CHEMISTRY: the study of
matter and its changes.
What is Matter? Anything
that has mass and takes up
space. You, your table, your
lunch. Matter can be living or
non-living. The amount of space
that something takes up is
volume. Matter exists in three
(3) forms: solid, liquid, or gas.
Solid: Something that has a
definite shape and a definite
volume. Particles are close
together.
Liquid: Something that has a
definite volume, but not a
definite shape. It takes the
shape of its container. The
particles are further apart
than a solid.
Gas: A form of matter without
a definite shape or volume.
Gases take the form of their
container. Their particles are
farther apart than a liquid.
BrainPop – States of Matter and Matter
Changing States
Show - Matter: A Graphic Organizer
Insert picture pg#9 from Simple Chemistry
Matter is made up of basic
building blocks or parts. These
building blocks combine to form
the different types of matter
all around us.
An element is made of matter.
What is an element? An
element is a substance that
cannot be changed into a
simpler substance. An element
is a substance that is made
entirely from one type of atom.
For instance, Aluminum foil is
made from aluminum. A gold
ring is made from gold and a
copper pot is made from
copper.
These elements cannot be
changed into another element,
even using a chemical reaction.
Long ago, during the Middle
Ages, an early form of
chemistry, called Alchemy, was
practiced. They made
medicines and poisons from
plants and animals. The
alchemist tried to turn iron and
lead into gold, but we now know
this cannot be done. Alchemy
did make many contributions to
early chemistry knowledge,
even though they never changed
lead to gold.
Each element has its own set of
properties that include:
o How it looks –
color/shape
o How hard it is - texture
o How it conducts
electricity
o How it reacts with other
elements
Insert pg#20-21 from Simple Chemistry
Inside an Atom: Mr. Parr
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d3YR8e_iHlk
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cnXV7Ph3WPk
Bill Nye short version
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0yVf6Gm89M size of an atom (stop @ 1:20)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lP57gEWcisY
Basic Atomic Structure (Done)
BrainPop – Inside an Atom (Done) &
Atomic Model
http://www.youtube.com/watch?NR=1&v=QbWK
F9uDF7w&feature=endscreen History of the
Atomic Theory
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MdDjnVlYKp
U Atom Song
Elements are made of particles
called Atoms. In ancient
Greece, 2500 years ago, in 450
BC, a Greek philosopher
proposed that all matter was
composed of tiny particles,
called atomos, meaning
indivisible, where we got the
word atom.
Democritus
Other early scientists were
John Dalton, J.J. Thomson,
Ernest Rutherford and Neils
Bohr.
An element is made from one
type of atom –
Iron – from iron atoms
Lead – from lead atoms
Neon – from neon atoms
They are the smallest unit of an
element that can exist and still
keep the element’s properties.
Atoms are so small that a { }
.
million atoms are no bigger than
a period. There are more atoms
in a glass of water than all the
sand on all the beaches in the
world.
What is an atom? It is made of
the smallest particles that keep
the properties of the element.
An atom is made of sub-atomic
particles (sub means below).
Nucleus – the center of an
atom. Most of the mass of an
atom is found in the nucleus
(99.9%), but it is 100,000 times
smaller than the entire atom. A
comparison of size: the nucleus
is the size of a bumble bee and
the entire atom is the size of a
football field and stadium!
Protons – a particle in the
nucleus. It has a positive
charge. Large in size.
Neutron – a particle in the
nucleus. It has a neutral (or no)
charge. Large in size.
Electron – A particle with a
negative charge. It is found
outside the nucleus in the
electron cloud. Small in size1/2000 of the mass of a proton
or neutron.
Electron cloud – Where
electrons buzz around. The
electrons move so fast one
cannot pinpoint their exact
location. The electrons don’t
whir around in a random way;
they are locked in a certain
area in the electron cloud,
called an energy level,
depending on how much energy
the electron has. Electrons
close to the nucleus have the
lowest energy level. Electrons
with more energy are found in
energy levels farther from the
nucleus. Each energy level can
hold a certain number of
electrons (remember the
streets in Matterville!).
Show: Atoms Family PPT (Done)
Homework: The Atoms Family Album (Done)
Because the masses of
subatomic particles are so
small, scientists use a special
unit to measure them – atomic
mass unit or amu. The mass of
a proton is 1 amu. A proton is
so small, imagine a 6 followed
by 23 zeros – the number of
protons to equal the mass of 1
gram!! Neutrons have a mass of
1 amu as well.
All atoms are made of three
kinds of particles, but there
are many different kinds of
atoms. The number of protons
in an atom determines which
element the atom will be. If
there are 13 protons, the
element is aluminum. If there
are 14 protons, the element is
silicon. The number of neutrons
in an atom of different
elements can vary. The number
of electrons can vary. In a
chemical reaction, atoms can
lose electrons, but not protons.
Atoms are neutral. They have
the same number of positively
charge particles as they do
negatively charged particles.
Electrons have a negative
charge, so when an atom gains
an electron, it becomes
negatively charge. What
happens when an atom loses an
electron? It becomes
positively charged.
Atomic Number
The number of protons in a
nucleus is called the atomic
number. It identifies the kind
of atom.
Examples:
Helium – atomic number 2
 2 protons
Oxygen – atomic number 8
 8 protons
Copper – atomic number 29
 29 protons
Einsteinium – atomic number 99
 _____ protons
Atomic Mass
All atoms have a mass number.
The mass number of an atom
is the sum of the protons and
neutrons in the nucleus.
Sometimes the mass number
will not be the exact double
of the atomic mass or even a
whole number. The number of
protons of a substance never
changes, but the number of
neutrons can change. This is
called an isotope. An isotope
is an atom with a different
number of neutrons. To find
the number of neutrons,
round the atomic weight to
the nearest whole number.
For example, the element
Krypton has a mass number is
83.8, which rounds up to 84.
The mass number is a count
of the number of particles in
an atom's nucleus. Remember
that the nucleus is made up of
protons and neutrons, so we
can use this formula:
Mass Number =
(Number of Protons) + (Number of Neutrons)
Complete WS (6 elements)
Brain Pop: The Periodic Table of Elements
THE PERIODIC TABLE
OF ELEMENTS
The Periodic Table includes the
following information for every
element:
 Element Name
 Atomic number
 Atomic mass
 Atomic symbol
Every element has an atomic
symbol, an abbreviation of one,
two or three letters of the
name of the element (the first
letter is capitalized).
Sometimes it is based on the
Latin name of the element.
Here are a few Latin names:
Element
Symbol
Latin Name
Antimony
Sb
Stibium
Copper
Cu
Cuprum
Gold
Au
Aurum
Iron
Fe
Ferrum
Lead
Pb
Plumbum
Mercury
Hg
Hydragyrum
Potassium
K
Kalium
Mendeleev’s
Periodic Table of Elements
1869
Mendeleev was born in Siberia,
Russia in 1834 and died in 1907.
He arranged the first 63
elements in the periodic table
(as seen below) according to
their atomic mass. He
published this in his book
Principles of Chemistry in
1869. His first Periodic Table
was put together on the basis
of arranging the elements in
ascending order of atomic
weight and grouping them by
similar properties. He predicted
the existence of and properties
of new elements. He even
pointed out some atomic
weights that were in error. He
predicted the existence of
three yet to be discovered
elements and left space for
future elements. Element
number 101, Mendelevium, is
named after him. Mendeleev
was also credited for bringing
the metric system to Russia.
Mendeleev’s Periodic Table of
Elements 1869:
Another example:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kuQ0Um4Wcz0
Listen to the Mendeleev Song
****************************
Today’s Periodic Table of
Elements has 118 elements.
This is where the known
elements are listed, grouped,
and arranged in a specific way.
Elements that have similar
properties are aligned in
columns called groups or
families. The horizontal rows in
the table are called periods.
There are seven periods and 18
labeled groups. The seven
periods are arranged
sequentially by atomic weight
(mass). A pattern appeared
where properties occurred
“periodically”.
Groups can be divided into
metals, semi-metals, and nonmetals.
Properties of Metals
 Conductors of heat and
electricity – hot metal
 Malleable – can be hammered
and shaped
Gold Leaf
 Ductile – can be formed into
wire
 Usually shiny
 Usually solid at room
temperature, except for
Mercury
Metals are found on the left
side of the Periodic Table.
Properties of Non-metals:
 Poor conductor of heat and
electricity
 Brittle – not malleable or
ductile
Sulfur
 Little or no luster
 The Noble Gases are nonreactive.
 Most are gases at room
temperature, some are solid,
and one is liquid at room
temperature – Bromine
 Nonmetals can be colored,
colorless, a hard solid or soft
solid
Nonmetals are located on the
far right of the periodic table.
Properties of Semi-metals:
Also known as metalloids
 Has properties of metals and
non-metals
 Good semiconductors – a
material that partially
conducts electricity.
 Different reactivity levels –
how an element reacts with
water, acids, and other
materials
 Semimetals are located
between metals and
nonmetals on the periodic
table. They form a stairstep
on the periodic table.
Boron
Silicon
Arsenic
WATCH THESE VIDEOS
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hszrbXQKR-8
Reactivity Lab
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UkBhW8Kj3r8
Cool Chemical Reactions
http://www.funbrain.com/cgi-bin/pt.cgi?A1=r&A2=1&A3=e&A4=5&A11=8&A12=8&ACOMMON=1
Periodic Table Game
http://www.sheppardsoftware.com/periodictable_L.html Listen to the pronunciations of the
elements
MOLECULES
The first molecules formed
about 300,000 years after the
Big Bang, or just under 15
billion years ago.
What is a Molecule?
Atoms can combine, or bond,
chemically with other
substances to produce new and
different structures called
molecules. Molecules are two
or more atoms (of the same or
different element) bonded
together. A molecule is the
smallest particle of a substance
that has all the properties of
that substance – such as a
molecule of water. The
substance, water, can be
divided into smaller and smaller
pieces. Once it cannot be
divided without losing its
properties, it is a molecule of
water with two atoms of
hydrogen and one atom of
oxygen. Molecules can be
different shapes and sizes.
Some are very small, such as O
2
, also known as
molecular oxygen. Other
molecules can be very big and
complex, such as DNA
Double
Helix
Molecular Formula
A molecular formula tells you
how many atoms are in a single
molecule of a combined
substance, called a compound.
O2 is an example of a formula.
The formula for Sucrose or
table sugar is C12H22O11.
Sugar Molecule
WATCH THESE VIDEOS
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qmgE0w6E6ZI
Molecules and Atoms
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hc0EtPPpZUU
Molecules and Atoms
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vlSOESXQI7o
Atoms and Molecules – Basics
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EH5v54dmb5U
Molecules in Motion
Examples of molecules:
Air Molecules
Water, Carbon Dioxide, and Oxygen
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U50qw3HTvc4&list=PLDFAA
B53FAC40EF9D Classifying Matter
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vDZhUkp30tE&list=PLDFAA
B53FAC40EF9D Mr. Parr 4 States of Matter