This review is meant to highlight basic concepts from Unit 3. It does not cover all concepts presented by your instructor. Refer back to your notes, unit objectives, labs, handouts, etc. to further prepare for your exam.
A: Photosynthesis Lesson
1.
Fill in the blank to provide the correct class of organism based on how they obtain their energy. a.
Photosynthetic organisms are called ____________________ because they have chloroplasts to produce their own organic molecules for energy b.
Organisms that rely on other organisms to gain energy are called ____________________ .
2.
Define photosynthesis as it relates to its purpose and write the equation that represents the process.
3.
What cellular organelle is present in organisms that can undergo the process of photosynthesis?
4.
Besides plants, list 2 other organisms that can undergo the process of photosynthesis.
5.
Label and define the parts of a chloroplast.
6.
What is the difference between stroma and a stoma (stomata)?
7.
List and explain how the photosynthetic pigments contribute to the color of a leaf. Why are plants green?
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8.
Describe the structure and function of a photosystem. At which photosystem do the light reactions usually begin?
9.
Describe what happens when a photon of light hits a pigment molecule in a photosystem.
10.
Define the terms/or answer the questions to explain the two sets of reactions during photosynthesis. a.
During which stage of photosynthesis is oxygen released (think about your lab)?
Light reactions: b.
Where do the light reactions occur within the chloroplast? c.
What is the main purpose? (what are the main products?) d.
ATP Synthase: e.
Chemiosmosis: f.
List the general steps of the light dependent reactions of photosynthesis (from a photon of light hitting a leaf to ATP being generated).
Calvin Cycle reactions: g.
Where does the Calvin Cycle occur in the chloroplast? h.
What is the main purpose?
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i.
Explain the general steps of the Calvin Cycle, include important enzymes, reactants, products, etc.

CO
2
Fixation

CO
2
Reduction

Regeneration of RuBP
11.
Explain a few of the ways G3P produced in the final steps of photosynthesis can be used.
12.
Briefly describe the following types of photosynthesis and describe the types of plants that can do each process: a.
Photorespiration (C
3 plants) – b.
C
4
photosynthesis – c.
CAM photosynthesis -
B: Cellular Respiration Lesson
13.
Define cellular respiration as it relates to its purpose.
14.
Write the equation that represents cellular respiration.
15.
List the 4 stages of cellular respiration and where (be specific) each stage occurs in the cell.
16.
What is ATP? Write a chemical equation to show how it is formed?
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17.
Which of the 4 stages of cellular respiration produces the most energy?
18.
List the reactants and products of each stage of cellular respiration. (include number of carbons where applicable).
PRODUCTS REACTANTS a.
Glycolysis
Starts with: Ends with:
Produces:
Briefly describe the process: b.
Preparatory reaction (Pyruvate oxidation)
Starts with: Ends with:
Produces:
Briefly describe the process: c.
Citric acid cycle (Krebs Cycle)
Starts with: Ends with:
Produces:
Briefly describe the process: d.
Electron Transport Chain
Starts with: Ends with:
Produces:
Briefly describe the process:
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19.
What are NAD+ and FAD+, and how are they used in cellular respiration? a.
How many ATP are produced from each NADH at the ETC? FADH
2?
20.
What is the total number of ATP’s produced by the oxidative breakdown of glucose?
21.
How much of the original glucose molecule remains after the citric acid cycle?
22.
Explain the process of anaerobic respiration (lactic acid fermentation or ethanol fermentation). When do these processes take place? How many ATP are produced?
23.
What organic molecules might be used for energy if glucose is not available?
24.
Define/Answer: a.
Anabolism b.
Catabolism c.
Which metabolic process is glycolysis?
25.
What are “essential amino acids”?
C: Cell Division and Mitosis Lesson
26.
What is the purpose of cell division?
27.
Explain the difference between a chromosome and chromatin. When might each be found during the life of a cell?
28.
Define diploid and haploid in relation to human chromosome counts. Describe what type of human cells have a diploid or haploid number of chromosomes.
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29.
What is a sister chromatid and when are they produced in the cell?
30.
Define the following: a.
Centromere b.
Kinetochore
31.
Eukaryotic cell cycle. Describe the main function of each phase below. a.
Interphase has 3 steps and is the longest phase of the cell cycle. Describe what happens at each step.

G
1
(gap phase 1):
 S phase:
 G
2
(gap phase 2): b.
Mitosis. List and describe what happens at each step.
 prophase
 prometaphase
 metaphase
 anaphase
 Telophase c.
Cytokinesis . Describe how this occurs for animal cells and plant cells.
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32.
Cell cycle checkpoints: a.
What are cyclins role? b.
Describe the process of apoptosis.
33.
Explain how cancer relates to the cell cycle. a.
What are some of the characteristics of cancer?
34.
Define the following terms related to the cell cycle and cancer: a.
Tumor b.
Malignant c.
Benign d.
Metastasis e.
Angiogenesis f.
Proto-oncogene g.
Oncogene h.
Tumor suppressor gene
35.
Bacteria reproduce by the process of ________________ ___________________.
D: Meiosis Lesson
36.
What is the purpose of meiosis? What type of cells does meiosis produce?
37.
Describe where the transition from diploid to haploid occurs in meiosis.
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38.
Define the following terms associated with meiosis. a.
Homologous chromosome: b.
Sister chromatid: c.
Synapsis: d.
Bivalent (tetrad): e.
Crossing over: f.
Chiasmata: g.
Independent assortment:
39.
Meiosis takes place in 2 phases, meiosis I and meiosis II. Describe the events that take place in each step, include when the terms from the previous question occur. a.
Meiosis I

Prophase I
 Metaphase I

Anaphase I

Telophase I b.
Meiosis II

Prophase II

Metaphase II
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
Anaphase II

Telophase II
40.
What is interkinesis and how is it different from interphase?
41.
Describe the processes of meiosis that lead to genetic variation among individuals. Why is genetic variation important within a species?
42.
Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis.
43.
Gametogenesis: Briefly describe the following processes. Include where each occurs, any special stages, structures, etc. for each process within a human. a.
Briefly describe the process of spermatogenesis. b.
Briefly describe the process of oogenesis.
44.
Define: a.
_________________ - the correct number of chromosomes in a species. b.
_________________- a change in the chromosome number resulting from a nondisjunction during meiosis. c.
________________ - failure of chromosomes to separate during meiosis, resulting in the gain or loss of a chromosome. d.
_______________ - when an individual has only one of a particular type of chromosome when they should have two.
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e.
_______________- when an individual has three of a particular chromosome when they should have two.
45.
Give a brief description of each of the following nondisjunction conditions: a.
Trisomy 21- b.
Turner syndrome – c.
Klinefelter syndrome – d.
Poly-X female – e.
Jacobs syndrome –
46.
Define the following changes in chromosome structure: a.
Deletion- b.
Duplication- c.
Inversion- d.
Translocation-
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