Change Through Time
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Name: ________________________
Charles _____________
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1800’s British Naturalist
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Went on a voyage with a crew who was studying the South American coast
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Very interested in the natural world
Ship called _____________________
Took many notes and species throughout the journey
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Especially interested in the species of _______ that he found on a group of islands called
the _____________.
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Darwin is most known for the birds that he found.
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He captured several birds and sent them back to England to figure out what type they were.
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The types of birds had different colors, sizes, and __________________
Darwin was shocked when the ornithologist (bird scientist) told them that all were __________.
Where did the finches come from?
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Islands, including the Galapagos, are formed by sediment from _______________ eruptions.
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When they form, there is ____________________ on them.
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Seeds drift from nearby, blown in by wind, and plants grow. This makes way for animals
that feed on the plants, and then animals that feed on those animals.
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Darwin noticed that a certain species of finch regularly flew to the islands from South America,
though these finches were ________________ from those which lived on the islands.
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He hypothesized that the birds of the Galapagos were _________ of birds from South America.
Why all of the different species?
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In all places on Earth, there is a _____________________________
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The environment can only support a certain number of organisms.
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______________________________________ are limited.
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Darwin thought that the different __________ of the finches gave them an ________________
because it allowed them to take advantage of certain food sources available on the islands.
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Principles of survival
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Darwin put all of his observations together and came up with 4 principles of survival.
1. Organisms can ______________________________________________
2. _______________________, or little differences, exist in individuals in a species
3. Variations are ___________________________
4. Organisms with variations that make them _______________________________, will survive.
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Natural Selection
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Based on these principles, Darwin published a book called “________________________” in
which he came up with the phrase _____________________________ to describe them.
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Natural selection-organisms with traits best suited to the environment are more likely to
_______________________________________
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They are then able to ___________ these beneficial traits on to their ____________.
“______________________” those organisms best suited to the environment in which they live
Variations and Adaptations
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A ________________ is an inherited trait that makes an individual different from other
members of its species
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Can result from ____________________ (the beneficial types).
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These variations can be minor changes in height, color of fur, or a little larger of
a beak.
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As these traits are passed on, they become _________________________in the species.
An _________________ is a variation that helps organisms survive in the environment in which
they live (A white bear in a snowy environment).
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_____________________________ is a key adaptation (RIP Mavis)
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Speciation
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Recall that a ____________ is a group of organisms that can ___________ and produce
____________________________
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_________ are the same species (Labradoodle)
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______________ and ____________ are not (Dinner)
Over time, the minor changes can __________________ that organisms are no longer able to
breed with their parent population. (Poodles and wolves)
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Can result from geographic isolation (volcanic eruption), or from accumulations of minor
changes.
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Once this happens, they are ________________________________
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They have split into 2 different species.
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Called _________________________
Evolution
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Change in _____________________________________
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Can be gradual (take a lot of time)
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Called _________________________
Can be more rapid with long breaks in between
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More scientific definition: Change in the frequency of _______________ over time.
Called ___________________________________
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Equilibrium=no change
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Punctuated=scattered throughout
Both occur often.
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Dogs descending from wolves=gradualism
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Antibiotic resistance in bacteria=Punctuated equilibrium
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Evolution today
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Evolution is considered the most ________________________ theory in all of biology
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Even more evidence than the Germ Theory of Disease or the Cell Theory
Nothing in biology (life science) makes sense without evolution
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Why do all organisms have cells that are so similar?
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Why do Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance apply to pea plants, as well as all other
organisms?
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Why do all living things contain DNA?
Evidence For Evolution
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The most apparent evidence for evolution is the fossil evidence
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A _______________ is a remnant of a past organism
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____________________-study of depelopment
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_____________________ Structures
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Homo=______________
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Same bones, same place, different species.
DNA
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Best evidence for evolution.
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All organisms, past and present ______________________
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All humans have ___________ similar DNA
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Humans and chimpanzees share ________ of their DNA
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Humans and mice have ______ similar
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Humans and flies are ________similar
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Humans and bananas are _______
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_______ with grass
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______ with bacteria
What if a species does not adapt?
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Conditions often change.
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Ice ages, climate change, increase in predation, ____________ messing stuff up, etc.
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If a species is _____________________ to the changing conditions, they can ___________.
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If not, they die off.
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_______________ is the death of the last member of a species
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It is _________. The species cannot come back
Sometimes, many species die at the same time.
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_________________=death of more than _________ of species in a short period.
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5 great extinction in the past
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1 occurring right now
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Including dinosaurs
Way to go us…
Primate Evolution
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Humans belong to a group called ______________.
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Humans are _________
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These include monkeys and apes
Along with chimpanzees, gorillas, and orangutans
Humans did not “come from apes.” We are apes!