IPv6 Global Status & Government of India Initiatives
MEMEX in 1945 : memex is a device in which an individual would compress and store all of their books, records, and communications, "mechanized so that it may be consulted with exceeding speed and flexibility". The memex would provide an "enlarged intimate supplement to one's memory"
A mathematical Theory of Communication in 1948 : is the basis of information theory today
First Vast Computer Network Envisioned in 1962 o o o
We can accomplish a lot by having a vast network of computers to use for accessing information and exchanging ideas
Joseph Licklider theorized that in such a system, the speed of the computers would be balanced, and the cost of the gigantic memories and the sophisticated programs would be divided by the number of users.
Robert Metcalfe, ARPANET engineer and inventor of Ethernet, the means by which to interconnect hosts
Packet Switching Invented in 1964 o o o
Packet switching can be used to send digitized data though computer networks
Claude Shannon, Nobel Prize winner for his master’s thesis in 1936, “A
Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits”.
Paul Baran, packet switching networks developer & innovator from research at RAND organization.
The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) was established in
1958 to prevent strategic surprise from negatively impacting U.S. national security and create strategic surprise for U.S. adversaries by maintaining the technological superiority of the U.S. military
In early 1960s , USA sought nuclear war proof communication system . ARPA was given the responsibility of solving the problem. They devised a communication system that would still work if one or more "nodes" of the system were destroyed. A kind of communications web, that if one link of the web was broken, information could flow around the broken link to get to its final destination.
Later, in 1969, ARPA linked university computers and researchers to the network to assist them in conducting basic research through information sharing. This project became known as the ARPAnet. In 1977 ARPAnet engineers realized that the new communications network was going to grow into something much larger than originally anticipated so new communication technology would be required.
They devised a communication protocol known as TCP/IP, or transmission control

protocol/internet protocol. TCP/IP remains the fundamental way computer file are moved around the Internet today.
Under TCP/IP a file is broken into smaller parts called "packets" by the file server. Each packet is assigned an IP (Internet protocol) address of the computer it has to travel to. As the packet moves through the network it is
"switched" by a number of servers along the way toward its destination. The IP address tells those servers which way to switch the packet. Each time the packet is switched a "wrapper" is added to the packet – this way we can tell how many computers and which computer handled the file while it was in transit. In
Australia, a file coming from the States can be switched up to 15 times, that is fifteen computers were required to deliver the packet to the destination computer.
The packets do not necessarily travel together on the Internet. Packets from the same file may travel via different paths through different servers, but toward the same destination. Packaging technology allows us to use limited bandwidth most efficiently
On January 1, 1984, all of the ARPAnet ( 1000 hosts) was switched to TCP/IP and became what is now known as the Internet. The US National Science
Foundation (NSF) funded most of the early development of the Internet, but on
April 30, 1995, the U.S. government released the Internet to commercial networks and service providers and shut down the old National Science
Foundation backbone.
In March 1989, Tim Berners-Lee at the European Laboratory for Particle Physics
(CERN) proposed a new set of protocols for Internet information distribution.
They were; http (hyper text transfer protocol), ftp (file transfer protocol), pop
(post office protocol), smtp (simple mail transfer protocol) and nntp (newsgroups protocol). These five protocols became known as the World Wide Web protocols and the W3 protocols and were soon adopted by the early Internet community. A consortium of organizations was formed to oversee Internet development and became known as the W3 Consortium. No organisation or individual owns the Internet.
Before the World Wide Web, the Internet consisted mostly of electronic mail (email), newsgroups and ftp. Tools were invented to help categorize what information could be found and where it was, but the Internet was not what you would call "user friendly". If you needed a particular computer program or file, it was nearly impossible to find unless you knew exactly where it was.
Today however, we have specific software to address each of the W3 protocols.
We have "browsers" to help us locate and look at web pages. We have e-mail clients to help us create, send and receive e-mail. We have newsreaders just to read news, FTP clients just to download program files and chat clients to help us do Internet Rely Chat. Today you don’t have to be a rocket scientist to work out where to find information and what to do when you get there.

An Internet Protocol address (IP address) is a numerical label assigned to each device
(e.g., computer, printer, RFID, Mobile Phone) participating in a computer network that uses the Internet Protocol for communication. An IP address serves two principal functions: host or network interface identification and location addressing. Its role has been characterized as follows: "A name indicates what we seek. An address indicates where it is. A route indicates how to get there.”
IP version 4 addresses
Decomposition of an IPv4 address from Dotted Decimal Notation to its binary value.
In IPv4 an address consists of 32 bits which limits the address space
to 4294967296 (232) possible unique addresses. IPv4 reserves some addresses for special purposes such as private network (~18 million addresses) or multicast addresses (~270 million addresses).
IPv4 addresses are canonically represented in dot-decimal notation, which consists of four decimal numbers, each ranging from 0 to 255, separated by dots, e.g.,
172.16.254.1. Each part represents a group of 8 bits (octet) of the address. In some cases of technical writing, IPv4 addresses may be presented in various hexadecimal, octal, or binary representations.
IPv6 Address :
The rapid exhaustion of IPv4 address space, despite conservation techniques, prompted the Internet Engineering Task Force(IETF) to explore new technologies to expand the
Internet's addressing capability. The permanent solution was deemed to be a redesign of the Internet Protocol itself. This next generation of the Internet Protocol, intended to replace IPv4 on the Internet, was eventually named Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6) in 1995. The address size was increased from 32 to 128 bits or 16 octets. This, even with a generous assignment of network blocks, is deemed sufficient for the foreseeable future. Mathematically, the new address space provides the potential for a maximum of
2128, or about 3.403×10 38 unique addresses.

The new design is not intended to provide a sufficient quantity of addresses on its own, but rather to allow efficient aggregation of subnet routing prefixes to occur at routing nodes. As a result, routing table sizes are smaller, and the smallest possible individual allocation is a subnet for 2 64 hosts, which is the square of the size of the entire IPv4
Internet. At these levels, actual address utilization rates will be small on any IPv6 network segment. The new design also provides the opportunity to separate the addressing infrastructure of a network segment — that is the local administration of the segment's available space — from the addressing prefix used to route external traffic for a network. IPv6 has facilities that automatically change the routing prefix of entire networks, should the global connectivity or the routing policy change, without requiring internal redesign or renumbering.

About IP address
 IP address is a finite common resource
 Managed in the common interest by IANA at tier 1 and RIRs at tier 2
 Critical to maintenance of global Internet
 Not “owned” by address users
 Not property
 Cannot be bought, sold, or traded…
 Provided on a “license” basis
 Returned to registry or provider when no longer required
"Microsoft has managed to purchase 666,624 IP addresses from the bankrupt
Canadian company Nortel for $7.5 million. This works out to $11.25/ip. An exact list of blocks isn't available yet. There has been a lot of discussion on NANOG about whether this allowed or not, and what the implications to the dwindling IPv4 pool may be. Is this the first of many such moves as IPv4 address space has run out?
Will ARIN step in and block the sale/transfer? How long will such measures drag out the eventual necessity of IPv6?"

We would like to adjust our
LIR IPv6 Training Course depending on the country we are in. Therefore we looked at the
"IPv6 ripeness" (pun intended) of the LIRs in that particular country.
We created a rating system, in which LIRs can get up to four
“stars” for IPv6 services, depending on the following criteria: IPv6 allocation, visibility in the Routing Information Service
( RIS ), route6 object in the RIPE
Database and reverse DNS delegation set up.
Overall, 8% of LIRs have achieved four-star IPv6 ripeness. Please find below more detailed results and a description of the methodology used.
Detailed Results
The graph below shows the percentage of LIRs with zero to four stars for each country in the
RIPE NCC service region that has five or more LIRs. This provides an indication of the level of IPv6 deployment in a specific country and in the RIPE NCC service region as a whole.

Figure 1: Level of IPv6 deployment per country (April 2010)
The graph shows that 27% of all LIRs in the RIPE NCC service region have at least one IPv6 allocation.
And 8% have achieved four-star IPv6 ripeness.
Slovenia shows the best results: 67% of LIRs in Slovenia have at least one star, while 25% have four stars! In absolute numbers that means 8 out of their 34 LIRs have achieved four star IPv6 ripeness.
The bad news is that, overall, almost three quarters of all LIRs (indicated by the white bars on the graph) have not even requested IPv6 space yet. That is why we are targeting our IPv6 courses for LIRs to those countries with the smallest IPv6 ripeness ratings. The results of this study help the RIPE NCC to adjust the course material to the levels of IPv6 deployment in a given country.
Please watch also the IPv6 ripeness movie that shows the IPv6 ripeness ratings over time for the period between January 2004 and May 2010.
Methodology
We looked at all LIRs registered in the RIPE NCC service region and determined their home country based on their Reg-ID (country-code.name). We realise that the actual location, or even some of the services the LIR provides, might be in a different country, or in multiple countries.
In order to earn the first star, an LIR must have received an IPv6 allocation, or a PI assignment.
Requesting
IPv6 address space and fulfilling the criteria for an initial allocation is relatively easy: the organisation simply has to “have a plan for making sub-allocations to other organisations and/or End Site assignments within two years.”
Additional stars can be earned if:

The IPv6 prefix is visible in the Routing Information System . For us, this means that the prefix is announced; it can happen, though, that address space is announced to peers and upstreams, but is still not visible in RIS.

A route6 object for the IPv6 prefix is registered in the RIPE Database. Note that this is not absolutely necessary for deploying IPv6, but it is a measure of good housekeeping. Some transit providers or
Internet Exchange Points use route(6) objects as a requirement for accepting customers or peers. The
RIPE NCC Routing Registry training course explains this in detail.

Reverse DNS is set up for the IPv6 prefix. This is not strictly necessary for a working IPv6 service, but it is seen as good practice.

If an LIR has multiple IPv6 address allocations, de-aggregated prefixes, multiple route6 objects or less specific reverse DNS delegation, that LIR would still only receive one star in each category in the rating system.
In order to anonymise the results, we decided to only show countries that have more than five LIRs.
Please also note that this rating system does not guarantee that an LIR that has four stars has a working IPv6 setup. On the other hand, an LIR that has one star only (that means it has an IPv6 allocation but does not fulfill any of the other criteria) may very well have a functioning IPv6 network (just hasn't done very good housekeeping... yet).
All measurements are based on data in the Internet Number Resource Database ( INRDB ).

India ranks #18* in IPv4 address allocation behind Taiwan and Netherlands
 IPv4 address stats: US-1.4B, CN-204M, JP-159M, NL-22M, IN-18.8M*
 Anomaly: At rank #3, India has great Internet potential by usage but grossly insufficient resources
ASIA REGION
Asia Only
Rest of World
WORLD TOTAL
INTERNET USERS AND POPULATION STATISTICS FOR ASIA
Population
( 2011 Est. )
Pop.
% World
3,879,740,877 56.0 %
3,050,314,277 44.0 %
6,930,055,154 100.0 %
Internet Users,
Latest Data
932,393,209
1,178,372,601
2,110,765,810
Penetration
(% Population)
Users
% World
Facebook
Subscribers
24.0 % 44.2 % 152,957,480
38.6 % 55.8 % 557,771,240
30.5 % 100.0 % 710,728,720

Country
United States
China
Japan
European Union
South Korea
Germany
France
United Kingdom
Canada
Australia
Total number of IPv4 addresses:
2 32 : 4294967296 4294.97 million
Class D+E: 536870912 - 536.87 million -
Nets 0 and 127: 33554432 - 33.55 million -
RFC 1918: 17891328 - 17.89 million -
---------- --------------- -
Usable: 3706650624 3706.65 million
India’s IPv4 Status as on 31-08-2011
Country Code Addresses(million)
KR
DE
FR
GB
US
CN
JP
EU
CA
AU
1533.93
331.67
202.09
152.83
112.22
95.86
84.32
83.56
79.95
47.54
Per Capita
2.40
1.17
1.42
1.40
5.51
0.26
1.59
-
2.57
2.52

Brazil
Italy
Russian Federation
Taiwan
BR
IT
RU
TW
India IN
Netherlands NL
Sweden SE http://www.bgpexpert.com/addressespercountry.php
44.37
38.58
36.89
35.38
34.67
25.01
22.98
0.26
0.67
0.25
1.59
0.03
1.58
2.59
IPv4 addresses per country allotted from Jan 2009 to Aug 2011:
Country Country code Addresses Per capita

China CN
United States US
South Korea KR
Japan JP
India IN
Brazil BR
Germany DE
Russian Federation RU
United Kingdom GB
Australia AU
France FR
149.94 million
84.66 million
44.35 million
37.80 million
16.92 million
14.68 million
14.59 million
14.07 million
13.26 million
12.93 million
12.79 million
0.12
0.30
0.95
0.30
0.02
0.09
0.18
0.10
0.22
0.68
0.22
Only 18.5 million IPv4 addresses for a population of 1.2 billion in India.

 But the requirement for IP addresses will keep increasing with new services, new networks, new applications.
 Telecommunications will be largest consumer of IP addresses in coming years (Broadband, 3G,
NGN, 4G, LTE etc.)
 IPv4 is a diminishing resource and is very costly compared to IPv6 right now and will be more costlier with passage of time
IPv6 is the only solution !

Steering Committee (To Head the Working Groups in Task Force)
Advisor(T)/Member(T)
Chairman
Sr.DDG, TEC
Vice Chairman
Senior Officers of
DoT/ DIT/TEC
DDG( NT ),
Convener
Industry Associations / Heads of Service
Providers / Key Govt. Departments / Key
Educational Institutions / Industry Forums / eminent persons
38
Structure of “India IPv6 Task Force”
39

Lead & Co-Lead Organizations for Working Groups
1.
2.
3.
4..
5.
6.
7.
8.
Sr.No.
9.
10.
Name of the Working Group
Training and Awareness WG
IPv6 Network Implementation WG
Standards and Specifications WG
India6 Network WG
Experimental IPv6 Network WG
Pilot Project WG
Applications support WG
Knowledge Resource Development
WG
IPv6 Implementation in the
Government WG
Network Security WG
Lead Service
Provider /
Organization
BSNL
TEC
TEC
Tata
Communications
SIFY
DIT
Tech Mahindra
ISPAI
DoT
DoT
Co-Lead Organizations
CMAI, CISCO, TATA
CISCO, BSNL, SIFY, NIC
CDOT, IPv6 Forum
COAI, AUSPI, DoT, CISCO
TEC, Juniper
Tech Mahindra, ERNET
UTStarcom, CDOT, IAMAI
BSNL, IAMAI, NIXI
TEC, M/o Railways, NASSCOM,
CCAOI
M/o Defence, MHA, IISc Bangalore
11
13
16
18
130
6
No. of
Members
21
66
20
22
Note: Each working Group will be headed by a Lead Organization
40
WG-1 (Training and Awareness for ~ 250,000 persons)
• Hands-on trainings in association with APNIC, IISc and other organizations
• IPv6 Certification programs for qualified engineers
• Trainings for nodal officers from government
• Conducting Workshops, seminars and conferences
WG-2 (IPv6 Network Implementation)

Studying the different network scenarios and make action plans for individual service providers / organizations.
WG-3 (IPv6 Standards and Specifications)

Coordinate with TEC for development of common IPv6 specifications for the country, which will be followed by all stakeholders.

WG-4 (India6 Network)
• To study, plan and prepare a project report for building a nationwide
IPv6 Carrier Network called “Transition Pipe”, which will be entrusted to one of the operators
WG-5 (Experimental IPv6 Network)
• Study, plan and prepare to build this network, which can then be used for experimentation by different vendors and organizations both from the public and the private sector.
WG-6 (Pilot Projects on “Greenfield Applications”)
• Prepare Plans, project reports, funding models and coordinate with different government and service providers to take up the deployment of such pilot projects to demonstrate the IPv6 capabilities
WG-7 (Application Support)

Facilitate the transition of existing content and applications and development of new content and applications on IPv6.
WG-8 (Knowledge Resource Development)

To ensure active participation of the educational institutes

Involved in the change of curriculum to include study of IPv6 as a subject.
WG-9 (IPv6 Implementation in Government)

Pursue with different government departments for implementation of IPv6.

Guidance on solving problems related to implementation of IPv6


Members will be drawn from nodal officers in various government departments for active participation
WG-10 (Network Security)

Research on Security related issues in IPv6

Development of security protocols specific to India for use in Indian
Networks