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CITES AND EU WILDLIFE TRADE REGULATION:
WHITE GOLD TRADE AND RHINO HORN
Protect elephant and rhino from poaching
ALESSIA PASCUCCI
1/06/2015
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. CITES
a. TRAFFIC
2. EU WILDLIFE TRADE REGULATION
3. IVORY TRADE
a. Illegal trade
4. RHINO HORN
a. Illegal trade
5. CRITIQUE
6. CONCLUSIONS
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1. CITES
CITES “Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and
Flora” is an international agreement between States.
Actually there are 181 Parties.1 It was signed in Washington D.C in 1973.
It is a convention to protect around 5000 species of animals and 29000 species of plants.
2
The aim of the Convention is to protect the wild species which are in extinction and to limit
the trade of wild animals.3
CITES does not impose to the members to protect wild species with specific measures.
Every member is free to use every measures which they think they are good to protect wild
species.4
CITES is composed by the Conference of the Parties (CoP). It is the body-making decision
and it is composed from all Parties. The conference takes place every three years.
In these meetings the parties decide to add new species in the Convention or maybe move
animals from Appendice I to Appendice II or the opposite.5
The Convention is formed by three Appendice.
Appendice I includes the species that are endangered.
The animals in Appendice I can be trade only with a specific authorization. It is possible for
scientific purpose. Every import and export of the species indicated in the Appendice I,
have to be certificate from a Management Authorities, who will give the licence to who
wants import/export the animals. 6
Appendice II includes animals which are not in extinction but it is necessary to regulate the
trade.7
Appendice III includes animals which are protected in one state. The state usually asks
help to protect the animal to the convention. 8
There is no specific requirement within the text of the Convention to establish quotas that
limit the trade in listed species. 9 Export quotas can be established by individual Party or
CoP. If the Party choices the export quotas, the Scientific Authority of the State has to
check if that choice is dangerous or not for the animals, called non-detriment finding10.
CITES introduced a lot of instruments to check if the Countries respect or not the
Convention and to control the animal population.
CITES and its 10th meeting on Harare in 1997, established MIKE “Monitoring the illegal
killing of elephants”. His implementation was in 2001.11
It is a monitoring system in Africa and Asia about elephants. It is to enforce and help the
countries to protect the elephant’s population.
1
CITES, http://www.cites.org/eng/disc/what.php
http://www.cites.org/eng/disc/species.php
3 CITES, http://www.cites.org/eng/disc/what.php
4 “Protecting the pachyderm: the significance of ivory trade regulation for African elephant
conservation” author: Sharon Montazeri,Cardozo Journal of International and Comparative Law,
Introduction page 122
5 CITES, www.cites.org
6 CITES art. III “Regulation of trade in Specimens of species included in Appendix I”
7 CITES art. IV “Regulation of trade in Specimens of species included in Appendix II”
8 CITES art. II “Fundamental Principles”
9 http://ec.europa.eu/environment/cites/pdf/trade_regulations/short_ref_guide.pdf page 9
10 http://ec.europa.eu/environment/cites/pdf/trade_regulations/short_ref_guide.pdf CITES export
quota page 10
11 http://www.cites.org/eng/prog/mike/intro/index.shtml
2
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MIKE promotes collaboration between institutions and to make a better making-decision
about elephant’s life. It is implemented by African and Asian Countries with the coordination
of the CITES Secretariat. 12
It checks the illegal killing of elephants and it is based on data collection.13
It gives an indications about the effectiveness of the ban. It is not specific but is a datum
point. 14
The other instrument of data collection is ETIS “Elephant trade information system”. It
indicates the elephant product seizure record, and it is the largest collection of the world
about that.15 It is used to track illegal trade in elephant ivory and other elephant products. It
includes the all data from 1989. It is formed from others small data base and from 2002 its
analysis is used in every CoP.16
It is managed by TRAFFIC on behalf of Parties to CITES. It is only about illegal trade.
1.a.TRAFFIC
Traffic is a non-governmental organisation. It is working on trade on animal and plants for a
biodiversity conservation and sustainable development.17 It was established in 1976. The
TRAFFIC Committee is the main authority and there are others organisations like WWF
and IUCN.
It provides information and it supports state for actions. The goal of TRAFFIC for 2020 is to
reduce the illegal trade in wild animal.
TRAFFIC provides information and assistance to help the decision-making processes at
CITES18.
TRAFFIC was one of the first to see the increase of illegal trade on rhino horn. It raise the
issue during CoP14 and CITES decided to do the Rhinoceros Enforcement Task Force in
2008.19
12
CITES, www.cites.org
http://www.cites.org/eng/prog/mike/intro/index.shtml
14 “The ivory trade and elephant conservation”, Environmental Conservation, Issue 4, December
2004
Daniel Stiles
15 “Illegal trade in ivory and Rhino Horn: An Assessment Report to Improve Law Enforcement Under
the Wildlife” TRAPS Project,TRAFFIC International, Cambridge, UK, Tom Milliken, page 2
16 http://www.etis-testing.org/
17 http://www.traffic.org/overview/
18 http://www.traffic.org/cites/
19
http://www.traffic.org/cites/
13
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2. EU Wildlife trade regulation
CITES is implemented in all MS States of European Union. It is implemented in the
European Union by a set of regulations.20 This set of regulations is called “EU Wildlife trade
regulation”.
It is composed by a Basic regulation, Implementing regulation, Permit regulation and
Suspensions regulation. In addition there is the Commission Recommendation No
2007/425/EC.
The Basic regulation is the No. 338/97. It considers the protection of flora and fauna, their
trade and their authorizations. It establishes a new bodies: Committee on trade in wild
Fauna and Flora, the Scientific review group and the Enforcement Group. 21
It includes four Annex.
Annex A includes Appendice I of CITES with some exceptions, some species from
Appendice II and III and some non-CITES.
Annex B includes the all others Appendice II, some Appendice III and some non-CITES.
Annex C includes all others Appendice III.
Annex D includes some Appendice III and native species includes on Habitats Directive
and Birds directive.22
Regulation No. 1320/2014 modified the Regulation No. 338/97. It introduced changes in
Annex C, after the introduction in Appendice III of some species.
The Implementing regulation No 865/2006 indicates how to implement the Basic regulation.
The last amendment for this regulation was on January 2015 with the regulation No.
2015/56. It establishes a new certificates and new authorisations.
It also provided the rules for the label.
The Suspension Regulation No. 338/97 gives the possibility to the Commission to introduce
a new restrictions in the European Union with the consultation of the countries.
The European Commission produced a document where they made a list about the
differences between CITES and EU Wildlife trade regulation. 23
The EU Wildlife trade regulation is stricter than CITES.
The imports permits are required for the animals in Annex A and B (CITES only for
Appendice I). It is necessary to do an import notification even for Annex C and D.
Some animals that are in Appendice II, in EU they are in Annex A so they cannot be traded.
The EU Wildlife Trade Regulation is only within MS in Europe, CITES regulates the
international trade.
The Basic Regulation gives the possibility to the MS to suspend import with regards to
certain species and countries even if the trade is allowed under CITES.
The Species on Annex B, C and D do not need a certificate to movement. The species in
Annex A are not used for commercial purpose.
Animals listed in Annex A and B can be import in EU only if the recipient is well equipped
for the animal. CITES requires this only for Appendice I.
EU Wildlife Trade Regulation is directly applicable to each MS.24
20
http://ec.europa.eu/environment/cites/legislation_en.htm
Regulation no. 338/97 EU
22 Regulation no. 338/97 EU art. 3
23 “Wildlife Trade Regulations in the European Union”. An Introduction to CITES and its
Implementation in the European Union
24“Wildlife Trade Regulations in the European Union”. An Introduction to CITES and its
Implementation in the European Union, page 13
21
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The EU has a good legislation to protect the endangered animal and it could be used like
an example or suggestion to improve CITES.
The European Commission has even the power to suspend imports into EU of some
species from certain Countries. It is necessary the negative opinion of the Scientific Review
Group and the consultation of the range State. The negative opinion is temporary and it can
be remove. In addition European Commission can adopt a suspension for a long period by
the Suspension Regulation. Every negative opinion is registered on “World Conservation
Monitoring Centre of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP-WCMC). 25
European Commission is doing a very active role to protect the wild animal. EU is very
involved on the protection of the Environmental and it is doing everything possible to save
the life of the endangered animals.
The most of the wild animals are in Asia and Africa but if the request of these animals is
less from EU it is possible to stop the poaching and the illegal trade.
“Wildlife Trade Regulations in the European Union”. An Introduction to CITES and its
Implementation in the European Union, page
25
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3. Ivory “White gold” trade
In 1975 CITES established an ivory ban for the Asian elephant. Only in 1989 was
established a ban for African elephant.
The idea was to reduce poaching and save elephants.
In the first period the ban was a success, but the number of killed elephant started to
increase again around 1998 and 2011 was the worst year. 26
During the 10th CoP in 1997, Botswana, Namibia and Zimbabwe asked to transfer their
elephant from Appendix I to Appendix II under a series of restrictions and CoP permitted
them an experimental sale of raw ivory to Japan.
Many African countries opposed this sale, but in the opposite during the 12CoP in 2002
they gave the possibility to Botswana, Namibia and South Africa to sell 60 tonnes of
stockpiled ivory. They asked a system to monitor poaching and Japan was the only
designated buyer. During 14th CoP, in 2007, CITES member countries gave their full
support to the action.27
CoP realize that even with ivory trade regulation and ban the situation was the same.
The number of the killed elephant did not reduce. They decide during CoP16 that they will
not accept another sales for others animal until 2017.
The ivory trade is usually a compromise between the range states and CITES.28
Some African countries did not want put their elephant in the Appendice I. They said that a
total ban could make a problem to their conservation. 29
Most of the elephants are killed for their ivory tusks.
The ivory, called white gold, is used for jewellery, piano keys and religious objects30.
Religion like Christian and Buddhist use it.31 Minority of these religions believe that ivory
has some power, like to put away the bad things. In China is used in medicine to cure
headaches and fevers and like aphrodisiac.
China and US are the most consumer of ivory.32 Thailand in the opposite is the first country
in the world for unregulated ivory market.
3.a.Illegal Trade
Everything start with the killing of the elephants.
26
Protecting the pachyderm: The significance of ivory trade regulation for African elephant
conservation”, 2013 Yeshiva University Cardozo Journal of International and Comparative Law
Sharon Montazeri page 133
27 “The International Ban on ivory sales and its effects on elephant poaching in Africa” British Journal
of Criminology, Jul2009, Vol. 49 Issue 4, p451-471, 21p, 1 Chart, 2 Graphs. Publisher: Oxford
University Press / USA. Andrew M. Lemieux and Ronald V. Clarke, ”The regulated ivory markets of
Africa” page 454(all paragraph is from this article)
28Protecting the pachyderm: The significance of ivory trade regulation for African elephant
conservation”, 2013 Yeshiva University Cardozo Journal of International and Comparative Law
Sharon Montazeri page 140
29 “The international ban on ivory sales and its effects on elephant poaching in Africa” Andrew M.
Lemieux and Ronald V. Clarke The ‘ regulated ’ ivory markets of Africa page 454
30 http://education.nationalgeographic.com/education/media/history-ivory-trade/?ar_a=1
31 e Carey L. Biron, Ivory Ban Fails to Stem Surge in Elephant Poaching, INTER PRESS SERVICE
(Sept. 15, 2012), http://www.ipsnews.net/2012/09/surge-in-poaching-tied-to-weakenedivory-ban/;
see also, Christy
32 “Protecting the pachyderm: the significance of ivory trade regulation for African Elephant” Sharon
Montazeri page 127
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The poachers kill the elephant by shooting it in the head or they poison the fruit and then
they kill the elephant. They put the ivory in luggage or they put a label which indicates that
the ivory is legal and the goods are ready to be sold. The corruption of customs officers
make the transportation easily. This problem is very uncontrollable especially in China33.
An African Elephant can give around 7,4 kg ivory.34 A survey shows that it is necessary
around 12300 elephants to satisfy the African and Asian market. 35
If in the past the trade was less, now it is coming up again because there is a largest
request from emerging countries like China and Saudi Arabia.
A lot of surveys estimated that 60%70% of the elephants’ population reduce from
1979/2002. They saw that the situation improved after the ban, but in some state there is
no difference between pre and post ban. They assume that behind the ivory trade there are
political and economic decisions. 36
ETIS, the data collection, tracks large scale ivory seizures that they might be represent an
indicator of illegal trade of ivory. It is used to see if the ivory market is reduced. 37
Every states is free to decide about the ivory trade in national level. CITES does not
provides a prohibition of trade in ivory within the borders of a country. Most of the African
Countries do not have a legislation about ivory in national level.
These unregulated markets provides a lot of problems. Tourists can buy ivory in a very
easy way and who sell the ivory does not have the duty to indicate if the ivory is legal or
illegal.
In this way the poaching is increasing and it is very difficult to control it. 38
This is a problem also because usually there are not so many controls in the boarders so it
is very easy to sell the ivory in the other countries.
Another problem is the control of the elephant’s migratory. They travel between a lot of
countries and some of them unfortunately do not have a national trade ivory and so there
are more possibilities for them to be killed.
The report in 2013, from TRAFFIC, showed that three countries have an unregulated ivory
trade. Nigeria, Ivory Coast and Senegal.39 It is very hard to control the situation in this
countries.
“Protecting the pachyderm: The significance of ivory trade regulation for African elephant
conservation”, 2013 Yeshiva University Cardozo Journal of International and Comparative Law
Sharon Montazer page. 129
34 “The ivory trade and elephant conservation”, Daniel Stiles, page 314, “Elephants killed to supply
the unregulated ivory trade”
35“The ivory trade and elephant conservation” ,Daniel Stiles, page 314 “Elephants killed to supply the
unregulated ivory trade”
36 “The ivory trade and elephant conservation ”Daniel Stiles, pages 312-313
37 “The British journal of criminology”, 2009 (49), 451-471) Previous Evaluations of the Effectiveness
of the CITES Ban, page 454
38 “The international ban on ivory sales and its effects on elephant poaching in Africa” Andrew M.
Lemieux and Ronald V. Clarke The ‘ regulated ’ ivory markets of Africa page 454
39 http://www.worldwildlife.org/press-releases/ivory-trade-out-of-control-in-three-west-africancountries, 1st paragraph
33
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4. RHINO HORN
There were 30 species of rhino in the past, now we have only five of them.40
Immediately with the stipulation of CITES, the three species of Rhino in Asia and the White
Rhino in Africa were introduced in the Appendice I.
The African black Rhino was in Appendice II and the Southern White Rhino was not in any
list. Only two years later both of them were put on the Appendice II. Till 1994 only Japan
had the power to buy the horn with special permission. From 1960 to 1990 the number of
the Black rhino and the northern white rhino reduced a lot. Only the Southern white rhino
was protected more because it is on the South Africa, which has adopted strong control to
save the rhino.
In 1990 US realized the gravity of the situation and decide to meet the most consumer of
rhino: China, Yemen, South Korea and Taiwan.
These countries used the rhino especially to make medicines.
On 2008 there was the second crisis, when Vietnam increased its demand of horn. In the
other hand African Country improved their control to the horn trade.
After TRAFFIC/IUCN report, the CITES parties adopt a decisions 16.87 and 16.88 to
oversight Mozambique. 41
4.a. Illegal Trade
The illegal trade in rhino horn is one of the activities which CITES tries to fight. The biggest
part of the horn go to Asia, but the poaching are most African group.
The National Wildlife Reaction Unit (NWCRC) in South Africa indicates five levels how the
system of illegal trade is organized.
In the first level there are individuals or gang which killed the animals. Usually are poor
people who try to make money and escaped from poor situation. They even risk their life.
In the second level there are well organized criminal gang who killed animals with the help
of big company and veterinarians.
In the third level is the last part of the chain. There are buyers and couriers. They are the
lasts people which manage the horn in Africa.
In the fourth level there are who carries the horn between Africa and Asia. Most of the
people is corrupt and receive a lot of money to hide the trade.
At the last level there are buyers and consumers.
Most of the arrests are at the lowest level, but this does not stop the illegal trade of rhino
horn42.
TRAFFIC suggests to control the important international airports to oppose the illegal trade
because they are the places where the horn goes to Asia.
40
http://www.wwf.it/rinoceronte/
Key countries of concern, page 17, Illegal Trade in Ivory and Rhino Horn: An Assessment Report
to Improve Law Enforcement Under the Wildlife TRAPS Project A TRAFFIC Report Tom Milliken
42
Key countries of concern, page 17, Illegal Trade in Ivory and Rhino Horn: An Assessment Report
to Improve Law Enforcement Under the Wildlife TRAPS Project A TRAFFIC Report Tom Milliken
page 21 “Arrests”(all paragraph is from the same quote)
41
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5. CRITIQUE
Even with Cites and others national agreements, the illegal trade of endangered animals
does not stop. The wildlife crime is the fourth most lucrative of translational crime.43
On 15th CoP, parties asked Thailand to improve the checking about the ivory in 31th march
2015.
Not only Thailand but others countries have to do more to control the illegal trade of ivory.
The crime organizations in the poor countries in Africa gain a lot of money to sell ivory and
rhino horn. In the lasts years the requests are increased and the price is very high, so these
organizations found a way to gain easy money and buy after weapons for civil war. It is not
only for weapons but it is the short way to gain money and escaped from the poor situation.
People who asked ivory or rhino horn are the new middle class. Ivory is a symbol of
prosperity and longevity. Especially from the emergent country like China and Saudi
Arabia. Not only them use ivory.
The first consumer in the world for legal and illegal ivory is US.44
Ivory is called white gold for that reason, it is a whim for rich people.
On January 2014, China and Thailand destroyed a significant amount of sequestered
ivory.45 It is a sign that the countries are opposing to the illegal ivory trade. Even if this
episode is a positive sign, there are a lot of steps to do before to stop definitely the illegal
trade of ivory and rhino horn.
There are necessary more controls from the Countries and to establish more sanctions to
each person who is involved in the trade. The seller, the courier and the consumer.
It is necessary more awareness from the population, to explain them that the animals are in
dangerous and if we continue to kill them only to have jewellery, they will extinct. 46
It is very difficult understand if the ivory is from legal or illegal trade. There are a lot of
suggestions to track the illegal ivory trade. Someone suggest to compare the level of
poaching pre and post ban or to analyse the ivory size.47
Some countries have the legal domestic market and this does not help to stop killing the
elephants and rhinos. In the other hand it is better have a legal domestic market so it is
possible to count the killed animals than to not have a legal domestic market. In some of
these countries there is a high level of corruption so it is very hard to control the trade.48
In other hand the ivory ban started to move the awareness of the people. It does not mean
that people does not want ivory anymore, but something is changing and a lot of people is
changing mind and is starting to support the ivory ban (the destroy of stockpiles is a sign).
“Illegal Trade in Ivory and Rhino Horn: An Assessment Report to Improve Law Enforcement Under
the Wildlife”, TRAPS Project, A TRAFFIC Report, Tom Milliken .Assessment of large scale ivory
seizure and trade routes Introduction
44 http://www.fws.gov/international/travel-and-trade/ivory-ban-questions-and-answers.html what is
the role of the US against ivory trade?
45http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/10553779/China-destroys-ivory-stockpilein-significant-symbolic-step-towards-saving-Africas-elephants.html
46 Illegal Trade in Ivory and Rhino Horn: An Assessment Report to Improve Law Enforcement Under
the Wildlife TRAPS Project A TRAFFIC Report Tom Milliken illegal trade in Rhino horn page 14
47 Previous Evaluations of the Effectiveness of the CITES Ban
http://bjc.oxfordjournals.org/content/49/4/451.full.pdf+html
48 “Elephant conservation and corruption beyond the ivory trade”, Conservation Biology , Volume
29, Issue 3 pages 953-956, Smith, Robert J.,Biggs, Duan, St. John, Freya A.V.,'t Sas-Rolfes,
Michael, Barrington, Robert
43
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Some author suggest to improve the monitoring system, apply the precautionary principle
and a total ban in ivory market. Also members at the Convention have to promote a
sensibility to their population, to explain them the importance of the elephant in the
ecosystem. 49It is necessary especially in the African Countries. Even if they joined the
CITES, the situation did not changed. These countries have a problem to implement the
CITES and even if they will implement it is hard to check the results of the Convention.
TRAFFIC suggest to contrast the illegal ivory to control more the International Airports. This
is a good idea, but when the horn or ivory arrive to the airport the rhino and the elephant is
already dead, so it is necessary measures that prevent the killing of rhino. It is very hard to
control the big area where the rhinos and elephant live.
It is not enough the work of the voluntary organisation like “Save the Rhino” and
“International Rhino foundation”. These are two of thousands of NGO which are working to
save these animals.
These two organisations, in the last period are discussing about the idea to use synthetic
rhino horn.
Peambient and Rhinoceros horn LLC are promoting synthetic rhino horn. They will use
another keratin similar to rhino horn. It is hard to understand which market they will
substitute. There are different market. Consumers who buy to show their prosperity
(especially in Vietnam) and consumers who use rhino horn for his therapeutic properties.
Rhinoceros horn LLC is a start-up company that provides a sustainable alternative to rhino
horn. 50Its mission is to save the endangered species of rhinos from extinction on Earth. It
says that it will substitute the luxury market. In the other hand Peambient wants substitute
the medicine market.
Save the Rhino and International Rhino foundation are against the synthetic rhino horn
cause a lot of research and even the wildlife trade specialist Colman O’ Criodain with WWF
International established that the request of the horn does not decrease. It will make very
hard to identify the different between the synthetic horn and the real horn. 51 .
“Around 400 non-governmental organisation are in South Africa against poaching but a few
in Mozambique” Damien Mander said.
He is the founder of the “International Anti-poaching Foundation.”52He said that we have to
give to the population alternatives to the ivory and horn. It is very hard because some tribes
believe on the power of ivory and rhino horn. It is necessary to find an alternative that can
save rhino and elephant and cannot change drastically the tribe's culture.
Damien tries to protect the rhino in the southern Africa. He is a former Australian Special
operation Sniper and he is training the local ranger to fight the poaching.
If in one hand there are people like Damien, in the other the Countries do not so much to
improve the situation.
49
Protecting the pachyderm: The significance of ivory trade regulation for African elephant
conservation”, 2013 Yeshiva University Cardozo Journal of International and Comparative Law
Sharon Montazer page 142
50 Saving Rhinos: ethical alternative to rhino horn introduced by Rhinoceros Horn LLC on Wildlife
Conservation Day. - See more at: http://globenewswire.com/newsrelease/2012/12/05/509522/10014624/en/Saving-Rhinos-ethical-alternative-to-rhino-hornintroduced-by-Rhinoceros-Horn-LLC-on-Wildlife-Conservation-Day.html#sthash.bM7qQYGT.dpuf
51https://www.savetherhino.org/rhino_info/thorny_issues/synthetic_rhino_horn_will_it_save_the_rhin
o
52 http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/sundayprofile/sunday-profile-3-may/6438032
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On the opposite South Africa wants ask at the next Conference of the Parties in 2016 to
legalize the trade in rhino horn.53
There are some agreement that could change the situation but there are not legally binding.
One of these is the “The Memorandum of understanding concerning conservation
measures for the West African populations of the African elephant”.
It is an agreement which included a lot of range states. In this memorandum they identify
the domestic trade in ivory within some range State contributes to the illegal ivory market54
The Agreement for the Establishment of Southern African Centre for Ivory Marketing
(SACIM) is an international Agreement between the Government of the Republic of
Botswana, the Government of the Republic of Malawi, the Government of the Republic of
Namibia, the Government of the Republic of Zambia and the Government of the Republic
of Zimbabwe.55The agreement established a centre, the Southern African Centre for Ivory
Marketing (SACIM), located in the Republic of Botswana. 56
Its aims are to control the elephant’s population, the ivory market and other products from
elephants.57 The Centre establishes the annual ivory production, and every import/export
has to be control by the Centre.
Another import international agreement between ranges States is the Memorandum of
understanding concerning conservation measures for the West African populations of the
African elephant. It is an agreement under CSM (Convention on the Conservation of
Migratory Species of Wild Animals) art. IV, par. 4.The parties are the Republic of Benin,
Burkina Faso, the Republic of Côte d’Ivoire, the Republic of Ghana, the Republic of
Guinea, the Republic of Guinea-Bissau, the Republic of Liberia, the Republic of Mali, the
Republic of the Niger, the Federal Republic of Nigeria, the Republic of Senegal, the
Republic of Sierra Leone, the Togolese Republic.
The aim is to work together to improve the conservation status and the habitat of the
African Elephant throughout its range. 58
53Conservation
Biology. Apr2015, Vol. 29 Issue 2, p545-555. 11p. 1 Black and White Photograph, 2
Diagrams, 3 Charts, 1 Graph page 547 “introduction” “Identification of policies for a sustainable legal
trade in rhinoceros horn based on population project and socioeconomic model” Di Minin, Enrico,
Laitila Jussi, Montesino-Pouzols Federico, Leader-Williams Nigel,Slotow Rob, Goodman Peter S.,
Conway Anthony J., Moilanen Atte
54 Memorandum of understanding concerning conservation measures for the West African
populations of the African elephant page. 4
55 Agreement for the Establishment of Southern African Centre for Ivory Marketing (SACIM)
56 Agreement for the Establishment of Southern African Centre for Ivory Marketing (SACIM)
Art. 2
57 Agreement for the Establishment of Southern African Centre for Ivory Marketing (SACIM) Art. 3
58 Memorandum of understanding concerning conservation measures for the west African
populations of the African elephant
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6. Conclusions
NGOs, International Agreements and National agreements. There are a lot of initiatives to
stop killing elephant and rhino. It seems that this cannot be stop. In the opposite the
animals are every day less. If the animal will extinct there would be a lot of problems for the
ecosystem and for the mankind as well.
People seem to not understand the gravity the situation. If in one hand tribes use this
animal for their culture, others use them only a sign of prosperity.
There are a lot of alternative to ivory and rhino horn. It is not necessary use them.
It is better to allow countries to kill certain amount of elephant instead to not have a
regulate market. If there is not a legislation a national level, it is very easy for poachers to
kill elephant and rhino and to sell it in others countries.
It is more easy check the situation in a national way than in an international way. If with the
international agreement it is possible to make awareness in all the world and it is possible
to make an accurate control in airport and in international market, with the national
legislation is possible to prevent the massive killing of animals and check the animal
population.
It is necessary a cooperation between every countries and each person.
CITES is very weak in a way that not impose the Countries to adopt the same rules in
national level. In the other hand, on the CITES, there are not sanctions to whom does not
respect the Convention.
It is necessary implement strong sanctions to limit the poaching.
In the other hand it is necessary an international special team specialized in control the
area with the elephant lives, like Damien Counter is doing. If they make this organisation a
very specialized group and if they will receive money’s support from the countries it will
solve the situation so it could control from near the situation and to act immediately.
It is necessary a multi-level action to change the actual situation.
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6. Bibliography
1. “The international ban on ivory sales and its effects on elephant poaching in Africa”,
British Journal Criminology (2009) 49 (4): 451-471, authors Andrew M. Lemieux and
Ronald V. Clarke
2. “Protecting the pachyderm: the significance of ivory trade regulation for African elephant
conservation” author: Sharon Montazeri, Cardozo Journal of International and Comparative
Law
3.”Illegal Trade in Ivory and Rhino Horn: An Assessment Report to Improve Law
Enforcement under the Wildlife” TRAPS Project, A TRAFFIC Report, TRAFFIC
International, Cambridge, UK, Tom Milliken
4. http://www.abc.net.au/radionational/programs/sundayprofile/sunday-profile-3may/6438032
5. “Save the rhino” “Synthetic Rhino horn: Will it save the rhino?”
https://www.savetherhino.org/rhino_info/thorny_issues/synthetic_rhino_horn_will_it_save_t
he_rhino
6. Conservation Biology. April 2015, Vol. 29 Issue 2, p545-555. 11p. 1 Black and White
Photograph, 2 Diagrams, 3 Charts, 1 Graph “Identification of policies for a sustainable legal
trade in rhinoceros horn based on population project and socioeconomic model” Di Minin,
Enrico, Laitila Jussi, Montesino-Pouzols Federico, Leader-Williams Nigel, Slotow Rob,
Goodman Peter S., Conway Anthony J., Moilanen Atte
7. Agreement for the Establishment of Southern African Centre for Ivory Marketing (SACIM)
8. The ivory trade and elephant conservation”, Environmental Conservation, Issue 4,
December 2004, Daniel Stiles, pages 309-321
9.“Elephant conservation and corruption beyond the ivory trade”, Conservation Biology ,
Volume 29, Issue 3 pages 953-956, Smith, Robert J.,Biggs, Duan, St. John, Freya A.V.,'t
Sas-Rolfes, Michael, Barrington, Robert
10. CITES http://www.cites.org/eng/disc/what.php
11. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/cites/pdf/trade_regulations/short_ref_guide.pdf
12. http://www.cites.org/eng/prog/mike/intro/index.shtml
13. http://www.etis-testing.org/
14. http://www.traffic.org/cites/
15. http://ec.europa.eu/environment/cites/legislation_en.html
16. Regulation no. 338/97 EU
17. http://education.nationalgeographic.com/education/media/history-ivory-trade/?ar_a=1
18. Memorandum of understanding concerning conservation measures for the West African
populations of the African elephant
19. http://www.wwf.it/rinoceronte/
20. http://www.worldwildlife.org/press-releases/ivory-trade-out-of-control-in-three-westafrican-countries, 1st paragraph
21. http://www.cites.org/eng/prog/mike/intro/index.shtml
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