POL 702: MOTIVATED POLITICAL COGNITION
Instructor: Chris Johnston
Office Location: Perkins Library 301E
Meeting Times: TH 10:05-12:35
Meeting Place: Gross Chem 104
Contact: christopher.johnston@duke.edu , (919)660-4345
Office Hours: By appointment
Course Description
It is hard to see how we can ever gain anything like a complete understanding of politics without
understanding how people think. Whether we are interested in voting behavior, the legislative
process, or international relations, we confront individuals who set goals, process information
about their external environments, adjust to changes that are going on around them, and reach
decisions.
- Robert Jervis (1986)
Most introductory courses in political psychology operate as surveys of the broad
literature. While this may be useful for students who intend to study political
psychology intensively, it is less useful for those who are unlikely to receive
further graduate training in the field. Moreover, while subfields within political
psychology can still be distinguished (e.g., social, personality, etc.), contemporary
political psychology is pervasively influenced by the concepts and methods of
social cognition, and, more recently, by the motivated (or “hot”) social cognition
paradigm (see Lavine, Jost and Lodge 2012). In my view (as in others’, e.g.,
Higgins 1999), the language of motivated social cognition offers a potential
“junction point” for seemingly unrelated literatures, and thus has unifying
potential.
My goal for this course is thus to expose you to the concepts and tools of this
paradigm for understanding mass politics. I hope you will find these discussions
useful to your own research, and will see integrative possibilities for the study of
political behavior. At the very least, I hope you will leave this course having
considered the dynamics of political behavior through an unfamiliar lens – one
which may stimulate creative new approaches to the problems of interest to you.
Finally, I hope that our readings and discussions will make you a bit
uncomfortable. If you leave this course without an increase in uncertainty
regarding your own beliefs, I likely have not done my job. Such discomfort is often
the origin of critical and open-minded thinking, and we could use more of that both
in our academic community, and in our contemporary political world.
Assignments and Grading
(1) Three reaction papers, one for each Part (II-IV), 15% each = 45%
(2) One research proposal/paper, 30%
(3) Class attendance and participation, 25%
Reaction papers should be a critical analysis of a week’s topic and readings. It
should not be a critique of a single paper, but an attempt at dealing constructively
with issues raised by a set of readings. If you wish, you may also tie together
multiple weeks into a single paper. You may hand these in at any time prior to the
end of their respective Parts (i.e. before the first class of the next Part of the
course). Roughly speaking, the papers should be about 5 pages.
Your research proposal/paper may take one of two forms. First, you may design an
experimental or observational study that requires data collection, and that could
reasonably be executed within the following year. For this option, your paper
should contain “all but results.” In other words, write an article as you typically
would; you will simply not discuss the actual results as they will not exist. You
will still conclude the paper, and discuss broader implications of your theory and
expectations, etc.
Second, you may write a full research article using available data. If your research
proposal can be executed with available data (assuming that these data are not
especially time-consuming to organize), you should simply write the full article
including analysis and results.
Your paper must be at least related to the course. You should do something you are
interested in, and that will help you out in your other endeavors, but you have to be
able to justify the paper as relevant to the topics we discuss. You should meet with
me by, at the latest, mid-October to discuss your ideas. Please don’t make me track
you down!
This is not a lecture course, and I will not do much lecturing. You are expected to
come to class having read the week’s assigned readings, and to be ready to discuss
these in a critical manner. I will guide discussion, but you will lead it.
Part I. Basic Concepts and Principles
September 6th: Political Knowledge Structures
Required readings:
Barselou, Lawrence. 1992. Cognitive Psychology: An Overview for Cognitive Scientists. New Jersey: Lawrence
Erlbaum Associates. Chapters 1-7 (cheap versions on Amazon)
Sullivan, John L., Wendy M. Rahn, and Thomas J. Rudolph. 2002. “The Contours of Political Psychology: Situating
Research on Political Information Processing.” In Thinking About Political Psychology, James H.
Kuklinski (Ed.). New York: Cambdrige. (I will email)
Macrae, C. Neil, Alan B. Milne, and Galen V. Bodenhausen. 1994. “Stereotypes as Energy-Saving Devices: A Peek
Inside the Cognitive Toolbox.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 66 (1): 37-47.
Lodge, Milton, and Ruth Hamill. 1986. “A Partisan Schema for Political Information Processing.” American
Political Science Review 80 (2): 505-520.
Conover, Pamela Johnston, and Stanley Feldman. 1984. “How People Organize the Political World: A Schematic
Model.” American Journal of Political Science 28 (1): 95-126.
Rahn, Wendy M. 1993. “The Role of Partisan Stereotypes in Information Processing about Political Candidates.”
American Journal of Political Science 37 (2): 472-496.
Recommended Readings:
Bruner, Jerome S. 1957. “On Perceptual Readiness.” Psychological Review 64 (2): 123-152.
Rumelhart, D.E., P. Smolensky, J.L. McClelland, and G.E. Hinton. 1986. “Schemata and Sequential Thought
Processes in PDP Models.” In Parallel Distributed Processing: Explorations in the Microstructure of
Cognition, vol. 2: Psychological and Biological Models, James L. McClelland, David E. Rumelhart, and
the PDP Research Group (Eds.). Cambridge: The MIT Press. (On Google Scholar).
Brewer, William F., and Bruce L. Lambert. 1993. “The Theory-Ladenness of Observation: Evidence from Cognitive
Psychology.” Proceedings of the Fifteenth Annual Conference of the Cognitive Science Society. (On
Google Scholar).
Steele, Claude M. 1997. “A Threat in the Air: How Stereotypes Shape Intellectual Identity and Performance.”
American Psychologist 52 (6): 613-629.
Fiske, Susan T., and Patricia W. Linville. 1980. “What Does the Schema Concept Buy Us?” Personality and Social
Psychology Bulletin 6 (4): 543-557.
Fiske, Susan T. 1986. “Category-Based versus Piecemeal-Based Affective Responses: Developments in Schema
Triggered Affect.” In Handbook of Motivation and Cognition: Foundations of Social Behavior, Richard M.
Sorrentino and E. Tory Higgins (Eds.). New York: The Guilford Press.
Fisk, Susan T. 1986. “Schema-Based versus Piecemeal Politics: A Patchwork Quilt, But Not a Blanket, of
Evidence.” In Political Cognition, Richard R. Lau and David O. Sears (Eds.). New Jersey: Lawrence
Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Kuklinski, James H., Robert C. Luskin, and John Bolland. 1991. “Where is the Schema? Going Beyond the ‘S’
Word in Political Psychology.” American Political Science Review 85 (4): 1341-1356.
Conover, Pamela, and Stanley Feldman. 1981. “The Origins and Meaning of Liberal/Conservative Self
Identifications.” American Journal of Political Science 25 (4): 617-645.
Feldman, Stanley, and Christopher D. Johnston. N.d. “Understanding the Determinants of Political Ideology:
Implications of Structural Complexity.” Political Psychology.
Hayes, Danny. 2005. “Candidate Qualities through a Partisan Lens: A Theory of Trait Ownership.” American
Journal of Political Science 49 (4): 908-923.
Huddy, Leonie, and Nayda Terkildsen. 1993. “The Consequences of Gender Stereotypes for Women Candidates at
Different Levels and Types of Office.” Political Research Quarterly 46 (3): 503-525.
September 13th: Accessibility and Spreading Activation
Required readings:
Higgins, E. Tory. 1996. “Knowledge Activation: Accessibility, Applicability, and Salience.” In Social Psychology:
Handbook of Basic Principles, E. Tory Higgins and Arie Kruglanski (Eds.). New York: The Guilford Press.
(Sakai)
Huckfeldt, Robert, Jeffrey Levine, William Morgan, and John Sprague. 1999. “Accessibility and the Political Utility
of Partisan and Ideological Orientations.” American Journal of Political Science 43 (3): 888-911.
Eberhardt, Jennifer L., Phillip Atiba Goff, Valerie J. Purdie, and Paul G. Davies. 2004. “Seeing Black: Race, Crime,
and Visual Processing.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 87 (6): 876-893.
Valentino, Nicholas A., Vincent L. Hutchings, and Ismail K. White. 2002. “Cues that Matter: How Political Ads
Prime Racial Attitudes During Campaigns.” American Political Science Review 96 (1): 75-90.
Chong, Dennis, and James N. Druckman. 2007. “Framing Theory.” Annual Review of Political Science 10: 103-126.
Gelpi, Christopher, Laura Roselle, and Brooke Barnett. 2012. “Polarizing Patriots: Divergent Responses to Patriotic
Imagery in News Coverage of Terrorism.” Unpublished Manuscript (Sakai)
Recommended Readings:
Druckman, James N. 2001. “On the Limits of Framing Effects: Who Can Frame?” Journal of Politics 63 (4): 1041
1066.
Druckman, James N., and Kjersten R. Nelson. 2003. “Framing and Deliberation: How Citizens’ Conversations Limit
Elite Influence.” American Journal of Political Science 47 (4): 729-745.
Chong, Dennis, and James N. Druckman. 2007. “A Theory of Framing and Opinion Formation in Competitive Elite
Environments.” Journal of Communication 57: 99-118.
Druckman, James N. 2002. “The Implications of Framing Effects for Citizen Competence.” Political Behavior 23
(2): 225-256.
Scheufele, Dietram A. 2000. “Agenda-Setting, Priming, and Framing Revisited: Another Look at Cognitive Effects
of Political Communication.” Mass Communication and Society 3 (2&3): 297-316.
Nelson, Thomas E., Rosalee A. Clawson, and Zoe M. Oxley. 1997. “Media Framing of a Civil Liberties Conflict
and Its Effects on Tolerance.” American Political Science Review 91 (3): 567-583.
Higgins, E. Tory, Gillian A. King, and Gregory H. Mavin. 1982. “Individual Construct Accessibility and Subjective
Impressions and Recall.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 43 (1): 35-47.
Burdein, Inna, Milton Lodge, and Charles Taber. 2006. “Experiments on the Automaticity of
Political Beliefs and Attitudes.” Political Psychology 27 (3): 359-371.
Fazio, Russell H., and Carol J. Williams. 1986. “Attitude Accessibility as a Moderator of the Attitude-Perception
and Attitude-Behavior Relations: An Investigation of the 1984 Presidential Election.” Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology
Fazio, Russell H., David M. Sanbonmatsu, Martha C. Powell, and Frank R. Kardes. 1986. “On
the Automatic Activation of Attitudes.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 50 (2): 229-238.
Fazio, Russell H., and Michael Olson. 2003. “Implicit Measures in Social Cognition Research:
Their Meaning and Use.” Annual Review of Psychology 54: 297-327.
Greenwald, Anthony, Mahzarin R. Banaji, Laurie A. Rudman, Shelly D. Farnham, Brian A.
Nosek, and Deborah S. Mellot. 2002. “A Unified Theory of Implicit Attitudes, Stereotypes, Self-Esteem,
and Self-Concept.” Psychological Review 109 (1): 3-25.
Greenwald, Anthony G., Debbie E. McGhee, and Jordan L. K. Schwartz. 1998. “Measuring Individual Differences
in Implicit Cognition: The Implicit Association Test.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 74 (6):
1464-1480.
Nosek, Brian A., and Mahzarin R. Banaji. 2001. “The Go/No-Go Association Task.” Social Cognition 19 (6): 625
664.
September 20th: The “Warm Look,” Motivated (“Hot”) Social Cognition
Required readings:
Kruglanski, Arie W.. 1996. “Motivated Social Cognition: Principles of the Interface.” In Social Psychology:
Handbook of Basic Principles, E. Tory Higgins and Arie W Kruglanski (Eds.). New York: The Guilford
Press. (Sakai)
Bargh. John A. 1996. “Automaticity in Social Psychology.” In Social Psychology: Handbook of Basic Principles, E.
Tory Higgins and Arie W Kruglanski (Eds.). New York: The Guilford Press. (Sakai)
Lodge, Milton, and Charles S. Taber. 2005. “The Automaticity of Affect for Political Leaders, Groups, and Issues:
An Experimental Test of the Hot Cognition Hypothesis.” Political Psychology 26 (3): 455-482.
Kunda, Ziva. 1990. “The Case for Motivated Reasoning.” Psychological Bulletin 108(3): 480–498.
Schwarz, Norbert, and Gerald L. Clore. 1983. “Mood, Misattribution, and Judgments of Well-Being: Informative
and Directive Functions of Affective States.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 45 (3): 513523.
Bechara, Antoine, Hanna Damasio, Daniel Tranel, and Antonio R. Damasio. 1997. “Deciding Advantageously
Before Knowing the Advantageous Strategy.” Science 275: 1293-1295.
Recommended Readings:
Bargh, John A., Mark Chen, and Lara Burrows. “Automaticity of Social Behavior: Direct Effects of Trait Construct
and Stereotype Activation on Action.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 71 (2): 230-244.
Moskowitz, Gordon B., and Heidi Grant. 2009. The Psychology of Goals. New York: The Guilford Press.
Moskowitz, Gordon B., Peter M. Gollwitzer, Wolfgang Wasel, and Bernd Schaal. 1999. “Preconscious Control of
Stereotype Activation Through Chronic Egalitarian Goals.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology
77 (1): 167-184.
Lodge, Milton, and Charles Taber. 2000. “Three Steps toward a Theory of Motivated Political Reasoning.” In
Elements of Reason: Cognition, Choice, and the Bounds of Rationality, Arthur Lupia, Mathew D.
McCubbins, and Samuel L. Popkin (Eds.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Aarts, Henk, and Ap Dijksterhuis. 2000. “Habits as Knowledge Structures: Automaticity in Goal-Directed
Behavior.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 78 (1): 53-63.
Bargh, John A., and Tanya L. Chartrand. 1999. “The Unbearable Automaticity of Being.” American Psychologist 54
(7): 462-479.
Kunda, Ziva, and Lisa Sinclair. 1999. “Motivated Reasoning with Stereotypes: Activation, Application, and
Inhibition.” Psychological Inquiry 10 (1): 12-22.
Zajonc, Robert B.1980. “Feeling and Thinking: Preferences Need No Inferences.” American Psychologist 35 (2):
151-175.
Zajonc, Robert B.1984. “On the Primacy of Affect.” American Psychologist 39 (2):
117-123.
Showers, Carolin, and Nancy Cantor. 1985. “Social Cognition: A Look at Motivated Strategies.” Annual Review of
Psychology 36: 2’75-305.
Schwartz, Norbert. 2012. “Feelings-as-Information Theory.” In Handbook of Theories of Social Psychology, vol. 1,
Paul A.M. Van Lange, Arie W. Kruglanski, and E. Tory Higgins (Eds.). London: Sage Publications, Inc.
Dolan, R.J. 2002. “Emotion, Cognition, and Behavior.” Science 298: 1191.
Russell, James A. 2003. “Core Affect and the Psychological Construction of Emotion.” Psychological Review 110
(1): 145-172.
Damasio, Antonio. 1994. Descartes’ Error: Emotion, Reason, and the Human Brain. New York: Penguin Books.
Bechara, Antoine, Hanna Damasio, and Antonio Damasio. 2000. “Emotion, Decision Making and the Orbitofrontal
Cortex.” Cerebral Cortex 10 (3): 295-307.
Shiv, Baba, George Loewenstein, Antoine Bechara, Hanna Damasio, and Antonio R. Damasio. . “Investment
Behavior and the Negative Side of Emotion.” Psychological Science 16 (6): 435-439.
Part II. Goals: Efficiency and Accuracy
September 27th: Dual-Process Models of Information Processing and Judgment
Required readings:
Kahneman, Daniel. 2011. Thinking, Fast and Slow, Part I (Sakai)
Eagly, Alice, H., and Shelly Chaiken. 1993. “Process Theories of Attitude Formation and Change: The Elaboration
Likelihood and Heuristic-Systematic Models.” In The Psychology of Attitudes. New York: HBJ. (Sakai)
Devine, Patricia G. 1989. “Stereotypes and Prejudice: Their Automatic and Controlled Components.” Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology 56 (1): 5-18.
Fazio, Russell H., and Tamara Towles-Schwen. 1999. “The MODE Model of Attitude-Behavior Processes.” In
Dual-Process Models in Social Psychology, Shelly Chaiken and Yaacov Trope (Eds.). New York: The
Guilford Press. (Sakai)
Cunningham, William A., Marcia K. Johnson, J. Chris Gatenby, John C. Gore, and Mahzarin R. Banaji. 2003.
“Neural Components of Social Evaluation.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 85 (4): 639-649.
Recommended Readings:
Payne, John W., James R. Bettman, and Eric J. Johnson. 1993. The Adaptive Decision Maker. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Mendelberg, Tali. 2001. The Race Card: Campaign Strategy, Implicit Messages, and the Norm of Equality.
Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Brewer, Marilynn B. 1988. “A Dual-Process Model of Impression Formation.” In Advances in Social Cognition, vol.
1, Thomas K. Srull (Ed.). New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc.
Chaiken, Shelly. 1980. “Heuristic Versus Systematic Information Processing and the Use of Source Versus Message
Cues in Persuasion.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 39 (5): 752-766.
Petty, Richard E., and John T. Cacioppo. 1986. “The Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuasion.” Advances in
Experimental Social Psychology, vol. 19. (available online)
Cacioppo, John T., Richard E. Petty, Chuan Feng Kao, and Regina Rodriguez. 1986. “Central and Peripheral Routes
to Persuasion: An Individual Differences Approach.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 51 (5):
1032-1043.
Fujita, Kentaro, Tal Eyal, Shelly Chaiken, Yaacov Trope, and Nira Liberman. 2008. “Influencing Attitudes Toward
Near and Distant Objects.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 227 (21): 9044-9062.
Kruglanski, Arie W., and Erik P. Thompson. 1999. “Persuasion by a Single Route: A View from the Unimodel.”
Psychological Inquiry 10 (2): 83-109.
Chen, Serena, Kimberly Duckworth, and Shelly Chaiken. 1999. “Motivated Heuristic and Systematic Processing.”
Psychological Inquiry 10 (1): 44-49.
Gigerenzer, Gerd, and Reinhard Selten. 2001. Bounded Rationality: The Adaptive Toolbox. Cambridge: The MIT
Press.
Vallacher, Robin R., and Daniel M. Wegner. 1987. “What Do People Think They’re Doing? Action Identification
and Human Behavior.” Psychological Review 94 (1): 3-15.
Bodenhausen, Galen, C. Neil Macrae, and Jeffrey W. Sherman. 1999. “On the Dialectics of Discrimination: Dual
Processes in Social Stereotyping.” In Dual-Process Models in Social Psychology, Shelly Chaiken and
Yaacov Trope (Eds.). New York: The Guilford Press.
Bargh, John A. 1999. “The Cognitive Monster: The Case Against the Controllability of Automatic Stereotype
Effects.” In Dual-Process Models in Social Psychology, Shelly Chaiken and Yaacov Trope (Eds.). New
York: The Guilford Press. (Sakai)
Greene et al. 2008. “Cognitive Load Selectively Interferes with Utilitarian Moral Judgment.” Cognition 107 (3):
1144-1154.
October 4th: Low Effort Political Judgment I
Required readings:
Lodge, Milton, Marco R. Steenbergen, and Shawn Brau. 1995. “The Responsive Voter: Campaign Information and
the Dynamics of Candidate Evaluation.” American Political Science Review 89 (2): 309-326.
Coronel, Jason C., Melissa C. Duff, David E. Warren, Kara D. Federmeier, Brian D. Gonsalves, Daniel Tranel, and
Neal J. Cohen. 2012. “Remembering and Voting: Theory and Evidence from Amnesiac Patients.”
American Journal of Political Science.
Brady, Henry E., and Paul M. Sniderman 1985. “Attitude Attribution: A Group Basis for Political Reasoning.”
American Political Science Review 79 (4): 1061-1078.
Jackman, Simon, and Paul M. Sniderman. 2002. “Institutional Organization of Choice Spaces: A Political
Conception of Political Psychology.” In Political Psychology, Kristin R. Monroe (Ed.). New Jersey:
Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. (Sakai)
Lupia, Arthur. 1994. “Shortcuts Versus Encyclopedias: Information and Voting Behavior in California Insurance
Reform Elections.” American Political Science Review 88 (1): 63-76.
Recommended readings:
Sniderman, Paul M. 2000. “Taking Sides: A Fixed Choice Theory of Political Reasoning.” In Elements of Reason,
Arthur Lupia, Mathew D. McCubbins, and Samuel L. Popkin (Eds.). New York: Cambridge University
Press.
Sniderman, Paul M., Richard A. Brody, and Philip E. Tetlock. 1991. Reasoning and Choice: Explorations in
Political Psychology. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Lau, Richard R., and David P. Redlawsk. 2006. How Voters Decide: Information Processing in Election
Campaigns. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Popkin, Samuel L. 1994. The Reasoning Voter. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Lupia, Arthur, and Mathew D. McCubbings. 1998. The Democratic Dilemma: Can Citizens Learn What They Need
to Know? Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Stroh, Patrick K. 1995. “Voters as Pragmatic Cognitive Misers: The Accuracy-Effort Trade-Off in the Candidate
Evaluation Process.” In Political Judgment, Kathleen M. McGraw and Milton Lodge (Eds.). Michigan:
Michigan University Press.
Brader, Ted, Joshua A. Tucker, and Dominik Duell. 2010. “Who’s the Life of the Party? The Impact of Personal and
Party Traits on Partisan Cue-Taking.” Working Paper (Online)
Sniderman, Paul M. 2012. The Reputational Premium: A Theory of Party Identification and Policy Reasoning.
Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Conover, Pamela Johnston, and Stanley Feldman. 1983. “Candidates, Issues and Voters: The Role of Inference in
Political Perception.” Journal of Politics 45 (4): 810-839.
Conover, Pamela Johnston, and Stanley Feldman. 1989. “Candidate Perception in an Ambiguous World:
Campaigns, Cues, and Inference Processes.” American Journal of Political Science 33 (4): 912-940.
Koch, Jeffrey W. 2000. “Do Citizens Apply Gender Stereotypes to Infer Candidates’ Ideological Orientations?”
Journal of Politics 62 (2): 414-429.
Rapoport, Ronald B., Kelly L. Metcalf, and Jon A. Hartman. 1989. “Candidate Traits and Voter Inferences: An
Experimental Study.” Journal of Politics 51 (4): 917-932.
Sniderman, Paul M., and John Bullock. 2004. “A Consistency Theory of Public Opinion and Political Choice: The
Hypothesis of Menu Dependence.” In Studies in Public Opinion: Attitudes, Nonattitudes, Measurement
Error, and Change, William E. Saris and Paul M. Sniderman (Eds.). Princeton: Princeton University Press.
October 11th: Low Effort Political Judgment II
Required readings:
Lau, Richard R., and David P. Redlawsk. 2001. “Advantages and Disadvantages of Cognitive Heuristics in Political
Decision Making.” American Journal of Political Science 45 (4): 951-971.
Kuklinski, James H., and Norman L. Hurley. 1994. “On Hearing and Interpreting Political Messages: A Cautionary
Tale of Citizen Cue-Taking.” Journal of Politics 56: 729-751.
Goren, Paul, Christopher M. Federico, and Miki Caul Kittilson. 2009. “Source Cues, Partisan Identities, and
Political Value Expression.” American Journal of Political Science 53 (4): 805-820.
Cohen, Geoffrey L. 2003. “Party over Policy: The Dominating Impact of Group Influence on Political Beliefs.”
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 85 (5): 808-822.
Hawkins, Carlee B., and Brian A. Nosek. 2012. “Motivated Independence? Implicit Identity Predicts Political
Judgments Among Self-Proclaimed Independents.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin.
Todorov, Alexander, Anesu N. Mandisodza, Amir Goren, and Crystal C. Hall. 2005. “Inferences of Competence
from Faces Predict Election Outcomes.” Science 308: 1623-1626.
Recommended Readings:
Shapiro, Robert Y., and Yaeli Bloch-Elkon. 2008. “Do the Facts Speak for Themselves? Partisan Disagreement as a
Challenge to Democratic Competence.” Critical Review 20 (1-2): 115-139.
Shapiro, Robert Y., and Lawrence Jacobs. 2010. “Simulating Representation: Elite Mobilization and Political Power
in Healthcare Reform.” The Forum 8(1): 1-15.
Gerber, Alan S., and Gregory A. Huber. 2010. “Partisanship, Political Control, and Economic Assessments.”
American Journal of Political Science 54 (1): 153-173.
Gerber, Alan S., Gregory A. Huber, and Ebonya Washington. 2010. “Party Affiliation, Partisanship, and Political
Beliefs: A Field Experiment.” American Political Science Review 104 (4): 720-744.
Bullock, John G. 2011. “Elite Influence on Public Opinion in an Informed Electorate.” American Political Science
Review 105 (3): 496-515.
Kuklinski, James H., and Paul J. Quirk. 2000. “Reconsidering the Rational Public: Cognition, Heuristics, and Mass
Opinion.” In Elements of Reason: Cognition, Choice, and the Bounds of Rationality, Arthur Lupia, Mathew
D. McCubbins, and Samuel L. Popkin (Eds.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (Online)
Kuklinski, James H., Paul J. Quirk, Jennifer Jerit, David Schwieder, and Robert F. Rich. 2000. “Misinformation and
the Currency of Democratic Citizenship.” Journal of Politics 62 (3): 790-816.
Schuldt, Jonathon P., Dominique Muller, and Norbert Schwarz. 2012. “The ‘Fair Trade’ Effect: Health Halos From
Social Ethics Claims.” Social Psychological and Personality Science.
Goebbert, Kevin, Hank C. Jenkins-Snith, Kim Klockow, Matthew C. Nowlin, and Carol L. Silva. 2012. “Weather,
Climate and Worldviews: The Sources and Consequences of Public Perceptions of Changes in Local
Weather Patterns.” Weather, Climate, and Society.
Nyhan, Brendan, and Jason Reifler. 2010. “When Corrections Fail: The Persistence of Political Misperceptions.”
Political Behavior 32 (2): 303-330.
Gerber, Alan S., and Gregory A. Huber. 2009. “Partisanship and Economic Behavior: Do Partisan Differences in
Economic Forecasts Predict Real Economic Behavior?” American Political Science Review 103 (3): 407426.
Carsey, Thomas M., Geoffrey C. Layman. 2006. “Changing Sides or Changing Minds? Party Identification and
Policy Preferences in the American Electorate.” American Journal of Political Science 50 (2): 464-477.
Levendusky, Matthew. 2009. The Partisan Sort: How Liberals Became Democrats and Conservatives Became
Republicans. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Goren, Paul. 2005. “Party Identification and Core Political Values.” American Journal of Political Science 49 (4):
881-896.
October 18th: Expended Effort: When and Why?
Required readings:
MacKuen, Michael, Jennifer Wolak, Luke Keele, and George E. Marcus. 2010. “Civic Engagements: Resolute
Partisanship or Reflective Deliberation?” American Journal of Political Science 54 (2): 440-458.
Brader, Ted. 2005. “Striking a Responsive Chord: How Political Ads Motivate and Persuade Voters by Appealing to
Emotions.” American Journal of Political Science 49 (2): 388-405.
Lavine, Howard, Christopher D. Johnston, and Marco Steenbergen. 2012. The Ambivalent Partisan: How Critical
Loyalty Promotes Democracy. Chapters 2 and 4. (Sakai)
Kam, Cindy D. 2006. “Political Campaigns and Open-Minded Thinking.” Journal of Politics 68(4): 931-945.
Baumeister, Roy F., Ellen Bratlavsky, Mark Muraven, and Dianne M. Tice. 1998. “Ego Depletion: Is the Active Self
a Limited Resource?” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 74 (5): 1252-1265.
Recommended Readings
Basinger, Scott J., and Howard Lavine. 2005. “Ambivalence, Information, and Electoral Choice.” American
Political Science Review 99 (2): 169-184.
Lavine, Howard. 2001. “The Electoral Consequences of Ambivalence toward Presidential Candidates.” American
Journal of Political Science 45 (4): 915-929.
Marcus, George E., W. Russell Neuman, and Michael MacKuen. 2000. Affective Intelligence and Political
Judgment. Chicago: Chicago University Press.
Kam, Cindy D. 2005. “Who Toes the Party Line? Cues, Values, and Individual Differences.” Political Behavior 27
(2): 163-182.
Brader, Ted. 2006. Campaigning for Hearts and Minds. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
Ladd, Jonathan McDonald, and Gabriel S. Lenz. 2008. “Reassessing the Role of Anxiety in Vote Choice.” Political
Psychology 29 (2): 275-296.
Valentino, Nicholas A., Vincent L. Hutchings, Antoine J. Banks, and Anne K. Davis. 2008. “Is the Worried Citizen
a Good Citizen? Emotions, Political Information Seeking, and Learning via the Internet.” Political
Psychology 29 (2): 247-273.
Valentino, Nicholas A., Ted Brader, Eric W. Groenendyk, Krysha Gregorowicz, and Vincent L. Hutchings. 2011.
“Election Night’s Alright or Fighting: The Role of Emotions in Political Participation.” Journal of Politics
156-170.
Maheswaran, Durairaj, and Shelly Chaiken. 1991. “Promoting Systematic Processing in Low Motivation Settings:
Effect of Incongruent Information on Processing and Judgment.” Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology 61 (1): 13-25.
Cacioppo, John T., Wendi L. Gardner, and Gary C. Bernstein. 1997. “Beyond Bipolar Conceptualizations and
Measures: The Case of Attitudes and Evaluative Space.” Personality and Social Psychology Review 1 (1):
3-25.
Oppenheimer, Daniel M. 2007. “The Secret Life of Fluency.” Trends in Cognitive Sciences 12 (6): 237-241.
Alter, Adam L., Daniel Oppenheimer, Nicholas Epley, and Rebecca N. Eyre. 2007. “Overcoming Inuition:
Metacognitve Difficulty Activates Analytic Reasoning.” Journal of Experimental Psychology: General 136
(4): 569-576.
Petty, Richard E., Zakary L. Tormala, Pablo Brinol, and W. Blair G. Jarvis. 2006. “Implicit Ambivalence From
Attitude Change: An Exploration of the PAST Model.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 90
(1): 21-41.
Wilson, Timothy, Samuel Lindsey, and Tonya Y. Schooler. 2000. “A Model of Dual Attitudes.” Psychological
Review 107 (1): 101-126.
Jonas, Klaus, Michael Diehl, and Philip Bromer. 1997. “Effects of Attitudinal Ambivalence on Information
Processing and Attitude-Intention Consistency.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 33: 190-210.
Kam, Cindy D. 2007. “When Duty Calls, Do Citizens Answer?” Journal of Politics 69 (1): 17-29.
Part III. Goals: Self-Esteem and Belief Perseverance
November 1st: Ego Defense and Self-Esteem
Required readings:
Trivers, Robert. 2011. The Folly of Fools. New York: Basic Books. “Chapter 7: The Psychology of Self-Deception.”
(Sakai)
Ditto, Peter H., and David F. Lopez. 1992. “Motivated Skepticism: Use of Differential Decision Criteria for
Preferred and Nonpreferred Conclusions.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 63 (4): 568-584.
Soloman, Sheldon, Jeff Greenberg, and Tom Pyszczynski. 2004. “The Cultural Animal: Twenty Years of Terror
Management Theory and Research.” In Handbook of Experimental Existential Psychology, Jeff Greenberg,
Sander L. Koole, and Tom Pysczczynski (Eds.). New York: The Guilford Press. (Sakai)
Tajfel, Henri, and John Turner 1979. “An Integrative Theory of Intergroup Conflict.” (On Google Scholar)
Dunning, David. 1999. “A Newer Look: Motivated Social Cognition and the Schematic Representation of Social
Concepts.” Psychological Inquiry 10 (1): 1-11.
Recommended Readings:
Hart, William, Dolores Albarracin, Alice E. Eagly, Inge Brechan, Matthew J. Lindberg, and Lisa Merrill. 2009.
“Feeling Validated Versus Being Correct: A Meta-Analysis of Selective Exposure to Information.”
Psychological Bulletin 135 (4): 555-588.
Rudman, Laurie A., Matthew C. Dohn, and Kimberly Fairchild. 2007. “Implicit Self-Esteem Compensation:
Automatic Threat Defense.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 93 (5): 798-813.
Kunda, Ziva. 1987. “Motivated Inference: Self-Serving Generation and Evaluation of Causal Theories.” Journal of
Personality and Social Psychology 53 (4): 636-647.
Cohen, Geoffrey L., Joshua Aronson, and Claude M. Steele. 2000. “When Beliefs Yield to Evidence: Reducing
Biased Evaluation by Affirming the Self.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 26 (9): 1151-1164.
Sherman, David K., and Geoffrey L. Cohen. 2006. “The Psychology of Self-Defense: Self-Affirmation Theory.” In
Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, vol. 38.
Rosenblatt, Abram, Jeff Greenberg, Sheldon Solomon, Tom Pyszczynski, and Deborah Lyon. 1989. “Evidence for
Terror Management Theory I: The Effects of Mortality Salience on Reactions to Those Who Violate or
Uphold Cultural Values.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 57 (4): 681-690.
Greenberg, Jeff, Tom Pyszczynski, Sheldon Solomon, Abram Rosenblatt, Mitchell Veeder, Shari Kirkland, and
Deborah Lyon. 1990. “Evidence for Terror Management Theory II: The Effects of Mortality Salience on
Reactions to those Who Threaten or Bolster the Cultural Worldview.” Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology 58 (2): 308-318.
Brewer, Marilynn B. 1991. “The Social Self: On Being the Same and Different at the Same Time.” Personality and
Social Psychology Bulletin 17 (5): 475-482.
Brewer, Marilynn B. 1979. “In-Group Bias in the Minimal Intergroup Situation: A Cognitive-Motivational
Analysis.” Psychological Bulletin 86 (2): 307-324.
Zuckerman, Miron. 1979. “Attribution of Success and Failure Revisited, or: The Motivational Bias is Alive and
Well in Attribution Theory.” Journal of Personality 47 (2): 245-287.
Uhlmann, Eric, and Brian A. Nosek. 2012. “My Culture Made Me Do It: Lay Theories of Responsibility for
Automatic Prejudice.” Social Psychology 43 (2): 108-113.
Davison, W. Phillips. 1983. “The Third-Person Effect in Communication.” Public Opinion Quarterly 47 (1): 1-15.
Mutz, Diana C. 1989. “The Influence of Perceptions of Media Influence: Third Person Effects and the Public
Expression of Opinions.” International Journal of Public Opinion Research 1 (1): 3-23.
Duck, Julie, and Barbara-Ann Mullin. 1995. “The Perceived Impact of the Mass Media: Reconsidering the Third
Person Effect.” European Journal of Social Psychology 25 (1): 77-93.
November 8th: Reasoning in the Service of Political Identity
Required readings:
Bartels, Larry M. 2002. “Beyond the Running Tally: Partisan Bias in Political Perceptions.” Political Behavior 24
(2): 117-149.
Westen, Drew, Pavel S. Blagov, Keith Harenski, Clint Kilts, and Stephan Hamann. 2006. “Neural Bases of
Motivated Reasoning: An fMRI Study of Emotional Constraints on Partisan Political Judgment in the 2004
U.S. Presidential Election.” Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 18 (11): 1947-1958.
Gaines, Brian J., James H. Kuklinski, Paul J. Quirk, Buddy Peyton, and Jay Verkuilen. 2007. “Same Facts, Different
Interpretations: Partisan Motivation and Opinion on Iraq.” Journal of Politics 69 (4): 957-974.
Lebo, Matthew J., and Daniel Cassino. 2007. “The Aggregated Consequences of Motivated Reasoning and the
Dynamics of Partisan Presidential Approval.” Political Psychology 28 (6): 719-746.
Slothuus, Rune, and Claes H. de Vreese. 2010. “Political Parties, Motivated Reasoning, and Issue Framing Effects.”
Journal of Politics 72 (3): 630-645.
Bullock, John G. 2009. “Partisan Bias and the Bayesian Ideal in the Study of Public Opinion.” The Journal of
Politics 71 (3): 1109-1124.
Recommended Readings:
Gerber, Alan, and Donald Green. 1999. “Misperceptions About Perceptual Bias.” Annual Review of Political
Science 2: 189-210.
Cohen, Geoffrey L., David K. Sherman, Anthony Bastardi, Lillian Hsu, and Michelle McGoey. 2007. “Bridging the
Partisan Divide: Self-Affirmation Reduces Ideological Closed-Mindedness and Inflexibility in
Negotiation.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 93 (3): 415-430.
Mutz, Diana C. 2006. Hearing the Other Side: Deliberative versus Participatory Democracy. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Rudolph, Thomas J. 2006. “Triangulating Political Responsibility: The Motivated Formation of Responsibility
Judgments.” Political Psychology 27 (1): 99-122.
Achen, Christopher H., and Larry M. Bartels. 2006. “It Feels Like We’re Thinking: The Rationalizing Voter and
Electoral Democracy.” APSA paper. (On Google Scholar).
Goren, Paul. 2002. “Character Weakness, Partisan Bias, and Presidential Evaluation.” American Journal of Political
Science 46 (3): 627-641.
Jessee, Stephen A. 2010. “Partisan Bias, Political Information, and Spatial Voting in the 2008 Presidential Election.”
Journal of Politics 72 (2): 327-340.
Dalton, Russell J., Paul A. Beck, and Robert Huckfeldt. 1998. “Partisan Cues and the Media: Information Flows in
the 1992 Presidential Election.” American Political Science Review 92 (1): 111-126.
Eveland Jr., William P., and Dhavan V. Shah. 2003. “The Impact of Individual and Interpersonal Factors on
Perceived News Media Bias.” Political Psychology 24 (1): 101-117.
Coe, Kevin, David Tewksbury, Bradley J. Bond, Kristin L. Drogos, Robert W. Porter, Ashley Yahn, and Yuanyuan
Zhang. 2008. “Hostile News: Partisan Use and Perceptions of Cable News Programming.” Journal of
Communication 58 (2): 201-219.
Redlawsk, David P. 2002. “Hot Cognition or Cool Consideration? Testing the Effects of Motivated Reasoning on
Political Decision Making.” Journal of Politics 64 (4): 1021-1044.
November 15th: Reasoning in the Service of Ideology
Required readings:
Taber, Charles S., and Milton Lodge. 2006. “Motivated Skepticism in the Evaluation of Political Beliefs.” American
Journal of Political Science 50 (3): 755-769.
Haidt, Jonathan. 2001. “The Emotional Dog and Its Rational Tail.” Psychological Review 108 (4): 814-834.
Vallone, Robert P., Lee Ross, and Mark R. Lepper. 1985. “The Hostile Media Phenomenon: Biased Perception and
Perceptions of Media Bias in Coverage of the Beirut Massacre.” Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology 49 (3): 577-585.
Uhlmann, Eric Luis, David A. Pizarro, David Tannenbaum, and Peter H. Ditto. 2009. “The Motivated Use of Moral
Principles.” Judgment and Decision Making 4 (6): 476-491.
Mercier, Hugo, and Dan Sperber. 2011. “Argumentation: Its Adaptiveness and Efficacy.” Behavioral and Brain
Sciences 34 (2): 94-111.
Recommended Readings:
Redlawsk, David P., Anddrew J.W. Civettini, and Karen M. Emmerson. 2010. “The Affective Tipping Point: Do
Motivated Reasoners Ever ‘Get It’.” Political Psychology 31 (4): 563-593.
Druckman, James N., and Toby Bolsen. 2011. “Framing, Motivated Reasoning, and Opinions About Emergent
Technologies.” Journal of Communication 61 (4): 659-688.
Haidt, Jonathan. 2010. “Moral Psychology Must Not Be Based on Faith and Hope: Commentary on Narvaez
(2010).” Perspectives on Psychological Science 5 (2): 182-184.
Greene, Joshua, and Jonathan Haidt. 2002. “How (and Where) Does Moral Judgment Work?” Trends in Cognitive
Sciences 6 (12): 517-523.
Haidt, Jonathan. 2012. The Righteous Mind: Why Good People Are Divided by Politics and Religion. New York:
Pantheon.
Iyengar, Shanto, and Kyu S. Hahn.2009. “Red Media, Blue Media: Evidence of Ideological Selectivity in Media
Use.” Journal of Communication 59: 19-39.
Prior, Mark. 2007. Post-Broadcast Democracy: How Media Choice Increases Inequality in Political Involvement
and Polarizes Elections. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Eskine, Kendall J. 2012. “Wholesome Foods and Wholesome Morals? Organic Foods Reduce Prosocial Behavior
and Harshen Moral Judgments.” Social Psychological and Personality Science.
Lodge, Milton, and Charles S. Taber. 2007. “The Rationalizing Voter: Unconscious Thought in Political Information
Processing.” (On SSRN).
Ditto, Peter H., David A. Pizarro, and David Tannenbaum. 2009. “Motivated Moral Reasoning.” In The Psychology
of Learning and Motivation, Daniel M. Bartels, Christopher W. Bauman, Linda J. Skitka, and Douglas
Burlington (Eds.). Burlington: Academic Press. (here)
Lord, Charles G., Lee Ross, and Mark R. Lepper. 1979. “Biased Assimilation and Attitude Polarization: The Effects
of Prior Theories on Subsequently Considered Evidence.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 37
(11): 2098-2109.
Braman, Eileen, and Thomas E. Nelson. 2007. “Mechanism of Motivated Reasoning? Analogical Perception in
Discrimination Disputes.” American Journal of Political Science 51 (4): 940-956.
Taber, Charles S., Damon Cann, and Simona Kucsova. 2009. “The Motivated Processing of Political Arguments.”
Political Behavior 31 (2): 137-155.
Valentino, Nicholas A., Antoine J. Banks, Vincent L. Hutchings, and Anne K. Davis. 2009. “Selective Exposure in
the Internet Age: The Interaction between Anxiety and Information Utility.” Political Psychology 30 (4):
591-613.
Mercier, Hugo, and Helene Landemore. 2012. “Reasoning Is for Arguing: Understanding the Successes and Failures
of Deliberation.” Political Psychology 33 (2): 243-258.
Part IV. Goals: Epistemic and Existential
November 29th: Order, Certainty, and Security
Required readings:
Kruglanski, Arie W., Pierro Antonio, Lucia Mannetti, and Eraldo De Grada. 2006. “Groups as Epistemic Providers:
Need for Closure and the Unfolding of Group-Centrism.” Psychological Review 113 (1): 84-100.
Higgins, E. Tory. 1998. “Promotion and Prevention: Regulatory Focus as a Motivational Principle.” In Advances in
Experimental Social Psychology, vol. 30: 1-46. (Online)
Elliot, Andrew J., and Todd M. Thrash. 2002. “Approach-Avoidance Motivation in Personality: Approach and
Avoidance Temperaments and Goals.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 82 (5): 804-818.
Feldman, Stanley. 2003. “Enforcing Social Conformity: A Theory of Authoritarianism.” Political Psychology 24
(1): 41-74.
Cacioppo, John T., Richard E. Petty, Jeffrey A. Feinstein, and W. Blair G. Jarvis. 1996. “Dispositional Differences
in Cognitive Motivation: The Life and Times of Individuals Varying in Need for Cognition.” Psychological
Bulletin 119 (2): 197-253.
Jost, John T., and Orsolya Hunyady. 2005. “Antecedents and Consequences of System-Justifying Ideologies.”
Current Directions in Psychological Science 14 (5): 260-265.
Recommended Readings:
Feldman, Stanley, and Karen Stenner. 1997. “Perceived Threat and Authoritarianism.” Political Psychology 18 (4):
741-770.
Stenner, Karen. 2005. The Authoritarian Dynamic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lavine, Howard, Diana Burgess, Mark Snyder, John Transue, John L. Sullivan, Beth Haney, and Stephen H.
Wagner. 1999. “Threat, Authoritarianism, and Voting: An Investigation of Personality and Persuasion.”
Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 25 (3): 337-347.
Lavine, Howard, Milton Lodge, and Kate Freitas. 2005. “Threat, Authoritarianism, and Selective Exposure to
Information.” Political Psychology 26 (2): 219-244.
Lavine, Howard, Milton Lodge, James Polichak, and Charles Taber. 2002. “Explicating the Black Box Through
Experimentation: Studies of Authoritarianism and Threat.” Political Analysis 10 (4): 343-361.
Cacioppo, John T., and Richard E. Petty. 1982. “The Need for Cognition.” Journal of Personality and Social
Psychology 42 (1): 116-131.
Kruglanski, Arie W., and Donna M. Webster. 1996. “Motivated Closing of the Mind: ‘Seizing’ and ‘Freezing’.”
Psychological Review 103 (2): 263-283.
Dijksterhuis, Ap, Ad van Knippenberg, Arie W. Kruglanski, and Carel Schaper. 1996. “Motivated Social Cognition:
Need for Closure Effects on Memory and Judgment.” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 32 (3):
254-270.
Ledgerwood, Alison, Anesu N. Mandisodza, John T. Jost, and Michelle J. Pohl. 2011. “Working
for the System: Motivated Defense of Meritocratic Beliefs.” Social Cognition 29 (3): 322-340.
Jost, John T., Mahzarin Banaji, and Brian A. Nosek. 2004. “A Decade of System Justification Theory: Accumulated
Evidence of Conscious and Unconscious Bolstering of the Status Quo.” Political Psychology 25 (6): 881919.
Jost, John T., and Orsolya Hunyady. 2003. “The Psychology of System Justification and the Palliative Function of
Ideology.” European Review of Social Psychology 13 (1): 111-153.
December 6th: Functional Matching, Political Preferences, and Ideology
Jost, John T., Jack Glaser, Arie W. Kruglanski, an Frank J. Sulloway. 2003. “Political Conservatism as Motivated
Social Cognition.” Psychological Bulletin 129 (3): 339-375.
Thorisdottir, Hulda, and John T. Jost. 2011. “Motivated Closed-Mindedness Mediates the Effect of Threat on
Political Conservatism.” Political Psychology 32 (5): 785-811.
Graham, Jesse, Jonathan Haidt, and Brian A. Nosek. 2009. “Liberals and Conservatives Rely on Different Sets of
Moral Foundations.” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 96 (5): 1029-1046.
Kam, Cindy D., and Elizabeth N. Simas. 2010. “Risk Orientations and Policy Frames.” Journal
of Politics 72 (2): 381-396.
Duckitt, John. “A Dual-Process Cognitive-Motivational Theory of Ideology and Prejudice.” Advances in
Experimental Social Psychology, vol. 33. (On Google Scholar)
Recommended Readings:
Hetherington, Marc, and Elizabeth Suhay. 2011. “Authoritarianism, Threat, and Americans’ Support for the War on
Terror.” American Journal of Political Science 55 (3): 546-560.
Ehrlich, Sean, and Cherie Maestas. 2010. “Risk Orientation, Risk Exposure, and Policy Opinions: The Case of Free
Trade.” Political Psychology 31 (5): 657-684.
Lavine, Howard, and Mark Snyder. 1996. “Cognitive Processing and the Functional Matching
Effect in Persuasion: The Mediating Role of Subjective Perceptions of Message Quality.” Journal of
Experimental Social Psychology 32: 580-604.
Hetherington, Marc J., and Jonathan Weiler. 2009. Authoritarianism and Polarization in
American Politics. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Mondak, Jeffery J. 2010. Personality and the Foundations of Political Behavior. New York: Cambridge University
Press.
Sargent, Michael J. 2004. “Less Thought, More Punishment: Need for Cognition Predicts Support for
Punitive Responses to Crime.” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 30 (11): 1485-1493.
Haidt, Jonathan, and Jesse Graham. 2007. “When Morality Opposes Justice: Conservatives Have Moral Intuitions
that Liberals may not Recognize.” Social Justice Research 20 (1): 98-116.
Jost, John T. 2006. “The End of the End of Ideology.” American Psychologist 61 (7): 651-670.
Jost, John T., Christopher M. Federico, and Jaime L. Napier. 2009. “Political Ideology: Its
Structure, Functions, and Elective Affinities.” Annual Review of Psychology 60: 307-337.
Jost, John T., Jaime L Napier, Hulda Thorisdottir, Samuel D. Gosling, Tibor P. Palfai, and Brian
Ostafin. 2007. “Are Needs to Manage Uncertainty and Threat Associated with Political Conservatism or
Ideological Extremity?” Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 33 (7): 989-1007.
Jost, John T., and Orsolya Hunyady. 2002. “Antecedents and Consequences of System-Justifying
Ideologies.” Current Directions in Psychological Science 14 (5): 260-265.
Jost, John T., Sally Blount, Jeffrey Pfeffer, and György Hunyady. 2003b. “Fair Market Ideology:
Its Cognitive-Motivational Underpinnings.” Research in Organizational Behavior 25: 53-91.
Gerber, Alan S., Gregory A. Huber, David Doherty, Conor M. Dowling, and Shang E. Ha. 2010.
“Personality and Political Attitudes: Relationships across Issue Domains and Political Contexts.” American
Political Science Review 104 (1): 111-133.
Carney, Dana R., John T. Jost, Samuel D. Gosling, and Jeff Potter. 2008. “The Secret Lives of
Liberals and Conservatives: Personality Profiles, Interaction Styles, and the Things They Leave Behind.”
Political Psychology 29 (6): 807-840.
Crowson, H. Michael. 2009. “Are All Conservatives Alike? A Study of the Psychological Correlates of Cultural and
Economic Conservatism.” The Journal of Psychology 143 (5): 49-463.
Thorisdottir, Hulda, John T. Jost, Ido Liviatan, and Patrick E. Shrout. 2007. “Psychological Needs and Values
Underlying Left-Right Political Orientation: Cross-National Evidence from Eastern and Western Europe.”
Public Opinion Quarterly 71 (2): 175-203.
December 13th: Biology, Neurophysiology, and Ideology
Required readings:
Amodio, David M., John T. Jost, Sarah L. Master, and Cindy M. Yee. 2007. “Neurocognitive Correlates of
Liberalism and Conservatism.” Nature Neuroscience 10: 1246-1247.
Oxley, Douglas R., Kevin B. Smith, John R. Alford, Matthew V. Hibbing, and Jennifer L. Miller, Mario Scalora,
Peter K. Hatemi, and John R. Hibbing. 2008. “Political Attitudes Vary with Physiological Traits.” Science
321: 1667-1670.
Settle, Jaime E., Christopher T. Dawes, Nicholas A. Christakis, and James H. Fowler. 2010. “Friendships Moderate
an Association between a Dopamine Gene Variant and Political Ideology.” Journal of Politics 72 (4):
1189-1198.
Smith, Kevin B., Douglas Oxley, Matthew V. Hibbing, John R. Alford, and John R. Hibbing.
2011. “Disgust Sensitivity and the Neurophysiology of Left-Right Political Orientations.” PLoS ONE.
Greene, Joshua D., Leigh E. Nystrom, Andrew D. Engell, John M. Darley, and Jonathan D. Cohen. 2004. “The
Neural Bases of Cognitive Conflict and Control in Moral Judgment.” Neuron 44: 389-400.
Recommended Readings:
Smith, Kevin B., Amanda J. Balzer, Michael W. Gruszczynski, Carly M. Jacobs, John R. Alford, Scott Stoltenberg,
and John R. Hibbing. 2011. “Political Orientations May Vary with the Detection of the Odor of
Androstenone.” Unpublished Manuscript.
Zamboni, Giovanna, Marta Gozzi, Frank Krueger, Jean-Rene Duhamel, Angela Sirigu, and Jordan Grafman. 2009.
“Individualism, Conservatism, and Radicalism as Criteria for Processing Political Beliefs: A Parametric
fMRI Study.” Social Neuroscience 4 (5): 367-383.
Ochsner, Kevin N., and Matthew D. Lieberman. 2001. “The Emergence of Social Cognitive Neuroscience.”
American Psychologist 56 (9): 717-734.
Lieberman, Matthew D. 2007. “Social Cognitive Neuroscience: A Review of Core Processes.” Annual Review of
Psychology 58: 259-289.
Lieberman, Matthew D., Darren Schreiber, and Kevin N. Ochsner. 2003. “Is Political Cognition Like Riding a
Bicycle? How Cognitive Neuroscience Can Inform Research on Political Thinking.” Political Psychology
24 (4): 681-704.
Benjamin et al. 2012. “The Genetic Architecture of Economic and Political Preferences.” Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences.
Hamlin, J. Kiley, Karen Wynn, and Paul Bloom. 2007. “Social Evaluation by Preverbal Infants.” Nature Letters:
450: 557-559.
Silvers, Jennifer A., and Jonathan Haidt. 2008. “Moral Elevation Can Induce Nursing.” Emotion 8 (2): 291-295.
Zak, Paul J., Angela A. Stanton, and Sheila Ahmadi. 2007. “Oxytocin Increases Generosity in Humans.” PLos one
11: 1-5.
Yong, Ed. 2012. “One Molecule for Love, Morality, and Prosperity?” Slate.
Suhler, Christopher L., and Patricia Churchland. 2011. “Can Innate, Modular ‘Foundations’ Explain Morality?
Challenges for Haidt’s Moral Foundations Theory.” Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience 23 (9): 2103-2116.
Churchland, Patricia S. 2011. Braintrust: What Neuroscience Tells Us about Morality. Princeton: Princeton
University Press.
Greene, Joshua D., R. Brian Sommerville, Leigh E. Nystrom, John M. Darley, and Jonathan D. Cohen. 2001. “An
fMRI Investigation of Emotional Engagement in Moral Judgment.” Science 293: 2105-2108.
Greene, Joshua, and Jonathan Haidt. 2002. “How (and Where) Does Moral Judgment Work?” TRENDS in Cognitive
Sciences 6 (12): 517-523.
Greene, Joshua. 2003. “From Neural ‘Is’ to Moral ‘Ought’: What are the Moral Implications of Neuroscientific
Moral Psychology?” Nature Reviews Neuroscience 4: 846-850.