found
at high elevations.
Uses: An infusion of the leaves can treat a myriad of problems including stomach and pancreatic disorders,
tuberculosis, measles, anemia, asthma, headaches, and anxiety.
Caution: Consuming excessive amounts can cause indigestion and a burning sensation on skin.
Notes: Not currently in Botanical Garden, can be found in the Greenhouse. Shares English and Spanish
common names with U. baccifera.
Spanish name: Falso diente de léon
English name: Sow Thistle
Scientific name: Sonchus oleraceus
Family: Asteraceae
Distribution: Non-Native, originated in Europe. In Costa Rica, commonly found in pastures, sunny patches,
and on roadsides on the Pacific slope and Central Valley.
Uses: Traditionally consumed to combat with liver problems, menstrual irregularities, urinary tract infections,
stomachaches, and intestinal gas. Applied externally as an anti-inflammatory. Very nutritious supplement to
salads and other foods. Not to be confused with T. officinale.
Notes: Not currently in Botanical Garden.
Spanish name: Marigold
English name: Wedelia
Scientific name: Wedelia acapulcensis
Family: Asteraceae
Distribution: Native, from Southern USA to Panama. Distribution in Costa Rica unknown.
Uses: In addition to being a commonly used ornamental, the leaves of this plant can be used against coughs
and bladder pain or infection.
Notes: Not currently in Botanical Garden.
Spanish name: Alquequenje
English name: Ground Cherry, Physalis
Scientific name: Physalis peruviana
Family: Solanaceae
Distribution: Non-Native, origins in South America. Distribution in Costa Rica unknown.
Uses: Fruit is edible and abundant.
Notes: Not currently in Botanical Garden.
Spanish name: Manzanilla
English name: Chamomile
Scientific name: Matricaria chamomilla
Family: Asteraceae
Distribution: Non-Native, origins in the Mediterranean and Asia Minor. In Costa Rica, found in temperate
zones and Cartago.
Uses: Tea made from Chamomile flowers is recommended as a light tranquilizer. Chamomile also is used to
combat gastrointestinal discomfort, and respiratory problems associated with the cold and the flu. In plasters,
Chamomile can be used to soothe tired eyes, heal hemorrhoids, cuts, and sores, and combat inflammation.
Notes: Not currently in Botanical Garden.
Spanish name: Hierba de San Juan
English name: Saint John’s Wort
Scientific name: Hypericum performatum
Family: Clusiaceae/Hypericaceae
Distribution: Non-Native, found in temperate and sub-tropical regions of the Old World. In Costa Rica, found in
high elevations.
Uses: Used to treat depression and anxiety.
Notes: Not currently in Botanical Garden.
COMMON TREES ON TRAILS / Árboles comunes en los senderos:
Spanish name: Cucaracho
English name: Cockroach Tree
Scientific name: Billia colombiana
Family: Sapindaceae/Hippocastanaceae
Distribution: Native, from Central Mexico to Ecuador. In Costa Rica, found in wet forests, 500-2800 m.
Uses: Large, hard fruits are eaten by a variety of small mammals including pacas and agoutis. Holes provide
refuge for olingos, kinkajous, etc. Commonly used for firewood and fence posts. Only 3 species of Billia can be
found in Costa Rica.
Spanish name: Guacalillo
English name: Ebony Tree
Scientific name: Diospyros spp.
Family: Ebenaceae
Distribution: Native, Mexico to Northern SA. In Costa Rica, several species found up to 1200 m.
Uses: This particular species is endemic to small pockets of the Pacific slope. Common habitat to a variety of
animals, particularly Woodcreepers. Fruits are sought after by many species, especially Blue Morpho
Butterflies when they fall to the ground. In San Luis, they used the fruits to make into a jam. The wood is used
for artisan projects and was used for firewood.
Spanish name: Chancho
English name: Wild Avocado Tree
Scientific name: Beilschmieda brenesii
Family: Lauraceae
Distribution: Native, species in this genus are found almost world-wide.
Uses: Recent research estimates almost 90 species of Lauraceae in the Monteverde region. Provide critical
food for birds, particularly the Three-Wattled Bellbird and the Resplendent Quetzal. Wood used for firewood
and furniture. Ocotea monteverdensis (Quizarrá blanco) and Nectandra salicina (Canelillo) can also be seen.
Spanish name: Zapote, Zapotillo
English name: Sapote
Scientific name: Pouteria fossicola
Family: Sapotaceae
Distribution: Native, Nicaragua to Panama. In Costa Rica, found at Monteverde 1400-1600 m and on Osa.
Uses: Edible fruits provide food to a variety of animals, particularly rodent species.
Spanish name: Zopilote
Scientific name: Dendropanax arboreus
English name: Zopilote
Family: Araliaceae
Distribution: Native to Central and South America. Distribution in Costa Rica unknown.
Uses: Fruits are an important food source for birds.
Spanish name: Higuito, Cupulamante
English name: Ficus, Strangler Fig
Scientific name: Ficus pertusa
Family: Moraceae
Distribution: Native, ranging from Mexico to Paraguay. In Costa Rica, found up to 2100 m.
Uses: Plant that spends part of its life as an epiphyte and a parasite. Considered keystsone species because
they provide food and shelter for an incredible number of organisms.
Spanish name: Ojo de Pájaro
English name: Paullinia
Scientific name: Paullinia costaricensis
Family: Sapindaceae
Distribution: Native to Central and South America. Distribution in Costa Rica unknown.
Uses: Several species have edible fruit. The sap of some species are highly toxic and used for arrow poison
and to poison fish.
Spanish name: Cascuá
English name: Cupania
Scientific name: Cupania glabra
Family: Sapindaceae
Distribution: Native, ranging from Mexico to Panama. In Costa Rica, up to 1400 m.
Uses: Unknown.
Spanish name: Uruca
English name: Uruca
Scientific name: Trichilia havanensis
Family: Meliaceae
Distribution: Native, ranging from Mexico to Venezula. In Costa Rica, found from 600-2500 m in wet forests.
Uses: Some species prized for their wood, others for treating malaria, and some used for their hallucinogenic
properties.
Spanish name: Yos
English name: Yos
Scientific name: Sapium glandulosum
Family: Euphorbiaceae
Distribution: Native, ranging from Mexico to Argentina. Distribution unknown in Costa Rica.
Uses: Latex can be used to make rubber.
Spanish name: Tempisque
English name: Tempisque
Scientific name: Sideroxylon portoricense
Family: Sapotaceae
Distribution: Native, ranging from Mexico to Panama. In Costa Rica, found up to 1000 m.
Uses: Food source for birds.
Spanish name: Guabo
English name: Inga
Scientific name: Inga punctata
Family: Fabaceae-Subfamily Mimosoideae
Distribution: Native, ranging from Mexico to Northern SA. In Costa Rica, common on the Pacific slope up to
1200 m.
Uses: Fixes nitrogen and the seeds have an edible covering.