Name_________________________________________ Date________________________________Block____
Topic 3: IB TEST REVIEW PACKET
1. (a)
(i) Explain the term ecological footprint.
(2)
(ii) State how and explain why the ecological footprint of an inhabitant of a developed country such as the USA,
differs from that of an inhabitant of a less developed country, such as the Philippines
(4)
(b) A less developed country needs to produce more electricity. Three sources of energy have been suggested:
nuclear, coal and solar. List one advantage and one disadvantage of each of these energy sources.
Energy Source
Advantage
Disadvantage
Nuclear
Coal
Solar
(6)
2. The diagrams below are population pyramids for a South American country in the year 2000 and the predicted
population of the same country in 2020.
Population in 2000 (in thousands)
Male
Female
80+
75–79
70–74
65–69
60–64
55–59
50–54
45–49
40–44
35–39
30–34
25–29
20–24
15–19
10–14
5–9
0–4
350
Male
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
0
50
100
150
200
Predicted population in 2020 (in thousands)
250
300
350
Female
80+
75–79
70–74
65–69
60–64
55–59
50–54
45–49
40–44
35–39
30–34
25–29
20–24
15–19
10–14
5–9
0–4
(a)
(i) State how the total population size is expected to change between 2000 and 2020.
(1)
(ii) Calculate the number of females aged 0–19 years in the year 2000.
(1)
(iii) Explain why the number of females aged 0–19 in the 2000 pyramid is important in predicting the
population in 2020.
(2)
(iv) State two ways in which the data on the predicted size and age distribution of the population in
2020 could be used to help the country plan for the future needs of its citizens.
(2)
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(b) State three national policies that the government of a country might use to reduce the rate of population growth.
(3)
(c) Explain which features of the 2020 pyramid indicate that the rate of population growth is expected to have
decreased by this date.
(2)
3. The diagram below shows some of the material flows which affect food production and fresh water resources.
atmosphere
food production systems
rivers
available fresh water resources
soil
aquifers
(a) Distinguish between the terms sustainability and sustainable yield.
(2)
(b) Describe and explain how food production systems and fresh water resources can be managed sustainably.
(10)
(c) Using examples, suggest ways in which non-renewable resources, excluding fossil fuels, could be managed to
reduce the rate at which they are being depleted.
(5)
4. The following tables show predicted changes in the population between the years 2000 and 2050 for two different
countries.
Ethiopia
Population (in thousands)
Percentage in urban areas
Year 2000
65 590
14.9
Year 2050
170 987
28.4
Austria
Population (in thousands)
Percentage in urban areas
Year 2000
8 102
65.8
Year 2050
7 376
72.3
(a) Using calculations and sketches where appropriate, compare the percentage growth, age/sex pyramids and
position on the demographic transition model you would expect for these two populations over the period
2000-2050.
(7)
(b) For each country, suggest three factors that might affect their population size and outline how they could lead to
the predicted changes between the years 2000 and 2050.
(6)
2
(c) Suggest two examples of natural capital that have “ecological value”, and describe how they might be affected by
changes predicted in the urban populations of these countries.
(4)
5. (a) Discuss the value of age-sex pyramids in analyzing population change.
(6)
(b) Outline the concept of an ecological footprint and discuss the relationship between socio-economic level and
footprint size. Refer to examples in your answer.
(5)
(c) As the human population increases there is concern that we may ultimately out-grow our resource base. Evaluate
the arguments for and against population control.
(6)
6. Below is a cartoon about global population increase.
Billions
of
people
Time
(a) Determine the projected human population in 2050.
(1)
(b) Describe the pattern of population growth shown in the diagram above.
(1)
(c) Describe two ways in which food systems might be changed to meet the increased demand for food in the future.
1.
2.
(d) Describe two obstacles facing governments who wish to reduce population increase in their countries.
1.
2.
3
7. Figure 1 below shows the estimated percentage weight for waste by sector for the United Kingdom in 2001.
Figure 1
13 %
industrial
20 %
agriculture
24 %
demolition and construction
21 %
mining and quarrying
6%
commercial
1%
sewage sludge
7%
household
8%
dredged material
(a) Suggest what type of material accounts for most agricultural waste.
(1)
(b) The total waste for the United Kingdom in 2001 was estimated at 430 million tonnes.
Calculate the weight of waste (to the nearest million tonne) for agriculture and industrial combined.
(2)
Figure 2 below shows changing trends in recycling from 1984 to 2002 in kilograms per person per year.
Figure 2
Waste not recycled
Waste recycled/composted
Total Waste
1984
1992
2000
2001
2002
394
417
455
455
455
3
11
52
58
65
397
428
507
513
520
(c)(i) In which year was the greatest percentage of waste recycled?
(1)
(ii) What was the percentage of waste recycled in the year you have named in (c) (i)?
(1)
(d) Suggest two reasons why attitudes to recycling may have changed between 1984 and 2002 in more economically
developed countries (MEDCs).
(2)
(e) Identify a negative environmental trend from the data in Figure 2.
(1)
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8. The diagram below shows the effects of two different fishing policies on fish stocks over four years.
High intensity fishing policy
Low intensity fishing policy
200
36
28
18
20
1
32
2
24
36
48
3
4
48
Weight of fish / tonnes
Weight of fish / tonnes
200
36
168
16
6
120
56
20
1
Year
2
3
4
Year
Key:
Catch
Stock of fish
(a) (i) Define the term sustainable yield.
(1)
(ii) Calculate the total catch over four years in each fishing policy in the diagram above.
High intensity: ...........................................Low intensity: ..........................................
(1)
(iii) Calculate the percentage difference between the year 4 catch for the high intensity fishing policy and the year 4
catch for the low intensity fishing policy.
(1)
(iv) Predict, giving two reasons, which fishing policy would probably give the greater profit over 20 years.
(2)
(b) Outline two reasons why hunting and fishing may not be controlled by legislation.
(2)
(c) Compare the energy efficiency of terrestrial and aquatic food production systems.
(2)
(d) Suggest one possible solution that a technocentrist might give to the problem of overfishing.
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9. Rocks from the mountains in the diagram below are quarried to provide stone for road building.
The lake is used to supply fresh water to a nearby town and the trees are harvested to make paper.
(a) Define natural capital.
(1)
(b) Using the information above, identify examples of renewable, non-renewable and replenishable natural capital
and outline the differences between them.
(3)
(c) Explain how two of the examples given in (b) should be managed to provide a sustainable natural income. (2)
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