Supporting Information
Land-sharing versus land-sparing logging: Reconciling
timber extraction with biodiversity conservation
David P Edwards1,2*, James J Gilroy3, Paul Woodcock4, Felicity A Edwards4, Trond
H Larsen5, David J R Andrews4, Mia A Derhé6, Teegan D S Docherty4, Wayne W
Hsu7, Simon L Mitchell4, Takahiro Ota4, Leah J Williams4, William F Laurance1,
Keith C Hamer4, David S Wilcove8
1
Centre for Tropical Environmental and Sustainability Science (TESS) and School of
Tropical and Marine Biology, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia;
2
Department of Animal and Plant Sciences, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK;
3
Department of Ecology and Natural Resources, Norwegian University of Life
Sciences, Ås, Norway; 4School of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds,
UK; 5Science and Knowledge Division, Conservation International, 2011 Crystal
Drive, Arlington, Virginia, USA; 6Centre for Ecology, Evolution, and Conservation
(CEEC) and School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK;
7
Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Environmental Biology, Columbia
University, New York, NY, USA; 8Woodrow Wilson School of Public and
International Affairs and Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey, USA.
*Corresponding author: David P. Edwards, tel. +44 (0)114 2220123, email
david.edwards@sheffield.ac.uk
Table S1. Total abundance for all species and for the subset of species recorded in
unlogged forest. Abundances are calculated by summing all individuals of all species
occurring in hypothetical landscapes simulated under land-sharing and land-sparing
logging scenarios (n=1,000 replicates for each scenario).
Analysis
All species
Unlogged
species
Taxon
Birds (point
counts)
Lower-storey birds
(mist nets)
Dung beetles
Ants
Birds (point
counts)
Lower-storey birds
(mist nets)
Dung beetles
Ants
Mean abundance ha-1 ± SD
Land-sharing Land-sparing
t
df
P
7.5 ± 1.0
8.3 ± 0.9
-17.2
1998 <0.0001
2.2 ± 0.3
237.4 ± 31.0
548.1 ± 33.7
2.8 ± 0.4
284.7 ± 35.1
591.7 ± 36.1
-39.9
-32.0
-27.9
1998 <0.0001
1998 <0.0001
1998 <0.0001
7.3 ± 0.9
7.8 ± 0.9
-12.4
1998 <0.0001
2.2 ± 0.3
232.3 ± 33.9
496.9 ± 35.3
2.6 ± 0.4
282.8 ± 34.5
558.2 ± 32.7
-35.8
-32.7
-40.3
1998 <0.0001
1998 <0.0001
1998 <0.0001
Figure S1. Scenarios of land-sharing and land-sparing logging. A primary forest
concession can be logged using either low intensity logging across the entire
concession (=land-sharing) or high intensity logging over a smaller area of the
concession, sparing a patch of primary forest (=land-sparing logging) (a). The total
abundance of a species (∑) under each scenario is the sum of the abundances within
the primary (UL), and low intensity (LY) or high intensity (HY) forest, scaled by the
proportions of each habitat within the concession (b). Primary forest = dark green,
low intensity logged forest = mid-green, high intensity logged forest = pale green.
Figure S2: Relative changes in species abundance under land-sharing and landsparing scenarios. For each community, species were placed in frequency bins
according to the percentage increase in mean abundance in the superior scenario,
relative to the inferior scenario. All species are shown, including those that were
marginally better under one scenario, but with a non-significant difference. Bins are
in 25% increments, with the highest increase bin (>450% increase) including species
that were absent from one scenario but present in the other (i.e. an infinite increase).
Graphs are divided by all species (a,c,e,g) and species found in primary forest
(b,d,f,h) for birds (all species from point counts, a & b, and understorey species from
mist-nets, c & d), dung beetles (e & f), and ants (g & h).
Figure S3. Changes in the abundance of range-restricted bird species under landsharing and land-sparing scenarios. Bars show the numbers of Sundaland endemics
(Sunda) and widespread species (wide) that have significantly higher abundance
under one scenario relative to the other, as well as species that show non-significant
differences between scenarios (t-test, P>0.05). Graphs show all bird species from
point counts, a, and understorey bird species from mist-nets, b.