Scenario analysis of life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of
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Scenario analysis of life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of Darjeeling tea The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment Georg Cichorowski, Bettina Joa, Heidi Hottenroth, Mario Schmidt Corresponding Author: Heidi Hottenroth Institute for Industrial Ecology, Pforzheim University of Applied Sciences, Tiefenbronner Straße 65, DE-75175 Pforzheim Phone: +49 7231 28 6403 Fax: +49 7231 28 7403 E-mail: heidi.hottenroth@hs-pforzheim.de Primary Data and Sources Description Raw material acquisition (organic tea) length of nursery phase length of harvesting phase press cake (used as fertilizer) transport distance fertilizer transport distance fertilizer nitrogen input organic plant protection products ratio of self-manufactured and purchased plant protection products transport distance plant protection products power demand for the production of organic plant protection products press cake (for organic plant protection products) rice husks (for organic plant protection products) crop yield (fresh tea leaves) amount of dried tea leaves Value Unit 5 95 1.000 1.900 110 40 6 1:1 a a kg/ha/a km km kg/ha/a l/ha 350 5 10 10 400 100 km kWh/l kg/ha/a kg/ha/a kg/ha kg/ha Source local manufacturer local manufacturer local manufacturer local manufacturer local manufacturer local manufacturer local manufacturer local manufacturer local manufacturer local manufacturer local manufacturer local manufacturer local manufacturer local manufacturer Note by-product by train, average good by truck, small, average good variable ratio by truck, small, average good by-product waste Description Value Unit Source Note Raw material acquisition (conventional tea) urea transport distance urea muriate of potash transport distance muriate of potash rock phosphate transport distance rock phosphate cypermethrin deltamethrin alphamethrin thiamethoxan lambda cyhalothrin acephate quinalphos propargite imidacloprid transport distance further pesticides Tea processing transport distance to tea factory power demand per kg tea share of hydroelectric power used in tea garden Chamong paper tea sacks weight (empty) size thickness of aluminium coating weight paper weight aluminium transport distance capacity 136 900 100 7.000 100 625 200 150 100 200 150 5.000 1.000 1.000 350 2.400 kg/ha km kg/ha km kg/ha km ml/ha ml/ha ml/ha g/ha g/ha g/ha ml/ha ml/ha ml/ha km 2 km 2 kWh/kg 95 % 730 17.000 0,002 638 92 400 38 g cm² cm g g km kg local manufacturer local manufacturer local manufacturer assumption local manufacturer local manufacturer local manufacturer local manufacturer local manufacturer local manufacturer local manufacturer local manufacturer local manufacturer local manufacturer local manufacturer local manufacturer by truck, middle, average good eastern Turkey, by train, average good by truck, middle, average good by truck, middle, average good local manufacturer by truck, small, light good local manufacturer local manufacturer measurement measurement assumption calculation calculation local manufacturer by truck, middle, average good local manufacturer Description Value Unit Source Note 700 12 200 1,5 16.000 10.000 10 9,5 25 km kWh/month t months km km km kWh/t g/kg local manufacturer local manufacturer local manufacturer local manufacturer Google earth Google earth local manufacturer local manufacturer local manufacturer by truck, middle, light good kg km kg cm²/bag Wh/bag measurement Google Earth by truck, large, average good local manufacturer local manufacturer local manufacturer Distribution and further processing transport distance to Kolkata blending and storage average quantity stored average duration of storage transport distance container ship to Rotterdam transport distance belly cargo to Rotterdam transport distance in Rotterdam power demand for sieving sieving loss big bags (polypropylene) weight (empty) transport distance capacity size of labels power demand for printing labels transport distance to Hamburg power demand for filling (1 kg-bag) tea bags (1 kg) weight (empty) size thickness of aluminium coating weight paper weight aluminium weight paint weight size 2,37 3.200 350 170 120 530 km 35 Wh/kg 34 1.800 0,001 25 4,9 2,5 2,5 g cm² cm g g g g light good light good by truck, middle, light good local manufacturer by truck large, light good local manufacturer measurement measurement assumption calculation calculation assumption assumption Description transport distance capacity Value Unit 1.500 km 1 kg Source Note assumption by truck, large, average good local manufacturer shipping package total weight weight of cardboard box 6,8 kg 560 g measurement measurement tea: 6 kg; cardboard box: 560 g; bill and advertising: 240 g transport distance to costumer 550 km assumption 500 km by truck, large, 50 km by truck, small, light good tea dealer measurement recommendation Use and disposal amount of tea leaves for 1 l tea organic waste 8 g/l 3 kg/kg tea Secondary Data and Sources Material Value Unit Raw material acquisition (organic tea) Palm oil cake 0,2 kg CO2e/kg Electricity (China) 1,51 kg CO2e/kWh Transport electric train 0,032 kWh/tkm Transport truck (small) 229 g CO2e/tkm Raw material acquisition (conventional tea) Name Source Note “palm kernel meal, at oil mill [MY]” “electricity, low voltage, at grid [CN]” „Zug mit Elektrotraktion“ „Lkw < 7,5 t“ (ecoinvent Centre 2010) (ecoinvent Centre 2010) (Schmied and Knörr 2011) (Schmied and Knörr 2011) Substitute for neem cake Substitute for Indian electricity mix Average good Average good (ecoinvent Centre 2010) (Schmied and Knörr 2011) (Schmied and Knörr 2011) Average good Average good Light good Substitute for Indian electricity mix Without scrapUsed for paper tea sacks Used for paper tea sacks Average good Urea 5,84 kg CO2e/kg Muriate of potash 0,5 kg CO2e/kg Rock phosphate 0,23 kg CO2e/kg Pyretroid compounds 17,56 kg CO2e/kg Pesticide 10,11 kg CO2e/kg Transport electric train Transport truck (middle) Tea processing Transport truck (small) Electricity (China) Aluminium 0,032 179 kWh/tkm g CO2e/tkm „urea ammonium nitrate, as N, at regional storehouse [RER]” “potassium chloride, as K2O, at regional storehouse [RER]” “phosphate rock, as P2O5, beneficiated, dry, at plant [MA]” “pyretroid-compounds, at regional storehouse [RER]” „pesticide unspecified, at regional storehouse [RER]“ „Zug mit Elektrotraktion“ „Lkw 7,5-12 t“ 412 1,51 12,39 g CO2e/tkm kg CO2e/kWh kg CO2e/kg „Lkw < 7,5 t“ “electricity, low voltage, at grid [CN]” „aluminium, primary, at plant [RER]“ (Schmied and Knörr 2011) (ecoinvent Centre 2010) (ecoinvent Centre 2010) Kraft paper Transport truck (middle) 0,85 179 kg CO2e/kg g CO2e/tkm “kraft paper, unbleached, at plant [RER]” „Lkw 7,5-12 t“ (ecoinvent Centre 2010) (Schmied and Knörr 2011) (ecoinvent Centre 2010) (ecoinvent Centre 2010) (ecoinvent Centre 2010) (ecoinvent Centre 2010) Material Value Unit Distribution and further processing Transport truck 318 g CO2e/tkm (middle) Aluminium 12,39 kg CO2e/kg Name Source Note „Lkw 7,5-12 t“ (Schmied and Knörr 2011) Light good „aluminium, primary, at plant [RER]“ (ecoinvent Centre 2010) Kraft paper Transport truck (middle) Transport container ship Transport belly cargo Electricity (Netherlands) Polypropylene Disposal polypropylene 0,85 179 kg CO2e/kg g CO2e/tkm “kraft paper, unbleached, at plant [RER]” „Lkw 7,5-12 t“ (ecoinvent Centre 2010) (Schmied and Knörr 2011) Without scrap used for paper tea sacks Used for paper tea sacks Average good 30 g CO2e/tkm „Containerschiff“ (Schmied and Knörr 2011) Light good 926 0,68 g CO2e/tkm kg CO2e/kWh „Belly-Fracht“ „electricity mix [NL]“ (Schmied and Knörr 2011) (ecoinvent Centre 2010) Light good 1,98 2,52 kg CO2e/kg kg CO2e/kg Transport truck (large) 106 g CO2e/tkm „polypropylene, granulate, at plant [RER]“ (ecoinvent Centre 2010) “disposal, polypropylene, 15.9% water, to municipal (ecoinvent Centre 2010) incineration [CH]” „Lkw 12-24 t“ (Schmied and Knörr 2011) Transport truck (large) Electricity (Germany) Aluminium 185 0,65 12,39 g CO2e/tkm kg CO2e/kWh kg CO2e/kg „Lkw 12-24 t“ „electricity mix [DE]“ „aluminium, primary, at plant [RER]“ (Schmied and Knörr 2011) (ecoinvent Centre 2010) (ecoinvent Centre 2010) Kraft paper Size Paint Transport truck (large) 0,85 1,56 2,87 106 kg CO2e/kg kg CO2e/kg kg CO2e/kg g CO2e/tkm “kraft paper, unbleached, at plant [RER]” “resin size, at plant [RER]” “alkyd paint, white, 60% in solvent, at plant [RER]” „Lkw 12-24 t“ (ecoinvent Centre 2010) (ecoinvent Centre 2010) (ecoinvent Centre 2010) (Schmied and Knörr 2011) Board 0,99 kg CO2e/kg (ecoinvent Centre 2010) Transport truck (large) 185 g CO2e/tkm “corrugated board, recycling fibre, single wall, at plant [RER]” „Lkw 12-24 t“ Without scrap used for tea bags Used for Tea bags Used for tea bags Used for tea bags Average good tea bags big bags Used for shipping package (Schmied and Knörr 2011) Light good Used for big bags Combustion used for big bags Average good big bags Light good Material Value Unit Name Source Note Transport truck (small) Use and disposal Electricity (Germany) Tap water Filtered water Bottled water 412 g CO2e/tkm „Lkw < 7,5 t“ (Schmied and Knörr 2011) Light good 0,65 0,319 7 178 kg CO2e/kWh g CO2e/kg g CO2e/l g CO2e/l „electricity mix [DE]“ „tap water, at user [RER]“ (ecoinvent Centre 2010) (ecoinvent Centre 2010) (Brita Gruppe 2012) (Jungbluth 2006) Electric kettle Electric stove Disposal of tea 0,118 0,155 0,03 kWh/l kWh/l kg CO2e/Kg Materials disregarded due to cut-off criterion Disposal aluminium 0,03 kg CO2e/kg Disposal paper 0,02 kg CO2e/kg Disposal board 0,03 kg CO2e/kg „Mineralwasser, Produktion CH, still, ungekühlt, PET-EW, im Haushalt“ electricity use electricity use (ceramic glass cooktop) “disposal, biowaste, 60% H2O, to municipal incineration, allocation price [CH]” “disposal, aluminium, 0% water, to municipal incineration [CH]” “disposal, packaging paper, 13.7% water, to municipal incineration [CH]” “disposal, packaging cardboard, 19.6% water, to municipal incineration [CH]” (Stiftung Warentest 2006) (Stiftung Warentest 2006) (ecoinvent Centre 2010) Organic waste (ecoinvent Centre 2010) Combustion (ecoinvent Centre 2010) Combustion (ecoinvent Centre 2010) Combustion
