Part A – Review Answers
Write as many different definitions as you can for each term listed below and make sure that they make sense to you.
There is no sense in copying down a definition you do not understand.
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Stimulus,
Catabolism,
anabolism,
metabolism,
photosynthesis,
cellular respiration,
fermentation,
anaerobic,
aerobic,
prokayote,
eukaryote,
monera,
protista,
plantae,
fungi,
animalia,
endosymbiotic hypothesis
producer,
consumer,
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decomposer,
autotroph,
heterotroph,
all the cell organelles,
diffusion,
osmosis,
passive transport
facilitated transport
active transport,
concentration gradient,
KMT,
hypertonic,
hypotonic,
isotonic,
equilibrium,
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homeostasis,
DNA,
double helix,
anti-parallel,
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hydrogen bond,
phosphodiester bond,
sugar phosphate backbone,
nucleotide,
nitrogenous base,
purine,
pyrimidine,
base pairs,
adenine,
guanine,
cytosine,
thymine,
uracil,
RNA,
complimentary mRNA
sequence,
tRNA,
rRNA,
DNA replication,
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semi-conservative,
conservative,
dispersive,
leading strand,
lagging strand,
Messelson-Stahl Experiment,
transcription,
translation,
codon,
anti-codon,
amino-acid,
protein,
enzyme/catalyst,
mitosis,
meiosis,
diploid,
haploid,
ex. Decomposer – saprophyte, fungi and some monera and protista, heterotroph, breaks down dead organic matter for
nutrients, digests before ingestions, important base in every ecosystem because they help recycle nutrients
Using the word list above, match each definition with its term. Check the key when you finish
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group of organisms that are saprophytic heterotrophs _____Fungi______________________
term used to describe a lower solute concentration _______hypotonic________________________
an organism that depends on oxygen for the chemical reaction is uses to produce energy ________aerobic_______________________
the nitrogenous base that is a pyrimidine and base pairs with Adenine______thymine_________________________
cell process that occurs during interphase of its life-cycle in preparation for cell division _______DNA replication________________________
scientific theory that states that all molecules regardless of their state are in constant motion _______Kinetic Molecular Theory______
one example of an anabolistic reaction that autotrophs use ______photosynthesis_________________________
name the strand that because DNA strands are anti-parallel to one another takes longer to replicate ______lagging strand_______________
cells that do not contain homologous pairs of chromosomes ______haploid_________________________
theory that explains how the first eukaryotic cells evolved________endosymbiont hypothesis_______________________
only organelle other than the cell membrane that all prokaryotes have _______ribosome________________________
Organisms that are anaerobic often use this catabolistic reaction to produce energy _____fermentation__________________________
Describes the movement of water caused by the concentration gradients of solutes______osmosis_________________________
Process by which your blood cells are constantly being replaced ______mitosis_________________________
Type of RNA that has a binding site for both an amino acid and codon _____tRNA__________________________
Most primitive group of organisms that now has been split into two kindgoms and their own domain ____Monera_____________________
type of bond that ensures that the sequence of nucleotides is protected in both DNA and RNA ____phosphodiester bonds__________
theory of DNA replication eliminated after the first generation in the Messelson-Stahl experiment ______conservative_________________
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would cause a cell to swell and possibly burst ____ hypotonic _____ solution
A little Harder Now: Try making sentences using as many of the terms as you can but in their correct definition OR
groups words together (2, 3, 4, or more) and explain their connection to one another.
Ex. Photosyntesis and Cellular Respiration are both part of the metabolism of plantae which are autotrophic organisms
that produce energy by an anabolistic reaction first to produce glucose and then a catabolistic reaction to release the
energy in the form of ATP
Making Connections:
1. Why does equilibrium not necessarily mean homeostasis?
This is especially true for single celled organisms such as protists and monerans because in a multicellular organism
they are able to better maintain the environment (solute concentration) of the cells within the organism. When a
cell however if not in an isotonic environment, diffusion will likely occur and the cell/organism may experience nonideal gain or loss of solutes/solvents as a result until equilibrium is reached which may not be homeostatic for that
cell/organism.
2. What are the two steps that ALL organisms need to satisfy in order for cells to have energy and which step so
photosynthesis and cellular respiration fit into.
In order for all living things to gain ATP energy for their cell to stay alive and function, they must first obtain an
energy rich molecule and then they must release its energy through either an anaerobic or aerobic chemical
reaction. Many organisms are heterotrophs and obtain the energy rich molecules through consuming them or
decomposition however aututrophs make the molecules through chemical reactions. One such reaction is
photosynthesis which produces glucose. Cellular respiration is the most common aerobic reaction used by living
organisms that breaks down glucose releasing ATP energy as well as the waste products carbon dioxide and water.
3. The 5 Kingdom system that we learned at the start of the year has since evolved into a 6 Kingdom system and
then later into a 3 Domain system. What
was the basis for each system and the
reasons for the changes
In the 5 Kingdom system all monera are placed into
the one Kingdom. Recent understanding of the
diversity of Monera and their biochemical
differences resulted in separating the Kindgom in to
two, Archeabacteria(ancient bacteria) and Eubacteria(true bacteria) thus creating the 6 Kingdom system. We now know
that the two have distinct and different evolutionary histories. Notice the branches in the cladogram above.
4. There are 5 basic functions of all living organisms. List them.
Obtain and use energy, reproduce, growth and development, respond to stimuli, are made up to one or more cells.
5. Do you know your organelles? I suggest trying Quizlet or some other online quiz system. Set up an account for
free and try a quiz or two to test yourself.
https://quizlet.com/414811/cell-organelles-flash-cards/
6. It is important that you understand the monomers and polymers of DNA, RNA, Proteins, Chromosomes.
DNA is the double stranded polymer built with the monomer nucleotides. Each nucleotide consists of a phosphate group
and deoxyribose sugar and a nitrogen base. RNA is a single stranded polymer built with monomer nucleotides also but
the sugar is ribose instead and the nitrogen base T is U. Proteins are the polymer made from amino-acid monomers.
There are 20 different amino acids which we aquire through ingestion. We don’t make them. Chromosomes are made
up of DNA that is supercoiled and sections of the DNA are classed genes, which are the codes for specific proteins.
7. Why does the mRNA sequence even exist if the DNA and tRNA sequences are identical other than the U
replacing T?
mRNA is the messanger between the nucleus and the cytoplasm. DNA never leaves the nucleus but Protein synthesis
occurs in the cytoplasm outside the nucleus thus the information must be carried from one to the other. Complimentary
base pairing enables this process because the bases have a natural affinity for one another allowing for the “copying” of
the message in its complimentary form.
8. DNA replication is very important why? And what does this process look like for Chromosomes
DNA replication is essential because part of the definition of living things is that they are able to reproduce. In order for
cells to divide they must contain two complete copies of their entire DNA to pass on to the new cells. During Interphase
of a cell cycle the DNA replicates completely and then proofreads its work. This process transforms a chromosome
consisting of one copy of the DNA into a chromosome that contains two copies in the form of attached sister
chromatids. They still act and are considered a single chromosome.
9. How is it that homologous pairs of chromosomes have the same genes but can have different alleles.
A set of homologous chromosomes refers to a diploid cell and chromosomes of the same chromosome number but each
was inherited from a different parent. This means that although the pair of chromosomes contain all the same genes in
all the same locations, since they were inherited from different parents, they may contain different versions of the genes
which are called the alleles of the genes. Alleles are versions of genes that exist in a population as the result of
mutations and natural selection over time. They are codes for different proteins of the same gene (function).
10. Can sister chromatids have different alleles? Explain
Sister chromatids should not have different alleles since they are the product of DNA replication and if no errors are
made in the process, then they should be identical. However is errors are made, this could be the source of new alleles
in a population and it is possible however unlikely since only 1 mutation per three replications typically occurs.
11. Make up the transcribed side of a DNA sequence that is code for 5 amino acids. Determine its correct mRNA,
tRNA and amino acid sequences.
TTA ACC GCG CCC ATC  AAU UGG CGC GGG UAG  UUA ACC GCG CCC AUC Asn Trp Arg Gly stop
DNA
mRNA
tRNA
amino acids
12. Show why an substitution mutation may not result in a protein mutation, but a deletion or insertion mutation
will.
Insertions or deletion mutations shift all of the codons over or back by one base thus changing all of the codons after
that point in the sequence and potential the rest of the amino acids in the chain whereas a substitution mutation simply
replaces one base with another which may not result in any change to the protein since there is more that one codon
sequence for many of the amino acids.