Appendix FOR ONLINE PUBLICATION ONLY
Appendix Figure A1: Temporal patterns of soil CO2 emissions, soil temperature and soil
moisture. A: Average of all soil CO2 emission, soil temperature and soil moisture
measurements collected during a sampling week (regardless of treatment or vegetation type).
B: Relationship between soil CO2 emissions and soil temperature, C: relationship between
soil CO2 emission and soil moisture. Note that one soil moisture value for 2009 is not
available as the TDR was broken. Dates represent start of a sampling week; data collection for
all the 18 sites was completed within three to five days (depending on weather conditions) for
each measuring campaign.
Appendix Figure A1
Appendix Figure A2: Treatment effects for the two different vegetation types separately. A)
soil temperature, B) soil moisture, C) root biomass, and D) soil MBC. Values represent means
± standard error. Normal font letters indicate differences between the short-grass treatments;
bold letters indicate differences for the tall-grass treatments. Different letters represent
significantly different values (α = 0.05).
Appendix Figure A2
Appendix Table A1: Comparison of the Impact of Exclosure Construction versus Invertebrate Exclusion on Different Ecosystem Parameters
Measured
Parameters measured
None
Micro-climate control
Invertebrates
Roof
Roof
No roof
No invertebrates
Invertebrates
Invertebrates
602.24 (50.05)a
442.12 (49.99)b
337.75 (30.54)b
12.46
<0.001
Max vegetation height (cm)
47.39 (2.15)a
31.53 (2.77)b
32.95 (1.95)b
19.06
<0.001
Mean vegetation height (cm)
15.21 (0.90)a
7.24 (0.58)b
9.08 (0.62)b
33.28
<0.001
Soil moisture (%)
36.42 (1.30)a
31.36 (1.37)b
34.30 (1.46)b
4.64
0.010
Air humidity (%)
72.29 (0.49)a
71.27 (0.82)a
70.49 (0.72)a
2.26
0.123
Air temperature (˚C)
10.85 (0.17)a
10.94 (0.29)a
11.08 (0.25)a
0.27
0.762
Soil temperature (˚C)
12.36 (0.25)b
12.77 (0.27)ab
13.17 (0.27)a
3.54
0.030
PAR (μmol m-2 s-1)
611.70 (51.42)b
712.10 (57.21)ab
903.16 (72.24)a
6.62
0.002
UV (μmol m-2 s-1)
37.99 (3.10)b
56.71 (4.13)a
8.49
<0.001
Aboveground biomass (g m-2)
42.04 (3.03)b
F
p
For detailed description of the “None“,”Micro-climate control“ and “Invertebrates“ exclosures see text. Values represent means (and SE) of all
measurements collected. Superscript letters represent statistically different values (α = 0.05).
Appendix Table A2: Average Number of Ungulate Pellet Groups 100 m-2, Number of Marmots
Counted, and Average Number of Grasshoppers m-2 at Each Site for Summer 2009 and 2010
Pellet groups 100 m-2
Marmots site-1
Grasshoppers m-2
Site
Vegetation type
2009
2010
2009
2010
2009
2010
1
Short-grass
13.7
12.4
5.0
1.0
0.5
5.3
2
Tall-grass
6.0
8.3
5.0
1.0
0.7
5.0
3
Short-grass
9.3
12.1
5.0
1.0
0.5
1.5
4
Tall-grass
7.7
10.1
5.0
1.0
0.9
5.9
5
Short-grass
17.8
11.9
3.0
2.0
0.6
2.7
6
Tall-grass
8.3
8.5
3.0
2.0
0.9
3.8
7
Short-grass
1.8
8.9
9.0
1.0
0.2
0.4
8
Tall-grass
15.2
10.6
9.0
1.0
0.6
1.6
9
Short-grass
1.7
4.4
2.0
2.0
0.1
1.0
10
Tall-grass
6.0
9.4
2.0
2.0
0.2
0.3
11
Short-grass
13.2
13.2
17.0
21.0
0.5
2.8
12
Tall-grass
15.2
21.0
17.0
21.0
1.6
4.4
13
Short-grass
17.3
15.0
17.0
21.0
1.1
3.6
14
Tall-grass
26.0
13.6
17.0
21.0
0.8
3.5
15
Short-grass
20.3
6.9
11.0
11.0
0.5
0.4
16
Tall-grass
9.2
6.5
11.0
11.0
0.2
0.1
17
Short-grass
28.3
14.2
11.0
11.0
0.3
0.7
18
Tall-grass
10.5
5.6
11.0
11.0
0.3
0.3
Appendix table A3: Statistical Results from the Linear Mixed Model Approach
Model
Numerator df
Denominator df
F
p
Short-grass vegetation
Intercept
1
0.752
14.425
0.225
Year
1
515.902
105.209
<0.001
Treatment
4
515.902
5.276
<0.001
Year × treatment
4
515.902
0.269
0.898
Sampling date
6
515.902
22.382
<0.001
Tall-grass vegetation
Intercept
1
0.009
1.400
0.971
Year
1
512.622
119.093
<0.001
Treatment
4
512.622
7.261
<0.001
Year × treatment
4
512.622
0.471
0.757
Sampling date
6
512.622
39.196
<0.001
df = degrees of freedom