Supplementary 1: 204 Eddy covariance flux sites used in this study: site ID, site name, country, latitude, longitude, elevation, IGBP class, and climate group. Source: Fluxdata.org IGBP class Climate group Citation GRA Temperate Wohlfahrt et al. (200 WET Tropical WSA Tropical Chen et al. (2003) EBF Temperate Leuning et al. (2005) 545 EBF Temperate 4.52 16 MF Temperate Janssens et al. (2001) 50.55 4.74 167 CRO Temperate Moureaux et al. (200 50.31 6.00 450 MF Temperate Van Dijk (2004) Brazil -9.82 -50.16 TBD EBF Tropical Da Rocha et al. (2009 Caxiuana Forest-Almeirim Brazil -1.72 -51.46 TBD EBF Tropical Carswell et al. (2002 BR-Ji2 Rond.- Rebio Jaru Ji Parana- Tower A Brazil -10.08 -61.93 120 EBF Tropical Kruijt et al. (2004) BR-Ma2 Manaus - ZF2 K34 Brazil -2.61 -60.21 120 EBF Tropical Keller et al. (2004) BR-Sa1 Santarem-Km67-Primary Forest Brazil -2.86 -54.96 TBD EBF Tropical Keller et al. (2004) BR-Sa2 Santarem-Km77-Pasture Brazil -3.01 -54.54 TBD CRO Tropical Keller et al. (2004) BR-Sa3 Santarem-Km83-Logged Forest Brazil -3.02 -54.97 TBD EBF Tropical Keller et al. (2004) BR-Sp1 Sao Paulo Cerrado Brazil -21.62 -47.65 690 WSA Tropical Baker et al. (2004) BW-Ma1 Maun- Mopane Woodland Botswana -19.92 23.56 950 WSA Dry (arid and semi arid) Swap et al. (2004) CA-Ca1 British Columbia- Campbell River - Mature Forest Site Canada 49.87 -125.33 300 ENF Temperate Humphreys et al. (20 CA-Ca2 British Columbia- Campbell River - Clearcut Site Canada 49.87 -125.29 300 ENF Temperate Humphreys et al. (20 CA-Ca3 British Columbia- Campbell River - Young Plantation Site Canada 49.53 -124.90 TBD ENF Humphreys et al. (20 CA-Gro Ontario- Groundhog River-Mat. Boreal Mixed Wood Canada 48.22 -82.16 TBD MF CA-Let Lethbridge Canada 49.71 -112.94 960 GRA Temperate Temperate-Continental with hot or warm summers Temperate-Continental with hot or warm summers CA-Man BOREAS NSA - Old Black Spruce Canada 55.88 -98.48 259 ENF Dunn et al. (2007) CA-Mer Eastern Peatland- Mer Bleue Canada 45.41 -75.52 70 WET Boreal Temperate-Continental with hot or warm summers CA-NS1 UCI-1850 burn site Canada 55.88 -98.48 260 ENF Boreal Goulden et al. (2006) CA-NS2 UCI-1930 burn site Canada 55.91 -98.52 260 ENF Boreal Goulden et al. (2006) Site Name Country Latitude Longitude Elevation AT-Neu Neustift/Stubai Valley Austria 47.12 11.32 970 AU-Fog Fogg Dam Australia -12.54 131.31 TBD AU-How AU-Tum Howard Springs Australia -12.49 131.15 TBD Tumbarumba Australia -35.66 148.15 1200 AU-Wac Wallaby Creek Australia -37.43 145.19 BE-Bra Brasschaat (De Inslag Forest) Belgium 51.31 BE-Lon Lonzee Belgium BE-Vie Vielsalm Belgium BR-Ban Ecotone Bananal Island BR-Cax McCaughey et al. (20 Zhang et al. (2005) Lafleur et al. (2003) CA-NS3 UCI-1964 burn site Canada 55.91 -98.38 260 ENF Boreal Goulden et al. (2006) CA-NS4 UCI-1964 burn site wet Canada 55.91 -98.38 260 ENF Boreal Goulden et al. (2006) CA-NS5 UCI-1981 burn site Canada 55.86 -98.49 260 ENF Boreal Goulden et al. (2006) CA-NS6 UCI-1989 burn site Canada 55.92 -98.96 TBD OSH Boreal Goulden et al. (2006) CA-NS7 UCI-1998 burn site Canada 56.64 -99.95 TBD OSH Boreal Goulden et al. (2006) CA-Oas Sask.- SSA Old Aspen Canada 53.63 -106.20 530 DBF Boreal Gu et al. (1999) CA-Obs Sask.- SSA Old Black Spruce Canada 53.99 -105.12 628.94 ENF Boreal Margolis and Ryan (1 CA-Ojp Sask.- SSA Old Jack Pine Canada 53.92 -104.69 579 ENF Boreal Margolis and Ryan (1 CA-Qcu Quebec Boreal Cutover Site Canada 49.27 -74.04 392.3 ENF Boreal Giasson et al. (2006) CA-Qfo Quebec Mature Boreal Forest Site Canada 49.69 -74.34 382 ENF Boreal Bergeron et al. (2007 CA-SJ2 Sask.- 2002 Harvested Jack Pine Canada 53.94 -104.65 580 ENF CA-TP4 Ontario- Turkey Point Mature White Pine Canada 42.71 -80.36 184 ENF Boreal Temperate-Continental with hot or warm summers Arain and Restrepo-C Arain (2007) CA-WP1 Western Peatland- LaBiche-Black Spruce/Larch Fen Canada 54.95 -112.47 540 WET Boreal Syed et al. (2006) CH-Oe1 Oensingen1 grass Switzerland 47.29 7.73 450 GRA Temperate Ammann et al. (2007 CN-Anh Anhui Huaining China 33.00 117.00 DBF Han et al. (2009) CN-Cha Changbaishan China 42.40 128.10 761 MF SubTropical-Mediterranean Temperate-Continental with hot or warm summers CN-Do1 Dongtan 1 (CM1) China 31.52 121.96 3.50 WET SubTropical-Mediterranean Yan et al. (2008) CN-Do2 Dongtan 2 (CM2) China 31.58 121.90 3.50 WET SubTropical-Mediterranean Yan et al. (2008) CN-Do3 Dongtan 3 (CM3) China 31.52 121.97 3.50 WET Yan et al. (2008) CN-Du1 Duolun_cropland (D02) China 42.05 116.67 1350 CRO CN-Du2 Duolun_grassland (D01) China 42.05 116.28 1350 GRA SubTropical-Mediterranean Temperate-Continental with hot or warm summers Temperate-Continental with hot or warm summers CN-HaM Haibei Alpine Tibet site China 37.37 101.18 3250 GRA Arctic Gu et al. (2005) CN-Hny Hunan Yueyang China 29.31 112.51 DBF SubTropical-Mediterranean Gao et al. (2015) CN-Ku1 Kubuqi_populus forest (K04) China 40.54 108.69 1020 EBF Dry (arid and semi arid) CN-Ku2 Kubuqi_shrubland (K05) China 40.38 108.55 1160 OSH Dry (arid and semi arid) CN-Xfs Xilinhot Inner Mongolia fenced typical steppe (TSX) China 44.13 116.33 GRA CN-Xi2 Xilinhot grassland site (X03) 43.55 116.67 1250 GRA CZ-BK1 Bily Kriz- Beskidy Mountains China Czech Republic 49.50 18.54 908 ENF Dry (arid and semi arid) Temperate-Continental with hot or warm summers Temperate-Continental with hot or warm summers Reichstein et al. (200 DE-Bay Bayreuth-Waldstein/WeidenBrunnen Germany 50.14 11.87 775 ENF Temperate Van Dijk (2004) TBD TBD TBD Guan et al. (2006) DE-Geb Gebesee Germany 51.10 10.91 161.5 CRO Temperate Anthoni et al. (2004) DE-Gri Grillenburg- grass station Germany 50.95 13.51 385 GRA Temperate Gilmanov et al. (2007 DE-Hai Hainich Germany 51.08 10.45 430 DBF Temperate Knohl et al. (2003) DE-Har Hartheim Germany 47.93 7.60 201 ENF Temperate Rost and Jaeger (200 DE-Kli Klingenberg - cropland Germany 50.89 13.52 480 CRO Temperate Prescher et al. (2010) DE-Meh Mehrstedt 1 Germany 51.28 10.66 286 GRA Temperate Don et al. (2009) DE-Tha Anchor Station Tharandt - old spruce Germany 50.96 13.57 380 ENF Temperate Feigenwinter et al. (2 DE-Wet Wetzstein Germany 50.45 11.46 785 ENF Temperate Anthoni et al. (2004) DK-Fou Foulum Denmark 56.48 9.59 51 CRO Temperate DK-Lva Lille Valby (Rimi) Denmark 55.68 12.08 15 GRA Temperate DK-Ris Risbyholm Denmark 55.53 12.10 10 CRO Temperate DK-Sor Soroe- LilleBogeskov Denmark 55.49 11.65 40 DBF Temperate Granier et al. (2002) ES-ES1 El Saler Spain 39.35 -0.32 10 ENF SubTropical-Mediterranean Reichstein et al. (200 ES-ES2 El Saler-Sueca Spain 39.28 -0.32 10 CRO SubTropical-Mediterranean Reichstein et al. (200 ES-LMa Las Majadas del Tietar Spain 39.94 -5.77 260 SAV SubTropical-Mediterranean ES-VDA Vall d'Alinya Spain 42.15 1.45 1770 GRA Temperate Gilmanov et al. (2007 FI-Hyy Hyytiala Finland 61.85 24.29 181 ENF Boreal Van Dijk (2004) FI-Kaa Kaamanen wetland Finland 69.14 27.30 155 WET Boreal Aurela et al. (2002) FI-Sii Siikaneva fen Finland 61.83 24.19 GRA Boreal Haapanala et al. (200 FI-Sod Sodankyla Finland 67.36 26.64 ENF Boreal Rinne et al. (2000) FR-Aur Aurade France 43.55 1.11 CRO Temperate FR-Fon Fontainebleau France 48.48 2.78 90 DBF Temperate FR-Gri Grignon (after 6/5/2005) France 48.84 1.95 125 CRO Temperate Hibbard et al. (2005) FR-Hes Hesse Forest- Sarrebourg France 48.67 7.06 300 DBF Temperate Hibbard et al. (2005) FR-LBr Le Bray (after 6/28/1998) France 44.72 -0.77 61 ENF Temperate Berbigier et al. (2001 FR-Lq1 Laqueuille France 45.64 2.74 1040 GRA Temperate Gilmanov et al. (2007 FR-Lq2 Laqueuille extensive France 45.64 2.74 1040 GRA Temperate Gilmanov et al. (2007 FR-Pue Puechabon 43.74 3.60 270 EBF SubTropical-Mediterranean Reichstein et al. (200 GF-Guy Guyaflux France French Guyana 5.28 -52.93 35 EBF Tropical HU-Bug Bugacpuszta Hungary 46.69 19.60 140 GRA Temperate TBD 180 TBD Gilmanov et al. (2007 Gilmanov et al. (2007 HU-Mat Matra Hungary 47.85 19.73 350 GRA Temperate ID-Pag Palangkaraya (PDF) Indonesia 2.35 114.04 30 EBF Tropical Hirano et al. (2007) IE-Ca1 Carlow1 Ireland 52.86 -6.92 50 CRO Temperate Gilmanov et al. (2007 IE-Dri Dripsey Ireland 51.99 -8.75 187 GRA Temperate IL-Yat Yatir Israel 31.34 35.05 650 ENF Dry (arid and semi arid) Reichstein et al. (200 IS-Gun Gunnarsholt Iceland 63.83 -20.22 78 DBF Temperate Van Dijk (2004) IT-Amp Amplero Italy 41.90 13.61 884.231 GRA SubTropical-Mediterranean Gilmanov et al. (2007 IT-BCi Borgo Cioffi Italy 40.52 14.96 20 CRO SubTropical-Mediterranean Reichstein et al. (200 IT-Col Collelongo- Selva Piana Italy 41.85 13.59 1550 DBF SubTropical-Mediterranean Valentini et al. (2000 IT-Cpz Castelporziano Italy 41.71 12.38 68.253 EBF SubTropical-Mediterranean Garbulsky et al. (200 IT-Lav Lavarone (after 3/2002) Italy 45.96 11.28 1353 ENF Temperate Rodeghiero and Cesc IT-Lec Lecceto Italy 43.30 11.27 314 EBF SubTropical-Mediterranean IT-LMa La Mandria Italy 45.58 7.15 350 GRA Temperate IT-Mal Malga Arpaco Italy 46.12 11.70 1730 GRA Temperate Gilmanov et al. (2007 IT-MBo Monte Bondone Italy 46.02 11.05 1550 GRA Temperate Gilmanov et al. (2007 IT-Noe Sardinia/Arca di No?? Italy 40.61 8.15 28 CSH SubTropical-Mediterranean Spano et al. (2005) IT-Non Nonantola Italy 44.69 11.09 25 DBF SubTropical-Mediterranean Reichstein et al. (200 IT-Pia Island of Pianosa Italy 42.58 10.08 18 OSH SubTropical-Mediterranean Reichstein et al. (200 IT-PT1 Zerbolo-Parco Ticino- Canarazzo Italy 45.20 9.06 60 DBF SubTropical-Mediterranean Migliavacca et al. (20 IT-Ren Renon/Ritten (Bolzano) Italy 46.59 11.43 1730 ENF Temperate Rebmann et al. (2005 IT-Ro1 Roccarespampani 1 Italy 42.41 11.93 234.771 DBF SubTropical-Mediterranean Rey et al. (2002) IT-Ro2 Roccarespampani 2 Italy 42.39 11.92 223.903 DBF SubTropical-Mediterranean Tedeschi et al. (2006 IT-SRo San Rossore Italy 43.73 10.28 4 ENF SubTropical-Mediterranean Reichstein et al. (200 IT-Vig Vigevano Italy 45.32 8.85 DBF SubTropical-Mediterranean JP-Mas Mase paddy flux site, Tsukuba, Japan (MSE) Japan 36.05 140.03 12 CRO JP-Tef Teshio Experimental Forest (TSE) Japan 45.06 142.11 70 MF JP-Tom Tomakomai National Forest Japan 42.74 141.51 140 MF SubTropical-Mediterranean Temperate-Continental with hot or warm summers Temperate-Continental with hot or warm summers KR-Hnm Haenam (HFK) Korea 34.55 126.57 KR-Kw1 Gwangneung Coniferous Forest (GCK) Korea 37.75 127.16 330 MF SubTropical-Mediterranean Temperate-Continental with hot or warm summers NL-Ca1 Cabauw Netherlands 51.97 4.93 0.7 GRA Temperate TBD TBD CRO Saito et al. (2005) Suzuki and Hiura (20 Gilmanov et al. (2007 NL-Hor Horstermeer Netherlands 52.03 5.07 NL-Lan Langerak Netherlands 51.95 4.90 -2.2 GRA Temperate CRO Temperate NL-Loo Loobos Netherlands 52.17 5.74 25 ENF Temperate PL-wet Polwet Poland 52.76 16.31 54.1 WET Temperate PT-Esp Espirra Portugal 38.64 -8.60 PT-Mi1 Mitra (Evora) Portugal 38.54 -8.00 95 EBF SubTropical-Mediterranean 250 EBF SubTropical-Mediterranean Reichstein et al. (200 PT-Mi2 Mitra IV Tojal Portugal 38.48 -8.02 190 GRA SubTropical-Mediterranean Gilmanov et al. (2007 RU-Che Cherskii Russia 68.61 161.34 MF ENF Boreal Temperate-Continental with hot or warm summers RU-Fyo Fyodorovskoye wet spruce stand Russia 56.46 32.92 RU-Ha1 Ubs Nur- Hakasija-grassland Russia 54.73 90.00 GRA Boreal Marchesini et al. (200 RU-Zot Zotino Russia 60.80 89.35 ENF Boreal Tanja et al. (2003) SE-Abi Abisko Sweden 68.36 18.79 DBF Arctic Johansson (2006) SE-Deg Degero Sweden 64.18 19.55 SE-Faj Fajemyr (NECC) Sweden 56.27 13.55 270 WET Boreal 140 WET Temperate Lund et al. (2007) SE-Fla Flakaliden Sweden 64.11 19.46 226 ENF Valentini et al. (2000 17.48 43 ENF Boreal Temperate-Continental with hot or warm summers SE-Nor Norunda Sweden 60.09 UK-AMo Auchencorth Moss- Scotland UK 55.79 -3.24 270 WET Temperate UK-EBu Easter Bush- Scotland UK 55.87 -3.21 190 GRA Temperate UK-ESa East Saltoun UK 55.91 -2.86 97 CRO Temperate UK-Gri UK-Ham Griffin- Aberfeldy-Scotland UK 56.61 -3.80 340 ENF Temperate Hampshire UK 51.15 -0.86 80 DBF Temperate UK-PL3 Pang/ Lambourne (forest) UK 51.45 -1.27 115 DBF Temperate UK-Tad Tadham Moor UK 51.21 -2.83 3 GRA Temperate US-ARb OK - ARM Southern Great Plains burn site- Lamont USA 35.55 -98.04 424 GRA SubTropical-Mediterranean US-ARc OK - ARM Southern Great Plains control site- Lamont USA 35.55 -98.04 424 GRA SubTropical-Mediterranean US-ARM OK - ARM Southern Great Plains site- Lamont USA 36.61 -97.49 314 CRO SubTropical-Mediterranean Fischer et al. (2007) US-Atq AK - Atqasuk USA 70.47 -157.41 15 WET Arctic Kwon et al. (2006); O US-Aud AZ - Audubon Research Ranch USA 31.59 -110.51 1469 GRA US-Bar NH - Bartlett Experimental Forest USA 44.06 -71.29 272 DBF Ollinger and Smith (2 US-Bkg SD - Brookings USA 44.35 -96.84 510 GRA Dry (arid and semi arid) Temperate-Continental with hot or warm summers Temperate-Continental with hot or warm summers TBD TBD 265 TBD 90 TBD Van Dijk (2004) Valentini et al. (2000 Van Dijk (2004) Gilmanov et al. (2005 US-Blo CA - Blodgett Forest USA 38.90 -120.63 1315 ENF SubTropical-Mediterranean Goldstein et al. (2000 US-Bn1 AK - Bonanza Creek, 1920 Burn site near Delta Junction USA 63.92 -145.38 518 ENF Boreal Liu et al. (2005) US-Bn2 AK - Bonanza Creek, 1987 Burn site near Delta Junction USA 63.92 -145.38 410 DBF Boreal Liu et al. (2005) US-Bn3 AK - Bonanza Creek, 1999 Burn site near Delta Junction USA 63.92 -145.74 469 OSH Liu et al. (2005) US-Bo1 IL - Bondville USA 40.01 -88.29 219 CRO US-Bo2 IL - Bondville (companion site) USA 40.01 -88.29 219 CRO Boreal Temperate-Continental with hot or warm summers Temperate-Continental with hot or warm summers US-Brw AK - Barrow USA 71.32 -156.63 1 WET Arctic Keyser et al. (2000) US-CaV WV - Canaan Valley USA 39.06 -79.42 994 GRA Temperate US-Dk1 NC - Duke Forest-open field USA 35.97 -79.09 168 GRA SubTropical-Mediterranean Novick et al. (2004) US-Dk2 NC - Duke Forest-hardwoods USA 35.97 -79.10 168 DBF SubTropical-Mediterranean Oishi et al. (2008) US-Dk3 NC - Duke Forest - loblolly pine USA 35.98 -79.09 163 ENF SubTropical-Mediterranean Oishi et al. (2008) US-Fmf AZ - Flagstaff - Managed Forest USA 35.14 -111.73 2160 ENF SubTropical-Mediterranean Dore et al. (2008) US-FPe MT - Fort Peck USA 48.31 -105.10 634 GRA Dry (arid and semi arid) US-Fuf AZ - Flagstaff - Unmanaged Forest USA 35.09 -111.76 2180 ENF Temperate-Continental Dore et al. (2008) US-Fwf AZ - Flagstaff - Wildfire USA 35.45 -111.77 2270 GRA Temperate-Continental Dore et al. (2008) US-Goo MS - Goodwin Creek USA 34.25 -89.87 87 GRA US-Ha1 MA - Harvard Forest EMS Tower (HFR1) USA 42.54 -72.17 340 DBF US-Ho1 ME - Howland Forest (main tower) USA 45.20 -68.74 60 ENF US-Ho2 USA 45.21 -68.75 91 ENF USA 41.86 -88.22 225-228 CRO US-IB2 ME - Howland Forest (west tower) IL - Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory- Batavia (Agricultural site) IL - Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory- Batavia (Prairie site) USA 41.84 -88.24 225-228 GRA SubTropical-Mediterranean Temperate-Continental with hot or warm summers Temperate-Continental with hot or warm summers Temperate-Continental with hot or warm summers Temperate-Continental with hot or warm summers Temperate-Continental with hot or warm summers US-Ivo AK - Ivotuk USA 68.49 -155.75 TBD WET Arctic US-KS1 FL - Kennedy Space Center (slash pine) USA 28.46 -80.67 TBD ENF SubTropical-Mediterranean US-KS2 FL - Kennedy Space Center (scrub oak) USA 28.61 -80.67 3 CSH Powell et al. (2006) US-Los WI - Lost Creek USA 46.08 -89.98 480 CSH SubTropical-Mediterranean Temperate-Continental with hot or warm summers US-Me2 OR - Metolius-intermediate aged ponderosa pine USA 44.45 -121.56 1253 ENF SubTropical-Mediterranean Thomas et al. (2009) US-Me3 OR - Metolius-second young aged pine USA 44.32 -121.61 1005 ENF SubTropical-Mediterranean Vickers et al. (2009) US-Me4 OR - Metolius-old aged ponderosa pine USA 44.50 -121.62 922 ENF SubTropical-Mediterranean Law et al. (2001); An US-MMS IN - Morgan Monroe State Forest USA 39.32 -86.41 275 DBF SubTropical-Mediterranean Curtis et al. (2002) US-IB1 Hollinger et al. (2005 Hollinger et al. (2005 Goulden et al. (1996) Hollinger et al. (2004 Hollinger et al. (1999 Matamala et al. (2008 Matamala et al. (2008 Epstein et al. (2004) Baker et al. (2003) US-MOz MO - Missouri Ozark Site USA 38.74 -92.20 219.4 DBF SubTropical-Mediterranean Gu et al. (2006) US-NC1 NC - NC_Clearcut USA 35.81 -76.71 5 OSH SubTropical-Mediterranean Noormets et al. (2012 US-NC2 NC - NC_Loblolly Plantation USA 35.80 -76.67 12 ENF Noormets et al. (2010 US-Ne1 NE - Mead - irrigated continuous maize site USA 41.17 -96.48 361 CRO US-Ne2 NE - Mead - irrigated maize-soybean rotation site USA 41.16 -96.47 362 CRO US-Ne3 NE - Mead - rainfed maize-soybean rotation site USA 41.18 -96.44 363 CRO SubTropical-Mediterranean Temperate-Continental with hot or warm summers Temperate-Continental with hot or warm summers Temperate-Continental with hot or warm summers US-NR1 CO - Niwot Ridge Forest (LTER NWT1) USA 40.03 -105.55 3050 ENF Monson et al. (2005) US-Oho OH - Oak Openings USA 41.55 -83.84 230 DBF US-PFa WI - Park Falls/WLEF USA 45.95 -90.27 470 MF Boreal Temperate-Continental with hot or warm summers Temperate-Continental with hot or warm summers US-SO2 CA - Sky Oaks- Old Stand USA 33.37 -116.62 1394 CSH SubTropical-Mediterranean Stylinski et al. (2002 US-SO3 CA - Sky Oaks- Young Stand USA 33.38 -116.62 1429 CSH SubTropical-Mediterranean Stylinski et al. (2002 US-SO4 CA - Sky Oaks- New Stand USA 33.38 -116.64 1429 CSH SubTropical-Mediterranean Stylinski et al. (2002 US-SP1 FL - Slashpine-Austin Cary- 65yrs nat regen USA 29.74 -82.22 50 ENF SubTropical-Mediterranean Gholz and Clark (200 US-SP2 FL - Slashpine-Mize-clearcut-3yr,regen USA 29.76 -82.24 50 ENF SubTropical-Mediterranean Clark et al. (2004) US-SP3 FL - Slashpine-Donaldson-mid-rot- 12yrs USA 29.75 -82.16 50 ENF SubTropical-Mediterranean Clark et al. (2004) US-SRM AZ - Santa Rita Mesquite USA 31.82 -110.87 1120 WSA Scott et al. (2009) US-Syv MI - Sylvania Wilderness Area USA 46.24 -89.35 540 MF Dry (arid and semi arid) Temperate-Continental with hot or warm summers US-Ton CA - Tonzi Ranch USA 38.43 -120.97 177 WSA Ma et al. (2007) US-UMB MI - Univ. of Mich. Biological Station USA 45.56 -84.71 234 DBF SubTropical-Mediterranean Temperate-Continental with hot or warm summers US-Var CA - Vaira Ranch- Ione USA 38.41 -120.95 129 GRA Ma et al. (2007) US-WCr WI - Willow Creek USA 45.81 -90.08 520 DBF US-Wi0 WI - Young red pine (YRP) USA 46.62 -91.08 TBD ENF US-Wi4 WI - Mature red pine (MRP) USA 46.74 -91.17 TBD ENF US-Wi5 WI - Mixed young jack pine (MYJP) USA 46.65 -91.09 TBD ENF US-Wi6 WI - Pine barrens #1 (PB1) USA 46.62 -91.30 TBD OSH US-Wi9 WI - Young Jack pine (YJP) USA 46.62 -91.08 TBD ENF SubTropical-Mediterranean Temperate-Continental with hot or warm summers Temperate-Continental with hot or warm summers Temperate-Continental with hot or warm summers Temperate-Continental with hot or warm summers Temperate-Continental with hot or warm summers Temperate-Continental with hot or warm summers US-Wkg AZ - Walnut Gulch Kendall Grasslands USA 31.74 -109.94 1531 GRA Dry (arid and semi arid) Scott et al. (2010) US-Wrc WA - Wind River Crane Site USA 45.82 -121.95 371 ENF Temperate Chen et al. (2002) Suyker et al. (2005) Suyker et al. (2005) Suyker et al. (2005) Noormets et al. (2008 Davis et al. (2003) Desai et al. (2005) Curtis et al. (2002) Desai et al. (2005) Noormets et al. (2007 Noormets et al. (2007 Chen et al. (2004); N Desai et al. (2008) Chen et al. (2004); N VU-Coc CocoFlux Vanuatu -15.44 167.19 80 EBF Tropical Roupsard et al. (2006 ZA-Kru Skukuza- Kruger National Park South Africa -25.02 31.50 365 SAV SubTropical-Mediterranean Scholes et al. (2001) References: Ammann C, Flechard C, Leifeld J, Neftel A, Fuhrer J (2007) The carbon budget of newly established temperate grassland depends on management intensity. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment 121(1):5-20 Anthoni PM, Knohl A, Rebmann C et al (2004) Forest and agricultural land-use-dependent CO2 exchange in Thuringia, Germany. Global Change Biol 10(12):2005-2019 Anthoni PM, Unsworth MH, Law BE et al (2002) Seasonal differences in carbon and water vapor exchange in young and old-growth ponderosa pine ecosystems. Agr Forest Meteorol 111(3):203-222 Arain AA, Restrepo-Coupe N (2005) Net ecosystem production in a temperate pine plantation in southeastern Canada. Agr Forest Meteorol 128(3-4):223-241 Aurela M, Laurila T, Tuovinen JP (2002) Annual CO2 balance of a subarctic fen in northern Europe: importance of the wintertime efflux. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (1984–2012) 107(D21):ACH 17-1-ACH 17-12 Baker I, Denning AS, Hanan N et al (2003) Simulated and observed fluxes of sensible and latent heat and CO2 at the WLEF‐TV tower using SiB2. 5. Global Change Biol 9(9):1262-1277 Baker TR, Phillips OL, Malhi Y et al (2004) Variation in wood density determines spatial patterns in Amazonian forest biomass. Global Change Biol 10(5):545-562 Berbigier P, Bonnefond J-M, Mellmann P (2001) CO2 and water vapour fluxes for 2 years above Euroflux forest site. Agr Forest Meteorol 108(3):183-197 Bergeron O, Margolis HA, Black TA et al (2007) Comparison of carbon dioxide fluxes over three boreal black spruce forests in Canada. Global Change Biol 13(1):89-107 Carswell F, Costa A, Palheta M et al (2002) Seasonality in CO2 and H2O flux at an eastern Amazonian rain forest. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (1984–2012) 107(D20):LBA 43-1-LBA 43-16 Chen J, Brosofske KD, Noormets A et al (2004) A working framework for quantifying carbon sequestration in disturbed land mosaics. Environ Manage 33(1):S210-S221 Chen JQ, Falk M, Euskirchen E et al (2002) Biophysical controls of carbon flows in three successional Douglas-fir stands based on eddy-covariance measurements. Tree Physiol 22(2-3):169-177 Chen X, Hutley LB, Eamus D (2003) Carbon balance of a tropical savanna of northern Australia. Oecologia 137(3):405-416 Clark KL, Gholz HL, Castro MS (2004) Carbon dynamics along a chronosequence of slash pine plantations in north Florida. Ecol Appl 14(4):1154-1171 Curtis PS, Hanson PJ, Bolstad P et al (2002) Biometric and eddy-covariance based estimates of annual carbon storage in five eastern North American deciduous forests. Agr Forest Meteorol 113(1-4):3-19 Da Rocha HR, Manzi AO, Cabral OM et al (2009) Patterns of water and heat flux across a biome gradient from tropical forest to savanna in Brazil. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences (2005–2012) 114(G1) Davis KJ, Bakwin PS, Yi CX et al (2003) The annual cycles of CO2 and H2O exchange over a northern mixed forest as observed from a very tall tower. Global Change Biol 9(9):1278-1293 Desai AR, Bolstad PV, Cook BD, Davis KJ, Carey EV (2005) Comparing net ecosystem exchange of carbon dioxide between an oldgrowth and mature forest in the upper Midwest, USA. Agr Forest Meteorol 128(1-2):33-55 Desai AR, Noormets A, Bolstad PV et al (2008) Influence of vegetation and seasonal forcing on carbon dioxide fluxes across the Upper Midwest, USA: Implications for regional scaling. Agr Forest Meteorol 148(2):288-308 Don A, Rebmann C, Kolle O, Scherer-Lorenzen M, Schulze ED (2009) Impact of afforestation-associated management changes on the carbon balance of grassland. Global Change Biol 15(8):1990-2002 Dore S, Kolb T, Montes‐Helu M et al (2008) Long‐term impact of a stand‐replacing fire on ecosystem CO2 exchange of a Ponderosa pine forest. Global Change Biol 14(8):1801-1820 Dunn AL, Barford CC, Wofsy SC, Goulden ML, Daube BC (2007) A long-term record of carbon exchange in a boreal black spruce forest: means, responses to interannual variability, and decadal trends. Global Change Biol 13(3):577-590 Epstein HE, Calef MP, Walker MD, Chapin FS, Starfield AM (2004) Detecting changes in arctic tundra plant communities in response to warming over decadal time scales. Global Change Biol 10(8):1325-1334 Feigenwinter C, Bernhofer C, Vogt R (2004) The influence of advection on the short term CO 2-budget in and above a forest canopy. Bound-lay Meteorol 113(2):201-224 Fischer ML, Billesbach DP, Berry JA, Riley WJ, Torn MS (2007) Spatiotemporal variations in growing season exchanges of CO2, H2O, and sensible heat in agricultural fields of the Southern Great Plains. Earth Interact 11 Gao S, Chen J, Tang Y et al (2015) Ecosystem carbon (CO2 and CH4) fluxes of a Populus dettoides plantation in subtropical China during and post clear-cutting. Forest Ecol Manag 357:206-219 Garbulsky MF, Penuelas J, Papale D, Filella I (2008) Remote estimation of carbon dioxide uptake by a Mediterranean forest. Global Change Biol 14(12):2860-2867 Gholz HL, Clark KL (2002) Energy exchange across a chronosequence of slash pine forests in Florida. Agr Forest Meteorol 112(2):87-102 Giasson M-A, Coursolle C, Margolis HA (2006) Ecosystem-level CO 2 fluxes from a boreal cutover in eastern Canada before and after scarification. Agr Forest Meteorol 140(1):23-40 Gilmanov TG, Soussana JE, Aires L et al (2007) Partitioning European grassland net ecosystem CO2 exchange into gross primary productivity and ecosystem respiration using light response function analysis. Agr Ecosyst Environ 121(1-2):93-120 Gilmanov TG, Tieszen LL, Wylie BK et al (2005) Integration of CO2 flux and remotely-sensed data for primary production and ecosystem respiration analyses in the Northern Great Plains: potential for quantitative spatial extrapolation. Global Ecol Biogeogr 14(3):271-292 Goldstein AH, Hultman NE, Fracheboud JM et al (2000) Effects of climate variability on the carbon dioxide, water, and sensible heat fluxes above a ponderosa pine plantation in the Sierra Nevada (CA). Agr Forest Meteorol 101(2-3):113-129 Goulden ML, Munger JW, Fan SM, Daube BC, Wofsy SC (1996) Measurements of carbon sequestration by long-term eddy covariance: Methods and a critical evaluation of accuracy. Global Change Biol 2(3):169-182 Goulden ML, Winston GC, McMillan AMS et al (2006) An eddy covariance mesonet to measure the effect of forest age on landatmosphere exchange. Global Change Biol 12(11):2146-2162 Granier A, Pilegaard K, Jensen NO (2002) Similar net ecosystem exchange of beech stands located in France and Denmark. Agr Forest Meteorol 114(1-2):75-82 Gu L, Meyers T, Pallardy SG et al (2006) Direct and indirect effects of atmospheric conditions and soil moisture on surface energy partitioning revealed by a prolonged drought at a temperate forest site. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (1984–2012) 111(D16) Gu LH, Shugart HH, Fuentes JD, Black TA, Shewchuk SR (1999) Micrometeorology, biophysical exchanges and NEE decomposition in a two-story boreal forest - development and test of an integrated model. Agr Forest Meteorol 94(2):123-148 Gu S, Tang YH, Cui XY et al (2005) Energy exchange between the atmosphere and a meadow ecosystem on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. Agr Forest Meteorol 129(3-4):175-185 Guan D-X, Wu J-B, Zhao X-S et al (2006) CO2 fluxes over an old, temperate mixed forest in northeastern China. Agr Forest Meteorol 137(3-4):138-149 Haapanala S, Rinne J, Pystynen K-H, Hellén H, Hakola H, Riutta T (2006) Measurements of hydrocarbon emissions from a boreal fen using the REA technique. Biogeosciences 3(1):103-112 Han S, Huang L, Wang Z, Wei Y, Zhang X (2009) Ecosystem respiration and its controlling factors in the riparian wetland of Yangtze River. Acta ecologica sinica/Shengtai Xuebao 29(7) Hibbard KA, Law BE, Reichstein M, Sulzman J (2005) An analysis of soil respiration across northern hemisphere temperate ecosystems. Biogeochemistry 73(1):29-70 Hirano T, Segah H, Harada T et al (2007) Carbon dioxide balance of a tropical peat swamp forest in Kalimantan, Indonesia. Global Change Biol 13(2):412-425 Hollinger DY, Aber J, Dail B et al (2004) Spatial and temporal variability in forest-atmosphere CO2 exchange. Global Change Biol 10(10):1689-1706 Hollinger DY, Goltz SM, Davidson EA, Lee JT, Tu K, Valentine HT (1999) Seasonal patterns and environmental control of carbon dioxide and water vapour exchange in an ecotonal boreal forest. Global Change Biol 5(8):891-902 Hollinger SE, Bernacchi CJ, Meyers TP (2005) Carbon budget of mature no-till ecosystem in North Central Region of the United States. Agr Forest Meteorol 130(1-2):59-69 Humphreys ER, Black TA, Ethier GJ et al (2003) Annual and seasonal variability of sensible and latent heat fluxes above a coastal Douglas-fir forest, British Columbia, Canada. Agr Forest Meteorol 115(1-2):109-125 Humphreys ER, Black TA, Morgenstern K et al (2006) Carbon dioxide fluxes in coastal Douglas-fir stands at different stages of development after clearcut harvesting. Agr Forest Meteorol 140(1-4):6-22 Janssens IA, Kowalski AS, Ceulemans R (2001) Forest floor CO2 fluxes estimated by eddy covariance and chamber-based model. Agr Forest Meteorol 106(1):61-69 Johansson T (2006) Temporal and spatial variability of carbon cycling in a subarctic landscape. Lund University Keller M, Alencar A, Asner GP et al (2004) Ecological research in the large-scale biosphere-atmosphere experiment in Amazonia: Early results. Ecol Appl 14(4):S3-S16 Keyser AR, Kimball JS, Nemani RR, Running SW (2000) Simulating the effects of climate change on the carbon balance of North American high-latitude forests. Global Change Biol 6:185-195 Knohl A, Schulze ED, Kolle O, Buchmann N (2003) Large carbon uptake by an unmanaged 250-year-old deciduous forest in Central Germany. Agr Forest Meteorol 118(3-4):151-167 Kruijt B, Elbers JA, von Randow C et al (2004) The robustness of eddy correlation fluxes for Amazon rain forest conditions. Ecol Appl 14(4):S101-S113 Kwon HJ, Oechel WC, Zulueta RC, Hastings SJ (2006) Effects of climate variability on carbon sequestration among adjacent wet sedge tundra and moist tussock tundra ecosystems. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences (2005–2012) 111(G3) Lafleur PM, Roulet NT, Bubier JL, Frolking S, Moore TR (2003) Interannual variability in the peatland-atmosphere carbon dioxide exchange at an ombrotrophic bog. Global Biogeochem Cy 17(2) Law BE, Thornton PE, Irvine J, Anthoni PM, Van Tuyl S (2001) Carbon storage and fluxes in ponderosa pine forests at different developmental stages. Global Change Biol 7(7):755-777 Leuning R, Cleugh HA, Zegelin SJ, Hughes D (2005) Carbon and water fluxes over a temperate Eucalyptus forest and a tropical wet/dry savanna in Australia: measurements and comparison with MODIS remote sensing estimates. Agr Forest Meteorol 129(34):151-173 Liu HP, Randerson JT, Lindfors J, Chapin FS (2005) Changes in the surface energy budget after fire in boreal ecosystems of interior Alaska: An annual perspective. J Geophys Res-Atmos 110(D13) Lund M, Lindroth A, Christensen TR, Ström L (2007) Annual CO2 balance of a temperate bog. Tellus B 59(5):804-811 Ma SY, Baldocchi DD, Xu LK, Hehn T (2007) Inter-annual variability in carbon dioxide exchange of an oak/grass savanna and open grassland in California. Agr Forest Meteorol 147(3-4):157-171 Marchesini LB, Papale D, Reichstein M, Vuichard N, Tchebakova N, Valentini R (2007) Carbon balance assessment of a natural steppe of southern Siberia by multiple constraint approach. Biogeosciences 4(4):581-595 Margolis HA, Ryan MG (1997) A physiological basis for biosphere-atmosphere interactions in the boreal forest: an overview. Tree Physiol 17(8-9):491-499 Matamala R, Jastrow JD, Miller RM, Garten CT (2008) Temporal changes in C and N stocks of restored prairie: Implications for C sequestration strategies. Ecol Appl 18(6):1470-1488 McCaughey JH, Pejam MR, Arain MA, Cameron DA (2006) Carbon dioxide and energy fluxes from a boreal mixedwood forest ecosystem in Ontario, Canada. Agr Forest Meteorol 140(1-4):79-96 Migliavacca M, Meroni M, Manca G et al (2009) Seasonal and interannual patterns of carbon and water fluxes of a poplar plantation under peculiar eco-climatic conditions. Agr Forest Meteorol 149(9):1460-1476 Monson RK, Sparks JP, Rosenstiel TN et al (2005) Climatic influences on net ecosystem CO2 exchange during the transition from wintertime carbon source to springtime carbon sink in a high-elevation, subalpine forest. Oecologia 146(1):130-147 Moureaux C, Debacq A, Bodson B, Heinesch B, Aubinet M (2006) Annual net ecosystem carbon exchange by a sugar beet crop. Agr Forest Meteorol 139(1-2):25-39 Noormets A, Chen J, Crow TR (2007) Age-dependent changes in ecosystem carbon fluxes in managed forests in northern Wisconsin, USA. Ecosystems 10(2):187-203 Noormets A, Gavazzi MJ, McNulty SG et al (2010) Response of carbon fluxes to drought in a coastal plain loblolly pine forest. Global Change Biol 16(1):272-287 Noormets A, McNulty SG, DeForest JL, Sun G, Li Q, Chen J (2008) Drought during canopy development has lasting effect on annual carbon balance in a deciduous temperate forest. New Phytol 179(3):818-828 Noormets A, McNulty SG, Domec JC, Gavazzi M, Sun G, King JS (2012) The role of harvest residue in rotation cycle carbon balance in loblolly pine plantations. Respiration partitioning approach. Global Change Biol 18(10):3186-3201 Novick KA, Stoy PC, Katul GG et al (2004) Carbon dioxide and water vapor exchange in a warm temperate grassland. Oecologia 138(2):259-274 Oechel WC, Laskowski CA, Burba G, Gioli B, Kalhori AA (2014) Annual patterns and budget of CO2 flux in an Arctic tussock tundra ecosystem. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences 119(3):323-339 Oishi AC, Oren R, Stoy PC (2008) Estimating components of forest evapotranspiration: A footprint approach for scaling sap flux measurements. Agr Forest Meteorol 148(11):1719-1732 Ollinger SV, Smith ML (2005) Net primary production and canopy nitrogen in a temperate forest landscape: An analysis using imaging spectroscopy, modeling and field data. Ecosystems 8(7):760-778 Peichl M, Arain MA (2007) Allometry and partitioning of above-and belowground tree biomass in an age-sequence of white pine forests. Forest Ecol Manag 253(1):68-80 Powell TL, Bracho R, Li JH, Dore S, Hinkle CR, Drake BG (2006) Environmental controls over net ecosystem carbon exchange of scrub oak in central Florida. Agr Forest Meteorol 141(1):19-34 Prescher A-K, Gruenwald T, Bernhofer C (2010) Land use regulates carbon budgets in eastern Germany: From NEE to NBP. Agr Forest Meteorol 150(7-8):1016-1025 Rebmann C, Göckede M, Foken T et al (2005) Quality analysis applied on eddy covariance measurements at complex forest sites using footprint modelling. Theor Appl Climatol 80(2-4):121-141 Reichstein M, Falge E, Baldocchi D et al (2005) On the separation of net ecosystem exchange into assimilation and ecosystem respiration: review and improved algorithm. Global Change Biol 11(9):1424-1439 Reichstein M, Rey A, Freibauer A et al (2003) Modeling temporal and large-scale spatial variability of soil respiration from soil water availability, temperature and vegetation productivity indices. Global Biogeochem Cy 17(4) Rey A, Pegoraro E, Tedeschi V, De Parri I, Jarvis PG, Valentini R (2002) Annual variation in soil respiration and its components in a coppice oak forest in Central Italy. Global Change Biol 8(9):851-866 Rinne J, Tuovinen J-P, Laurila T, Hakola H, Aurela M, Hypén H (2000) Measurements of hydrocarbon fluxes by a gradient method above a northern boreal forest. Agr Forest Meteorol 102(1):25-37 Rodeghiero M, Cescatti A (2006) Indirect partitioning of soil respiration in a series of evergreen forest ecosystems. Plant Soil 284(12):7-22 Rost J, Jaeger L (2005) Variability of Carbon-and water vapour fluxes above a Scots pine forest in the southern upper Rhine plain. Annalen der Meteorologie 41:74-77 Roupsard O, Bonnefond JM, Irvine M et al (2006) Partitioning energy and evapo-transpiration above and below a tropical palm canopy. Agr Forest Meteorol 139(3-4):252-268 Saito M, Miyata A, Nagai H, Yamada T (2005) Seasonal variation of carbon dioxide exchange in rice paddy field in Japan. Agr Forest Meteorol 135(1-4):93-109 Scholes R, Gureja N, Giannecchinni M et al (2001) The environment and vegetation of the flux measurement site near Skukuza, Kruger National Park. Koedoe 44(1):73-83 Scott RL, Hamerlynck EP, Jenerette GD, Moran MS, Barron‐Gafford GA (2010) Carbon dioxide exchange in a semidesert grassland through drought‐induced vegetation change. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences (2005–2012) 115(G3) Scott RL, Jenerette GD, Potts DL, Huxman TE (2009) Effects of seasonal drought on net carbon dioxide exchange from a woody‐ plant‐encroached semiarid grassland. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences (2005–2012) 114(G4) Spano DEI, Duce P, Snyder RL, Zara P, Ventura A (2005) Assessment of fuel dryness index on Mediterranean vegetation. Stylinski CD, Gamon JA, Oechel WC (2002) Seasonal patterns of reflectance indices, carotenoid pigments and photosynthesis of evergreen chaparral species. Oecologia 131(3):366-374 Suyker AE, Verma SB, Burba GG, Arkebauer TJ (2005) Gross primary production and ecosystem respiration of irrigated maize and irrigated soybean during a growing season. Agr Forest Meteorol 131(3-4):180-190 Suzuki M, Hiura T (2000) Allometric differences between current-year shoots and large branches of deciduous broad-leaved tree species. Tree Physiol 20(3):203-209 Swap RJ, Aranibar JN, Dowty PR, Gilhooly WP, Macko SA (2004) Natural abundance of C-13 and N-15 in C-3 and C-4 vegetation of southern Africa: patterns and implications. Global Change Biol 10(3):350-358 Syed KH, Flanagan LB, Carlson PJ, Glenn AJ, Van Gaalen KE (2006) Environmental control of net ecosystem CO2 exchange in a treed, moderately rich fen in northern Alberta. Agr Forest Meteorol 140(1-4):97-114 Tanja S, Berninger F, Vesala T et al (2003) Air temperature triggers the recovery of evergreen boreal forest photosynthesis in spring. Global Change Biol 9(10):1410-1426 Tedeschi V, Rey A, Manca G, Valentini R, Jarvis PG, Borghetti M (2006) Soil respiration in a Mediterranean oak forest at different developmental stages after coppicing. Global Change Biol 12(1):110-121 Thomas CK, Law BE, Irvine J, Martin JG, Pettijohn JC, Davis KJ (2009) Seasonal hydrology explains interannual and seasonal variation in carbon and water exchange in a semiarid mature ponderosa pine forest in central Oregon. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences (2005–2012) 114(G4) Valentini R, Matteucci G, Dolman AJ et al (2000) Respiration as the main determinant of carbon balance in European forests. Nature 404(6780):861-865 Van Dijk AI (2004) Estimates of CO2 uptake and release among European forests based on eddy covariance data. Global Change Biol 10(9):1445-1459 Vickers D, Thomas C, Law BE (2009) Random and systematic CO2 flux sampling errors for tower measurements over forests in the convective boundary layer. Agr Forest Meteorol 149(1):73-83 Wohlfahrt G, Hammerle A, Haslwanter A, Bahn M, Tappeiner U, Cernusca A (2008) Seasonal and inter-annual variability of the net ecosystem CO2 exchange of a temperate mountain grassland: Effects of weather and management. J Geophys Res-Atmos 113(D8) Yan Y, Zhao B, Chen JQ et al (2008) Closing the carbon budget of estuarine wetlands with tower-based measurements and MODIS time series. Global Change Biol 14(7):1690-1702 Zhang Y, Grant RF, Flanagan LB, Wang S, Verseghy DL (2005) Modelling CO2 and energy exchanges in a northern semiarid grassland using the carbon- and nitrogen-coupled Canadian Land Surface Scheme (C-CLASS). Ecol Model 181(4):591-614