E2986 v5
Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Ethiopian Roads Authority
CONSULTANCY SERVICE FOR THE FEASIBILITY STUDY, EIA, DETAILED ENGINEERING
DESIGN AND TENDER DOCUMENT PREPARATION
Environmental Impact Assessment (Final)
HIGHW AY ENGINEERS & CONSULTANTS (HEC) PLC
P.O.Box 6951
Tel. +251-011-320 02 84,
+251-011-830 00 89
MARCH, 2012
Consultancy Services for Feasibility and EIA Study, Detail Engineering Design and Tender Document
Preparation of Mizan–Dima Road Project
Updated EIA Report
Acronyms
ADLI
Agricultural Development Led Industrialization
AIDS
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
CSA’s
Central Statistical Authority
CSE
Conservation Strategy of Ethiopia
EA
Environnemental Assermenté
EIA
Environmental Impact Assessment
EISR
Environmental Impact Study Report
EMB
Environmental Management Branch
EMP
Environmental Management Plan
ESMT
Environmental Management and Safety Branch
ESMT
Environmental Monitoring and Safety Branch
EPA
Environmental Protection Authority
EPC
Environmental Protection Council
EPE
Environmental Policy of Ethiopia
ERA
Ethiopian Roads Authority
FDRE
Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
HIV
Human Immune Virus
KM
Kilometre
PAP
Project Affected Peoples
REA
Regional Environmental Agency
ROW
Right-of-Way
ROWPB
Right-of-Way Protection Branch
RSDP
Road Sector Development Programme
RRA
Rural Roads Authority
SDPRP
Sustainable Development and Poverty Reduction Programme
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Table of Content
Acronyms ............................................................................................................................................ ii
1.
INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 1
1.1
Background ............................................................................................................................ 1
1.2
Objectives of the EIA Study ............................................................................................... 2
1.3
EIA Methodology .................................................................................................................. 3
1.4
Rational ................................................................................................................................... 3
2.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT ROAD............................................................... 4
2.1
Existing Conditions .............................................................................................................. 4
2.1.1 Existing Pavement Condition ............................................................................................. 4
3.
POLYCY, LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORKS ..................................... 5
3.1
Administrative and Institutional Frameworks ............................................................... 5
3.1.1 Federal and Regional States ............................................................................................................................... 5
3.1.2 The Environmental Protection Authority ........................................................................................................ 5
3.1.3 The Ethiopian Roads Authority ........................................................................................................................ 7
3.2
Development Policies and Strategies................................................................................ 8
3.2.1 The National Economic Development Strategy .............................................................................................. 8
3.2.2 National Development Policy Framework (NDPF) and Sustainable Development and Poverty
Reduction Programme (SDPRP) ........................................................................................................................ 9
3.3
Environmental Policies and strategies .............................................................................. 9
3.3.1 The Constitution ................................................................................................................................................ 10
1.3.2 The Conservation Strategy of Ethiopia (CSE) ................................................................................................ 10
3.3.3 The Environmental Policy of Ethiopia (EPE) ................................................................................................. 10
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3.3.4 Sectoral Environmental Policies ...................................................................................................................... 11
3.3.5 Biodiversity Policy (Approved 1998) .............................................................................................................. 12
3.3.6 ERA's sector policy for HIV/AIDS in the Work Places ................................................................................ 12
3.4
Legislative Instruments ..................................................................................................... 13
3.4.1 Proclamation on Institutional Arrangement .................................................................................................. 13
3.4.2 Proclamation on Environmental Impact Assessment .................................................................................. 14
3.4.3 Proclamation on Environmental Pollution Control ...................................................................................... 14
3.4.4 The Ethiopian Roads Authority (ERA) ........................................................................................................... 15
3.4.5 Ethiopian Roads Authority (Policy Framework) .......................................................................................... 15
3.4.6 Land Tenure ....................................................................................................................................................... 16
3.4.7 Proclamation to provide for the Expropriation of Land Holdings for Public Purposes and Payment of
Compensation .................................................................................................................................................... 17
3.4.8 Proclamation on Rural Land Administration and Land Use ...................................................................... 17
3.5
EIA Guidelines .................................................................................................................... 17
3.5.1 EPAs Environmental Impact Assessment Guidelines (2002) ...................................................................... 17
3.5.2 ERA's Environmental Impact Assessment Guideline .................................................................................. 18
3.6 International Conventions and Protocols .......................................................................... 19
3.6.1 Convention on Biological Diversity ................................................................................................................ 19
3.6.2 Framework Convention on Climate Change ................................................................................................. 19
3.6.3 The Vienna Convention on the Protection of the Ozone Layer .................................................................. 20
3.6.4 The United Nations Conventions to Combat Desertification...................................................................... 20
3.6.5 The Basel convention ........................................................................................................................................ 20
3.6.6 The Stockholm Convention .............................................................................................................................. 20
3.6.7 Convention on international trade in endangered species of fauna and flora .......................................... 20
3.7
The World Bank's environmental and social safeguard policies .............................. 21
4.
PREVALING ENVIRONMENT IN THE PROJECT AREA .................................. 24
4.1
The Physical Environment ................................................................................................ 24
4.1.1 Location ............................................................................................................................................................. 24
4.1.2 Terrain Classification ........................................................................................................................................ 24
4.1.3 Land Use/Cover ................................................................................................................................................ 25
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4.1.4 Geology ............................................................................................................................................................... 26
4.1.6 Climate ................................................................................................................................................................ 28
4.1.7 Hydrology .......................................................................................................................................................... 29
4.2
The Biological Environment ............................................................................................. 29
4.3
The Cultural and Socio-economic environment ........................................................... 31
4.4
Profile of Ethiopia ............................................................................................................... 31
4.5
Population ............................................................................................................................ 34
4.6
Economic activities ............................................................................................................. 35
4.6.1 Social services .................................................................................................................................................... 38
5.
PROJECT ALTERNATIVES .................................................................................. 43
5.1 Construction Options ............................................................................................................... 43
5.2 The “No Project Alternative”.................................................................................................. 43
6.
PROJECT IMPACTS IDENTIFICATION AND EVALUATION ................................ 45
6.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 45
6.2 Impact Identification Methodology ...................................................................................... 45
6.3 Impact Magnitudes, Importance and Significance ............................................................ 46
6.4
Potential Environmental Impacts of Proposed Project ................................................ 47
6.5.1 Local Income-Generation during Construction .................................................................................................... 51
6.5.2 Local Social and Socio-Economic Benefits During Operation ..................................................................... 51
6.5.4 Agricultural productivity ................................................................................................................................. 52
6.5.7 Impacts on Gender (Women’s Perspective) ................................................................................................... 52
6.5.8 Reduction in Traffic-Generated Dust and Improved Road Safety ............................................................. 54
6.5.9 Reduction in Erosion from Road Drainage .................................................................................................... 54
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6.6
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Adverse Impacts on Physical Environment ................................................................... 54
6.6.1 Soil Erosion and Pollution .................................................................................................................................... 54
6.6.2 Impact on water resources .................................................................................................................................... 55
6.6.3 Competition for water resources .......................................................................................................................... 60
6.6.4 Air and Noise Pollution ........................................................................................................................................ 60
6.6.5 Impacts on Natural Vegetation ............................................................................................................................. 61
6.6.6 Impacts on Wildlife, Wildlife Habitats and Protected Areas................................................................................ 61
6.6.7 Impacts on Cultural, Archaeological and Religious Environment ....................................................................... 62
6.6.8 Impact due to establishment of construction camps ............................................................................................. 62
6.6.9 Quarries, Borrow Areas and Crushers .................................................................................................................. 63
6.6.10
Impact from construction machineries and vehicles ...................................................................................... 64
6.6.11
Impacts on Property and on socio-economic environment ............................................................................ 64
6.6.12
Pressure on local medical services ................................................................................................................. 65
6.6.13
HIV/ AIDS and other Sexually Transmitted Diseases ................................................................................... 65
6.6.14
Negative Gender Impacts ............................................................................................................................... 65
6.6.15
Social Conflict ............................................................................................................................................... 66
6.6.16
Traffic Safety ................................................................................................................................................. 66
6.6.17
Impact Due To Ancillary Works .................................................................................................................... 66
6.6.18
Impact Due to design (Geometric, Structural and Hydraulic as well as realignment) ................................... 66
6.7
Summary of Identified Potential Environmental Impacts ......................................... 67
7
IMPACTS MITIGATION AND ENHANCEMENT MEASURES................................ 69
7.4
Soil Erosion, Sedimentation and Runoff ....................................................................... 69
7.5
Slope Instability and Landscape Intrusion .................................................................... 71
7.6
Protection of Cultural and Belief ..................................................................................... 72
7.7
Impacts on Soil and Water Quality ................................................................................. 72
7.8
Nuisance Noise .................................................................................................................... 73
7.9
Impact on Air Quality ........................................................................................................ 73
7.10
Impact on Flora and Fauna ................................................................................................ 74
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7.7.1 Flora ....................................................................................................................................... 74
7.7.2 Fauna ................................................................................................................................................................... 75
7.8
Impacts on Property and Utility Services ....................................................................... 75
7.9
Impacts Associated with Construction Traffic .............................................................. 76
7.10
Mitigating HIV/AIDS ........................................................................................................ 76
7.11
Mitigating Adverse Impacts on Women......................................................................... 77
7.12
Mitigating Social Conflict ................................................................................................. 77
7.13
Construction Phase Local Income Generation .............................................................. 77
7.14
Reduction in Traffic Generated Dust and Improved Road Safety ........................... 78
7.15
Reduction in Erosion from Road Drainage ................................................................... 78
7.16
Induced Development and Other Project Benefits ...................................................... 78
7.17
Impact Due To Ancillary Works ...................................................................................... 78
8
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN............................................................ 79
8.4
General considerations ...................................................................................................... 79
8.5
Organizational aspects ....................................................................................................... 79
8.2.1 Environmental Management during Pre-Construction phase ............................................................................... 79
8.2.2 Environmental Management During Construction phase .......................................................................... 80
9
MONITORING PLAN AND IMPLEMENTATION PROGRAM ................................. 82
9.4
General Considerations ..................................................................................................... 82
9.5
Contractual Bindings.......................................................................................................... 82
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9.6
Cost Estimate........................................................................................................................ 83
10
PUBLIC CONSULTATIONS ................................................................................. 85
10.1
Public Discussion topics .................................................................................................... 85
10.2
Public Disclosure ................................................................................................................ 87
11
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION .................................................... 88
12.
EMP MATRIX AS CLAUSES PROPOSED TO BE INCLUDED IN CONTRACT
DOCUMENT .......................................................................................................... 89
13
CLAUSES STATEMENTS PROPOSED TO BE INCLUDED IN CONTRACT
DOCUMENT ........................................................................................................ 121
REFERENCES ................................................................................................................. 133
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Introduction
The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE) has allocated sufficient budget for the
Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Document Preparation of the Mizan-Dima Road
Project.
Scope and Objective
The scope of the EIA is to study potential environmental impacts of the project, both
positive and negative from bio-physical and socio-economic points of view, along the road,
in the ROW, at material, plant and camp sites as well as in the project influence zone.
Detours and access roads as well as sites of water extraction are considered.
This report concerns the feasibility stage Environmental Impact Assessment of the road.
Alternative alignment studies have been conducted. It deals with the key environmental
factors that are likely to be affected by the project during construction and operational
phases. It also presents recommendations with regard to mitigation measures to be
adopted, and monitoring plans for the safeguard of the environment and human health of
the project area and its surroundings.
Methodology
Desktop study: At this stage and prior to field investigation a generic check list was
prepared for data collection. Topographic maps were also studied for refining the check
list.
Scoping Stage: At this stage important components of the environment pertinent to the
project area were outlined both from field observation and from discussion with public and
administration.
Base line data collection: Base line data of the environment were collected from observation
as well as from secondary data.
Alternative Route Selection: In-order to minimize negative impacts on the valued ecosystem
components of the project area and enhance beneficial impacts, route alternative selection
was conducted among four options. The method used was the appraising criteria indicated
in the book by the AMERICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK – IDB, in 2002 as outlined in
section 3 of this report.
Environmental Impact Assessment: Predicted impacts at construction and operational stages
have been clarified. The impacts were described as both beneficial and adverse. Adverse
impacts can be long term types (e.g. soil erosion from unprotected slope cut), or short term
(e.g. Vibration during construction).
Environmental Impact Mitigation: For the proposed impacts mitigation measures have been
proposed to be implemented as construction proceeds.
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Environmental Monitoring and Management Plans: In order to check the implementation
mitigation measures an environmental monitoring plan has been incorporated that shows
the parameters to be monitored, the schedule as well as the responsibility for monitoring.
An environmental management plan has been provided in a table format with impact
factors, mitigation options, responsible stake holders for the long term sustainability of the
project and the environment as a whole.
Policy and Legal issues: Policy and legal issues including the World Bank Safeguard
polices are presented. These help to support all measures to sustain the project and the
environment including human health and safety.
Rational
The project area is rich in cash crops, coffee, in honey as well as in fruits and spices.
Moreover social infrastructure building will follow the road construction alleviating the
problems of education, health, communication and light. However the cumulative impact
from development projects needs appropriate planning, including a land use plan in order
to protect natural vegetation, wild life, soils, and water resources from being adversely
affected.
Policy, Legal and intuitional Issues
Similar to other developmental projects; the proposed project is influenced by several
policies and programmes aimed at development and environmental protection. Therefore;
policies, legislations and institutional frameworks relevant to the road project
developments in general and to the proposed road project, in particular assessed and
reviewed.
The Agricultural Development Led Industrialization as the country’s core economic
development policy and strategy as well as the Road Sector Development Programme
(RSDP) together with the other development policies and strategies provide a useful
framework for the implementation of the project. Nevertheless for the smooth
implementation of the project it is necessary to harmonize environmental protection issues
and requirements stipulated in the FDRE Constitution, EPE, EIA Proclamation and other
sectoral and cross-sectoral policies.
Moreover social impacts such as property acquisition, relocation and resettlement have to
be referred to legislative frame works such as Proclamations 255/2005 “Expropriation of
landholding for public purposes and payment of Compensation” and 256/2005
Proclamation on Rural Land Administration and Land Use as well as Regulation 135/2007
indicating modalities for the payment of compensation for property situated on land
holdings expropriated for public purposes.
The World Bank provides guidance on requirements in the Environmental Assessment
Sourcebook, which includes recent versions of the World Bank Operational Policies as well
as the updates. The World Bank has ten “Safeguard Policies” whose primary objective is to
ensure that Bank operations are environmentally sound and sustainable. The ten safeguard
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policies are grouped into Environment, Social Development and International Law.
Relevant once are indicated under Policy and Legal Frame Works in the main text.
Institutional arrangement and responsibilities
For proper implementation of the EIA it is necessary that the various institutions (ERA,
EPA) including the consultant and Contractor understand their duties. EPA among others
should ensure that
-
The proponent complies with requirements of the EIA process;
-
Maintain co-operation and consultation between the different sectoral agencies
throughout the EIA process;
-
Maintain a close relationship with the proponent and to provide guidance on the
process; and
-
Evaluate and take decisions on the documents that arise from the EIA process.
At the regional level, the Federal EPA has devolved responsibility to the Regional
equivalents of the EPA. The regional authorities should ideally establish an EPA-type
institution to deal with environmental issues at the regional level.
ERA’s EMB has the responsibilities to:
-
-
Advising senior management and assisting in the decision-making process on all
road sector environmental and social issues;
Ensuring that environmental and social issues related to environmental and
social management and monitoring are adequately addressed in connection with
the road project design, construction and operation and maintenance and other
activities of all ERA departments and divisions;
Supervising and monitoring for road sector projects.
Before construction begins the contractor will have to submit specific Environmental
Monitoring Plan that also addresses sites for camp, plant, construction material. The
monitoring plan should address issues such as Safe disposal of waste including spoil, Site
clearance, Earth works and related vegetation clearance and erosion, traffic safety, health
issues and in the course site reinstatement.
The consultant should verify that all mitigation and monitoring activities are done along
with the engineering tasks. Failure from the contractors’ side not to implement and report
mitigation and monitoring tasks should lead to actions similar to not complying to
engineering requirements.
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Existing Conditions
 Location and Terrain, Geology and Soils
The Mizan-Dima Road is found in the southern part of Ethiopia in the SNNP Regional
state. There is an existing rural Road for most of the section. The road has got a total length
of 91.6km.
The first section of the route starts from station 0+000 i.e. Mizan town and runs for 55 kms
towards south-west direction across Aman, Kite, Bebeka Coffee plantation, Biftu & Berji
villages follows the existing gravelly road. This segment traverses on falt to rolling
topography & crosses five rivers (Kekar, Shonga, Yeki Meka & Bandira) which are a
possible location of bridge, and a number of small streams.
The second segment of this route starts after 55 kms, where the alignment turns to the left
(south direction) towards Dima village. This section of the corridor traverses through
predominantly flat to rolling topography but some portion of the section is hilly and
crosses one big river called Guracha and river Koyi plus a number of small streams.
The geology is dominantly volcanics and Precambrian basement. In low lying areas
towards Sudal alluvial sediments exist.
The soils are predominantly developed on Trap series volcanics and metamorphic
Precambrian basement materials. The color is red and red brown to silty loam (FAO, 1984).
According to FAO/ UNESCO (1974) the soil in southwestern part of the country was
classified as Dystric Nitisols. Soil acidity tends to become an environmental problem due to
leaching as a result of heavy rain that occurs in the region. In the low lying areas alluvial
soils with sand, silt content exist.
 Climate and Hydrology
The climate around Mizan is very wet with average annual rainfall in the order of
2000mm/yr. The area drains the Akobo drainage basin. The following major rivers are
traversed by the project from Mizan to Dima: Kekar, Shonga, Yeki Meka & Bandira,
Guracha and river Koyi, Akobo. There are about seven smaller rivers between Koyi and
Akobo.
The vegetation on the highland is montane moist forest ecosystem comprises high forests
of the country mainly the southwest forests. The upper canopy is occupied by the
spectacular emmergent trees of Pouteria adolfi-friederici. Other characteristic species in the
canopy include Olea capensis subsp. welweitschii and subsp hochestetteri, Prunus africana,
Albizia schimperiana, Milletia ferruginea and Celtis africana. Others such as Polyscias fulva,
Schefflera volkensii, Trilepisium madagascariense, Schefflera abyssinica, Bersama abyssinica,
Mimusops kummel are also associated to it. Sub-canopy species include Croton macrostachyus,
Cordia africana, Dracena steudenri, Syzygium giuneense sub-sp. afromontanum, Sapium
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ellipticum, Ilex mitis, Erythrina brucei and Rothmannia urcelliformis. The shrub layer consists
species of Coffee arabica, Galiniera saxifraga, Teclea nobilis, Ocotea kenyensis, Clausena anisata,
Measa lnceolata and Maytenus spp.
The Woody climbers are Ureara hypselodendron, Landolphia owarensis, Embelia schimperi and
Jasminum spp. The ground vegetation are mainly herbaceous plants including Acanthus,
Justicia, Piperoma, Galinsoga, Impatiens, Urtica and several grass species. In the attempt of
classification of the vegetation types in montane moist forests of Ethiopia, Lisanework
Nigatu and Mesfin Tadesse (1989) and Kumlacew Yeshitila (1997) recognised five and nine
association groups at Harenna and Southwest forests, respectively. Plant community types
recognised at Harenna forest have shown distinct variation in their composition and
structure of the vegetation across altitudinal changes, while those community types from
Southwest forests were described mainly by their dominant species.
The montane moist forest ecosystem is distinguished also by supporting luxuriant growing
epiphytes Canarina, Orchids, Scadoxus and fern plants such as Platycerium and Drynaria.
Mosses also occur in the wettest forests associated to major branches and barks of trees.
Common Jackal, Wild Dog, Wild Cat, Bush Pig, Giant Forest Hog, Warthog, Bush Bug,
Colobus Monkey, Olive Babbon, Grey Duicker and Bush Babby. Although complete
inventory is lacking some of the montane moist forest ecosystem is recognized to be
important bird areas of Ethiopia (EWNHS, 1996). For example, Bonga forest consists of
more than 15 highland species of birds, Metu-Gore-Tepi forest consists of more than 16 of
which at least two are endemic, and Tiro- forest have also more than 32 highland biome
species of Birds (EWNHS, 1996).
 The Social and Economic Environment
Area and population size of the project Woredas by sex (2007)
No.
Name of Region
Woredas
Country
SNNPR
Ethiopia
SNNPR
Ethiopia
576
53601
55681
109282
3
4
MizanAman
(town)
Debub
Bench
Guraferda
Bero
SNNPR
SNNPR
Ethiopia
Ethiopia
2505.8
664.7
19405
6670
15859
5569
35264
12239
5
Surma
SNNPR
Ethiopia
4789.8
11794
12801
24595
6
Dima
Gambela
Ethiopia
700
4567
3429
7996
1
2
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Estimated area
(in km2)
Population
Male
Female
Total
18360
16131
34491
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No.
Name of Region
Woredas
Country
Updated EIA Report
Estimated area
(in km2)
Total
9236.3
Population
Male
Female
Total
114,397
109,470
223,867
The lively hood of the population is mainly agricultural, dominated by cash crop
production on the highlands as well as from honey, spices and fruits.
 Environmental Impacts and Mitigation
Although undoubtly the project will have beneficial socio-economic impacts, however
there will be negative bio-physical impacts. The area holds natural vegetation in the form
of forests and woodlands. There are also coffee plantations. These will be affected.
However it is recommended that minimizing the impacts should be considered by
narrowing the ROW where sensitive ecosystem components exist, by following existing
trails and by minimizing the number of trees to be cut. Also it is important not to locate
camp sites, spoil disposal sites, plant and material sites in sensitive areas such as vegetated
areas and near water sources.
Cultural impacts have been avoided during feasibility study through route selection.
Among four alternatives proposed for analysis Rout 1 has been chosen partly on its
positive influence for cultural materials (fossil sites). Route 4, which has not been selected
passes through Kibish area that is known as one of the Pale anthropological areas. Routs 2
and 3 have intermediate impacts.
Other major impacts will be on soil erosion and the resulting siltation. The water sources
are currently relatively pure as compared to other parts of the country. This is due to the
lush vegetation cover. During earth works and other such interventions and because of the
high rainfall sediment will be generated as spoil. These activities need very careful
disposal. As much as possible working in dry seasons and also replanting cut areas with
vegetation simultaneous to the work, using sediment traps will minimize the problem.
Socio economic impacts will be mainly property and utility acquisition that need proper
compensation and resettlement procedures that should be conducted in line with the
Resettlement Action Plan (RAP). The ROW is supposed to have the following general
impacts: The detail will be provided in the Land Acquisition Plan report.
Houses
Mud and Wood
67369m2
Tukul
16072.7m2
BLD
878m2
Farm Land
167.077 ha
Trees in no 1862
Coffee trees in no 623539
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Electric poles in no 1554
 Environmental Management Plan
An EMP is set as a table in the report. Main issues to manage in this project are to conserve
the forest cover and wildlife, to protect water erosion by siltation mainly and to protect soil
erosion. With this regard land use plan and education of the public about vegetation, soil
and water conservation is important. This needs to be conducted and enforced along with
the opening of the area via this and other projects. An annex of Environmental Monitoring
Plan is attached.
 Environmental Cost
No.
1
1.1
1.2
2
3
3.1
3.2
4
4.1
5
6
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
Item
Amount ETB
Erosion Control and Land slide mitigation
Technical engineering measures
Included in the engineering costs
Bio-Engineering measures (Top-soiling and
500,000.00
grassing to side slopes)
Resettlement and compensation Cost (to be
2,500,000.00
confirmed and finalized in the RAP)
Site restoration and artificial landscaping
Restoration of land used as detour roads
5,0000
Artificial landscaping of borrow pits, Quarry
50, 000
sites
Compensation for loss of trees and grassland
Natural tree and vegetation restoration
1,500,000.00
program
Road safety provisions (road signs, traffic
Included in the engineering costs
signs, etc.)
Environmental monitoring and capacity building
Local training through workshops
20,000.00
Short term training for one ESMT staff
100,000.00
Advisory group support
75,000.00
Expenses Routine monitoring visit for ESMT
100,000.00
TOTAL
4,850,000.00
10% Physical contingencies
485,000.00
Estimated Impact Mitigation Cost
5,335,000.00
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 Conclusion
The project will have very important Socio-economic benefits. However the negative biophysical conditions need careful monitoring and management. With such intervention the
project can be made environmentally feasible.
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Preparation of Mizan–Dima Road Project
Updated EIA Report
1.INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE) has allocated sufficient budget for the
Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Document Preparation of the Mizan-Dima Road
Project. The Mizan-Dima Road is found in the southern part of Ethiopia in the SNNP and
Gambela Regional state. There is an existing rural Road for most of the section. The road
has got a total length of 91.6 km.
The Ethiopian Roads Authority intends to construct a standard road and accordingly has
signed an agreement with Highway Engineers & Consultant /PLC to undertake the
consultancy services for the Detailed Engineering Design and Tender Document
Preparation of the Road Project on January 22/2008 & commenced it on Feb.8/2008.
This report concerns the feasibility stage Environmental Impact Assessment of the road. It
deals with the key environmental factors that are likely to be affected by the project during
construction and operational phases. It also presents recommendations with regard to
mitigation measures to be adopted, and monitoring plans for the safeguard of the
environment and human health of the project area and its surroundings.
Prior to this report inception and route alternative selection reports have been submitted.
The latter concerned the selection of an alignment with least negative environmental
impacts as well as the most feasible from socio-economic and engineering points view.
An Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is normally undertaken to integrate
environmental considerations in development planning; to insure that potential negative
impacts are foreseen and addressed at an early stage in the planning process, to identify
and enhance the positive impacts of the proposed development activities, to examine the
trade-offs and the possible alternatives, to ensure the development projects promote
sustainable livelihoods, to provide an eco-friendly and people-centred management tool, to
set up a machinery to carry out mitigation measures and monitoring and to promote intersectoral linkages. It includes, among others, identifying the scale and components of the
proposed project, collecting background information on existing environmental statues of
the study area, identification of proposed actions and alternatives, assessment and analysis
of impact of the proposed action, designing and proposing of cost-effective and
environmentally sustainable impact mitigation and enhancement measures, assessment of
prevailing institutional arrangements for implementation of proposed mitigation and
enhancement measures.
The EIA guideline prepared by Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) requires
development projects to reduce adverse effects on the physical, biological, and socioeconomic environments. The Ethiopia Roads Authority’s (ERA’s) EIA guideline provide
specific guidelines on how to integrate environmental concerns associated with road works
into planning, design and implementation.
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Updated EIA Report
As per the requirements of the EPA guideline, the consultant has assessed the potential
environmental impacts of the proposed road project. The Environmental Assessment has
been conducted concurrently with the feasibility of the project with the objective to ensure
that the project is environmentally sustainable and can contribute to the development of
environmental assets.
1.2 Objectives of the EIA Study
The fundamental objective of this environmental assessment is to ensure that the proposed
road project is environmentally sound and contributes to the development of
environmental assets in the Project Area. It is also expected to provide a means whereby
the overall environmental performance of this project can be enhanced through:

Identification of sensitive environmental components likely to be affected by the
road project

identification and evaluation of the potential impacts associated with project
implementation and subsequent operation, and

Preparation of plans and recommendations regarding measures that will minimize
adverse impacts and enhance beneficial impacts.
Figure 1- 1: location of Mizan-Dima road project
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1.3 EIA Methodology
In order to achieve the above objectives; the Consultant
Followed the conventional pattern for road project EIA’s to meet the requirements of EPA’s
Environmental Impact Assessment guideline and the Environmental Procedure Manual
published by ERA.
The findings of this EIA study report are based on secondary data and information
obtained from local offices and review available documents, primary data collected
through comprehensive field surveys, and consultation with different stakeholders at
woreda and members of the local community.
The methodology adopted for this environmental study is briefly discussed below:
Description of the Existing Environment: baseline data on the physical, biological and
human environment of the project has been assembled, evaluated and presented. Based on
the baseline conditions, the major environmental issues in the project area (i.e., which will
be under direct influence) have been considered.
Identification and Evaluation of Potential Impacts: This environmental assessment has
examined the potential beneficial and significant adverse impact on the environment
during the construction and operation stages of the project.
Development of Mitigation Measures: Practical and cost-effective mitigation and benefit
enhancement measures have been recommended.
1.4
Rational
The importance of this project from Socio-economic points of view is beyond doubt.
However its impact on the bio-physical environment needs careful mitigation and
management plans. Hence the necessity for an EIA at this planning stage is a crucial task of
the consultant. With early interventions to reduce particularly impacts on the natural
vegetation and the wildlife is essential. Moreover erosion and impact on water sources
need to be considered and measures to reduce such effects needs to continuously be
applied.
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2. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROJECT ROAD
2.1 Existing Conditions
2.1.1 Existing Pavement Condition
Mizan Teferi (Km 0+000 – Km 35+000)
This section of the road mainly traverses through light brown silty clay sub-grade material.
The existing condition of the road is in good condition as there are no major pavement
defects that affect the riding quality to a considerable extent. The road is re-graveled
recently with yellowish silty material blended with volcanic granular material commencing
from Mizan town and reaching up at about Km 18 during the site visit. The existing width
of the road ranges from 6-8m.
Km 35 -Km 37
This section of the road mainly traverses through exposed red silty clay sub-grade material.
No gravel wearing course material for this section of the road is available though such subgrade materials are good in bearing capacity.
Km 37 - Km 62
This section of the road is covered with Yellowish clayey granular material having a
variable thickness. Because of this, this section serves for the existing traffic in a relatively
favourable condition. The existing width of the road way ranges from 5 to 6.5m.
Km 62 - Km 91.6 (Dima)
Major structural failure does not prevail on this section. However due to lack of frequent
maintenance functional failures are common. Of which Gravel Loss, Stoniness, potholes
longitudinal gullies and narrowing carriage way width are of the main defects.
The section passes in lowland and therefore there is a huge amount of water that is
received from the highland during rainy seasons. Lack proper drainage leads the runoff to
affect the road. Accordingly it is possible to conclude that the existing pavement defects
arise from this problem. Therefore there should be consideration of the problem during the
detail design phase.
Major structures, such as on Koy River, are intermittently found within this section of the
road. The crossing structure is constructed with Bailey bridge having a log deck surface.
Most of the minor drainage structures for this particular road section are fords. Generally
the pavement condition at the approach and bend of the fords are severely damaged.
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3. POLYCY, LEGAL AND INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORKS
Similar to other developmental projects; the proposed Arbaminch - Kemba – Swala Road
Project is influenced by several policies and programmes aimed at development and
environmental protection. Therefore; policies, legislations and institutional frameworks
most relevant to road projects in general and to the proposed project in particular were
assessed and presented.
3.1
Administrative and Institutional Frameworks
The following paragraphs discuss the institutional and administrative framework at the
Federal and Regional level and organizations responsible for the preparation of
environmental policy and technical guidelines.
3.1.1 Federal and Regional States
The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia (FDRE) was formally established on 1995. The
FDRE comprises of the Federal states with nine Regional State members. The roles of
government at the different levels (Federal, Regional and Local) are defined by the
Constitution (1995) and Proclamations No. 4 of 1995. The government structure takes
power from the centre to Regions and Weredas. Under these proclamations, duties and
responsibilities of Regional States include planning, directing and developing social and
economic programs, as well as the administration, development and protection of natural
resources of their respective regions.
3.1.2 The Environmental Protection Authority
The Environmental Protection Authority (EPA) was established in August 1995, under
Proclamation 9/1995, and is an autonomous government body reporting directly to the
Prime Minister. It has a broad mandate covering environmental matters at Federal level.
The Proclamation sets out the main responsibilities and broad organizational structure of
the EPA.
The key functions of EPA are defined in Proclamation 9/1995 and may be summarized as
follows:

preparation of environmental protection policies and laws and to ensure that
these are implemented

preparation of directives and implementation of systems necessary for the
evaluation of the impact of projects on the environment

preparation of environmental protection standards and implementation of
directives concerning soil, water and air

the conduct of studies on desertification and the co-ordination of efforts to
combat it
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
preparation of recommendations regarding measures needed to protect the
environment

enhancement of environmental awareness programs

implementation of international treaties concerning the environment to which
Ethiopia is a signatory

provision of advice and technical support to the regions on environmental
matters
The Federal government of Ethiopia issued Environmental protection organs establishment
proclamation (proclamation No. 295/2002). The objective of this Proclamation is to assign
responsibilities to separate organizations for environmental development and management
activities on one hand, and environmental protection, regulations and monitoring on the
other hand in order to ensure sustainable use of environmental resources, thereby avoiding
possible conflicts of interest and duplication of effort. It is also intended to establish a
system that fosters coordinated but differentiated responsibilities among environmental
protection agencies at federal and regional levels.
This Proclamation re-established the EPA as an autonomous public institution of the
Federal Government of Ethiopia. It also empowers every competent agency to establish or
designate an environmental unit (Sectoral Environmental Unit) that shall be responsible for
coordination and follow-up so that the activities of the competent agency are in harmony
with this Proclamation and with other environmental protection requirements.
Furthermore, the Proclamation stated that each regional state shall establish an
independent regional environmental agency or designate an existing agency that shall
(based on the Ethiopian Environmental Policy and Conservation Strategy) be responsible
for:

Ensuring public participation in decision-making process.

Coordinating the formulation, implementation, review and revision of regional
conservation strategies, and

Environmental monitoring, protection and regulation.
As indicated above, the new Proclamation on Institutional Arrangements for
Environmental Protection, envisages a widening of the EPA’s mandate. Most of the
proposed additional powers and duties relate to co-ordination and monitoring aspects. Key
elements include:

to establish a system for EIA of projects, policies, strategies, laws and programs

to enforce implementation of this EIA process (i.e. review EIA reports) and the
recommendations which result from it for projects that are subject to Federal
licensing, execution or supervision

to determine environmental standards and ensure their compliance
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
to enter any land, premises or any other places that falls under the Federal
jurisdiction, inspect anything and take samples as deemed necessary with a view
to ascertaining compliance with environmental protection requirements

to ensure implementation of environmental protection laws
In view of the multi-sectoral nature of the EPE and the number of government agencies
involved in various aspects of environmental management, overall co-ordination and
policy review and direction is the responsibility of an Environmental Protection Council
(EPC) within EPA, whose members represent the key agencies concerned with policy
implementation and representatives from the civil society. With these powers, EPA has the
mandate to involve itself on all projects that have a federal, inter-regional (involving more
than one Region) and international scope.
3.1.3 The Ethiopian Roads Authority
3.1.3.1 General
The Ethiopian Roads Authority (ERA) is a Government organization in charge of the
development and management - including the planning, construction and maintenance - of
the country’s network of trunk and major link roads and as such, is responsible for the
administration of the Road Sector Development Programme (RSDP).
On the other hand, the responsibility for rural roads was delegated to regional Rural Road
Authorities (RRAs).
In accordance with the relevant stipulations of the Proclamation for the Establishment of
Environmental Protection Organs, which require that, at the federal level, each spectral
ministry and authority has to establish an in-house environmental protection unit in order
to ensure compliance with environmental proclamations and other environmental
protection regulations, ERA established the Environmental Monitoring and Safety Branch
(ESMT) and the Right-of-Way Protection Branch (ROWPB).
3.1.3.2 Environmental Monitoring and Safety Branch
The ESMT is established within the Planning and Programming Division of the
Engineering and Regulatory Department to address environmental matters related to the
road sector.
The main responsibilities of the ESMT are to:

advise and assist the senior management in the decision-making
process on all environmental and social issues pertaining to the road
sector,

ensure that environmental and social issues related to environmental
and social management and monitoring are adequately addressed in
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connection with road project design, construction and operation and
maintenance and any other activities throughout ERA,

Supervise and monitor - under environmental and social aspects - all
of ERA’s road projects.
3.1.3.3 Legal Division and Right-of-Way Branch
ERA’s Legal Division, and in particular it’s ROWPB, are responsible for the
implementation of all resettlement action plans.
The RoWPD is responsible for:
3.2

negotiate with regional, zone and district offices, in order to secure the
right-of-way for highway construction purposes,

negotiates with property owners, rural and urban dwellers’ associations
(or kebele administrations) regarding the compensation for the loss of
buildings, crops, vegetation or any other property, due to the
construction, etc. of roads, through judicial methods,

investigations of claims and disputes arising from land acquisition,

elaboration of recommendations
compensatory claims,

ensures that payments are effected as agreed upon with claimants,

follow-up of agreed-upon - or as decided by the competent authority payments to claimants,

securing receipts and land transfers for road construction purposes,

organisation of property valuation committees with suitable regional
officials and community elders and the familiarisation of these committees
with the standard methodology and procedures for the valuation of
properties on the land required for road construction purposes, etc., and

Establishes arbitration appraisal committee, where appropriate, to
negotiate - with property owners or their representatives
of
acceptance
or
rejection
of
Development Policies and Strategies
3.2.1 The National Economic Development Strategy
The guiding strategy under the national economic development is known as the
‘Agricultural Development Led Industrialization’ (ADLI). The Agricultural Development
Led Industrialization strategy is further developed into sectoral strategies that include
agriculture, industry, mining, population growth, technological progress, economic and
social infrastructures, etc.
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3.2.2 National Development Policy Framework (NDPF) and Sustainable Development
and Poverty Reduction Programme (SDPRP)
Key policy documents that the Government issued since the early 1990s were primarily
concerned with poverty and well being in Ethiopia. The Economic Reform Programme,
which was implemented between 1992 and 1997, through four Policy Framework Papers,
adhered to the objective of sound macroeconomic stance, structural transformation that
rewards both labour and capital, increased expenditure on education and health services,
enhancing food-security, and deepening of market integration with the overarching
objective of reducing poverty.
The current NDPF (the SDPRP) consists of:
o Overriding and international focus on agriculture as this sector is the source of
livelihood for 85% of the population where the bulk of which is poor. The
government gives overriding primacy to the welfare of rural population.
Agriculture is also believed to be a potential source to generate primary surplus to
fuel the growth of other sectors of the economy (industry);
o Strengthening private sector growth and development especially in industry as
means of achieving off-farm employment and output growth (including investment
in necessary infrastructure);
o Rapid export growth through production of high value agricultural products and
increased support to export oriented manufacturing sectors particularly intensified
processing of high quality skins/leather and textile garment;
o Undertake major investment in education and strengthen the on going effort on
capacity building to overcome critical constraints to implementation of development
program;
o Deepen and strengthen the decentralization process to shift decision-making closer
to the grass root population, to improve responsiveness and service delivery;
o Improvements in governance to move forward in the transformation of society,
improve empowerment of the poor & set framework /provide-enabling
environment for private sector growth and development; and
o Agricultural research, water harvesting and small scale irrigation.
3.3
Environmental Policies and strategies
Ethiopia has different levels of policy and legislative frameworks that cover various aspects
of environmental management and sustainable development issues. This includes the
Constitution, which provides the foundation for all policies and legislations, the National
Environmental Policy (NEP), that provides the framework for environmental legislations
and sectoral policies and legislations that deal with specific sectoral environmental issues.
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3.3.1 The Constitution
The Constitution of the Federal Republic of Ethiopia provides the overriding principles and
legal provisions for all legislative frameworks in the country. The concept of sustainable
development and the environmental rights of the people are enshrined in the Constitution
Article 43 and 44.
The constitutional provisions stipulated in the articles have served as the guiding
principles for all activities that are related to policy formulation, strategy development and
the formulation of legislative and institutional framework for environmental protection.
1.3.2 The Conservation Strategy of Ethiopia (CSE)
The initiation of the project on Conservation Strategy of Ethiopia in1989 was the first
comprehensive undertaking that laid down the basis for policies and strategies foundation
in Ethiopia. The purpose of the CSE Project was the assessment of the status and trends in
the use and management of the resource base of Ethiopia, the foundation of a policy and a
strategy framework and the development of a Federal Action Plan and Investment
Program including legislative measures and operational arrangements for implementation.
The formulation process has been countrywide, multi-sectoral and participatory. The CSE
takes a holistic view of the natural, human-made and cultural resources and their use and
abuse. It seeks to integrate existing and future Federal and Regional State Government
planning in all sectors that rests upon the natural and human-made environments.
3.3.3 The Environmental Policy of Ethiopia (EPE)
The Environmental Policy of Ethiopia (EPE) was issued in April 1997. The overall policy
goal is to improve and enhance the health and quality of life of all Ethiopians, to promote
sustainable social and economic development through sound management and use of
natural, human and cultural resources and their environment as a whole, so as to meet the
needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to
meet their own needs.
The policy seeks to ensure the empowerment and participation of the people and their
organizations at all levels in environmental management activities, and to raise public
awareness and promote understanding of the essential linkage between environment and
development. In addition to its guiding principles, the policy provides sectoral and crosssectional environmental policies.
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) policies are included in the cross-sectoral
environmental policies. The EIA policies emphasize the early recognition of environmental
issues in project planning, public participation, mitigation and environmental
management, and capacity building at all levels of administration.
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3.3.4 Sectoral Environmental Policies
The detailed sectoral environmental policies and strategy together with the related law and
regulation are currently in various stages of preparation. One of the policies is the wildlife
policy developed by the Ministry of Agriculture whose prime objective are the
preservation, development and sustainable utilization of Ethiopia's wildlife resources for
social and economic development and for the integrity of the biosphere. This is at present
in draft form and covers a wide range of policies and strategies relating amongst others, to
wildlife conservation and protected areas. A forestry management policy is also under
preparation by the Ministry of Agriculture, to address the problems posed by continued
deforestation arising from the use of wood in construction and as domestic fuel. Water
Resources Policy has been formulated by the Ministry of Water Resources and Biodiversity
Policy by the Ministry of Agriculture.
3.3.4.1 Proclamation for the Conservation, Development and Utilization of Forests
Proclamation No.94/1993 is the relevant legislative instrument concerning forest resources.
The proclamation includes provision for the conservation, development and utilization of
forest resources. Sub-article 4 of article 13 of this proclamation states that prior consultation
and approval is required from the appropriate regional body in order to conduct
construction of any projects within federal and regional forests.
3.3.4.2 National Health policy and Strategy
The health policy and strategy of the government is based on the belief that health policy
cannot be considered in isolation from policies addressing population dynamics, food
availability, acceptable living conditions and other requisite essentials for health
improvement and shall therefore develop effective inter-sectorality for a comprehensive
betterment of life. Article 2 of the General Policy states the ‘development of the preventive
and promotive components of health care’ as one of the basic policy component. The
promotion of occupational health and safety (Article 2.2.2) and the development of
environmental health (Article 2.2.3) are identified as priority policy areas for the health
sector.
Article 3.4 of the policy states that inter-sectoral collaboration shall be emphasized in
developing safe disposal of human, household, agricultural, and industrial wastes and
encouragement of recycling’. Article 5.2 states that the promotional and preventive
activities shall address ‘prevention of environmental pollution with hazardous chemical
wastes’.
3.3.4.3 Policy and legislation on the mining sector
The proclamation to promote the development of the mineral resources, which was issued
under Proclamation No. 52/1993, is the most recent comprehensive legislation with respect
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to the mineral sector. Article No. 4 of the proclamation states that ‘no person shall prospect,
explore or mine unless he is a holder of a license’. Article 46 states that ‘the power to issue
mining license and construction mining license undertaken by domestic investors shall be
given by Mines and energy Bureau of National/Regional Self-government while other
mining operation licenses shall be given by the Ministry of Mines and Energy.
3.3.4.4 Ethiopian Water Resources Management Policy
The Federal Government of the Democratic republic of Ethiopia issued a comprehensive
and integrated water resources management policy in 1998. The policy document outlines
the following as the general policy objectives (FDRE 1998: 1):

Development of, the water resources of the country for economic and social benefits
of the people on equitable and sustainable basis.

Allocation and apportionment or water, based on comprehensive and integrated
plans and optimum allocation principles that incorporate efficiency of use, equity of
access, and sustainability of the resource.

Managing and combating drought as well as other associated slow on-set disasters
through, -inter-alia, efficient allocation, redistribution, transfer, storage and efficient
use of water.

Combating and regulating floods through sustainable mitigation, prevention,
rehabilitation and other practical measures.

Conserving, protecting and enhancing water resources and the overall aquatic
environment on sustainable basis.
3.3.5 Biodiversity Policy (Approved 1998)
The policy provides guidance towards the effective conservation, rational development
and sustainable utilization of the country's biodiversity. In general, the policy consists of
comprehensive policy provisions on the conservation and sustainable utilization of
biodiversity.
3.3.6 ERA's sector policy for HIV/AIDS in the Work Places
ERA has prepared a sectoral policy for HIV/AIDS in the workplaces of ERA (June, 2004).
In the policy ERA acknowledges the fact that the HIV/AIDS pandemic is a reality in the
work place and may have detrimental effects on the goals and objectives of the authority.
Therefore, the authority:

Commits itself to create a supportive and non discriminatory working
environment through dispelling of myths and stereotypes and by ensuring
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that infected employees are treated in the same manner as other
employees,

Seeks to minimize the social, economic and developmental consequences
to the authority and its staff,

Undertakes that management will provide resources and leadership to
implement program for the prevention and control of the HIV/AIDS and
sexually transmitted infections (STI),

Commits itself to offering support, counselling and education services to
infected & affected employees;

Commits itself to establish and maintain an employee assistance program,
and Insures sustainable resources for the prevention and control of
HIV/AIDS.
The ERA task force is responsible and accountable for all programs for prevention and
control of HIV/AIDS in the authority. The ERA's environmental monitoring and safety
branch through the HIV/AIDS program coordinators is responsible for coordinating,
implementing, monitoring and evaluating the policy provisions.
3.4
Legislative Instruments
The Federal Government of Ethiopia is in the process of passing a number of proclamations
that are aimed a (providing the legislative instruments for the implementation of the
national environmental policy objectives and strategies. The following environmental
protection proclamations were recently enacted by the Council of Representatives of FDRE.
3.4.1 Proclamation on Institutional Arrangement
This proclamation establishes the Environmental Protection Authority as an autonomous
Federal Agency with the objective of formulating environmental policies, strategies,
legislation, standards and directives. The proclamation also provides for the establishment
of the Environmental Council to ensure integration of environmental concerns with
development policies, strategies and plans, as well as coordination among sectors. The
Environmental Council is chaired by the Prime Minister (or his designate) and is composed
of ministers of the relevant line ministries, heads of other government agencies and
representatives of trade associations and NGOs. The Executive Director of EPA will serve
as member and Secretary of the Environmental Council. Furthermore, the proclamation
requires every competent agency to establish or designate its own environmental unit,
which shall ensure collaboration with EPA and be responsible to coordinate and follow-up
that activities of the agency are taking place in harmony with this Proclamation and other
environmental requirements.
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3.4.2 Proclamation on Environmental Impact Assessment
The Federal Government has issued a Proclamation on Environmental Impact Assessment
(Proclamation No. 299/2002) and the primary aim of this Proclamation is to make EIA
mandatory for specified categories of activities undertaken either by the public or private
sectors, and possibly, the extension of EIA to policies, plans and programmes in addition to
projects.
The provisions of the proclamation include:

Projects will be subject to EIA and execution is subject to an environmental
clearance from the EPA or Regional Government Environmental Agency, as
applies;

EPA or the Regional Agency, depending on the magnitude of expected
impacts, may waive the requirement of an EIA;

All other licensing agencies shall, prior to issuing of a license, ensure that
either EPA or the regional Environmental Agency has authorized
implementation of project; and

A licensing agency shall either suspend or cancel a license that has already
been issued, in the case that EPA or the Regional environmental agency
suspends or cancels the environmental authorization.

Approval of an Environmental Impact Study Report (EISR) or the granting
of authorization by the EPA or the REA does not exonerate the proponent
from liability for damage.
The proclamation is based on the principle that each citizen has the right to have a healthy
environment, as well as the obligation to protect the environment of the country. It contains
provisions for Control of Pollution, Management of Municipal Waste, and Management of
Hazardous Waste, Chemical and Radioactive Substance. It also encompasses provisions for
the formulation of practicable Environmental Standards by the EPA, in consultation with
competent agencies. Furthermore, it empowers the EPA or REA to assign Environmental
Inspectors who have powers and duties to control pollution.
3.4.3 Proclamation on Environmental Pollution Control
The environmental Pollution Control Proclamation (Proc. no. 300/2002) is promulgated
with a view to eliminate or when not possible to mitigate pollution as an undesirable
consequence of social and economic development activities. This proclamation contains
general provisions on pollution control, environmental standards, powers and duties of
environmental inspectors, rights to appeal and offences and penalties. The pollution
control component includes provisions on management of hazardous wastes, chemicals
and radioactive substances, management of municipal wastes and protection or the zone
layer. The proclamation has provisions on forfeiture, cancellation and restoration.
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3.4.4 The Ethiopian Roads Authority (ERA)
The Ethiopian Roads Authority (ERA) was established in 1951 through proclamation
No.63/1963 with responsibilities for the construction, improvement and maintenance of
the Country's road network. Proclamation No. 80/1987 re-established ERA. ERA's
Environmental Management Branch (EMB) was established in January 1998 with major
responsibility of setting and implementing ERA's environmental guidelines in support of
the national level requirements. The EMB holds the capacity of advisory, co-ordination and
supervision aspects that are pertinent to the road environmental impacts and implication
assessment as well as co-ordination with the respective ERA district offices.
3.4.5 Ethiopian Roads Authority (Policy Framework)
Resettlement and rehabilitation are recognized civic rights in the Ethiopian legislation.
Article 44 No.2 of the Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia has a
clause stating that:
“All persons who have been displaced or whose livelihoods have been adversely affected
as a result of state programs have the right to commensurate monetary or alternative
means of compensation, including relocation with adequate state assistance.”
This is the basis for the compensation procedures established by the ERA has and likewise,
the legal framework for the present resettlement and rehabilitation policy framework.
Furthermore, by signing the credit agreements for the RSDPSP (credit 3032) and the RRP
(credit 2438) with IDA, The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia committed itself to
abide the involuntary resettlement policy of the World Bank and both parties do agree on
the fact that development projects should not be realized at the expense of the people
affected by the projects. Thus, the legal framework of the RSDPSP are the Ethiopian
constitution as transcended into the ERA procedures and the World Bank Operational
procedure OP/BP 4.12, on involuntary resettlement and its operational policy as spelled out
in the resettlement and rehabilitation guidebook.
Apart from the broad policy frameworks at national level, the main reference behind the
preparation of a Resettlement Action Plan (RAP) is ERA's guiding principles as stipulated
in its Resettlement and Rehabilitation Policy Framework. The following statement is
quoted from the ERA's Resettlement and Rehabilitation Framework to show when and
where a RAP is required or not.
At project identification, social screening/social impact assessment (SIA) of the subprojects
will be conducted with the aim to determine whether or not a subproject requires detailed
resettlement action plans. The principles of compensation/rehabilitation will be triggered
wherever there will be a land requirement and adverse social impacts. Should, however,
the SIA findings reveal that more than 200 persons are affected by a subproject, a
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resettlement action plan will have to be prepared (ERA 2002). In the same issue the World
Bank OP 4.12, as referred in ERA's Policy Framework, states:
Where large-scale of population displacement is unavoidable, a detailed resettlement plan, timetable
and budget are required. Resettlement plans should be built around a development strategy and
package aimed at improving or at least restoring the economic base for those relocated. Experience
indicates that cash compensation alone is normally inadequate. Voluntary settlement may form part
of a resettlement plan, provided measures to address the special circumstances of involuntary
resettlers are included. Preference should be given to land-based resettlement strategies for people
dislocated from agricultural settings. If suitable land is unavailable, no land-based strategies built
around opportunities for employment or self-employment may be used.
In case of lesser number of affected people, OP 4.12 specifies the following:
Where only a few people (e.g. less than 200 individuals) are to be relocated, appropriate
compensation for assets, logistical support for moving and relocation grant may be the only
requirements. However, the principles on which compensation is to be based are the same as for
larger groups. (ERA, 2002)
As per the above framework, a threshold has been set whether or not to proceed with a
detail RAP once a social screening is done on any proposed road development project.
Road development that entails the relocation of more than 200 individuals or about 40
households is expected to draw up a resettlement action plan. Those road projects that
would displace less than 200 individuals are not expected to come up with a detailed/full
scale RAP and instead appropriate compensation measures for lost assets, arrangements
for logistical support and a relocation grant have to be made.
3.4.6 Land Tenure
Land is the property of the state/public and does not require compensation. The land
proclamations 31/1975 of rural land and 47/1975 of urban land state that the Government
holds the ownership of land; it is the property of the Ethiopian People, Article 7(72) of
proclamation 4/1975 states that the Government shall pay fair compensation for property
found on the land, but the amount of compensation shall not take any value of the land
into account, because land is owned by state.
Proclamation No.55/1993, article 5.2, states that ERA shall use, free of charge; land and
such other resources and quarry substances for the purpose of construction of highways,
camp, storage of equipment and other required services, provided, however, that it shall
pay compensation in accordance with the law for properties on the land it uses.
The Right-of-Way (ROW) is the land allocated and preserved by the law for the public use
in road construction, rehabilitation and maintenance work. For example in the RR50
standard 15m width on either side of the road centreline fall into the legal ROW.
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3.4.7 Proclamation to provide for the Expropriation of Land Holdings for Public
Purposes and Payment of Compensation
In order to facilitate expropriation of landholding and payment of compensation, the
government prepared a new proclamation in July 2005 on the “Expropriation of
landholding for public purposes and payment of Compensation” Proclamation No.
455/2005 .The objective of the proclamation was to define the basic principles that have to
be taken into consideration in determining compensation to a person whose landholding
has been expropriated.
Regulation 135/2007 identifies standard procedures for payment of compensation for
property situated on land holdings expropriated for public purposes.
3.4.8 Proclamation on Rural Land Administration and Land Use
This Proclamation, Proc. No. 456/2005, came into effect in July 2005. The objective of the
Proclamation is to conserve and develop natural resources in rural areas by promoting
sustainable land use practices. In order to encourage farmers and pastoralists to implement
measures to guard against soil erosion, the Proclamation introduces a Rural Land Holding
Certificate, which provides a level of security of tenure.
The MoARD is charged with executing the Proclamation by providing support and cocoordinating the activities of the regional authorities. Regional governments have an
obligation to establish a competent organization to implement the rural land
administration and land use law.
According the Proclamation where land, which has already been registered, is to be
acquired for public works, compensation commensurate with the improvements made to
the land shall be paid to the land use holder or substitute land shall be offered. The
Proclamation imposes restrictions on the use of various categories of land, for example
wetland areas, steep slopes, land dissected by gullies, etc.
3.5
EIA Guidelines
3.5.1 EPAs Environmental Impact Assessment Guidelines (2002)
As part of the ongoing effort to develop environmental legislation and guidelines in
Ethiopia, the EPA released its EIA guidelines document. The document provides a
background to environmental impact assessment and environmental management in
Ethiopia. The document aims as being a reference material to ensure effective
environmental assessment and management practice in Ethiopia for all parties who are
engaged in the process. The long-term objectives of the EIA system as set out by the EPA
are:

Conservation and sustainable use of natural resources
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
Integration of environmental considerations in development planning
processes

Protection and enhancement of the quality of all life forms

Attainment of environmentally and socially sound and sustainable
development
The document details the required procedures for conducting an EIA in Ethiopia and the
requirements for environmental management. These requirements are presented on a stepby- step basis in the guideline. In addition, the document specifies tools that may be
considered when engaging in the EIA process. Reference is made to the legislation and
policies with which potential investors and developers in Ethiopia must comply and key
issues for environmental assessment in specific development sectors are detailed for
consideration.
In addition, the EIA Guideline provides the categories, the relevant requirements for an
EIA, and lists project types under each category. In accordance with this Guideline, projects
are categorized into three schedules:
Schedule-I: Projects, which may have adverse and significant environmental impacts and
therefore require a full Environmental Impact Assessment.
Schedule-2: Projects whose type, scale or other relevant characteristics have potential to
cause some significant environmental impacts but are not likely to warrant a
full EIA study.
Schedule-3: Projects which would have no impact and do not require an EIA.
Accordingly, rural road programs fall into Schedule 1 and major rural road upgrading/
rehabilitation fall into Schedule 2. However, projects located in environmentally sensitive
areas such as land prone to erosion; land prone to desertification; areas of historic or
archaeological interest; important landscape; religiously important area, etc. should be
treated as equivalent to Schedule 1 activities irrespective of the nature of the project.
3.5.2 ERA's Environmental Impact Assessment Guideline
On the basis of the EPA's Environmental Impact Considerations for Transport Sector
Projects (January 1998), ERA has issued Environmental Guidelines for the road sub-sector
to instruct different parties involved with road sector environmental activities. The main
objective of the document is to provide specific guidelines on how to integrate
environmental concerns associated with road works into planning, design and
implementation. It is not a legal document, but rather an official guideline to serve the
activities of the Ethiopian Roads Authority (ERA) and its relations with other organizations
in environmental issues.
In Environmental Guidelines, ERA project categories are described as:
1) Projects Requiring an Initial EIA
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These are road projects that have the potential to cause some significant environmental
impacts but not likely to warrant an EIA study. These are projects like
upgrading/rehabilitation of roads, and other works of similar extent
2) Projects Requiring a Full EIA Study
These are projects that are likely to have a severe impact on the environment. Therefore a
self-standing EIA is required that in turn requires specific Terms of Reference for its
fulfilment. Projects of such nature may include new / upgrading of major roads; new /
upgrading of regional roads, and other works of similar extent.
The proposed Road Project is classified under the second category.
3.6 International Conventions and Protocols
In addition to national environmental legislations, the federal democratic republic of
Ethiopia is also a party to a number of regional and international conventions and
protocols on environment. The government has established an Environmental Protection
Authority, and this Authority is designated as focal point for the implementation of these
conventions and protocols.
According to; Article 9(4) of the constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
provides that once an international agreement is ratified through the accepted or
established procedure, it automatically becomes an integral part of the law of the land.
Consequentially, the convention and the Protocol are the laws of this land. Therefore; the
following international conventions and protocols are relevant to the Road project.
3.6.1 Convention on Biological Diversity
The convention on biological diversity has three goals. These are:

Conservation of biodiversity;

Sustainable use of the components of biodiversity; and

Fair and equitable sharing of the benefits arising from the use of genetic
resources.
The convention was ratified by Ethiopia through proclamation No.98/94 on May 31, 1994.
3.6.2 Framework Convention on Climate Change
Ethiopia ratified this convention through proclamation No. 97/1994 on May 2/1994. This
convention takes into account the fact that climate change has trans-boundary impacts.
The basic objective of this convention is to provide for agreed limits on the release of
greenhouse gases into the atmosphere so as to prevent the occurrence of climate change. It
also aims to prepare countries to minimize the impact of climate change, should it occur.
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3.6.3 The Vienna Convention on the Protection of the Ozone Layer
The basic objective of the convention is to combat the negative impact on the environment
and human beings resulting from ozone depleting substances by reducing the amounts
released and eventually banning their commercial use through internationally agreed
measures. The Montreal protocol entered into force in 1989 to facilitate the implementation
of this convention.
Ethiopia ratified and become party to the Vienna convention and the Montreal protocol in
January 1996. The National Meteorological services agency has been mandated for the
coordination and supervision of implementation of this convention.
3.6.4 The United Nations Conventions to Combat Desertification
The objective of the convention is to combat desertification and mitigate the effects of
droughts in countries experiencing serious drought and /or desertification, particularly in
Africa. Ethiopia has ratified the convention through its proclamation no. 80/1997.
3.6.5 The Basel convention
The objective of the Basel convention is to control and regulate the Trans boundary
movement of hazardous wastes. The Bamako convention of 1991 plays a similar role at the
level of the African continent. Ethiopia ratified the Basel convention through its
proclamation No. 357/2002. Its amendment was ratified through proclamation No.
356/2002. The country has also ratified the Bamako convention through proclamation No.
355/2002.
3.6.6 The Stockholm Convention
In the year 2002, Ethiopia fully accepted and ratified the Stockholm convention on
persistent organic pollutants by proclamation No. 279/2002 designed to ban the use of
persistent organic pollutants. The Environmental protection authority has the full mandate
to implement the convention at the national level.
3.6.7 Convention on international trade in endangered species of fauna and flora
The objectives of the convention are to control international trade in endangered species
and to ensure that international trade in non-endangered species is carried out in a manner
which ensures stable markets and economic benefits for the exporting countries as well as
to control and regulate illegal trade in such non endangered species, fossils and/ or their
derivatives. Ethiopia ratified the convention through proclamation No.l4/1970. The
mandate to implement the convention at federal level is the responsibility of the Ethiopian
wildlife protection and development organization.
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The World Bank's environmental and social safeguard policies
The World Bank's environmental and social safeguard policies are a cornerstone of its
support to sustainable poverty reduction. The objective of these policies is to prevent and
mitigate undue harm to people and their environment in the development process. These
policies provide guidelines for bank and borrower staffs in the identification, preparation,
and implementation of programs and projects. Environmental Assessment is one of the 10
environmental, social, and legal Safeguard Policies of the World Bank. Environmental
Assessment is used in the World Bank to identify, avoid, and mitigate the potential
negative environmental impacts associated with Bank lending operations.
In World Bank operations, the purpose of Environmental Assessment is to improve
decision making, to ensure that project options under consideration are sound and
sustainable, and that potentially affected people have been properly consulted.
The World Bank's environmental assessment policy and recommended processing are
described in Operational Policy (OP)/Bank Procedure (BP) 4.01: Environmental
Assessment. This policy is considered to be the umbrella policy for the Bank's
environmental 'safeguard policies' which among others include: Natural Habitats (OP
4.04), Forests (OP 4.36), Pest Management (OP 4.09), Physical Cultural Resources (OP 4.11),
and Safety of Dams (OP 4.37), Involuntary Resettlement Policy (4.12). Below is a
description of the policies relevant to this project:
Operational Policy 4.01 Environmental Assessment: The core requirement of this Policy is
that screening should be done as early as possible for potential impacts and select
appropriate instrument to assess, minimize and mitigate potentially adverse impacts, to
ensure that Bank-financed projects are environmentally sound and sustainable, and that
decision-making is improved through appropriate analysis of actions and of their likely
environmental impacts, and ensures that appropriate levels of environmental and social
assessment are carried out as part of project design. It also deals with the public
consultation process, and ensures that the views of PAPs and local NGOs are incorporated
as early as possible for Category A and B projects. The policy also covers environmental,
health, and safety (EHS) guidelines.
Operational Policy 4.12 Involuntary Resettlement: This promotes participation of
displaced people in resettlement planning and implementation, and its key economic
objective is to assist displaced persons in their efforts to improve or at least restore their
incomes and standards of living after displacement. It is triggered in situations involving
involuntary taking of land and involuntary restrictions of access to legally designated
parks and protected areas. The policy aims to avoid involuntary resettlement to the extent
feasible, or to minimize and mitigate its adverse social and economic impacts.
The policy prescribes compensation and other resettlement measures to achieve its
objectives and requires that borrowers prepare adequate resettlement planning instruments
prior to Bank appraisal of proposed projects.
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According to the World Bank Policy on involuntary resettlement, RAPs are expected to be
prepared in recognition to the Bank’s Policy as well in line with the Country’s laws.
Nevertheless, when there is a conflict, the Bank’s provisions take precedence.
OP/BP 4.11 Physical Cultural Resources: The objective of OP/BP 4.11 on Physical Cultural
Resources is to avoid, or mitigate, adverse impacts on cultural resources from development
projects that the World Bank finances. Cultural resources are important as sources of
valuable historical and scientific information, as assets for economic and social
development, and as integral parts of a people's cultural identity and practices. The loss of
such resources is irreversible, but fortunately, it is often avoidable. The Gamo high lands
through which the road passes contains several sacred sites that need careful attention.
Operational Policy 4.04: Natural Habitats seeks to ensure that World Bank-supported
infrastructure and other development projects take into account the conservation of
biodiversity, as well as the numerous environmental services and products which natural
habitats provide to human society. The policy strictly limits the circumstances under which
any Bank-supported project can damage natural habitats (land and water areas where most
of the native plant and animal species are still present).
Specifically, the policy prohibits Bank support for projects which would lead to the
significant loss or degradation of any Critical Natural Habitats, whose definition includes
those natural habitats which are either:

legally protected,

officially proposed for protection, or

Unprotected but of known high conservation value.
In other (non-critical) natural habitats, Bank supported projects can cause significant loss or
degradation only when
i.
there are no feasible alternatives to achieve the project's substantial overall net
benefits; and
ii.
Acceptable mitigation measures, such as compensatory protected areas, are included
within the project.
Operational Policy/Bank Procedure 4.36 (forests policy): The Bank's current forests policy
aims to reduce deforestation, enhance the environmental contribution of forested areas,
promote forestation, reduce poverty, and encourage economic development. Combating
deforestation and promoting sustainable forest conservation and management have been
high on the international agenda for two decades. As forests are home to at least half of all
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life forms on earth, and as two-thirds of the planet's original forest cover has gone, the
biodiversity of the planet has been seriously affected. There is, however, growing
recognition that wise forest management is critical to sustainable development, particularly
where the local or national economy is based directly on the use of forest resources. In
addition, forest ecosystems have major impacts on soil, water, and coastal marine
productivity over very large areas. They also have a significant influence on the global
carbon cycle, which plays a crucial role in local and global climate regulation.
The Bank has finalized its revised approach to forestry issues, in recognition of the fact that
forests play an increasingly important role in poverty alleviation, economic development
and for providing local as well as global environmental services.
Success in establishing sustainable forest conservation and management practices depends
not only on changing the behavior of all critical stakeholders, but also on a wide range of
partnerships to accomplish what no country, government agency, donor, or interest group
can do alone. The new Forest Strategy suggests three equally important and
interdependent pillars to guide future Bank involvement with forests:

Harnessing the potential of forests to reduce poverty,

Integrating forests in sustainable economic development, and

Protecting vital local and global environmental services and forest values.
The forestry policy should be read in conjunction with the Natural Habitats OP/BP 4.04
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4.
PREVALING ENVIRONMENT IN THE PROJECT AREA
4.1
The Physical Environment
4.1.1
Location
The first section of the route starts from station 0+000 i.e. Mizan town and runs for 55 kms
towards south-west direction across Aman, Kite, Bebeka Coffee plantation, Biftu & Berji
villages follows the existing gravelly road. This segment traverses on falt to rolling
topography & crosses five rivers (Kekar, Shonga, Yeki Meka & Bandira) which are a
possible location of bridge, and a number of small streams.
The second segment of this route starts after 55 kms, where the alignment turns to the left
(south direction) towards Dima village. This section of the corridor traverses through
predominantly flat to rolling topography but some portion of the section is hilly and
crosses one big river called Guracha and river Koyi plus a number of small streams.
Fig. 1 Location of the 91.6 km road project – it runs from Mizan via – Aman – Bebeka
– Biftu – Berji – Dima
4.1.2 Terrain Classification
One of the main determinants of the geometric design parameters of the road is the terrain
upon which the route traverses. Terrain was classified by the general slope of area in
which all alternates line traverses. The ERA Geometric Design Manual defines terrain
classification based on lateral slope, which are as follows:
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Tab: 1 Terrain Classification
Terrain Type
Flat
Transverse Terrain Slope (%)
0-5
Rolling
5-25
Hilly
25-50
Mountainous
> 50
The Manual also mentions that the Engineer should use his judgment in assigning a higher
design speed to a roadway segment based on longitudinal slope conditions. The
Consultant adopts the above terrain classification for the present project and finalizes the
design speed for various terrains after the longitudinal slope conditions along the corridor
are established.
Therefore, to have a clear image of the topographic characteristics of the areas where the
alternative route traverses through are important to determine the best route &
summarized as the following tables shown below.
Tab: 2 Terrains along the Route
Terrain type
Length (km)
Flat
Rolling
Mountainous
4.3
77.7
9.6
% Length from
total
4.7
84.8
10.5
4.1.3 Land Use/Cover
Likewise the terrain classification, the identification of land use/cover type is very
important because it has a big influence on the hydrological study for structures and shows
the complexity of detailed topographic survey for the route corridor. The following table
describes the terrain classification of the whole project road and summery of the terrain
types respectively.
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Table 3: Land use/cover classification along Route
Stations
0+000 – 1+900
1+900 – 2+500
2+500 – 3+750
3+750 – 37+400
37+400 – 38+000
38+000 – 46+800
46+800 – 47+400
47+400 – 55+000
55+000 – 55+700
55+700 – 61+800
61+800 – 75+500
75+500 – 86+200
86+200 – 91+600
Length (km)
1.9
0.6
1.25
33.65
0.6
8.8
0.6
7.6
0.7
6.1
13.7
10.7
5.4
Land Use/Cover Classification
Settlement
Plantation
Settlement
Plantation
Settlement
Plantation
Settlement
Plantation
Settlement
Plantation
Forest
Savannah
Settlement
Table 4: - Land Use/Cover type along the whole route
Land use/ Land cover type
Plantation (Coffee, Enset &
banana)
Bush, Woodland & Forest
Settlement
Savannah
Total
Coverage (km)
56.75
13.7
10.45
10.7
91.6
% coverage from the total
63.05
14.95
11.4
11.68
100
4.1.4 Geology
The project area consists of volcanic rocks mainly Jimma Volcanics: (Rhyolite and, trachyte
flows and tuff with minor Basalt layered) and Precambrian formations. The latter includes
medium grained biotite and hornblende-biotite gneisses. Minor ferruginous quartzite and
amphibolite layers occur within hornblende-biotite gneisses. The above formations cover
the project area from the start to nearly the Sudan Border. Ultimately the formations are
replaced by alluvial and lacustrine deposits as one reaches the flat terrain.
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Afar Series : Alkaline basalt with subordinate alkaline and
peralkaline silicics (rhyolitic dome and flows and ignimbrites)
Na
Birbir Group : Metabasalt,
graphiticschist,marble,qua
schist,metasandstone,meta
PR2b
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LATE MIOCENE
Ndb
Dalaha Formation : Fissural basalts and hawaiites with some
intercalated detrital and lacustrine sediments, with rhyolitic
flows and ignimbrites in the upper part.
Ntt
Tulu Wolel Trachyte with subordinate basalt.
PR2a
Adola Group : Amphibolite,
EARLY PROTEROZOIC
Fig.2 the Regional Geological Formation of the Project
PR1r
Mormora Group : Biotite sc
PR1w
Wadera Group : Metasand
MIDDLE - MIOCENE
ARb
gt5
Ntb
ARl and alkaline basalt.
Tarmaber Megezez Formation : Transitional
Nmr
MablaPR2b
and Arba Guracha Formation : Rhyolitic domes,flows and
dt
pyroclastic rocks of dominantly
peralkaline
ARl composition with Pjr
subordinate trachyte and basalt flows interstratified at base.

gt1
ARCHEAN
Q
gd
Nts
Teltele and Surma Basalt : Flood basalts.
Nad
Adwa Formation : Trachyte and phonolite plug.
Din
gt1
ARb
cia
Pjb
Yavello Group : Quartzo - f
ARy
Pjr

gt1
Q
ARb
PR2b
PNmb
Pzt
PNtb
Tarmaber Gussa
gdFormation
/tn : Alkaline to transitional basalts
dt shield volcanoes withdtminor trachyte and phonolite flows
often forming
Pjr
Alage Formation : Transitional and subalkaline basalts with minor
Pjr and trachyte eruptives.
rhyolite
PNmb
gb
Makonnen Basalts:Flood basalts,commonly
directly overlaying
the chrystalline
gd basement.
PNab
Pjr
Arsi and Bale Basalts:Flood basalts often connected to
gb near the upper
Pjbedifices,silisic
volcanic
gd part.

Pjb
ARa
Aiba Basalts:Flood
basalts with rare basic
tuff.
ARb
ARl

Nts- LATE OLIGOCENE
ARb
LATE EOCENE
ARk
Pjb
Konso Group : Hornblende
and amphibolite with minor
gt2
the proposed project route


gt5
Alkali granite and syenite.
gt4
Post - tectonic granite and
gt3

Late to post -
tectonic gran

Q
Q
Pjr
Late Proterozoic Ultramafic
dunite and talc schists.
gt2
SynNb
- tectonic granite.
gt1
Pre - tectonic and syn - tect
Pjr
a
Kib
Ashangi Formation: Deeply weathered alkaline and trasitional basalt
flows with rare intercalations of tuff,often tilted (includes Akobo
Q
Basalts of SW Ethiopia).
Karkar Formaytion : Middle-late Eocene limestone with
marly intercalations.
Q
Q
Pjr
ARb
Nb
PRECAMBRIAN AND PH
Jimma Volcanics (Upper part) : Rhyolite and trachyte flows and tuff with minor basalt
Jimma Volcanics (Lower part) : Flood basalt with minor salic flows.
EOCENE
P2a
Alghe Group : Biotite and h
migmatite with minor metas

 
MIDDLE - LATE OLIGOCENE
Pjr
Pjb
ARl
Q
gt1
Key
Awata Group : Biotite, horn
and quartzo - feldspathic g
Pjb
gd
PNa
P3a
ARa
OLIGOCENE - MIOCENE
gd/tn
Baro Group : Biotite,hornbl
garnet - sillimarite,calc - s
Om
Nmb
Pk
Pt
Taleh Formation:Erly-Middle Eocene:Anhydrite,gypsum,
dolomite and clay
Pa
Auradu Formation:Late Paleocene-Early Eocene limestone.
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Jessoma Formation:Late Cretaceous-Paleocene sandstone.
gd / tn
gd
tn
March 2012
dt
Granodiorite and tonalite.
Granodiorite.
Tonalite
27
Diorite
gt 4
Lat e
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Consultancy Services for Feasibility and EIA Study, Detail Engineering Design and Tender Document
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Sy n
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ic
Updated EIA Report
abbr o
Soils
OT HE R S Y M
A lu v iu m , s ilt , s a n d , g r a v e l, c o n g lo m
m a r in e
beac h
d e p o s it s .
er
The soils are predominantly developed on Trap series volcanics and metamorphic
Precambrian basement materials. The color is red and red brown to silty loam (FAO, 1984).
L a c u s t r in e
S e d im e n t s
:
S ilt , c la y , d
s e d im e n part
t s
wi
i country
t e r c a la
t ed
t uf f .
According to FAO/ UNESCO (1974) the soil in southwestern
oft hthen
was
classified as Dystric Nitisols. Soil acidity tends to become an environmental problem due to
M a r in e
De p o s it s
:
E v a p o r it e , g y p
leaching as a result of heavy rain that occurs in the region.
r eef
lim e s t o n e
and
lim e s t o n e .
Mizan Teferi -Dima as per visual inspection, the soil type generally consists of light brown
G e o lo g ic a l c o n t a c t
:
obs er v ed,
silty clay material for a long stretch of the route corridor starting from the beginning of the
project which is Mizan up to Bebeka for a length of about
isbreplaced
by
red
F a30km
u lt s and
:
o
s er v ed
, in
f esilty
r r ed.
clayey soils for a length of about 20km stretch
F a u lt
4.1.6 Climate
S h ie ld
bar b
on
v o lc a n o
d o wn t h r o wn
of
t he
s id e .
E t h io p ia n
The rainfall at Mizan is in order of 2000mm/yr falling almost all the year with maxima in
0 The highest records are in
between March and October. Temperature is in the order
O oft 25
h eC
r
m a jo r
v o lc a n ic
e d if ic e s
June and July. The lowland areas towards the border are semi-arid and temperature high in
F ie ld
of
s m a l b a s a lt ic
v ent s
the order of 300C
Year Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
June
July
e r a Oct
AugCa ldSept
1996 79.4
Ba s
ic
33.2 135.7 172.2 259.6 487.1 227.4 283.2
484
1997 46.5
6.7

163.2 325.5 218.8 199
232.1 203
1998 180.8 45.3 170.1 245.5 187.6 221.2 263
Highway Engineers and consultant/HEC/
M
Nov
nd
171.5 a
74.3
dy k es
Dec
Total
56.3
2463.9
s ils
a jo r
p
lu g s 267.7
or
gr
o u p 2342.3
of
s m
262.9
249.9
167
n c lin e 246.1
:
u p88.8
r ig h t 34.9
, o v e r2177.4
t ur ned
278.9S y215.2
A n t ic lin e
:
Sy n f o r m
u p r ig h t , o v e r t u r n e d
March 2012
28
in f
P la
al
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Mar
Year Jan
Feb
1999 62.6
21.1 112.2 280.8 267.9 187
243.5 310.2 230
2000 22.2
16
2001 26.5
19.3 129.3 148.5 206
2002 83.3
8.7
2003 32.7
48.7 116.4 222.8 111.8 320.7 178.5 310.8 275.2 138.5 115.7 104.3 1976.1
2004 X
44.1 49.3
266.1 386
142.9 253.5 X
X
X
X
X
2005 X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
2006 35.4
43.8 X
X
X
X
452.9 X
X
200.1 X
79.5
Apr
May
Updated EIA Report
June
161.3 246.7 221
X
July
Aug
Oct
Nov
Dec
Total
276
70.2
84.2
2145.7
400.4 271.3 132.6 253.4 86.3
24.4
1815.1
X
X
X
Sept
X
X
X
134.1 187.2 126.1 225.1 149.5 197.5 126.4 201.3 68.9
X
X
111.1 1619.2
4.1.7 Hydrology
The area drains the Akobo drainage basin. The following major rivers are traversed by the
project from Mizan to Dima: Kekar, Shonga, Yeki Meka & Bandira, Guracha and river Koyi
Akobo. There are about seven smaller rivers between Koyi and Akobo.
Photo.1 The clear nature of the water is due to the surrounding vegetation cover.
Ground water is dominantly found within the Tertiary basalt of the highland as well as in
alluvial and flood plain deposits in the lowlands.
4.2
The Biological Environment
The vegetation on the highland is montane moist forest ecosystem comprises high forests
of the country mainly the southwest forests. The upper canopy is occupied by the
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spectacular emergent trees of Pouteria adolfi-friederici. Other characteristic species in the
canopy include Olea capensis subsp. welweitschii and subsp hochestetteri, Prunus africana,
Albizia schimperiana, Milletia ferruginea and Celtis africana. Others such as Polyscias fulva,
Schefflera volkensii, Trilepisium madagascariense, Schefflera abyssinica, Bersama abyssinica,
Mimusops kummel are also associated to it. Sub-canopy species include Croton macrostachyus,
Cordia africana, Dracena steudenri, Syzygium giuneense sub-sp. afromontanum, Sapium
ellipticum, Ilex mitis, Erythrina brucei and Rothmannia urcelliformis. The shrub layer consists
species of Coffee arabica, Galiniera saxifraga, Teclea nobilis, Ocotea kenyensis, Clausena anisata,
Measa lnceolata and Maytenus spp.
The Woody climbers are Ureara hypselodendron, Landolphia owarensis, Embelia schimperi and
Jasminum spp. The ground vegetation are mainly herbaceous plants including Acanthus,
Justicia, Piperoma, Galinsoga, Impatiens, Urtica and several grass species. In the attempt of
classification of the vegetation types in montane moist forests of Ethiopia, Lisanework
Nigatu and Mesfin Tadesse (1989) and Kumlacew Yeshitila (1997) recognized five and nine
association groups at Harenna and Southwest forests, respectively. Plant community types
recognized at Harenna forest have shown distinct variation in their composition and
structure of the vegetation across altitudinal changes, while those community types from
Southwest forests were described mainly by their dominant species.
The montane moist forest ecosystem is distinguished also by supporting luxuriant growing
epiphytes Canarina, Orchids, Scadoxus and fern plants such as Platycerium and Drynaria.
Mosses also occur in the wettest forests associated to major branches and barks of trees.
Common Jackal, Wild Dog, Wild Cat, Bush Pig, Giant Forest Hog, Warthog, Bush Bug,
Colobus Monkey, Olive Babbon, Grey Duicker and Bush Babby. Although complete
inventory is lacking some of the montane moist forest ecosystem is recognized to be
important bird areas of Ethiopia (EWNHS, 1996). For example, Bonga forest consists of
more than 15 highland species of birds, Metu-Gore-Tepi forest consists of more than 16 of
which at least two are endemic, and Tiro- forest have also more than 32 highland biome
species of Birds (EWNHS, 1996).
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Photo 2 and 3 Road side plantations and natural vegetation in the back yard; Culvert and
effect of wet vegetation
4.3
The Cultural and Socio-economic environment
The Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia wants to construct the Mizan-Dima Road
which is part it’s Road Sector Development Program. The road starts from the town of
Mizan which is about 561 km away from Addis Ababa in the South West of Ethiopia.
The total length of the project road is approximately 91.6 km .The general terrain condition
is between highlands on Southern and low lands in the Northern direction. Two Rivers
namely Akobo and Korchum are crossing with other minor crossing requirement along the
route. The terrain classification is flat and rolling in general.
The road is intended to facilitate and promote the socio economic relation of the two
neighbouring countries. It will create access to the people and enhance the investment
opportunities to both countries people.
During the feasibility stage, four alternative alignments have been proposed and assessed
among other things based on Cultural and Socio-economic aspects. The impact has been
found to increase from alternative route 1 to alternative route 4. The later passes through
the Kibish. The Kibish area has Kibish Geological Formation known for fossils. As such the
impact on archaeological and paleo-anthropological material has largely been addressed
through avoidance by alternative alignment selection (Route 1 was the preferred
alignment).
4.4
Profile of Ethiopia
Ethiopia is one of the developing countries that have untapped resources for its
development. Its land mass is estimated to be 1,133,380 km2. The GDP per capita of the
country is USD 156.8 (in year 2005). The contribution of the economic sectors to the GDP
agriculture 47.7%, service sector 39% and industry 13.3%. In addition, 78% of the workforce
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is engaged in agriculture, 16% service sector and 6% industry. This shows that agriculture
is the backbone of the economy of the country.
According to the census 2007 the total population of the country is 73,918,505 (male 50.5%
and female 49.5%). Of the total population 84 percent is rural dweller while 16 percent
resides in urban area. Its annual population growth rate is 2.27%. The population density
is 65 persons per square kilo meter. Religion wise 36% of the population is Orthodox, 30%
Muslim, 14% protestant, 12% Indigenous beliefs and 8% others.
The average life expectancy of the people is 49.2 years (male 48.1 years and female 50.4
years). The literacy rate of the country is 45.1% (male 52.4% and 37.8%).
It is a federal state. It has nine regional states namely; Afar, Amhara, Benishangul– Gumuz,
Gambella, Harari, Oromiya, Somali and Tigray National Regional States and Southern
Nations, Nationalities and Peoples Region (SNNPR) and two city administrations (i.e.
Addis Ababa and Dire Dawa).
Currently the government of Ethiopia is undertaking pro-poor programs that are focused
on poverty alleviation. It has prepared Plan for Accelerated and Sustained Development to
End Poverty (PASDEP) for the next five years (i.e. 2005/6-2009/10). For this purpose
various efforts are underway in different sectors. One of the key areas given attention is to
improve access road that has great contribution to reduce poverty and improve socioeconomic development of the country.
The Mizan-Dima road project connects SNNPR and Gambela regions in Ethiopia. The brief
descriptions of the regions are illustrated as follow.
a) South Nation, Nationalities and Peoples Region (SNNPR)
Awassa, the main capital of SNNPR is about 210 km away from Addis Ababa in the South
direction. Astronomically, the region lies between 4o.43’ - 8o.58’ North latitude and 34o.88’39o.14’ East longitude. It is bordered with Kenya in South, the Sudan in Southwest,
Gambella region in Northwest and surrounded by Oromia region in Northwest, North and
East directions.
The total area of the region estimated to be 110,931.9 Km2 which is about 10% of the
country. According to the census 2007 the total population of the region is 15,042,531 (male
49.7% and female 50.3%). The population density of the region is 135 persons per km2,
which makes the region one of the most populous parts of the country. The male and
female life expectancy was estimated at 51.35 years and 53.45 years respectively.
The region is a multination which consists of about 56 ethnic groups with their own
distinct geographical location, language, cultures, and social identities living together.
These varied ethnic groups are classified in to the Omotic, Cushetic, Nilo-Sahara and
Semitic super language families. Among which Omotic and Cushetic are the most
populous and diversified ones with the largest area coverage in region respectively. Based
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on ethnic and linguistic identities the region is at present divided into 13 zones and which
is sub-divided in to 126 Woredas and 8 special Woredas that has 3678 rural kebele
administrations. Regarding urban areas there are 22 town administration and 114 certified
towns with municipal city status that have 238 urban kebeles.
The average annual rain fall of the region ranges from 400 mm to 2200 mm. There are three
seasonal pattern of rainfall in the region. These are Bega (from December, January and
February) provide rain for limited part of the region, Belg (little rain season) which occurs
from March to April the amount of rainfall received is relatively lower than the kiremt
rainfall that occurs in June, July and August.
The mean annual temperature of the region varies from less than 10oC in the extreme
highlands (East parts of Sidama highlands) to over 27oC in the lowlands to the South in the
Omorate plain.
The region has very diverse agro ecological conditions. The tropical sub-humid type
(Woina Dega type) represents 34%, hot (kola) 57.4%, highland and cold (Dega and wurch)
constitute 8.6% of the region. The varied agro climatic conditions made the region to be
endowed with the production of different commercial and food crops.
The altitude of the region ranges from 500 masl to 4207 masl. The major water resources of
the region include Baro-Akobo, Omo-Gibe, Bilate, Gidabo, Gelana, Weito, Segen, etc. In
addition there are four major lakes in the region namely; Abaya, Chamo, Awassa, and
Rudolf.
The rivers have great potentiality for hydropower generation, irrigation, fishery and others.
Furthermore, the Omo River and the major lakes such as Abaya, Chamo, & Awassa have
great potential for fishery development and transportation service. Besides, the lakes and
the lower parts of the rivers are habitats for a great variety of fish, crocodile and birds. The
region has five national parks, two wild life reserves and six controlled hunting areas.
There are various kinds of minerals in the region. These include iron and copper sulphide
minerals in the western Bench Maji zone (Sheko), Kaffa Zone (Cheta) & between Jinka and
Dimeka; gold in the upper Kibish river area of Bench Maji zone and Bensa and Aroressa
Woreda of Sidama Zone; nickel in Gidole high lands and South of Jinka; copper in
Guraferda plateau and Gidole highlands. There are also potentials of Opal, Limestone, Coal
(lignite), Bentonite, Diatomite, Clay, Salt, Dimension stones, and Construction materials in
different parts of the region.
In fiscal year 2007 there are 341 kindergartens, 3710 primary schools, 145 secondary
schools, 82 TEVTs and 4 Teachers Training Colleges in the region. The primary and
secondary enrolment rates of the region are 68.9% and 30.2% respectively.
The potential health coverage of the region reaches 80%. There are 8 Zonal Hospital, 12
District Hospital, 165 Health Centers, 237 growing health centre, 2720 health post, totally
3,142 health facilities are available in the region.
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b) Gambela region
Gambela region is located in the Western part of Ethiopia. Benishangul–Gumuz region
borders it on the North, Oromia Region on the North and East, SNNPR in the South – East
and South, and the Sudan in the West. It has 4 zones and 13 Woredas. The area of the
region is estimated to be 25,802.01 km2. According to the census 2007 the population of the
region is 306,916 (male 52% and female 48%). Of the total population of the region 75%
resides in rural areas and 25% in urban areas. Its elevation ranges from 400-2,500 meters
above sea level. The highest peaks are found in the South and South–East parts of the
region and the lowest is at Baro River.
The region is rich in rivers. The major rivers found in the region are Baro, Akobo, Gilo, etc.
The western part of the region is lowland thus apt for flooding. Due to this reason people
normally immigrate to the eastwards into higher areas during rainy seasons and return
back after the flood time.
The mean annual temperature varies from 17.3oC in the mountains to 28.3oC in the plains.
The absolute air temperature reaches 45oC–47oC in mid March. The average annual rainfall
at an elevation of 400–500 masl is from 900 mm–15000 mm and at elevation of about 2000
meter (Godere woreda) increases up to 1900–2100 mm. On average 80–90% of the annual
precipitation occurs during the wet season (i.e. from May to October).
The land cover of the region consists is 39% open wood land, 17% dense wood land, 17%
dense and disturbed broad leafed forest, 8% marshland, 7% disturbed riparian forest and
2% cultivated land. The fauna of region has many kinds of wildlife animals and birds.
Agriculture is the major economic activity of the people of region. More than 80% of
economically active population is engaged in agriculture. The major crops grown in the
region includes maize, sorghum, millet, rice, cowpea, phaseolus bean, sesame, groundnut,
taro, cassava, etc. It also has potentials of livestock, beekeeping and fishery production.
The region has 1 hospitals, 86 health centres and 68 clinics the provide health service to the
people. On top of that there are 163 primary and 7 secondary schools that are providing
education service in the region.
Gambela region has mineral resources. Gold is traditionally produced in the region such as
in Dima Woreda. The region is also supposed to have petroleum reserve.
4.5
Population
The total area of the project is estimated to be 9470.3 km2. The project will benefit 6
Woredas. These are Mizan-Aman, Debub Bench, Guraferda, Surma, Bero and Dima
Woredas (the first five Woredas are found in SNNPR while Dima is located in Gambela
region). The total population of the project area is estimated to be 269,067.
Table 5: Area and population size of the project Woredas by sex (2007)
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No.
Name of
Woredas
Region
Estimated area
(in km2)
Population
Male
18360
Female
16131
Total
34491
SNNPR
Ethiopia
SNNPR
3
MizanAman
(town)
Debub
Bench
Guraferda
Ethiopia
576
53601
55681
109282
SNNPR
Ethiopia
2505.8
19405
15859
35264
4
Bero
SNNPR
Ethiopia
664.7
6670
5569
12239
5
Surma
SNNPR
Ethiopia
4789.8
11794
12801
24595
6
Dima
Gambela
Ethiopia
700
4567
3429
7996
9236.3
114,397
109,470
223,867
1
2
Country
Updated EIA Report
Sub total
4.6
Economic activities
a) Crop production
The agro-climate of the project area ranges from mid-highland to low land. The livelihood
of the majorities of the project population depends on agriculture. In the project Woredas
mixed farming is mainly practiced by the households. The farmers produce crops and
undertake livestock production side by side. The major crops grown are Teff, barely,
wheat, millet, rice, maize, sorghum, beans, peas, Soya bean, chickpea, sunflower, sesame,
noug, rape seed, etc.
In the project area generally 30,177 hectares of land was cultivated and 319,883 quintals of
yield was produced. The amount of land cultivated 20773 hectares of cereals, 6339 hectares
of pulses and 3066 hectares of oilseeds. The mounts of yields harvested are 249665 quintals
of cereals, 52429.1 quintals of pulses and 17789 quintals of oil seeds. The details are
indicated in the table presented on the next page.
In the project Woredas of Ethiopia the households produce root crops such as taro, yam,
etc. There are also fruits such as banana, orange, mango, avocado, papaya, lemon, etc. In
addition green vegetables such as cabbage, lettuce, carrot, pepper, root beat, etc, as well as
various kinds of spices are produced.
The community in the project area are relays mostly on agro-pastoralist. The households
depend mostly on livestock production. In addition they also produce crops in a very
limited scale. The major crops grown in the area are maize and sorghum. Root crops such
as cassava as well as fruits like banana, papaya, and orange as well as vegetables are
grown.
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Some of the projects Woredas are also known in coffee production. These are Gurafera,
Debub Bench and Bero Woredas. In Guraferda Woreda there is Bebeka coffee plantation
undertaken by the government. Besides, 9 private investors started coffee plantation on
2468 hectares of land in Guraferda Woreda. Besides, the farmers produce coffee in Debub
Bench and Bero Woredas. Generally, coffee was planted on more than 1238 hectares land
and 368460 quintals of yield was harvested in fiscal year 2007.
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Table 6: Cultivated land in hectare and produced crop in quintals
Type of
crop
1.Cereals
Teff
Barley
Wheat
Rice
Maize
Sorghum
Sub total
2. Pulses
Faya beans
Peas
Soya bean
Chickpea
Sub total
3.Oil seeds
Sunflower
Flax
Sesame
Noug
Rape seed
Ground nut
Sub total
Total
Debub Bench
Area
Yield
(ha)
(qt)
Guraferda
Area
Yield
(ha)
(qt)
Bero
Area
(ha)
Yield
(qt)
255.11
34.65
21.1
1275.5
242.55
147.1
792.5
81
4755
640
32.6
97.8
456.4
260.8
1075.8
4107.6
8251
692
9254
115662
10380
127707
843.25
1704
3421
1687
30672
37754
673.64
997.56
2258
19951
16959
42354
1790
460
2250
5570
2530
8100
151.63
13.91
1144
0
1310
909.78
83.46
8008
287
99
1877
11.25
2274
2587
192
36663
67.5
39510
42.9
16.3
2608
342.3
114.1
2934
88
528
2667
3390
88
528
9.27
55.62
1928
5.7
6.3
141.5
2091
7786
11568
31.5
31.5
1415
13102
90365
4.89
4.44
39.12
24.03
88.02
264.06
9001.24
0
0.5
1.5
27.1
27.6
10591
108.4
109.9
136818
97.35
5023
327.2
46072
Surma
Area Yield
(ha)
(qt)
0
2338
0
8628
Dima
Area Yield
(ha)
(qt)
70
750
70
890
1050
5000
700
6750
0
0
425
2975
425
850
1740
1275
4250
11000
Total
Area
(ha)
Yield
(qt)
1080.2
213.45
477.5
70
13658
5273.6
20773
0
481.53
129.21
5717
11.25
6339
0
9.27
4.89
2357.9
5.7
94.32
593.6
3066
30177
6291.3
1958.35
4254.7
1050
161370
74740.5
249665
0
3839.08
389.56
48133
67.5
52429.1
0
55.62
39.12
14568.5
31.5
295.56
2798.4
17789
319883
Source: Data compiled from Project Woredas report
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b) Livestock production
The types of animal husbandry undertaken in the project area include cattle, sheep, goat,
horse, mule, donkey and poultry. According to the data gathered from the project area the
households’ rear 208,288 cattle, 71,063 goats, 49,302 sheep, 15,117,685 poultry, 1591 horses,
897 mules and 5495 donkeys. In addition, there is also 19,610 kg of honey production from
modern beehives, traditional beehives and forest per annual. The details are indicated in
the table below.
Table 7: Number of livestock in the project area
Type
livestock
Cattle
Sheep
Goat
Poultry
Debub
Bench
9114
13470
4427
60624
Horse
Mule
Donkey
1091
727
446
Guraferda
Bero
Surma
Dima
Total
6896
1548
1095
17296
15678
1764
4931
15250
107500
500
20000
22500
4100
20
610
2015
143,288
17,302
31,063
14
500
80
1706
30
114
60
3200
117,685
1,591
897
5,480
Source: Data compiled from Project Woredas report
c) Natural resources and wild life animals
There are natural and man made forests in the project area. Some of the trees include
eucalyptus tree, Gravilia, Juniperus, acacia, and various indigenous species are exist. Some
of these trees have been harvested for construction works. The wildlife animals found in
the area include elephants, tiger, lions, monkeys, etc. In addition there are various types of
birds in the project area.
d- Minerals
There are various minerals in the area. Some of them include gold, stone, sand, etc are
locally produced using traditional methods. Especially gold is found in Surma, Bero, Dima
areas.
4.6.1 Social services
a) Education
Education service is very essential for human resource development.
During the field survey there are 2 kindergarten, 75 primary schools and 4 secondary
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schools in the project areas. Generally there are 19676 students (male 12720 and female
6856) attending education at different levels. Of the students 65% is male while 35% is
female. This indicates that more effort will be required to increase girls’ education in the
area. The details are indicated in the table below.
Table 8: Numbers of students enrolled
Woredas
Types of school facilities
KG
Mizan-Aman
Debub Bench
Guraferda
Bero
Surma
Dima
Total
5
3
1
2
0
1
12
Primary
school
7
29
15
9
6
1
67
Secondary
School
2
1
1
3
No. of students enrolled
Total
Male
Female
Total
14
33
16
11
6
3
83
5159
2814
492
226
424
652
9767
3565
1480
322
155
266
528
6316
8724
4294
814
381
690
1280
16183
Source: Data compiled from Project Woredas report
b) Health service
According to the data gathered from the program Woredas there are 71 health facilities.
These include 51 health posts, 5 rural drug stores, 11 clinics, 3 health stations, 9 health
centres and 2 hospitals that provide health service to the community. In Dima there are
about 5,893 rural populations, 23 localities, 1 clinic serve for 8 localities and 1964 person
(CSA, 2007). The health post is available in each kebele. The details are indicated in the
table below.
Table 9: health facilities
Woredas
Health facilities
Health
Health
post
station
Clinic
Rural drug
store
Health
centre
Hospital
Total
-
-
-
3
1
1
5
Debub Bench 22
-
1
2
5
-
30
Guraferda
Bero
17
6
-
4
3
-
0
1
-
21
10
Surma
2
-
1
-
1
-
4
Mizan-Aman
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Dima
Total
4
51
3
3
2
11
Final EIA Report
5
1
9
1
10
81
Source: Data compiled from Project Woredas report
c) Potable water supply and sanitation
The projects Woredas have 22 potable water supply schemes. These are 4 boreholes, 6
shallow wells, 3 hand dug wells and 9 spring developed that provide service to 16186
beneficiaries. This indicates that 4.5% of the project population gets safe water while the
rest use unsafe water that cause water born diseases. The details are indicated in the table
below.
Table 10: Potable water supply and number of beneficiaries
Woredas
Borehole
Shallow well
Hand dug well
Spring developed
Total
No.
Beneficiary
No.
Beneficiary
No.
Beneficiary
No.
Beneficiary
No.
Beneficiary
MizanAman
Debub
Bench
Guraferda
2
900
-
-
-
-
1
200
3
1100
-
-
-
-
-
-
6
1609
6
1609
-
6
600
-
6
600
Bero
1
2942
Surma
-
-
-
Dima
1
3000
Total
4
6842
3
3143
1
794
5
6877
-
-
-
-
-
0
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
3000
6
600
3
3143
8
2603
21
13186
Source: Data compiled from Project Woredas report
d) Road and means of transport
The existence of access road helps to reduce isolation and enhance social and economic
development. In this regard the data collected from the project Woredas indicate that
generally there are 663 kilometres of road networks. This includes 600 km gravel road and
63 km dry weather road that provides service to the community. However, there are no
asphalt roads. In addition, there is lack of regular means of transport on this road that
provide transport service to the community except on Mizan –Bebeka. The details are
indicated in the table below.
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Table 11: Road net works in the project Woredas
Woredas
Mizan-Aman
Gravel road (km)
7
Dry weather road (Km)
-
Total (km)
7
Debub Bench
64
25
89
Guraferda
26
38
64
Bero
14
0
14
Surma
31
0
31
Dima
153
0
153
Total
300
63
358
e) Communication, Bank and postal services
There are telephone services in the main towns of the project Woredas. However, lack of
telephone line access in the main towns except Mizan-Aman. However, in rural areas there
are no telephones that provide service to the community.
In Miza-Aman town there is commercial Bank service. In addition some of the Woreda
main towns have postal service
f) Hotels and tourism
Mizan-Aman town has services such as hotels, restaurants, shops, etc. However, the rest of
the project Woreda towns have limited access to them.
In the project Woredas there are tourism attraction areas. These include hot springs in and
agro-forest in Bero Woreda, Gichi cave in Debub Bench, Kema in Surma Woreda as well as
hot spring. There are different kinds of wildlife animals and birds in this park. The road
construction has many advantages in attracting visitors, expansion of hotels, restaurants,
shops, travel agencies, etc in the project area for the future.
g) Air transport
According to the data gathered from the project Woredas Mizan- Aman have air strip
services. But, there is no airport as well as air line service in the project area.
h) Future economic development potentials
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The projects Woredas have fertile land, water, adequate rainfall, favourable climate, etc. In
addition there are minerals such as gold. The Woredas have tourism attraction areas such
as hot springs, cave, parks, etc. Thus commercial farms, agro-processing, tourism, mining,
hotels, shops, etc that will have social and economic benefit to the community as well as the
country will be developed in the project Woredas following the road construction and
transport service
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5.
Final EIA Report
PROJECT ALTERNATIVES
During feasibility study, in route selection process, three alternative route options are
considered, evaluated and upraised with regard to social, economical, environmental and
engineering parameters. The feasibility and the route selection report shows that
alternative route option 1, upgrading of the existing road, is the most feasible route
available for the proposed Mizan-Dima road project. Deviating from this route may
destroy the dense forest and coffee farm in the project area.
5.1 Construction Options
The proposed road will provide link between regions, zones, wereda towns and villages.
As such the road will fall into the functional classification “main access”. This is defined as
a road linking “centres of provincial importance”. As such the design standard for this road is
ranges from DS4-DS7.
For such road type that has a road standard ranging between DS4 and DS7, the right of
way (ROW) requirement is 50m. However, due to high expropriation of property
requirement in the town and rural section of the project, is shall be considered a 30m ROW
in the rural and 19-23m in urban area to reduce the need for resettlement and
appropriation. The area is forest areas. Too much widening of the road will cause high
impacts on the flora and associated fauna. With the 30 m ROW the removal of vegetation,
the expropriation of landholdings and housing and other property damage will be
minimal. Therefore, the impacts of 30m ROW and 50m RoW is totally different while the
impact of 30m ROW due to property damage and vegetation clearance will be very low
since there is 7-10m existing route.
5.2 The “No Project Alternative”
From a purely physical environmental point of view, the “do-nothing” alternative is
preferable to project implementation, since it would avoid creation of any of the adverse
impacts associated with the project. However, the condition observed by the Consultant
during the site visit make possible to foresee future scenario without the project.
There is an existing gravel and earthen surfaced road all along the proposed road project.
How ever, it is difficult to drive on due to the bad condition of the road. Most sections of
the existing grave road is deteriorated and consists of sharp vertical and horizontal curves;
and dysfunctional cross and side drains. If the road upgrading project will not be carried
out and if the area allowed remaining in its present conditions, generation of dust will
continue to affect the health of humans and air pollution from dust will
continue to disrupt the living condition of peoples in the project area
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especially in most villages, kebeles and town sections of the project area. As most of the
settlements in the project area are made following the existing road, the impact on human
health is significant.
In addition, traffic accidents continue to occur frequently due to bad geometry and road
surface.
During the public consultation, difficulty in provision of the local products to the central
market, higher cost of transportation, lack of industrial product in the local market, under
development of towns and villages, difficulty in attracting tourists due to bad condition of
the roar and difficulty in arriving in health centres during emergency are pointed out as the
major problem of the project area due to the bad condition of the road.
These results in non-evacuation of agricultural products, mineral resources and lack of
access to social services, provision of other basic logistic aids and under utilization of land
resources, continued migration of the working population to other areas in search of better
working environment, good roads and exposure of the inhabitants to water-borne
operation accidents.
If the road let out as it is, the above condition will continue and the area will remain
undeveloped. More over the agricultural product will not be evacuated timely and the
people in the project area isolated from the rest of the country due to the absence of
adequate road network.
In the other side, the construction of the project road significantly reduces the travel time;
vehicle maintenance cost, reduces vehicle fuel cost and associated discomforts. Above all, it
will attract investors and traders to invest and spend their wealth in the project and it will
be a means for development. With out the project, Commerce will grow slowly or further
stagnate therefore the potential social and socio-economic benefits to the local population
would be foregone, and quality of life will be compromised and would remain at a low
level for many of those who live in the project area. Without the project long-term
development plans for the region would be compromised and slowed down, since an allweather road and the improved communications associated with it are fundamental to
achieving the full benefits of other development initiatives.
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6. PROJECT IMPACTS IDENTIFICATION AND EVALUATION
6.1 Introduction
The Environmental Impact Assessment focuses on the impacts associated with the design
and construction phases while outlining long term impacts. The impacts of the proposed
project are related to high expropriation and appropriation of agricultural land and
properties in the right of way, soil degradation due to high cultivation, overgrazing, rapid
deforestation rate, uncontrolled hunting in addition to air quality problem, high noise
level, visual landscape, socio-economics, culture, construction waste management, water
supply, runoff water and drainage, fauna and flora, and safety. The potential impacts of the
proposed project on property and agricultural land is of special interest, due to the fact
that, the land of project area is highly used for the cultivation of cash crops such as Chat,
Coffee, and fruits. In addition, the population in the study area are settled and made their
shelter following the existing road on the right of way. Therefore, during the widening of
the road and service road construction, properties that are found on the road way will be
affected significantly. The study established the existing state of the environment through
desktop studies and field studies.
The potential and associated impact assessment covers all stages of the project, from site
clearing and preparation through construction operation to demobilization,
decommissioning closure and operation.
The chosen approach and methodology concedes that there can be uncertainties over a
number of issues that may arise such as natural variability of the environment, particularly
the occurrence of floods, insufficient understanding of the behavior of the environment and
the associated socio-economic and health status.
6.2 Impact Identification Methodology
Identification of potential and associated impacts of the proposed road project was based
on:






Expert group discussions and meetings.
Field investigation results;
Understanding of the environmental characteristics such as ecological,
socioeconomic
health baseline conditions of the project area;
Knowledge of potential impacts of similar projects;
Knowledge of the project activities and various equipment involvements.
Table 6-1 lists various components of the project environment that are
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likely to be impacted by each of the project phase and the associated impact indicators for
the various environmental components. The impact assessment process was based on the
assumption that these indicators will register many changes in the environment as a result
of the proposed project activities.
Table 6- 1: Environmental Components and Potential Impact Indicators
S/No. Environmental components Impact indicators
1
Air quality/ climate
Particulates, NOx, SOx, CO2, CO, VOC
2
Water quality
Solids,(DS, SS): turbidity, oil and grease
3
Relief /hydrology
Drainage/ discharge, hydrologic patterns,
sedimentation, erosion, and topography
4
Soil/land use/sediment
Physico-chemical characteristics, erosion tendency:
land use pattern.
5
Vegetation/forestry/wildlife Biodiversity, environmental sensitive areas, wetlands/
swamps.
6
Fisheries, fauna
diversity, abundance, productivity
7
Noise
Day and night disturbance, hearing impairment,
communication interference
8
Archeology
Cultural sites and relics, cemetery
9
Socio-economic
Population, income, settlement pattern, health, safety
and security and infrastructure change.
Consideration was given to individual project activities in the light of their effects on the
environmental impact indicators, the potential and associated impacts.
6.3 Impact Magnitudes, Importance and Significance
Potential impacts of the proposed project were evaluated using the modified impact
matrix. The model relies on expert opinion on the ‘worst cases scenario’ to predict and
quantify impact magnitudes and on ‘consensus opinion’ to rank the predicted magnitude
based on the (determine quantitatively), importance of environmental components.
The importance of environmental components was determined through 'consensus of
opinions'. Expert advice from relevant fields of science, engineering, health and socioeconomics were also obtained through discussions and meetings. This approach took the
following into consideration:



Expert judgment on the value of environmental components e.g. environmental
Sensitivity, carrying capacity and environmental loading.
Economic values of environmental component.
Non-economic value of environmental component.
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
6.4
Final EIA Report
Ecological status listing of environmental component i.e. sensitive, endangered,
threatened or reserved.
Potential Environmental Impacts of Proposed Project
Beneficial and adverse effects and the potential impacts of the proposed project on
environmental components as identified and evaluated above are discussed in this section.
As can be seen from the analysis made in table 6-2; there will be major environmental
impact on vegetation, moderate impact will be expected in farm land and property, soil
erosion, dust emission and impact on health and safety impact minor impact will be
expected on siltation, aesthetic and land use change. However, the over all impact of the
project is moderate and can be readily mitigated.
The major project environmental impacts have been those identified as specific to the site
such as vegetation and wild life, plantation trees such as coffee, erosion and water quality.
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Project
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Table 6-2: Potential Environmental Impacts evaluation matrix for Mizan-Dima road Project
land
acquisit
ion
Exposure of soil to erosion
Interference with watercourses
Impact on fisheries and aquatic
ecology
Disturbance to wildlife
Generation of blasting vibration &
safety hazards
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X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
Major
Moderate
Minor
Regional
Local
Magnitude
Punctual
Unlikely
Probable
Occurrence
V. probable
Irreversible
Long term
Medium term
X
Reversible
Chang
e
Duration
Short term
Indirect
Direct
Adverse Impact
Description
PRE-CONSTRUCTION PHASE
Loss of property by owner of the
property
Adequate compensation
CONSTRUCTION PHASE
Impact on Vegetation
Disturbance of landscape aesthetics
Generation of noise nuisance and air
pollution
Interference with services
Effect
No Impact
Beneficial
Impact
project activity
Type
Evaluation
Significance
level without
mitigation
Non-signif.
Characterization
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
March 2012
X
X
X
X
48
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
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Increase in land values
Increased access threats to traditional
communities
Increase
access
inaccessible areas
to
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
March 2012
X
X
49
X
Major
X
X
X
X
X
Moderate
X
X
previously
Highway Engineers and consultant/HEC/
Regional
Local
Punctual
X
X
X
X
X
Magnitude
X
X
X
X
X
Unlikely
Probable
Occurrence
V. probable
Irreversible
Long term
Medium term
Short term
X
Reversible
Chang
e
Duration
X
X
X
Indirect
Direct
Effect
Adverse Impact
Description
slope/landscape instability
Waterborne disease risks on abandon
borrow sites
Employment opportunities for local
population
Interaction between workers and
local population
Health risks to workers and residents
Increased pressure on local services
OPERATION & MAINTAINANCE
PHASE
Increase in noise levels
Air pollution
Restriction on wildlife movement
No Impact
Beneficial
Impact
project activity
Type
Evaluation
Significance
level without
mitigation
Minor
Characterization
Non-signif.
Project
X
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X
X
X
Major
Moderate
Regional
Local
Magnitude
Punctual
Unlikely
Probable
X
X
Occurrence
V. probable
X
Irreversible
Reversible
X
X
Long term
X
Medium term
Short term
Direct
Adverse Impact
X
X
Chang
e
Duration
Indirect
Closur
e
Description
DEMOBILIZATION & CLOSURE
Public health & safety hazard
Ecosystem restoration
Effect
No Impact
Beneficial
Impact
project activity
Type
Evaluation
Significance
level without
mitigation
Minor
Characterization
Non-signif.
Project
X
X
X
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6.5
Beneficial Impacts
6.5.1
Local Income-Generation during Construction
Final EIA Report
One of the most direct positive impacts of the road project is creation of job
opportunities for the road side communities. The project works are expected to involve
large number of casual workers throughout its implementation period. Other
opportunities will result from the general economic improvement of the region due to
increased access and increased traffic flow which will create further indirect jobs. For
instance, there is potential for employment in cash crop plantations such as Coffee,
fruits, as well as in small scale industries.
Comparison with other projects of broadly similar type and magnitude, suggests that
the total workforce on construction contract comprising the overall project is likely to be
around 1000 persons. In view of the nature of the works, much of which will be plantintensive rather than labour-intensive, the contractors' requirements are likely to be
mainly for skilled and semi-skilled workers, with only around 20-30% of the total
manpower requirement being for unskilled workers.
In common with other construction projects in rural areas in Ethiopia, most, if not all,
the skilled and semi-skilled workforce will probably be recruited from outside the
immediate project area, as a result of the shortage of suitably qualified and experienced
construction workers in what is primarily a subsistence farming area.
The creation of regular wage employment in the rural parts of project area is important,
even though it will be on a relatively small scale, at relatively good rates of pay and for
a limited period, since there are currently few other opportunities available. However
those trained in the construction can continue working during maintenance periods.
The presence of the workforce, who are likely to be relatively cash-rich compared with
the majority of the rural population, will undoubtedly encourage individuals to set up
stalls to supply food and other consumables at worksites. Businesses in the local towns
will also benefit financially through supplying goods and services to the workforce
when they are on leave, as well as through the contractors purchasing some of the food
requirements of the base camps.
6.5.2 Local Social and Socio-Economic Benefits During Operation
By far the most significant beneficial impact of the project is expected to be a major
improvement in social and socio-economic conditions for all who live on or relatively
close to the road. Those who live further away from the road or near to one of the few
connecting regional roads will also experience benefits.
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6.5.3 Improved transport and Trafficability of the Road
Although, the road is currently accessible in most of the road section except, at the
section that require minor realignment, it is very difficult in most of the average vehicle
due to the bad road condition. Such difficulty would be removed when the road is
constructed to the better road standard than the existing one thereby having a positive
impact on the development of the region, as journey times will be assured.
Construction of this road besides shortening the time of driving, it would avoid
inconvenient travel to and from other areas. It also avoids delays in transporting of
produce, and spoiling of fresh produce, etc.
6.5.4 Agricultural productivity
The area is known for coffee plantation as well as fruits, cereals, honey and spices.
Connected with Sudan these products will have a regional market both nationally as
well as in the neighbouring countries road network. Production will increase due to
access to extension services, new farming techniques, inputs such as hybrid seeds,
fertilizer and pesticides. Most importantly the project road will create an opportunity
for the production of quality cash crops as it facilitates on time transportation of
unprocessed products. The project road also improves agricultural productivity by
minimizing loss of products as is the case in rudimentary transportation. This is
important for coffee and other products.
6.5.5 Access to health
The upgrading of the road to better standard will support the provision of a wider and
better range of health care services. The project will reduce travel time to health centres
by mode and location and particularly to the health centres and clinics that exist in
Mizan and Jimma.
6.5.6 Access to education
Upgrading this road would provide opportunity for increased school enrolments. More
importantly will be increased access to secondary school facilities. Currently, along the
project road access for secondary school is available only in Dima and Mizan Towns.
The road would therefore, potentially, give opportunity (more so for girls) to access
motorized transportation and provide increased access to educational opportunities.
6.5.7 Impacts on Gender (Women’s Perspective)
The expansion of the road network affects women's livelihood in the following respects:
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








Final EIA Report
Availability of roads would increase women's awareness about their
rights, educational opportunities and increase their literacy rates.
Raise awareness among parents especially mothers about the importance
of educating female children.
Education increases the quality of
agricultural labour, a critical ingredient of agricultural growth.
Create the capacity for establishing village level women's self-help groups.
These groups are often created to facilitate the delivery of services.
For women the most tedious and labour-intensive work is food processing
and preparation. This function includes grinding the grain using stone
grinder, and finally preparing the food. Grinding mills can be expanded
and easily accessed.
With roads it will be possible to increase the access of women to economic
resources and advance their socio-economic status including credit.
Roads would facilitate the entry of women into both the formal and
informal labour market.
Roads will enhance participation of women in the socio-economic
development of their community, which they belong to.
Roads would provide an opportunity for reducing the rate of growth of
population due to convenient access to family planning methods.
The participation of female in education in the region is less than that of
boys. The gross enrolment ratio and participation rate show low level of
female participation in the system.
Participation of girl students: The participation rate of girl student in secondary schools
is less than that of boys. Of the students 65% is male while 35% is female. This indicates
that more effort will be required to increase girls’ education in the area.
Availability of roads and reduced distance of schools from the centre of a village have
greater impact on girl’s education (participation). If the distance to school takes more
time (on average more than one hour single trip) parents are more reluctant to let their
daughters walk such long distances.
Gender and Health: Mothers face more problems and difficulties in relation to the
proximity of health services. The problems are expressed during their pregnancy period
and after pregnancy. At the time of their pregnancy women have to walk on foot or are
carried on back of pack animal long distance for several hours to receive medical check
up or to have delivery. Only two hospitals are available and the long walk they make
on foot or on a back of animal expose them to difficult situations and unexpected
problems. It is reported that many women face problem of miscarriage due to long
distance walk in difficult terrains, and some also face complications during
delivery since they fail to reach on time to the health clinics due to long distances.
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In addition to increased job chances at the construction sites, income generating
opportunities would arise from emerging demand for services such as restaurants,
small shops and allied activities which tend to favour women who have demonstrated
better preparedness than men to capitalize on them as evidenced from other similar
projects.
6.5.8 Reduction in Traffic-Generated Dust and Improved Road Safety
There is no asphalt road in the project area. The existing road is impassable from
Bebeka on wards. Dust during dry season and muddy surface during wet seasons are
nuisance, reduces the quality of life for all living or working close to the road, and the
dust may contribute to the incidence of respiratory and other diseases. Surfacing of the
road will reduce this problem, to the benefit of all communities located on or close to
the road.
6.5.9 Reduction in Erosion from Road Drainage
There is no road per-se in most section of the project road. The project will open access
with standard drainage structures to these sections. The accessible section will also get a
well designed drainage structure.
6.6
Adverse Impacts on Physical Environment
6.6.1 Soil Erosion and Pollution
The area is susceptible to erosion due to the high rainfall on the highland zone as well
as due to the soil type, highly weathered volcanic and Precambrian rocks. The
vegetation cover has reduced such an impact in vegetated areas. However if vegetation
is to be removed at construction and material sites the amount of silt produced will be
very high.
Spoil that will be generated during construction can also be vulnerable to erosion, since
it rains most of the year in part of the highland zone. This can lead to silt generation into
water bodies.
During operation erosion can emanate from embankments used as fills, if proper
grassing is not applied. The same will be true at material sites and cut faces.
Soil compaction can result from the application of heavy machinery such as rollers,
dozers trucks etc. Used in the road construction, in the operation of borrow pits and at
quarries. The structure and texture of the soil will be affected and this will impact
agricultural productivity. The sealing of the soil surface by compaction and
asphalt spills on surface (in plant and store sites) leads to the destruction of the soil
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physical properties and its various functions. It will also lead to an increased volume of
surface water runoff. Runoff of waters intercepted and concentrated by the road as well
as runoff waters from the road surface may lead to erosion and gully formation in
roadside ditches and diverting drains. Heavy machinery should not make unnecessary
movement in areas of productive soils. It is also necessary to rip off the compacted layer
and disperse physically and by application of organic material to enhance the damaged
structure.
Soils can also be affected by improper disposal of waste materials from road cuts and
other excavation works, and disposal of wastes from contractor’s camps and used oils
and lubricants and spills of oils and fuel from engines of vehicles and diesel operating
machinery as well as accidental spillage. Pollution of soils can result from waste waters,
sewage and cleaning of equipment, storage and handling of hazardous substances like
bitumen, oil, paraffin oil, detergents, fuels, paint and lubricants. It is needed to carefully
store and safely dispose the waste material away from productive soils and water
sources as recommended by the supervising team.
6.6.2 Impact on water resources
The rivers that have been listed in the base line section are mostly permanent flowing
during all seasons and used for multiple house hold purposes. They are relatively clear
due to the surrounding vegetation. The silt content is relatively low. However Earth
works near such rivers as well as spoil accumulation and leakage of pollutants will have
temporary impacts during construction phases. Any modification of the hydrological
factors such as channel width, bank modification or scouring of the river bed for such
purposes as construction material will lead to permanent impacts. Waste generated at
plant and camp sites as well as hazardous chemicals can have adverse impacts on
surface and ground waters, particularly for ground waters in fractured volcanic area.
Spoils and leakage from machinery at quarry locations can also drain into water courses
and the ground if the activity is not properly designed and planned before opening the
sites.
Impacts of compaction on detour and access roads and material sites can lead to
increased runoff and storm water production into surface waters. Areas where surface
water can be affected are shown in the table below.
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Tab: 22 Bridge and Drainage Structures
Dimensions
S/No.
Chainage
Proposed
Structure
Height/
Diameter
Width
Remark
(km)
1
0+224.69
Ø48"
Relief pipe
2
0+858
Ø42"
Relief pipe
3
1+601.17
SC
2.5
4
2+005
RCPC
Ø48"
5
3+068.78
SC
3
6
3+760
RCPC
Ø42"
1.5
2.5
Double
Ø42"
7
4+577
8
4+903.21
9
5+250
Ø42"
Relief pipe
10
5+740
Ø42"
"
11
8+031.21
Ø42"
"
12
8+870
Ø42"
"
13
9+400
Ø42"
"
14
9+680
Ø42"
"
15
10+453.85
4.5
16
11+030
Ø42"
17
11+520
Ø42"
18
12+060.7
SC
BC
SC
4.5
4
Relief pipe
3.5
3.5
3.5
Double
Relief pipe
19
12+650
Ø42"
20
13+552
Ø42"
"
21
13+900
Ø42"
"
22
14+330
Ø42"
"
14+680
Ø42"
15+971
Ø42"
16+510
Ø42"
16+970
Ø42"
17+420
Ø42"
18+200
Ø42"
18+680
Ø42"
19+280
Ø48"
19+960
Ø48"
20+074
Ø42"
"
Relief Pipe
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
23
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
20+835
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35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
Final EIA Report
21+400
Ø42"
21+810
Ø42"
22+360
Ø42"
Ø42"
22+840
23+694.56
SC
BC
2.5
BC
3
26+300
Ø42"
26+753
3
27+070.64
Ø42"
27+540
Ø42"
27+780
Ø42"
28+040
Ø42"
28+340
Ø42"
29+940
Ø42"
30+470
Ø42"
31+210
BC
Ø42"
31+820
Ø42"
32+420
Ø42"
BC
4.5
33+810
Ø42"
34+300
Ø42"
PC
Ø48"
35+230
Ø42"
35+940
Ø42"
36+300
Ø42"
36+700
37+710
PC
PC
Ø48"
Ø42"
38+670
Ø42"
39+207
Ø42"
40+690
Ø42"
40+992
Ø42"
41+560
Ø42"
Ø42"
42+260
PC
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Ø42"
Ø42"
43+200
43+520
Relief Pipe
2
Relief Pipe
"
"
"
Relief pipe
"
"
Relief Pipe
"
"
Double
RCPC
3.5
Relief pipe
"
Double
Relief pipe
"
"
Double
Ø42"
38+250
42+904
2
Ø48"
32+985
34+780.8
Relief Pipe
4x2.5
31+540
33+432.14
2
Ø42"
25+100
25+847.16
3.5
Ø42"
24+020
24+509.44
4
Relief pipe
"
"
"
Double
Relief Pipe
Relief pipe
"
"
"
"
"
"
Double
Relief pipe
Ø42"
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77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
Relief Pipe
"
Ø42"
44+060
Ø42"
44+640
45+315
Final EIA Report
RCPC
Ø48"
Relief Pipe
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
46+751.16
Ø42"
47+800
Ø42"
48+200
Ø42"
49+090
Ø42"
49+847
Ø42"
50+240
Ø42"
51+080
Ø42"
51+880
Ø42"
53+180
Ø42"
53+360
Ø42"
53+670
Ø42"
54+000
Ø42"
54+450
Ø42"
54+680
Ø42"
55+090
Ø42"
56+260
Ø42"
56+760
Ø42"
58+390
Ø42"
58+920
Ø42"
59+260
Ø42"
60+260
Ø42"
60+510
Ø42"
60+820
Ø42"
61+090
Ø42"
62+040
Ø42"
62+800
Ø42"
63+150
Ø42"
63+650
Ø42"
64+060
Ø42"
64+410
Ø42"
64+840
Ø42"
65+940
Ø42"
66+580
Ø42"
67+830
Ø42"
Relief Pipe
"
"
"
"
"
"
68+821
BR
Bridge
69+375
3x2.5
69+660
Ø42"
70+540.67
3
71+326.11
Ø42"
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Relief Pipe
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
"
Relief pipe
"
"
"
2.5
Relief pipe
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119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
Final EIA Report
72+273.35
Ø42"
72+620
Ø48"
Double
72+849
Ø42"
Relief pipe
73+126.41
Ø42"
"
74+054
4.5
3.5
74+610
4
3.5
75+353.55
Ø42"
76+065
3
2.5
76+580
2.5
1.5
77+070
Ø42"
Relief pipe
77+118.45
Ø42"
"
"
Relief pipe
77+331.73
2.5
77+831
Ø42"
1.5
Relief pipe
79+490
Ø42"
"
80+060
Ø42"
"
80+480
Ø42"
"
80+811.44
Ø42"
"
81+187.33
Ø42"
82+033.94
3
82+620
Ø42"
Relief pipe
83+090
Ø42"
"
83+650
Ø42"
"
84+177
Ø48"
Double
84+300
Ø42"
Relief pipe
84+810
Ø42"
"
85+077
Ø42"
"
86+042
Ø48"
Double
86+565
Ø42"
Relief pipe
"
2.5
86+703
Ø42"
"
87+372.2
Ø42"
"
88+950
BR
Bridge
90+662.64
Ø42"
Relief pipe
91+080
Ø42"
"
91+312
Ø48"
Double
In the lowland area along the bordered where alluvial sediments dominant shallow
ground waters can be affected due to compaction by disturbing the ground water table.
Unnecessary movement of vehicles in such zones needs to be avoided.
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6.6.3
Final EIA Report
Competition for water resources
Since permanent rivers drain the majority of the area, water in general will be available
for construction.
6.6.4
Air and Noise Pollution
Due to the relatively high moisture content of the soils on the highlands dust is
relatively minimal. In the lowland areas, due to scarce settlement the impact from dust
and noise will again be minimal. During the construction period, localized air and noise
pollution will result mainly at the road construction, aggregate production plants,
quarry sites and borrow sites. These can also result from blasting of rocks, operation of
concrete batching, asphalt and aggregate production plants, loading and unloading of
materials, operation of heavy machinery and movements of construction vehicles over
unpaved roads. The exploitation of borrow pits and quarries and the transport of
construction materials will create noise and dust.. In addition, installation and operation
of plants, and loading and unloading of materials will cause dust, noise and exhaust
emissions that will likely affect neighbouring residential areas.
Asphalt emissions are the other air pollution issues of the project if a DS5 standard road
is constructed. Atmospheric emissions emanate from bituminous road mixes, and the
plants that produce them. The main emissions released by a conventional plant into the
atmosphere are the following: (in descending order): sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxide,
volatile organic compounds, carbon monoxide, polycyclic organic compounds and
aldehydes including formaldehyde (Kahan and Hughes, 1977). Although the combined
quantities of pollutants are small (i.e., <0.4 pound per ton of asphaltic-concrete mix),
some aldehydes and polycyclic organic compounds are potential carcinogens.
Emissions from plants tend to concentrate in surroundings air-shades. The vicinities of
communities and areas prone to atmospheric inversions would be most vulnerable to
these emissions.
During the operation period, noise impacts and exhaust emissions will continue to
come from vehicular traffic. Due to an increased vehicular traffic flow increased
emissions will affect the air quality. On the other hand, the construction of the project
road will reduce the vehicle operating cost (e.g. less fuel consumption), which will
reduce the individual vehicle’s air and noise pollution. The main pollutants emanating
from vehicle emissions are nitrogen oxides (NOx), hydrocarbons, carbon monoxides
(CO), sulphur dioxides (SO2), particulates, aldehydes and lead. The level of pollution
caused by these emissions is dependent on the traffic volume, traffic composition, speed
of traffic, technical condition of vehicles and the road surface.
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6.6.5
Final EIA Report
Impacts on Natural Vegetation
Natural vegetation and plantations such as coffee are prevalent in the project area and
the destruction of such vegetation will be inevitable. Bebeka state farm starts at 13 km
from Mizan and covers nearly 27 km which holds coffee plantation and big shade trees.
From 37-42 km from Bebeka there is again a natural forest area. These localities need
attention either through design or through other mitigation measures to be later
proposed in this report.
6.6.6
Impacts on Wildlife, Wildlife Habitats and Protected Areas
The impact of the road construction project on wildlife would not be sever as there is no
a large number of wildlife within the impact zones. There are No wildlife sanctuaries or
protected site habitats have been identified in the study corridor. Therefore direct
destruction of valuable wildlife habitats and impediments to wildlife movements is not
expected during construction or operation of the Project Road. Therefore, no significant
impacts during the construction phase on the available wildlife will be expected in
relation to destruction of habitats/vegetation in the right-of-way and at quarries and
borrow pits.
However, the project area shown in red is located between the Gambella National Park
and the Omo National Park. In the project area wild life is currently under human
threat due to the government sponsored settlement and labour flow to the project area
to collect coffee. The increasing the number of population in the area and due to illegal
hunting, there is high threat to wildlife. The increasing demands for the construction
wood, for wide agricultural land, timber production imposed pressure on the local
forests. This directly or indirectly affect the wildlife in the project area. Thus, there may
be an induced impact on wild habitat due to illegal hunting and deforestation on the
dispersed wildlife in the project area if the business is as usual. But the construction of
the subject road have positive impacts in terms of creating access to the managing body
at regional and federal level as well as NGOs working on conservation.
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Table: Map of National Parks and protected areas
6.6.7
Impacts on Cultural, Archaeological and Religious Environment
There are no known archaeological sites listed in the project area. The region has
however the potential to hold caves, stone engravings, stele, stone tools etc. In the likely
hood of encountering such “chance finds” in the project area the appropriate bureau
(Tourism and Culture) should be contacted for professional conservation and or
recovery. In the likelihood of finding material of religious importance such as grave
yards the local administration and the community should be contacted and discussion
on the possibility of finding an alternative site or for relocation and reburial should be
established. Compensatory measures need to be negotiated based on the religious or
customary regulations.
As indicated above there were no any archaeological and cultural heritage reportage in
the corridor of the project road. But since generally the archaeological asset in
developing country in general and in Ethiopia in particular is not well studies, there
might be some cultural/archaeological property. In that case, the contractor should
inform the cultural office of wereda or zone.
6.6.8
Impact due to establishment of construction camps
The establishment of construction camps and residential houses for the construction
workers sometimes competes with the limited local resources. The existence of camps
for the constructions workers close to settlement areas could influence
negatively on local life style and sometimes may lead to cultural and social
conflicts. To avoid such type of conflicts and problems the establishment of the
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construction camps should be in a planned way without negatively affecting the local
resources and society.
The impacts from the construction camps that are constructed close to settlement areas
may bring and create noise pollution, competition on the use of local resources.
The contractors may establish one main construction base camp near Mizan town, and
may establish smaller advance camps at other strategic locations in the other ends of
towns as convenient to him. Existing sites may be used, if they are conveniently located
in relation to the contractors' requirements. Alternatively, contractors will make their
own arrangements to use land, probably through the local authorities. When the
construction works have been completed, base camps and other areas used temporarily
by contractors are often left in a deplorable condition. Scrap metal, other wastes and
large masses of concrete, can pose problems for the nearby communities who have the
task of removing and disposing of them, and may be left with contaminated land.
A clause shall be included in the construction contract requiring, on completion of
construction and maintenance period activities, to reinstate base camp and other areas
should be reinstated, leaving them as far as possible in a clean and tidy condition, and
suitable for the purposes for which they were used prior to occupation by the
contractor. On occasion, the landholder (community) or ERA may wish to retain some
or all of the facilities, which have been established by the contractor, e.g. buildings, base
slabs etc. Otherwise, the sites should be fully reinstated before abandonment, and all
wastes etc. removed.
6.6.9
Quarries, Borrow Areas and Crushers
Quarries: The excavation of quarries and borrow pits used for obtaining rocks, soil and
aggregate materials for road construction can cause direct and indirect long -term
adverse impacts on the environment. Impact of quarry site includes but not limited to
destruction vegetation for access road construction, expropriation of farm land and
properties on the land, land slide, noise from explosive material and excavating
machineries and health risk from water born pests from stagnant water in the quarry
site.
Crushers: The baseline survey reported hot mix plants and crushers in full operation
should be located within the buffer zone of sensitive areas like schools, hospitals and
churches that may affected with the noise and dust generated from the crusher
operation.
Borrow area: Productive agricultural areas should be avoided for
borrowing. Borrow area pits, if not treated properly after the borrowing is complete,
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can form stagnant pools and pose health hazards to prevent which redevelopment of
borrow areas need to be made.
Cartage of the borrow materials to the construction sites can be of significance, as
almost all such areas are accessible through dirt tracks only and therefore, spillage and
compaction of soil along these tracks will be a significant impact. Proper protections
measures need to be worked out for the minimizing of such impacts during the haulage
of borrow materials.
6.6.10 Impact from construction machineries and vehicles
It is expected that plant-intensive construction methods will be adopted, given the
nature and scale of the works. Conventional road construction equipment will be
deployed, including bulldozes, rollers, graders, and excavators. In addition to the main
construction plant, trucks will be needed for various purposes, together with equipment
such as water bower, concrete mixers etc. Rock drills and crushing, grading and
loading/stockpiling plant will be deployed at the quarry sites. These machineries will
cause soil compaction that results in soil structure destruction; noise, dust and air
emissions; traffic accident and traffic jam; etc.
6.6.11 Impacts on Property and on socio-economic environment
The construction of the road project can affect both public and private properties.
Houses to be affected are all in all
Houses
Mud and Wood
67369m2
Tukul
16072.7m2
BLD
878m2
Farm Land
167.077 ha
Trees in no 1862
Coffee trees in no 623539
Electric poles in no 1554
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Photo 4: ROW conditions
6.6.12 Pressure on local medical services
In rural areas, which already have relatively poor resources in terms of medical
services, the presence of even a relatively small contractor’s workforce can impose
additional strains, reducing their effectiveness as far as the local population is
concerned. It is also reasonable to expect that the contractor should exercise a duty of
care towards his workforce in relation to injuries sustained at work.
6.6.13 HIV/ AIDS and other Sexually Transmitted Diseases
In Ethiopia, the HIV/AIDS pandemic, in recent years, has emerged as a major health
hazard, affecting mainly the age group between of 15 to 49 years. Construction and
similar projects including road projects are considered as having high potentially for the
spread of the HIV/AIDS virus due to their mobility. This is partly because construction
workers are mostly young and sexually active group of the population and are forced to
live in working camps. Vulnerable areas that need attention are: camp sites, sites of
induced development such as places where service providers exist, towns and villages
along the construction project.
6.6.14 Negative Gender Impacts
In road projects, women do not receive equal employment opportunities. The
contractors, in most cases, favour to employ men rather than women.
Female workers do not provided special attention to their situation that occurs due to
biological and physical conditions.
Women workers and women residing close to construction camp sites face
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increased risk to STDs, HIV/AIDS and unwanted pregnancies.
6.6.15 Social Conflict
Social conflict may arise if intrusion in to property, such as coffee farms will be
conducted without the prior knowledge of the owners, if drainage is allowed to run
over farm lands, due to sexual misbehaviour, differential employment opportunities
and payment, improper installation of facility, inadequate provision of water and
sanitation as well as from not respecting traditional beliefs. Intrusion into belief sites
will be highly sensitive. Any archaeological findings (stele, caves and paintings, rock
arts, stone tools, fossils etc) need to be reported to the ministry of culture and tourism
bureau.
Energy sources could also lead to conflict if such scarce sources are removed by the
workforce such as from bio-fuel used by the local community wood, charcoal, animal
dung mainly.
6.6.16 Traffic Safety
Traffic during construction can lead to accident in construction areas, detours, access
roads, material sites and in near-by towns and villages if proper mitigation and
monitoring is not in place. Particularly in areas where schools are located, market
places, religious and belief sites as well as residential areas need special attention.
6.6.17 Impact Due To Ancillary Works
Ancillary works entail those subordinate to the main project such as those to be
conducted at material sites, access roads and detours and on plant sites. In such sites,
erosion can take place due to earth works, stock can be piled, chemical and organic
waste can be generated, and noise and pollution can be a nuisance.
Blasting can be applied particularly in material sites. When this is conducted it should
be done away from settlement areas and after assuring protection for the movement of
people and animals as well as making awareness on the schedule.
6.6.18 Impact Due to design (Geometric, Structural and Hydraulic as well as realignment)
The above factors designed in sensitive locations such as natural forest zones may affect
vegetation and leading to its clearance, may affect road side property. As much as
possible however, the design should consider minimizing the impact by following
existing road and trails. The effect will be more felt in areas of settlement,
the state farm, natural forest zones near the field used as an air field near
Aman (11Km). The building of embankments in low lying flat areas can obstruct the
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flow of water and may lead to pond formation and flooding. Appropriate cross and side
drains need to be provided. Moreover in areas of grazing lands animal passages across
the embankment should be designed. At settlement places steep embankments can lead
to the difficulty of passage to children, disabled persons and to the old. In such areas
steps should be provided for over passing.
6.7
Summary of Identified Potential Environmental Impacts
Potential negative impacts of the project have been minimized to the extent possible
during the design stage through such measures as alternative route selection. Potential
biophysical impacts are related to erosion and slope instability, impact on water
resources and on remnant sacred forests. Socio-cultural negative impacts related to
sacred traditional sites are already minimized since the road follows exiting alignment
in those areas. The relative importance of the various major impacts is summarized in
the table below. Positive socio-economic impacts are very high for this region that has
been devoid of standard transportation facility over years.
Table 21: Summary of Identified Adverse Environmental Impacts
No
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
Potential
Impacts
Adverse
Project Impact
Significance
Before
Mitigation
Physical Environment
Soil Erosion, Sedimentation ××
and Runoff
Slope
Instability
and ×
Landscape Intrusion
Impact on Soil and Water ×××
Quality
1.4
1.5
Nuisance Noise
Impact on Air Quality
2
Biological Environment
2.1
Impact
on
Vegetation
Highway Engineers and consultant/HEC/
× (rural)
xx (urban)
and ××x
Comment on Impact Intensifying
Factors
The existing intensive land use
pattern, prevailing climatic and
physical environmental condition
signifies
the impact climatic and
The prevailing
physical environmental condition
As
there is high rainfall soil
signifies
erosion and siltation problem in
the area can be exacerbated
Settlement areas (towns and
villages will be impacted more
than rural areas)
Special attention in areas of natural
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2.2
Flora
Impact on Protected Areas
×
2.3
Impact on Fauna
×x
3
3.2
Socio-Cultural Environment
Impact on Property and xx
Service Utilities
3.3
Vulnerability for HIV/AIDS ××
and STDs
3.4
Gender Impacts
××
3.5
Social Conflict
×
3.6
Traffic safety
x
3.7
Impact due to ancillary works
xx
Final EIA Report
Forest
Encroachment and new settlers
moving from the central part of the
country will cause the impact
Reduction of forest coverage from
time to time due to population
pressure
Not possible to know the scale and
magnitude at this stage of the
project
Isolation
from
family
and
increased mobility of construction
workers
Lack of awareness, isolation from
the central part of the country
where education is relatively
available
Using similar resource with the
host community and denying
priority for the local community
due to high competition for
resource
Important in location such as
schools, residential areas and
market places
Needs rehabilitation after work
Legend:
(- )= insignificant
× = less significant, requires some attention
××= significant, requires mitigation N/A = Not Known at this stage
××× = significant, requires particular attention &mitigation
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7
Final EIA Report
IMPACTS MITIGATION AND ENHANCEMENT MEASURES
This section addresses measures for both mitigating (i.e., avoidance, reduction, or
elimination of) negative impacts, and enhancing (i.e., improvement of) positive effects
of the road upgrading project.

Erosion, Sedimentation and Runoff

Impacts on Water Resources

Nuisance Noise

Air Pollution

Impacts on Flora and Fauna

Impact on sacred sites

Impacts on Properties and Utility Services

Traffic and Safety

HIV/AIDS and Other Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Local Income Generation

Induced Development

Impact on Gender

Social Conflict

Traffic safety
7.4
Soil Erosion, Sedimentation and Runoff
The high runoff due to heavy rainfall and silt production from under-vegetated areas
can clog drainage ways in this context. Silt traps would be necessary including basins
for settlement out of suspension on the upper sides of cross drains.
Other various forms and locations that are prone to erosion are: channel or gully
erosion, bank erosion, erosion on slope side cuts, erosion on embankments, erosion
from material sites as well as erosion from spoils.
For channel or gully erosion as well as removal of bank material:




Filling with rocks if the gully is deep and adjacent to the road
Paving if shallow and having steep slope
Check dam if wide and expanding
Gabion wall if the side is unstable
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Drainage improvement

Provide suitable and adequate permanent drainage facilities. These include
check-dams and paved ditches, etc.

Energy dissipaters at cross-drainage outlets will help reduce further gully
erosion in areas where these are prominent.

In order to reduce the amount of flow parallel to the road, line (pave) roadside
drains wherever necessary, etc.

Road construction should be concentrated in the dry season to reduce the
environmental damage and soil erosion and sediment-loading to streams.
Borrow areas

Avoid opening borrow areas near or at sites of natural forests, plantation areas,
settlements and grasslands.

Borrow areas or quarry sites should be excavated and fill areas filled in such a
way as to facilitate rehabilitation and reinstatement. After completion of the
works, all sites should be restored. Large borrow areas should be replanted or
transformed into ponds (in consultation with the competent local authorities).

Where possible, trees along borrow areas or quarry sites edges should be
protected.

Random movement of heavy machinery at excavation sites should be prevented.

Cut of topsoil should be used for replanting improvements of the embankments
and to refill borrow pits.

Incorporate bio-engineering to reduce slope instability and soil erosion

Adopt regulation (in consultation with the local communities and their leaders)
that prohibit livestock grazing on road shoulders, embankments, and right-ofway, as necessary,

Public education on soil conservation, and road influences on erosion and
sedimentation;

Use of local labour in preventative and first-response maintenance to erosion
problems developing on the road.

ERA should ensure that adequate funds are made available in maintenance
budgets for routine embankment, cutting and drainage system inspections and
minor repairs. As a means of improving efficiency, and also in order
to make a small contribution to the improvement in the local employment
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situation, inspections and maintenance should preferably be carried out by local
people. These people should be given responsibility by ERA’s District Offices to
looking after specific sections of the road. They should be given appropriate
training and simple tools and operate under the supervision of an ERA’s District
maintenance staffs.
7.5
Slope Instability and Landscape Intrusion
In order to prevent potential sliding in deep rock cut section and mitigates problems in
active sliding sections, following remedial solution is proposed

In areas of deep rock cuts section, provide berms at edge of the road that will act
as rock fall containment area. The bottom width of the berm shall be 3m and
depth of 1m with side slope of 1:2(V:H) for rock cut depth up to 10m. In areas
where it is not possible to provide side slopes at gradient of 1:2 short masonry
retaining wall to height of 2-3m can be provided. For rock cut depth greater
10m, the berm width can be 6meters.
 For deep cuts in weathered rock section and active sliding area, provide 3m
wide berms at the top of hard rock formation and for weathered and
decomposed rock material above strong stratum adopt soil slopes
 Provide furrow ditch and intercept the water coming from the upper part and
drain away from slope material
 Plant cut slopes with bushes/trees/ grass to prevalent erosion of the open cut
surface
Other measures elsewhere

Provide lined drains for the sections with existing gully erosion and for those
sections with vulnerable soils and slopes.

Minimize side-casting of excavation materials on down-slope by depositing it
only in approved heaps and by landscaping and planting with appropriate tree
species to improve the aesthetic value of those sites.

Restore borrow sites, construction camps and construction materials storage sites
through back-filling, landscaping and re-establishing vegetation cover to the
extent possible.

Provide an efficient drainage system with well designed and constructed ditches
and culverts to stop existing and prevent potential soil erosion. Slopes in cut or
fill sections have to be covered with grass and other vegetation directly after
completion of works (Annex 6 provides recommended vegetation
species appropriate for Ethiopia and criteria for selecting vegetation types).
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Preserve topsoil from the realignments, improvements, road widening, borrow sites and
contractor’s facilities for re-use on embankment slopes and for re-filling borrow sites and
reinstating the land taken for detours and temporary roads.
7.6
Protection of Cultural and Belief
Sites designated as cultural and beliefs have not been reported. However in the likely
hood of finding any objects of historical/archaeological or historical value the
appropriate body-Bureau of the Ministry of Culture and Tourism should be consulted
for restoration, conservation or collection. Burial sites should be avoided, however in
the likely case of unavoidable interference the displacement of bodies should be
conducted in accordance with the religion and tradition and in consultation with family
members.
 The Environmental Specialist (ES) is to be briefed by a professional archaeologist
what to look out for, particularly during vegetation clearing operations and
preparation of the site for construction purposes. Leveling and rehabilitation
(including landscaping and reshaping) of dunes, to emulate natural dune
systems, for example, may expose buried archaeological and possibly
paleontological (fossil) sites.
 Contractors, staff and plant operators should be briefed what to look out for,
particularly during vegetation clearing operations and earthworks.
 If heritage remains uncovered or disturbed during vegetation clearing and
earthworks should not be disturbed until inspected by the ARCCH and verified
by a professional archaeologist.
 If any human remains be disturbed, exposed or uncovered during earthworks,
these should immediately be reported to a professional archaeologist, or
ARCCH the. Burial remains should be treated sensitively at all times. Human
remains should not be removed until inspected by a professional archaeologist.
 Future proposed borrow pits and quarry sites servicing the road construction
should be inspected for archaeological and paleontological remains and
monitored during construction.
 Trenching and excavations for bulk services at potential remain sites should be
inspected and monitored by a qualified paleontologist and archaeologist at
regular intervals during implementation of the project.
7.7
Impacts on Soil and Water Quality

Provide collector containers for solid and liquid waste at camp sites,
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construction, plant quarry and garage areas.

Prevent spillages and leakage of materials with the potential to pollute water
resources. The measures should be maintained in an effective condition
throughout the life of the construction period

Wash water should be systematically cleaned before discharging to rivers or
streams.

Once the construction of the project is complete, the contractor should be
required to remove and properly dispose all toxic, hazardous or harmful
construction materials including petroleum products in such a way that these
materials do not enter the surface or ground water systems.
7.8
Nuisance Noise
Where roads pass through villages with narrower passages, or roads are in the vicinity
of noise-sensitive facilities, such as schools, attenuation of construction activities related
noise may be desirable. These techniques include the following:

Activities producing excessive noise levels should be restricted to the day-time,
and equipment normally producing high levels of noise should be suppressed or
screened when working within a distance of some 1000 metres from any
sensitive noise receptors.

Crusher sites must be located away from settlement and noise sensitive areas.

Near places of worship, construction producing nuisance level noise be
minimised or rescheduled so as not to occur on locally recognised religious days
(i.e. Saints’ days, etc.) and Sundays.

Maintenance of machines and provision of noise suppressing installations such
as mufflers is required.
7.9
Impact on Air Quality
During the road construction period, haulage of construction material increases dust.
Where the road passes through settlements, raised dust can cause considerable
nuisance, and can result in increased incidence of respiratory related diseases.
It is therefore recommended to include a clause in the construction contract to the effect
that,

In cases –where haul routes pass through towns or major
settlements, the contractor shall prepare construction traffic
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management plans, for approval by the Engineer, which set out clearly the steps
which will be taken to minimise the impacts of his construction activities and
haulage traffic, including but not limited to the regular watering of road section
to suppress dust.

7.10
Proper maintenance of diesel equipment and curtailment of unnecessary idling
should be practiced to help control emissions, since poor air quality can result
from diesel powered machinery vehicles. Construction machinery should be well
maintained to minimize excessive gaseous emissions.
Impact on Flora and Fauna
7.7.1
Flora
Protection of forests, trees and pasture areas should be conducted in relation with the
public. Activities that might affect such sites are realignments, right of ways (ROW) and
establishing of camps, equipments, yards and other activities impair vegetation removal
and cutting of trees. Techniques for dealing with these situations includes but not
limited to:

Designing the road-upgrading project following the existing road alignment as
much as possible where forests or important trees exist.

Careful selection and sitting of contractor’s site facilities (workers residential
camps materials storage sites and plant/equipment sites) so as to avoid the
removal of trees and shrubs growing at or in the immediate vicinity of the
selected sites.

Replanting appropriate trees and shrubs at suitable locations such as areas
adjacent to the road and at areas affected due to construction activities or
exploitation materials to compensate for the unavoidable losses. Indigenous
and/or exotic species are proposed.

include a clause in the construction Contract which stipulates that the Contractor
has the responsibility for any fire accident caused by any of this activities,

Make the Contractor responsible for the conduct of his workforce in relation to
environmental protection matters.

consider the location of mature trees during route selection for the road diversion
and land clearing for quarry and borrow sites,

Prepare a plan to remove mature trees in borrow areas so as to obtain optimal
benefits from harvested timber.
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
compensate in cash for the loss of privately-owned mature trees,

Providing construction and supervising staff with fuel requirements (gas,
paraffin etc.) in order to avoid or reduce any use of charcoal or fuel wood by
buying from local market.

Where possible, apply half-way construction method in order to reduce the loss
vegetation by temporary roads or detours.

Widening of the road to one side only at locations with dense or valuable
vegetation/trees

Prohibition of the use of trees for anchorage, and where such use is approved,
the trunk shall be wrapped with a sufficiently thick protective material (tires,
etc.) before any rope, cable or wire is placed.

Use of existing tracks/roads for materials transport to avoid damage of
vegetation as far as possible and works have to be limited to the imperative area
for exploitation.

Removal of trees will be permitted only after prior approval by the supervising
engineer and for each removed indigenous tree at least ten new trees shall be
planted. The replacements shall be of the same species, or other approved
indigenous species, and of the maximum size that is practicable to plant and
sustain growth in the particular environment. The project should prepare a forest
management plan before the cutting takes place to manage the
forestry/reforestation process.
7.7.2
Fauna
The workforce needs to get educated on the illegal nature of wildlife poaching. It
should also be told that careful driving is necessary to avoid accident to wild life. It is to
be noted that driving in areas of forest, in low land areas and in river valleys will have
more risk of encountering the wild life.
7.8 Impacts on Property and Utility Services
The recommended mitigation measures for impact under consideration include:

Consider to minimise land acquisition during route selection phase. The design
can also minimize acquisition of land occupied by housing or
business/commercial premises and productive farmlands by
adjustment.
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
ERA in collaboration with local authorities, to stop all future construction works
within the ROW

Before clearance of services and property the site for relocation should be
designated and alternative service for water, electricity and the like should be
provided.

The Affected groups should be aware before any property or service is damaged
and they should be consulted for options.

Payment of full and fair cash compensation, which leaves those affected by
relocation better or at least no worse off than they were previously.

A clause should be included in the construction contract which makes the
contractor liable for any damage to services resulting from his or his
subcontractors’ actions. Any damage caused to services by the contractor or
subcontractors should be made good without delay at the contractor’s cost.
7.9 Impacts Associated with Construction Traffic
In order to mitigate the impact it is recommended to:

A clause in EMP includes that the contractor shall carry out repairs, at his own
expense, to any public or private road pavements or structures -which can be
proven to have been damaged as a result of overloading of his, or his
subcontractors', vehicles.

Moreover it is necessary to make every reasonable effort to minimise road safety
hazards and inconvenience to other road users, resulting from the passage of his,
or his subcontractors' haulage vehicles, and should impose and enforce
compliance with speed limits.

In cases -where haul routes pass through towns or major settlements, the
contractor shall prepare construction traffic management plans, for approval by
the Engineer, which set out clearly the steps which will be taken to minimise the
impacts of his haulage traffic.
7.10 Mitigating HIV/AIDS

Free distribution and provision of condoms to construction workers by the
Contractor to avoid the spread of HIV/AIDS.

To conduct education and awareness creation on the spread and
transmission of STDs and HIV/AIDS for construction workers and
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local communities living close to the construction camp sites.

To put educational posters and flyers on HIV/AIDS using local languages at
public gathering locations, bus terminals, schools and by road sides to minimize
the spread of HIV/AIDS.
7.11 Mitigating Adverse Impacts on Women

Ensure women's participation and improve their employment opportunities.

Develop guidelines and regulations that ensure women receive equal
employment opportunities.

Assign female workers in those types of works that do not bring difficulties to
their biological and physical conditions.

Awareness creation among women on STDs and HIV/AIDS transmission,
education on the use of condoms.
7.12 Mitigating Social Conflict

Establish conflict resolution mechanism through consultation with local clan
chiefs and government authorities to discuss issues that have become a cause for
the conflict between construction workers and the local population and find a
solution to resolve it.
7.13 Construction Phase Local Income Generation
One of the project benefits during the construction stage of the project is creation of
regular wage employment for the local workforce. Therefore In order to enhance this
benefit:

Although labour recruitment is a matter for the contractor, who has the right to
determine whom to employ, he should be formally encouraged to hire locally
wherever possible, in order to maximise the benefit distribution and social
acceptability of the project. He/she should also be encouraged to procure
supplies from local sources to the maximum extent possible in the circumstances.

The construction contract has to include a clause which requires the contractor to
use his best endeavours to maximise local hire of labour, in so far as this is
compatible with his skill requirements, and to maximise local procurement of
supplies.
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7.14 Reduction in Traffic Generated Dust and Improved Road Safety
Dust can be reduced by watering of detours, access roads and at construction sites,
cover the fine material while transporting will also minimize wind blowing the dust.
7.15 Reduction in Erosion from Road Drainage
Better drainage systems have been incorporated in the design as compared to the
existing condition. However the benefit of the improved drainage systems will only
continue to be enjoyed if they are properly maintained. It is therefore recommended
that ERA should ensure routine and periodic maintenance budgets and programmers
make adequate provision for inspection, clearance and repairs to all drainage structures,
so as to maintain their efficiency. Consideration should be given to employing local
people to take responsibility for regular inspection, minor maintenance and repair work
to drainage systems.
7.16 Induced Development and Other Project Benefits
Major indirect impacts of the road upgrading are development-related, largely induced
effects, (including economic development, improved access to social services and
other). This can be positive via access provision to services. However any development
in the ROW should be monitored not to occur.
7.17 Impact Due To Ancillary Works
Before ancillary sites are opened (Borrow pits, quarry sites, detours, access roads, camp
sites) a plan should be provided by the contractor to show the sites do not concern areas
of environmental sensitivity among which are:
-
Sacred sites, religious sites, forest and water resources areas, critical natural
habitats, areas with productive soils, settlement areas sites of services such as
schools, clinics etc.
It is necessary that acquisition such sites for work needs public participation for judging
sensitivity and for compensation of lost property. Once cleared, top soil needs to be
preserved for later use. The sites need to have appropriate drainage, maintenance, safe
waste disposal mechanisms. When work is over rehabilitation to original or enhanced
way should be applied. For example plant sites need to be stripped for removing
asphalt and other pollutants and the waste should be disposed safely. Material sites
need to be rehabilitated by filling and dispersing top soil as well as re-plantation. Or
they can be transformed in a water harvesting systems in consultation with
the public and in areas where malaria is not a risk.
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Sites such as Cemeteries and archaeological sites need community and authority
involvement before any collection and displacement are conducted.
8 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT PLAN
8.4
General considerations
An Environmental Management Plan has been integrated in this report as a table for
clause in the contract document. This is a comprehensive plan that can be specified by
the contractor through modification in consultation with the supervising engineers and
ERA. The specification needs to give due attention to natural forest as well as
implication on water resources and soil conservation as well as on wildlife. Coffee
plantations also need due attention.
During the design stage the consultant should incorporate proposed mitigation
measures as well as the Matrix for EMP (sec. 23) in the design and tender documents.
The contractual agreement should also include articles to enforce the environmental
issues. Construction stage activities are mainly the responsibility of the constructor and
that of the construction supervision consultant. The actual physical implementation
works are carried out mostly at this stage. The execution of the road construction work
should also equally treat the implementation of the physical works of environmental
mitigation measures.
8.5
Organizational aspects
Both project management and environmental management responsibilities are normally
shared between several government and non-government organizations (NGOs), each
with specific executive responsibilities for particular aspects, which are exercised
during the various stages of project preparation, implementation and subsequent
operation and maintenance. For sensitive environments in the project area the
participation of Bureau of Agriculture and Natural Resources as well as NGOs working
in the area is crucial in selecting all sites for construction, for camping, for detours and
access roads as well as for plant sites. Plans for selecting such sites should be discussed
with the concerned bodies including the public before commencement of work.
8.2.1 Environmental Management during Pre-Construction phase
At this stage the planning of logistics and site preparation, necessary for commencing
construction activities, will be conducted. The activities include:

Joint field verification of EMP by the Engineer and Contractor

Modification (if any) of the contract documents by the Engineer.
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
Procurement/ identification of existing construction equipment/ machinery
such as crushers, hot mix plants, batching plants and other construction
equipment and machinery.

Identification and selection of material sources (quarry and borrow material,
water, sand etc). This region holds natural forests and the sites as much as
possible should be away from such sources.

Selection, design and layout of construction areas, hot mix and batching plants,
labour camps etc

Planning traffic diversions and detours including arrangements for temporary
land acquisition.

Planning for camp sites
Moreover prior to contractor’s mobilization and the commencement of construction,
environmental management will be concerned with three principal groups of
activities:



Ensuring that all government and funding agency requirements and
procedures relating to EIA are complied with;
Preparation of detailed designs which incorporate specific features
aimed at minimizing adverse impacts and enhancing beneficial impacts;
Implementation of land and property acquisition procedures
including the payment of compensation
8.2.2 Environmental Management During Construction phase
Construction stage is the most crucial stage in terms of activities that require careful
management to avoid environmental impacts. Activities that trigger the need for
environmental measures to be followed include:




Put in practice environmental principles at all stages of construction as good
engineering practices.
Implementation of site-specific environmental and social
mitigation/management measures suggested, including health and safety
measures.
Monitoring the quality of environment along the construction sites (as air, noise,
water, soil etc).
Monitoring of environmental conditions through approved monitoring expert
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Operation Stage
 Operation stage actives are to be carried out by the Environmental Cell of the
ERA.
The activities involved are monitoring of operational performance of the various
mitigation measures carried out as a part of the project.
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9 MONITORING PLAN AND IMPLEMENTATION PROGRAM
9.4
General Considerations
Environmental monitoring is an essential tool in relation to environmental management as
it provides the basis for rational management decisions regarding impact control. The
monitoring programme for the present project will be undertaken to meet the following
objectives:

to check on whether mitigation and benefit enhancement measures have actually
been adopted, and are appropriate.

to provide a means whereby any impacts which were subject to uncertainty at the
time of preparation of the EIA, or which were unforeseen, can be identified, and to
provide a basis for formulating appropriate additional impact control measures

to provide information on the actual nature and extent of key impacts and the
effectiveness of mitigation and benefit enhancement measures which, through a
feedback mechanism, can improve the planning and execution of future, similar
projects.
There are two basic forms of monitoring:
a. Compliance monitoring, which checks whether prescribed actions have been
carried out, usually by means of inspection or enquiries.
b. Effects monitoring, which records the consequences of activities on one or
more environmental components, and usually involves physical
measurement of selected parameters or the execution of surveys to establish
the nature and extent of induced changes?
9.5
Contractual Bindings
The consultant should verify that all mitigation and monitoring activities are done along
with the engineering tasks. Failure from the contractor side not to implement and report
mitigation and monitoring tasks should lead to actions similar to not complying to
engineering requirements.
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9.6
Final EIA Report
Cost Estimate
This part of the report presents the estimated total cost for environmental management,
monitoring and training cost of the proposed Road Project.
Hence; as it was mentioned above, the scale and magnitude for most of the project
impacts; particularly the site specific one, is not known at this stage (prior to the detail
geometric design and material investigation), the consultant’s summarized cost
estimate a preliminary one. This is true particularly for costs associated with
compensation of PAPs, land acquisition and ROW issues. Therefore, these preliminary
costs estimate to be refined and updated in the final land acquisition and RAP report.
The preliminary cost estimate was made based on past experience on similar projects
and from the Consultant’s EIA findings. Thus, the preliminary Costs related to
environmental and social benefit enhancement and impact mitigation measures, etc.
taken into account include:

Costs related to erosion prevention, control and gully management (soil
conservation and roadside erosion prevention and assisting gully management
and land use management programs, road safety measures) and mitigating land
slides

Costs related to the resettlement and compensation for loss of properties as well
as livelihood (loss of houses, farmlands, plantation trees, business centers)

Costs related to the loss of privately owned trees and natural vegetation
restoration

Costs for environmental monitoring, training and capacity building
o Local training through workshops
o Training of ERA staff in environmental assessment and management and
procedural skills
o Advisory group support
o Routine monitoring visit for ESMT
Thus, the total environmental mitigation, management, monitoring and training costs
are summarized in the Table below amount to some ETB 5,335,000 as summarised in the
following Table.
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Table 23: Environmental and Social Impact Mitigation, Management, Monitoring and Training
Costs (Birr)
No.
1
1.1
Item
Erosion Control and Land slide mitigation
Technical engineering measures
1.2
Bio-Engineering measures (Top-soiling and grassing to
side slopes)
Resettlement and compensation Cost (to be confirmed
and finalized in the RAP)
Site restoration and artificial landscaping
Restoration of land used as detour roads
Artificial landscaping of borrow pits, Quarry sites
Compensation for loss of trees and grassland
Natural tree and vegetation restoration program
Road safety provisions (road signs, traffic signs, etc.)
2
3
3.1
3.2
4
4.1
5
6
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
Amount ETB
Included in the engineering
costs
500,000.00
2,500,000.00
5,0000
50, 000
1,500,000.00
Included in the engineering
costs
Environmental monitoring and capacity building
Local training through workshops
Short term training for one ESMT staff
Advisory group support
Expenses Routine monitoring visit for ESMT
TOTAL
10% Physical contingencies
20,000.00
100,000.00
75,000.00
100,000.00
4,850,000.00
485,000.00
Estimated Impact Mitigation Cost
5,335,000.00
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10
10.1
Final EIA Report
PUBLIC CONSULTATIONS
Public Discussion topics
At the scoping stage consultation was carried out informally with residents along the road
and administrators in order to understand if any conflict with the project existed and to
give awareness about the project. No conflict was reported. Issues raised about the benefits
of the project include
a- The local people pronounced that they will support the project and the
administration indicated that it will help PAPs to find alternative livelihoods.
b- They said that the construction of the road will allow local labour to participate in
the project and hence provide economic benefits.
c- The area is known for its coffee product, for honey and for spices. The road will
open and provide access to the market for such products.
d- Coffee processing plants will easily be established and run
e- Resource management including the forest will be eased (indirectly through access
to education, awareness creation etc.); in which case the project, if well managed and
integrated with the component of the environment can help as an enhancing
mechanism.
f- The access to Sudan will bring regional market as well as employment opportunity
g- Education, health as well availability of potable water will be facilitated
h- As indicated below the status of women will be improved, through the improved
social infrastructures, in matters such as mother and child care e.g easy
transportation to health centres
i- Tackling malaria will be enhanced through easy distribution of nets and medical
facility
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List of people contacted
Ato Teferi
Ato Mohammed Nur Kuja
Ato Chole Ket
Ato Habtamu Melak
Ato Ojulu Adey
Ato Ojulu Goy
Ato kugn Ekte
Bebeka state farm Staff
“ “
Gedu
Otuwa
Dima (wereda administrator)
From Police
Other topics gathered during discussion focused on gender issues as follows:
Gender Issues: The gender issues among the different ethnic groups of the region have
some similarities and differences depending on the type of the issue. Some of the
similarities are that in all the ethnic groups women have very low level of social status to
men in the society. Men are responsible for making decision over most matters (both
political and economic) and have the power to control and access over resources.
Gender division of labour: Women are primarily responsible for domestic and household
activities among most ethnic groups in the Region. Women also carry out agricultural and
other economic activities, but men make the decision over these activities and the
resources. In the region “any land under the control of female heads of households is held
in the name of a son or male relatives”. This shows that property of women could not even
be registered under their name.
Some cultural practices against women: There are several cultural practices that are very
extensive and require a separate study. However, circumcision and infibulations, early
marriage, and sterility as a reason for divorce are some of cultural practice that are
practiced against women.
Gender and Road network: The existence of road networks affects women more than men
among all ethnic groups and zones and weredas in the region. Lack of roads affects the
day-to-day activities of women directly and indirectly. Since women are responsible
performing domestic activities that are related to travel and transport, absence of roads
affect them highly and exerts additional burden. Women in rural Ethiopia and in the region
are responsible for carrying out numerous activities and some of these activities are related
to travel and transport. Some of the domestic, economic and social activities, that women
are responsible to carry out and related to travel and transport include: travel and transport
to water points, travel and transport for fuel wood collection, to grinding mills, to markets,
to farms, to health centres and to schools.
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Public Disclosure
Once approved for public disclosure purposes, the EIA will be made available through
summarized information materials to be printed and distributed to inform people about its
implementation process.
The following process will be followed in disclosing the EIA:
- ERA will forward the report to designated places. These places include ERA’s branches
and regional offices as well as other public places.
- ERA will announce in public advertisement and in the electronic media on the availability
of the report at the designated places
- ERA will conduct information and stakeholder program in the project areas so as to:
a. Inform and explain options to the affected people prior to financial assistance.
b. Socially prepare the affected persons for relocation.
c. Help counter rumor and prevent unnecessarily distress.
d. Bring clarity on issues that might be raised by the PAPs about their entitlements.
e. Ask assistance from the local Woreda level administration and others for
implementation.
f. Ensure the special needs of vulnerable groups are properly addressed
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Final EIA Report
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATION
The proposed Road Project will traverse mountainous, escarpment and flat area. The
existing road is highly damaged and as such has led to great socio-economic
disadvantages. There are productive soils on the highland section, Perennial rivers flow in
the project area, sacred forests and belief sites exist. The potential impacts on such sites
have been reduced through route alternative selection that considered the impact factors
and proposed alignment along existing lines as much as possible. For-example the
deviation to Bonke-Beza was avoided. Further mitigation measures and an environmental
management plan as a clause has been provided.
No adverse direct or indirect impacts are anticipated in respect of environmentally
sensitive areas like National Parks, Wildlife Reserves, National Forest Priority Areas and
wetlands of national or international importance, however, the road goes through natural
forests. During the operational phase, traffic levels are unlikely to be high enough to give
rise to problems of noise, air pollution or crossroad access for pedestrians. These adverse
impacts are capable of control within acceptable limits, provided that the recommended
mitigation measures are adopted. Therefore, if the mitigation and benefit enhancement
measures recommended in this EIA report are implemented properly, there are no
environmental grounds for not proceeding with implementation of the project in the form
in which it is presently envisaged, since the long-term benefits of project implementation
outweigh the largely short-term adverse impacts associated with construction, all of which
can be mitigated satisfactorily if close monitoring is adopted.
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12.
EMP MATRIX AS CLAUSES PROPOSED TO BE INCLUDED IN CONTRACT DOCUMENT
Table 23: EMP Matrix
No.
Issues /
Impacts
Mitigation Measures
Project Phase
1
Utility
Relocation and
Common
property
resources
In case of utilities and common property resources being Preimpacted due to the project, they will be relocated with prior construction
approval of the concerned agencies before construction
starts, on any sub-section of the project road.
2
Site clearance
3
Tree Cutting
Site clearance will be done only in the area required for the
Pre-construction
project.
Trees will generally not be removed unless required. Pre-construction
Removal
of
trees
shall
be
done only after the permissions / approvals are obtained.
Disposal
of
cut
trees
is
to
be
done
immediately to ensure that the traffic movement is not
disrupted. Compensation or replanting needed (10 trees per
tree taken out).
Forestry Management Plan will also be prepared.
Responsibility
Remark
Co/SE,ERA,
Community
participation
needed
The relocation site identification will be in accordance with
the choice of the community.
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Responsibility
4
Debris
disposal site
identification
Site for temporary storage and disposal of debris
refuse to be identified. These disposal sites shall
be finalized such that they are not located within any
designated forest or other eco-sensitive
areas, do not impact natural drainage courses and no
endangered / rare flora is impacted by such
disposal.
Pre-Construction
Co/SE/Envir
onmentalist
5
First stage
Monitoring
The Supervising Engineer and the Contractor will
carry out joint monitoring of the EMP. The suitability
of
the mitigation measures suggested in the EMP will be
checked.
Pre-Construction
Remark
Social and
Environmental
Consultants
needed at this
stage
Contractor/ PIU,
6
Modification
of the EMP
If required the Supervising Engineer will modify the
EMP in consultation with ERA and the contractor
PIU, Contractor,
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Mitigation Measures
7
Crushers,
Hot-mix
plants
&
Batching
Specifications
Plants
Hot mix plants and batching plants (existing or new) Prewill comply with the requirements of the relevant Construction
national, state
and local pollution
control
requirements.
Co/SE
Plants and batching plants will be sited sufficiently Pre-Construction
away from habitation, agricultural operations
or industrial establishments. Such plants will be
located at least 1000m away from the nearest
habitation, preferably in the downwind direction.
Co/SE
8
Other
Construction
Vehicles,
Equipment
and
Machinery
Project Phase
All vehicles, equipment and machinery to be procured
for
construction
will
conform
to the relevant norms. Noise limits for construction
equipments to be procured such as compactors, rollers,
front loaders, concrete mixers, cranes (moveable),
vibrators and saws will not exceed 75 dB (A),
measured at one metre from the edge of the equipment
in free field,
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Impacts
Mitigation Measures
9
Material
sourcing
(sand, borrow
material
and
stone
material)
Procurement of construction material only from Prepermitted sites and licensed / authorized quarries. Construction
Farm land and forest belts shall not be used for
material
sourcing
or
borrow
sites.
Arable land shall not be selected as borrow sites as
much as possible. If excavation has to be
done in arable land, top soil layer (30 cm) shall be
saved and returned after construction work is
completed, so as to minimize impacts.
Co/SE
The Contractor will identify materials from existing
licensed quarries with the suitable materials for
construction.
Co/SE
10
Quarry
sites
Project Phase
PreConstruction
Apart from approval of the quality of the quarry
materials, the Engineer will verify the legal status of
the quarry operation.
The quarry operations will be undertaken within the
rules and regulations in force.
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Mitigation Measures
11
Water
12
Labour
Requirements
-
Labour Camp
Project Phase
Responsibility
Remark
The Contractor will be responsible for arranging Preadequate supply of water for the entire construction
construction period. The contractor shall consult the
local people before finalizing the locations.
The contractor will preferentially source all water
requirements from surface water bodies.
Any
groundwater to be extracted requires permission from
Bureau of water. The contractor will minimize wastage
of water during construction.
Co/SE
Consult
community and
Bureau of water
The contractor will use unskilled labour drawn from Mobilization
local communities to avoid any additional stress on the
existing facilities (medical services, power, water
supply,
etc.)
Co/SE
Planning of labour camps, if required, needs to be
done to ensure adequate water supply, sanitation and
drainage etc.,
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13
Generation of Debris generated due to the dismantling of the existing Construction
Debris
structure shall be suitably disposed
14
Bituminous
wastes
disposal
Mitigation Measures
Project Phase
The contractor shall suitably dispose off unutilized
debris material; either through filling up of borrows
areas created for the project or at pre-designated dump
locations, subject to the approval of the Engineer.
Debris generated from pile driving or other
construction activities shall be disposed such that it
does not flow into the surface water bodies or form
mud puddles in the area. Dumping sites shall be
identified by the contractor as per regulations in force.
The identified locations will be reported to the
Engineer.
The disposal of residual bituminous wastes will be Construction
done by the contractor at secure landfill sites,
with the requisite approvals for the same from the
concerned government agencies.
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Responsibility
Remark
Co/SE
Consult
concerned
agencies
Co/SE
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Mitigation Measures
15
Other wastes Location of disposal sites will be finalized prior to Construction
disposal
completion of the earthworks on any particular
section of the road. The Engineer shall approve these
disposal sites conforming to the following
(a) These are not located within designated forest
areas. (b) The dumping does not impact natural
drainage courses (c) No endangered/rare flora is
impacted by such dumping. (d) Settlements are
located at least 1.0km away from the site. (e) Not
located 1 Km within ecologically and culturally
sensitive areas.
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Responsibility
Remark
Co/SE
Consult
appropriate
authority
and
public
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16
Stripping,
stocking and
preservation
of top soil
The topsoil from borrow areas, areas of cutting and Construction
areas to be permanently covered will be
stripped to a specified depth of 150mm and stored in
stockpiles. At least 10% of the temporarily
acquired area will be earmarked for storing topsoil.
The stockpile will be designed such that the
slope do not exceed 1:2 (vertical to horizontal), and the
height of the pile is to be restricted to
2m. Stockpiles will not be surcharged or otherwise
loaded and multiple handling will be kept to a
minimum to ensure that no compaction will occur. The
stockpiles
will
be
covered
with
gunny
bags or tarpaulin. It will be ensured by the contractor
that the topsoil will not be unnecessarily
trafficked either before stripping or when in stockpiles.
Such stockpiled topsoil will be returned to
cover the disturbed area and cut slopes. The
management of topsoil shall be reported regularly to
the Engineer.
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Impacts
Mitigation Measures
17
Blasting
Except as may be provided in the contract or ordered Construction
or authorized by the Engineer, the Contractor will not
use explosives. Where the use of explosives is so
provided or ordered or authorized, the Contractor will
comply with the requirements of the regulations in
force besides the law of the land as applicable. The
Contractor will at all times take every possible
precaution and will comply with appropriate laws and
regulations relating to the importation, handling,
transportation, storage and use of explosives and will,
at all times when engaged in blasting operations, post
sufficient
warning
flagmen,
to
the
full
satisfaction of the Engineer. The Contractor will at all
times make full liaison with concerned authorities
Inform well in advance and obtain such permission as
is required from all Government Authorities, public
bodies and private parties whomsoever concerned or
affected or likely to be concerned or affected by
blasting operations. Blasting will be carried out only
with permission of the Engineer. All the statutory
laws, regulations, rules etc., pertaining to acquisition,
transport, storage, handling and use of explosives will
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Responsibility
Remark
Co/SE
Consult
authority such
as Security
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Mitigation Measures
be
Project Phase
strictly
followed.
Blasting will be carried out during fixed hours
(preferably during mid-day), as permitted by
the Engineer. The timing should be made known to all
the
people
within
1000m
(200m
for
pre-splitting) from the blasting site in all directions.
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Final EIA Report
Transporting
Construction
Materials
All vehicles delivering materials to the site will be covered to Construction
avoid spillage of materials. All existing roads used by vehicles
of the contractor, or any of his sub -contractor or suppliers of
materials or plant and similarly roads which are part of the
works
will be kept clean and clear of all dust/mud or other
extraneous materials dropped by such vehicles. The unloading
of materials at construction sites close to settlements will be
restricted to daytime only.
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Planning
Traffic
Diversions
Detours
Final EIA Report
Temporary diversions will be constructed with the approval Construct Co/SE
of the Engineer. Detailed Traffic Control Plans will be ion
& prepared and submitted to the Engineer for approval, 5 days
prior to commencement of works on any section of road. The
traffic control plans shall contain details of temporary
diversions, details of arrangements for construction under
traffic, details of traffic arrangement after cessation of work
each day, safety measures for transport of hazardous
material and arrangement of flagmen.
Environmental personnel of the Engineer will assess the
environmental impacts associated as the loss of vegetation,
productive lands and the arrangement for temporary
diversion of the land prior to the finalization of diversions
and detours.
Special consideration will be given to the preparation of the
traffic control plan for safety of pedestrians and workers at
night. The Contractor will ensure that the diversion/detour
is always maintained in running condition, particularly
during the rain to avoid disruption to traffic flow. He shall
inform local community of changes to traffic routes,
conditions and pedestrian access arrangements. The
temporary traffic detours will be kept free of dust by
frequent application of water.
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20 Construction
camps
The Contractor during the progress of work will provide, Construction
erect and maintain necessary (temporary) living
accommodation and ancillary facilities for labour to
standards and scales approved by the Engineer.
There shall be provided within the precincts of every
workplace, latrines and urinals in an accessible place.
Except in workplaces provided with water-flushed
latrines connected with a water borne sewage system, all
other latrines shall be provided with dry-earth system
(receptacles) which shall be cleaned at least four times
daily and at least twice during working hours and kept in
a strict sanitary condition. Receptacles shall be tarred
inside and outside at least once a year. If women are
employed, separate latrines and urinals, screened from
those for men (and marked in the vernacular) shall be
provided. There shall be adequate supply of water, close
to latrines and urinals.
All temporary accommodation must be constructed and
maintained in such a fashion that uncontaminated water
is available for drinking, cooking and washing.
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The sewage system for the camp must be designed, built
and operated so that no health hazard occurs and no
pollution to the air, ground or adjacent watercourses
takes place. Compliance with the relevant legislation
must be strictly adhered to. Garbage bins must be
provided in the camp shall be regularly emptied and the
garbage disposed off in a hygienic manner. Construction
camps are to be sited at least 1000m away from the
nearest habitation and adequate health care is to be
provided for the work force.
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21 Operation
of construction
All vehicles and equipment used for construction will be Construction
fitted with exhaust silencers. During routine servicing
operations, the effectiveness of exhaust silencers will be
checked and if found to be defective will be replaced.
Noise level from any item of plant(s) must comply with
the relevant legislation for levels of noise emission or
public perception levels. Monitoring of the exhaust gases
and noise levels will be carried out
Equipments
and vehicles
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Co/SE
Regular
monitoring
required
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Material and All workers employed on mixing asphaltic material, cement, lime mortars, concrete Constr
Chemical
etc., will be provided with protective footwear and protective goggles. Workers, who uction
Handling
are engaged in welding works, would be provided with welder’s protective eye-shields.
At Site
Workers, engaged in stone breaking activities will be provided with protective goggles
and clothing and will be seated at sufficiently safe intervals.
The Engineer will be given at least 6 working days notice of the proposed use of any
toxic chemical. A register of all toxic chemicals delivered to the site will be kept and
maintained up to date by the Contractor. The register will include the trade name,
physical
properties
and
characteristics,
chemical
ingredients,
health and safety hazard information, safe handling and storage procedures, and
emergency
and
first
aid
procedures
for
the
product.
No man below the age of 14 years and no woman will be employed on the work of
painting with products containing lead in any form.
No paint containing lead or lead products will be used except in the form of paste or
readymade paint. Face masks will be supplied for use by the workers when paint is
applied in the form of spray or a surface having lead paint dry rubbed and scrapped.
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23
Precautionary/
Safety
Measures
During
Construction
Adequate safety measures for workers during handling of Construction
materials
at
site
will
be
taken
up. The contractor has to comply with all regulations
regarding
safe
scaffolding,
ladders,
working
platforms, gangway, stairwells, excavations, trenches and
safe means of entry and egress. EHS Guidelines should be
followed with regard to health and safety during
construction.
Co/SE
24
Protection
of
cultural/ Sacred
/Religious
Structures and
belief areas
All necessary and adequate care shall be taken to minimize Construction
impact
on
cultural
properties
(which
includes cultural sites and remains, places of worship
including
sacred
sites,
mosques,
churches
etc., graveyards, monuments and any other important
structures as identified during design and all
properties/sites/remains notified during construction. No
work shall spillover to these properties and premises.
Access to such properties from the road shall be maintained
clear and clean.
Co/SE
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Dust
contamination
at construction
sites and along
the roads
Unpaved haul roads near/passing through residential and Construction
commercial areas to be watered at least twice a day.
Trucks carrying construction material to be adequately
covered. All earthworks will be protected in a manner
acceptable to the Engineer to minimize generation of dust.
The contractor will take every precaution to reduce the level
of dust along construction sites involving
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Earth work
Excavations
Final EIA Report
Ensure unobstructed natural drainage through proper Construction
drainage
channels/structures.
Dispose
surplus excavated earth at identified sites. Ensure
minimum hindrance
to
normal local activities
and business. Avoid damage to permanent structures. All
excavations will be done in such a manner that the suitable
materials available from excavation are satisfactorily
utilized as decided upon beforehand. The excavations shall
conform to the lines, grades, side slopes and levels shown
in the drawings or as directed by the engineer.
While planning or executing excavation the contractor shall
take all adequate precautions against soil erosion, water
pollution etc and take appropriate drainage measures to
keep
the
site
free
of
water, through use of mulches, grasses, slope drains and
other devices.
The contractor shall take adequate protective measures to
see that excavation operations do not affect or damage
adjoining structures and water bodies.
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Earth fill
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Embankment and other fill areas, unless other wise Construction
permitted by the Engineer, be constructed evenly over their
full width and the contractor will control the direct
movement
of
construction
vehicles and machinery over them
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Slope
Construction
protection
Embankments and other areas of unsupported fill will not be
and
constructed with steeper side slopes, or to greater widths than
control
of those shown in design drawings. While planning or executing
erosion
excavations the Contractor will take all adequate precautions
against soil erosion. Turfing on critical road embankment slopes
with grass sods, in accordance with the recommended practice
for treatment of embankment slopes for erosion control. The
work will be taken up as soon as possible provided the season is
favourable for the establishment of sods.
Other measures of slope stabilization will include mulching,
netting and seeding of batters and drains immediately on
completion of earthworks. Dry stone pitching for apron and
revetment will be provided for bridges and cross drainage
structures.
Co/SE
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Drainage
requirements
at
construction
sites
Co/SE
In addition to the design requirements, the contractor will take Construction
all desired measures as directed by the Engineer such measures
to prevent temporary or permanent flooding of the site or any
adjacent area.
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Contaminati
on of soil
Vehicle/machinery and equipment operation, maintenance and Construction
refuelling will be carried out in such a fashion that spillage of
fuels and lubricants does not contaminate the ground. Oil
interceptors will be provided for vehicle parking, wash down
and refuelling areas within the construction camps. Fuel storage
will be in proper bounded areas. All spills and collected
petroleum products will be disposed off.
Fuel storage and refilling areas will be located at least 1000m
from rivers and irrigation ponds or as directed by the Engineer.
In all fuel storage and refuelling areas, if located on agricultural
land or areas supporting vegetation, the topsoil will be stripped,
stockpiled and returned after cessation of such storage and
refuelling activities.
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Compaction
of soil
To minimize soil compaction construction vehicle, machinery Construction
and equipment will move or be stationed in designated area
(RoW, haul roads as applicable) only. The haul roads for
construction materials should be re-routed to avoid agricultural
areas.
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Silting,
Contamination
of Water bodies
Silt fencing will be provided around stockpiles at the Construction
construction sites close to water bodies. The fencing needs to
be provided prior to commencement of earthworks and
continue till the stabilization of the embankment slopes, on the
particular sub-section of the road.
Construction materials containing fine particles will be stored
in an enclosure such that sediment-laden water does not drain
into nearby watercourses.
All
liquid
wastes
generated
from
the
site
will be disposed off as acceptable to the Engineer.
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Cutting/Filling
Earth works shall be undertaken such that the existing Construction
of Surface water embankments of water bodies are not disturbed. In case of
bodies
cutting of embankments, the same shall be reconstructed with
appropriate slope protection measures and adequate erosion
control measures.
Filling of surface water bodies will be compensated by digging
an equal volume of soil for water storage. Such dug-up soil will
be used for spreading as topsoil. Wherever digging is
undertaken, the banks will be protected as designed or as
approved by the Engineer.
The excavation will be carried out in a manner so that
the side slopes are no steeper than 1 vertical to 4 horizontal,
otherwise
slope
protection
work,
as
approved by the Engineer will be provided.
As far as practicable, and as approved by the
Engineer, excavation for replacement of water bodies will be at
the closest possible place/location, with respect to the original
water body.
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Surfacing
The contractor will take all necessary means to ensure that all Construction
surfacing works and all associated operations are carried out in
conformity with regulations. All workers employed on mixing
asphaltic material etc. will be provided with protective
footwear as specified. Noise levels from all vehicles and
equipment used for surfacing will conform to standards as
specified. Construction activities involving equipments with
high noise levels will be restricted to the daytime. Transport of
materials for construction will be as specified.
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Mitigation
Noisy construction operations in residential and sensitive Construction
Measures
areas
(hospitals,
schools
and
religious
For
Noise places) should be restricted between 7.30 a.m. to 6.00 p.m.
Sensitive
Preventive maintenance of construction equipment and
Receptors
vehicles would be done to meet emission standards and to
keep them with low noise.
Co/SE
Provision of ear plugs to operators of heavy machinery and
workers in near vicinity. During night, material transport
should be uniformly distributed to minimize noise impacts.
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Road Furniture
Road furniture including footpaths, railings, storm water Construction
drains, crash barrier, traffic signs, speed, zone signs, pavement
markers and any other such items will be provided as per
design. The contractor shall provide Recharge pits for Urban
drains. The drains will be provided for each kilometre of the
road through urban settlements and near the outfall to a
natural drain if the road crosses one inside a settlement. As
part of this recharge pits could be proposed as an enhancement
measure.
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Culverts
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While working across or close to the rivers, avoid obstructing Construction
the
flow
of
water.
If
an
obstruction
is required, to serve notice on the downstream users of water
sufficiently in advance.
Construction over and close to the non-perennial streams will
be
undertaken
in
the
dry
session.
Construction work expected to disrupt users and impacting
community
water
bodies
will
be
taken
up after serving notice on the local community. Dry stone
pitching for apron and revetment will be provided for bridges
and cross drainage structures, if necessary.
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Safety practices The Contractor is required to comply with all the precautions
during
as required for the safety of the as far as those are applicable to
construction
this contract. The EHS Guidelines provide guidance on
appropriate procedures.
Construction
Contractor
The contractor will supply all necessary safety appliances such
as safety goggles, helmets, masks, etc., to the workers and staff.
The contractor has to comply with all regulation regarding,
working platforms, excavations, trenches and safe means of
entry and egress.
39
Social
disruptions
Minimize interruptions to utility services through proper Construction
planning and scheduling of activities and inter-departmental
co-ordination.
Construct temporary road/access and diversion of traffic.
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Aesthetic Aesthetic enhancement through proper house keeping of construction Construction
impairme sites.
Disposal
of
nt
construction wastes at the approved disposal sites. Immediate closure of
the
trenches
after
pipe
laying/ completion of work. Complete construction activity by
removing
all
temporary
structures,
restoring the sub-project and surrounding areas as near as possible to
the pre-construction condition.
Co/SE
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Tree
plantatio
n
Co/SE
Trees felled will be replaced as per the compensatory afforestation (10 Construction
trees for every tree taken) criteria in accordance with regulations of the
ROW
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Consult
affected
public
and
adminis
tration
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Risk
of In order to guarantee construction safety, efficient lighting and safety Construction
accidents signs shall be installed on temporary roads during construction and
adequate traffic regulations shall be adopted and implemented for
temporary roads.
Co/SE
43
Traffic
Adequate actions to direct and regulate traffic shall be taken in Construction
and
consultation with Traffic Police to prevent jamming roads during
Transport construction period.
ation
While planning alternative routes, care to be taken to minimize
congestion and negative impacts at sensitive receptors such as schools
and hospitals. Traffic controls and diversions marked with signs, lights
and other measures (flags) should be provided. Prior to creating
diversions and detours the citizens should be consulted well in advance
through citizen’s meetings. It should be an informed decision taken
through public participation. Diversion works to be dismantled to
restore the area to original condition after completion of construction.
Co/SE
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Consult
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Cultural relics If fossils, coins, materials of value or antiquity, structures, and Construction
/ Chance finds their remains of potential geologic, archaeological, and/or
cultural interest (including sacred sites) are found, local
government shall be immediately informed of such discovery and
excavation shall be stopped until identification of cultural relics
by the authorized institution and clearance is given for
proceeding with work. All the above discovered on site shall The
contractor shall take reasonable precaution to prevent his
workmen or any other persons from removing and damaging any
such article or thing. He shall, immediately upon discovery
thereof and before removal acquaint the Engineer of such
discovery and carry out the Engineer’s instructions for dealing
with the same, ongoing work shall be stopped.
The Engineer shall seek direction from the culture bureau before
instructing the Contractor to recommence work on the site.
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CLAUSES STATEMENTS PROPOSED TO BE INCLUDED IN
CONTRACT DOCUMENT
It is recommended that environmental clauses related to the following issues be
included in the Tender Document of the Project under consideration.
Camp Establishment and Demolishing
1. The Contractor shall establish all camps, with the approval of the Engineer and
consultation of the Client, at appropriate site taking into consideration, not only
the permanent works but also the peculiar environmental and social situation of
the area.
2. In abandoning the camps, the Contractor, at no cost to the Client, shall remove
the entire superstructure as well as the foundations of all buildings.
3. The contractor shall select location of campsites in collaboration with local
authorities, RE and with ESMT of ERA, and camps shall only be established at
places/locations approved by ERA ESMT and the RE in collaboration with local
Officials,
4. Locate campsites in less productive areas away from streams and rivers (at least
500m),
5. The camp sites shall not be located close to residential areas, on fertile farmlands,
and forested lands that are either owned by Farmers’ Cooperative or government
organizations like that of the Forest Priority Areas and other sensitive areas or
NGOs.
6. The RE and the contractors shall take photograph of the camp site campsites
before the construction
of any structure in order to be to compare the
level of environmental degradation before and after the establishment of the
camp site and to plan rehabilitation work. Any removal activities of trees for
camping shall be done in the presence of Environmentalist from the Supervision
Team and a Forester from Local Forestry Department,
7. Establish construction campsite with appropriate and standard sanitation
facilities including an imperviously lined septic tanks to reduce possible
pollution impact on ground and surface water resources,
8. Dispose all the wastes from the camp properly in a designated and authorised
places,
9. The contractor shall take all necessary measures and precautions to avoid
any nuisance or disturbance to inhabitants arising from the execution of works.
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10. If the campsites are not going to be used or going to be demolished, the
contractor shall reinstate (the reinstatement activities shall include stockpiling
the top soil during camp construction, removing all concretes/slabs and all
11. Scrap metals from the workshops, loosening the compacted soils, and spreading
of the top soils) to its original state.
12. The RE shall order the Camp administrator for the planting of tree seedlings in
the camp yard for beautification purpose.
Air Pollution
1. In cases where haul routes pass through towns or major settlements, the
contractor shall prepare construction traffic management plans, for approval by
the Engineer, which set out clearly the steps which will be taken to minimise the
impacts of his haulage traffic, including but not limited to the regular watering of
un-surfaced sections to suppress dust and the speed limits.
2. The Contractor shall inspect and service all the transport and the
construction machinery, to the satisfaction of the Engineer, so that their
emissions shall not pollute the air.
3. Parts of the Crusher Plant from where dust may rise shall be covered.
4. The contractor shall reduce dust from construction sites, access roads and
detours by watering at least three times a day when the same are located in
sensitive areas, towns and villages,
5. The Contractor shall prevent generation of air pollutants by watering during
crushing and screening of aggregates,
6. The Contractor shall locate construction plants such as stone crushing plants
away from the settlement areas, hospitals and schools.
7. The Contractor shall avoid burning of materials such as tyres, plastic,
rubber products or other materials that creates heavy smock or nuisance odor.
8. The Contractor shall avoid disposing of any volatile chemicals to the air,
9. The Contractor shall any vehicle with an open load carrying area used for
transporting potentially dust producing materials should have properly fitted
side and tail boards. Materials having the potential to produce dust should not
be loaded to a level higher than the side and tail boards and should be
covered with a clean tarpaulin in good condition.
10. The contractor shall provide safety equipment such as goggle, masks and other
protection measures.
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11. The RE shall supervise and monitor the contractor’s compliance of the
contractors with the above conditions.
Disruption of Services
1. The contractor shall be liable for any damage to services resulting from his or his
subcontractors’ actions. Any damage caused to services by the contractor or
subcontractors should be made good without delay at the contractor's cost.
Protected Areas
1. Work shall be halted and relevant authorities shall be notified, principally by the
contractor immediately in the event of accidental discovery of archaeological
remains or any other cultural artefacts of potential national or international
interest, until a professional assessment can be made.
Soil and Water Pollution
1. The contractor shall dispose all sanitary and other wastes, at all camps and
sites, safely in such a way as will not result in any form of soil or water
pollution or hazard to human or animal health.
2. The contractor shall take all reasonable precautions to prevent spillage and
leakage of materials with the potential to pollute soil and water resources. The
measures shall be implemented in an effective way throughout the life of the
base camp.
3. The contractor shall be responsible, at his own cost, for cleaning up any
pollution caused by his activities, to the satisfaction of the Engineer, and the
payment of full compensation to those affected by the pollutants.
Erosion and Gully Control
1. The contractor shall provide adequate cross sectional area to drainage
structures to allow sufficient passage for the discharge and also shall
minimise the effect of discharge from structures to the downstream side in
the form of gully formation. Thus, the contractor shall introduce energy
dissipaters, for safe disposal of the discharge, along the course on the
downstream side.
2. The Contractor shall protect unstable slopes with stabilizing structures
such as retaining walls; wire basketry, gabions etc. as permanent installation
on risk slopes.
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3. The contractor shall implement Bioengineering techniques to protect and
stabilize unstable slopes and also shall use appropriate local variety grass
species together with a physical engineering measures as soon as possible after
completion of the works.
4. Install cut-off drains above cut slopes,
5. The contractor shall provide riprap, grass turfing on erosion prone slopes of
high embankments and fill areas, toes and banks of the streams to
avoid/restrict erosion,
6. The contractor shall remove all dangerous and loose boulders and rocks from
cut faces.
7. The contractor shall rehabilitate existing roadside gullies and landslides at
particular locations and also other places even outside the ROW when the RE
approves that the gullies will be extended towards the pavement or road.
8. Limit disturbance to natural vegetation above cut slops,
9. The contractor shall pave roadside drains above 5% slope gradients and
construct all energy-dissipating structures at the drainage outlets and
discharging points.
10. The contractor shall provide cross drainage structures as close as possible to
reduce the amount of flow from side ditches and to let the flood join to the
nearest stream easily with out scouring the side walls,
11. The contractor shall plant local variety grass species and replant slope
embankments and erosion prone areas and water until the grasses and
trees area survive independently.
12. The contractor shall construct the different physical erosion control measures
such as paved side drain, check dams, mitre drains, and other energy
dissipating structures such as chutes, cascades, etc
Occupational and Traffic Safety
1. The contractor shall make every effort to minimise road safety hazards
and inconvenience to other road users, resulting from the passage of his
or his subcontractors' haulage vehicles, and shall impose and enforce
compliance with speed limits.
2. All detours shall be constructed to the specified standard stipulated in contract
document and shall be watered as per the contact specifications to suppress the
dust that is a cause of many accidents to mainly road users.
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3. The contractor shall provide workers especially working on hazardous sites
like quarry and crusher sites with protection materials like masks, goggles,
gloves, etc.
4. The contractor shall prepare a detailed safety management plan approved by
the Engineer,
5. The contractor shall provide diversions with suitable and reflecting road
signs; provide barricades and delineators and flagmen to guide the traffic. For
regulation of traffic, the flagmen shall be equipped with red an d green flags,
6. At the points where traffic is to deviate from its normal path, the lane width
path for traffic should be clearly marked with the aid of pavement markings,
painted drums or similar devices. At night, the passage shall be delineated with
lanterns or other suitable light source.
7. One-way traffic operation should be established whenever the traffic is to be
passed over part of the carriageway inadequate for two lane traffic. This should
be done with the help of temporary traffic signals or flagmen kept positioned
on opposite sides during all hours. The flagmen shall equipped with red and
green flags,
8. The contractor shall provide alternative pedestrian routes where these
are interrupted.
9. The Design Engineer shall consult the local people as to where to construct the
different engineering facilities like parking bays, foot paths and etc as per
the respective Towns Master Plans. For instance, these facilities are important
for various reasons at Market Places to avoid possible traffic accidents and for
safe mobility.
10. The contractor shall use clear, labelled properly and meaning full traffic signs
and speed limits, especially at road crossing of the people and conjunction of
animals
11. The contractor shall provide traffic awareness, especially at schools, churches
and other places at certain period of the construction time and accident
protection measures “concrete or Slabs shall be put at schools, churches and
etc.
12. The Design Engineer shall identify all high traffic accident areas and safety
measures shall be proposed at all these areas.
13. The Design Engineer shall propose Protection Fence between the roadway and
footpath to protect animals and human beings from possible traffic accident.
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14. The contractor shall prepare “Traffic Management Plan” for the entire or
sections of the road project, that should be approval by the RE and ERA ESMT
for review and comment.
Health
1. The contractor shall ensure the availability of first-aid service to the workers
2. The contractor shall undertake, through his dedicated staff or a sub-contractor
for this activity, prevention and control of the spread of STDs, especially
the HIV/AIDS pandemic, in the workplaces of the contract.
3. The contractor or construction activities shall be aware that the road traverse
through malaria endemic areas and be prepared to avoid possible health
risk through environmental health and hygiene management of camp sites and
availing clinic, chemically treated mosquito nets and medicines for the work
force;
4. The contractor shall not induce malaria outbreak by creating temporary &
permanent water holding areas which favour mosquito breeding,
5. The contractor shall restore borrow pits and quarry areas to avoid breeding
sites for mosquito,
6. The contractor shall provide clinics with all necessary medications in
major construction camps, and First Aid Kits at all working sites.
7. The contractor shall minimize dust emission by watering the road during
construction at the settlement areas at least 3 times a day (in the morning,
before lunch time and before the end of working hour),
8. Explosives and chemicals should be stored under proper security at a safe
distance from the road and any inhabited premises,
9. Give warning each time of his intention to blast and should station personnel
on the roads and elsewhere with flags, horns and whistles and prevent persons
, animals and traffic entering danger zone,
10. The contractor shall take care when selecting campsites in such a way that it
should not invite close interaction with local community.
11. The contractor shall provide safe water supply & appropriate waste disposal
facilities including the provision of sanitary latrines in the construction camp,
12. The contractor shall provide health education mainly focusing on the HIV
control and prevention, void discrimination in work places due to HIV/AIDS
and provide counselling service. This activity shall be executed as a sub
contract by local NGOs and relevant institution or NGOs. The contractor shall
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provide free counselling and distribute condoms & leaflets to workforce
and vulnerable group of nearby communities,
13. The contractor shall provide education to personnel of the contractor about
safety procedures and emergency response plans associated with their task.
Use of Child Labour
1. The contractor shall abide to the Ethiopian and international laws that limit the
minimum age for labour. That is, he shall not recruit children for any type of
labour.
Tree Planting
1. The contractor shall compensate for the loss of mature trees by planting at least
5 seedlings for every tree that will be removed during road widening, detours
and borrow area clearing and manages their growth until they reach a height of
1 metre before handing them over to the client.
2. The contractor shall confine clearing of vegetation to what is absolutely
necessary. All trees and shrubs which are not required to be cleared or
removed for construction purposes should be protected from any damage that
may be caused by the contractor’s construction operations and equipment,
3. The contractor shall not locate campsites quarries and borrow pits and detour
roads in a forest areas,
4. Farmers shall be given adequate time to harvest their trees before clearing.
5. Transplant trees, which are transplantable.
6. The contractor shall take maximum care and never cut endangered and/or
specified indigenous tree species
7. The contractor shall aware construction work force to not cut tree for any
purpose with out prior approval of Environmental supervisor and local
forestry department,
8. The contractor shall plant at least 5 new seedlings for each tree to be affected
and water them until the Local Forester approves that they grow
independently or until they grow to the height of 1.5 meters above the ground.
9. The contractor shall save big trees located on roadside by shifting the centreline
of the road to the other side, in campsites, and also in material sites.
10. The contractor shall take the exact number with the tree species type to be
removed in the presence of the Environmentalist from the Supervision Team
and Forester from the Local Forestry Department,
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11. The contractor shall take photographs of these sites before starting clearing and
keep it as official documents in a separate folder.
12. The contractor shall forbid his workforces from deliberately and indiscriminate
cutting down trees, involving in any trade activities or illegally transporting
forest products. The contractor shall take the responsibility for his
misbehaviour of workforces and involvement in any trade activities by his
workforces or transporting of any forest products by construction vehicles
Grassing
1. The contractor shall grass all embankments and cut slopes susceptible to
erosion with appropriate grass species and shall ensure the survival of the
grasses before handing over to the client.
Spoil Disposal
1. The contractor shall dispose off all unnecessary and spoil material at the
appropriate sites, approved by the Engineer, on land not required for any
activity by the local people for agriculture, grazing, or any other public
services. Spoil materials shall also not be disposed on areas of aesthetic value.
Preparation of Site EMP
1. The contractor shall prepare, for approval by the Engineer and final acceptance
by the client, a detailed Site Environmental Plan (SEP) related, but not limited
to, interventions:
o For the base camp, prior to its construction, this also covers other work
sites. The SEP must make specific and adequate provision for the
disposal of sanitary and other wastes in such a way as will not result in
any form of pollution or hazard to human or animal health.
o For stockpiling of topsoil from borrow pit areas and redistribute over the
entire surface after reinstating the sites when no more needed.
o For reinstating quarry sites to a shape close to their original
contour and approved by the Engineer
o For protecting the water resource against pollution
o For protecting the flora and fauna against deforestation and
pouching respectively
o For not affecting protected areas along the route corridor
o For handling RoW issues; and
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o Other issues or problems that may be encountered on site
o Information provided in the SEPs should include, but not be limited to
the following:
i. a site plan showing the location and proposed extent of the
borrow pit, quarry sites, access road and any other facilities
which may be installed
ii. details of all landholdings, vegetation and land use
iii. measures which will be taken to minimise erosion caused by
access road construction and drainage system operation
iv. measures which will be taken to reinstate the site
v. measures should be taken to reinstate all sites and make the
borrow pits and quarry site safe on completion of exploitation,
and to rehabilitate any agricultural land which has been
affected by detours access roads construction and operation
The Engineer should satisfy himself, prior to approval of the SEPs that all reasonable
precautions have been or will be taken into account to minimise adverse environmental
impacts.
In the case of interventions for camps, quarry sites, borrow pits, crusher sites, etc, the
sites shall be photographed prior to exploitation so that monitoring of reinstatement
would be effective.
Impact from Quarry sites, Borrow Areas and Detour Roads
1. The contractor shall select quarry and borrow sites that are far from settlement
and environmentally sensitive areas after approval by RE, ERA ESMT and
local authorities.
2. he contractor shall not select quarry and borrow sites near and at river bed,
3. The contractor shall not establish quarries and borrow pits in forested areas,
4. The contractor shall reinstate all quarries and borrow sites and access roads
after the completion of the road construction works, any material sites shall not
be left open unless otherwise approved by ERA ESMT and RE upon request
from locals to have the sites open permanently. The reinstatement works shall
include the following activities;
a. The contractor shall take photographs of the proposed borrow areas,
quarry sites and detour roads before the commencement of the works;
b. The contractor shall take lists of all the tree species found in the
proposed quarry sites, borrow areas and detour roads and the exact
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number of trees to be affected in the presence of Environmentalist from
the Supervision Team and a Forester from the Local Forestry
department
c. The contractor shall preserve top soils for later use to refill borrow sites
and quarry areas and does not mix top soil with subsoil.
d. Borrows and quarries shall be reinstate (which include dumping
unnecessary materials and excess cuts, landscaping/levelling/shaping,
spreading the top soil uniformly over the surface, constructing
spillways if in case the sites are deep enough to hold water and putting a
barrier all around the sites to prevent accidents on animals and human
beings) after completion of the works
e. after reinstating, plant appropriate tree species (indigenous trees) or
grasses to recover the original vegetation and to improve the aesthetic
value of these sites
f. provide proper drainage to avoid storage of water in quarry and borrow
sites to reduce malarial out break through reduction of mosquito
breeding sites
g. Access roads to these sites shall be reinstated (execute the following
activities, preservation of the top soils and stockpiling the top soils,
removing the applied selected/foreign materials, loosening the
compacted soils and spreading the top soil) to productive state when
construction is completed.
Impact on Water Resources and Wetlands
1. The contractor shall avoid dumping of solid and liquid wastes from the
construction areas and camps into streams, rivers and wet lands,
2. The contractor shall not block natural flow of streams, rivers and wetlands,
3. The contractor shall not select quarry sites in river beds and river banks,
4. The contractor shall re-grass cut slopes and areas and fill sections to avoid
down stream sedimentation and water quality deterioration,
5. The contractor shall avoid polluting of rivers or streams during concreting
work from cement slag.
6. The contractor shall not clean/wash construction equipment in to wet lands,
streams and rivers, and discharge waste chemicals into the streams, if in case
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this problem happens, the contractor, at his own expense, shall be obliged to
the clear water until it reaches its original quality level or consumable.
7. Servicing of plants, equipments and vehicles shall be carried out at a workshop
area. The workshop area should be equipped with secured storage areas for
fuels, oils and other fluids. The storages should be constructed in such a way as
to contain any spillages, which may occur. Similar storage should be
constructed to store used fluids prior to their disposal in a designated and
8. Authorised place. Waste oils from various plants and equipments shall be
collected in drums and send it to oil reprocessing companies and never dispose
them into wetlands, streams and rivers,
9. The contractor shall avoid conflicting with water demands for domestic and
livestock consumption & give priority for domestic and livestock consumption,
and not use water from low discharge streams in this case the contractor shall
fulfil his water requirements for campsites and construction purposes by
developing own water sources.
10. Avoid locating camp sites near the water sources and ground water recharging
areas,
11. Careful handling of explosives and residue of fuel to avoid health risk and
water pollution,
12. The contractor should ensure that all the existing stream courses and drains
within and adjacent to the site are kept safe and free from any debris,
13. Avoid harvesting of fish or other aquatic organisms without the permission of
responsible authority or organisation.
14. The contractor shall officially handover all developed water sources at
any locations to the Local water Department, if the water sources are to be
handed over to the locals.
Impact on Fauna
1. The contractor shall forbid his workforces from deliberately killing wild
animals, hunting wild animals for food or sport purposes, involving in any
trade activities of dead or live wild animals or parts.
2. The contractor shall maintain road side forest that may serve as wild life
habitat and corridor,
3. The contractor shall abstain from encroaching into areas of wildlife habitats
and other sensitive areas.
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4. The contractor shall restore affected areas (e.g. quarries and borrow pits and
access roads to those sites) through replanting programme.
5. The contractor shall install warning signs and speed control measures at all
animal-crossing sites as identified by the Design Engineer.
6. The contractor shall create awareness among drivers to give priority for road
crossing animals and abstain from running after them or chasing the animals.
7. The contractor shall aware drivers to put off light and give priority for road
crossing nocturnal animals during the night time.
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