Supporting information
Table of contents:
1. Supplementary Figures
Figure S1. Non-metric multidimentional scaling (NMS) ordination of of years in tow
dimensional species space (47 species x 73 years). Yearly comunities that are further
apart in the ordination are more dissimilar than yearly communities that are together. (a)
Location of yearly communities in species space color coded by decade. Generally warm
years are located on the left side of the ordination and cold years on the right. (c) Yearly
communities are color and symbol coded by a priori hierarchical agglomerative cluster
analysis defined affliation. (b,d) Ordination plots with decadal minimum convex
polygons and symbols corresponding to key indicator species (red mullet and haddock) of
the 2000s and 1960s. The size of the symbol is indicative of presence (large symbol) or
absence (small symbol) for each indicator species each year along the southern Skagerrak
coast.
2. Supplementary Tables
Table S1. List of species captured in Norwegian Beach Seine Survey (1934-2011) and
trait data. Boldfaced species are those most often captured for which traits that were used.
Table S2. Decadal standard deviations of the overall decadal mean frequency of
occurrence per species
Table S3. Multiple Response Permutation matrix results comparing among decade
community similarities. Color scale represents values of an MRPP A-statistic (measure
of degree of statistical dissimilarity, higher A statistics represent decadal comparisons
being more different than decade comparisons with lower A statistics representing more
similar).
Table S4. Indicator Species Analysis results for individual decades and a priori defined
clusters. Value (IndVal) represents the indicator value, ranging between 0 and 100, and is
a representation of the faithfulness and uniqueness of an individual species to a particular
cluster. p-value significance was set at an alpha= 0.05 was used to determine signifcant
indicator species and was calculated from 4999 Monte Carlo randomizations.
Table S5. Pearson correlations (r) of traits and environmental variables with axes 1, 2 &
3 of NMS ordination (47 species x 73 years). Bold r values are above r cuttoff for
significance (set at r =0.5).
Table S6. Fourth Corner analysis results. Correlations between traits (Table S1 contains
trait codes and levels) and environmental covariates using the fourthcorner function in the
ade4 package in R. Bold traits with significant correlations (p-value ≤ 0.05) to
environmental variables determined by using the combined model approach suggested by
Dray et al., (2014).
1. Supplementary Figures
Figure S1. Non-metric multidimentional scaling (NMS) ordination of of years in tow
dimensional species space (47 taxa x 73 years). Yearly comunities that are further apart
in the ordination are more dissimilar than yearly communities that are together. (a)
Location of yearly communities in species space color coded by decade. Generally warm
years are located on the left side of the ordination and cold years on the right. (c) Yearly
communities are color and symbol coded by a priori hierarchical agglomerative cluster
analysis defined affliation. (b,d) Ordination plots with decadal minimum convex
polygons and symbols corresponding to key indicator species (red mullet and haddock) of
the 2000s and 1960s. The size of the symbol is indicative of presence (large symbol) or
absence (small symbol) for each indicator species each year along the southern Skagerrak
coast.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
2. Supplementary Tables
Table S1. List of species captured in Norwegian Beach Seine Survey (1934-2011) and trait data obtained from Fishbase.org (Froese
and Pauly, (2014)). Boldfaced species are those most often captured for which traits that were used.
Common name
Latin name
Diet
Egg habitat
Body Size
Body shape
Habitat
Biogeographic
Affinity
Benthopelagic
Boreal
Cod
Gadus morhua
Benthiv-Ichthy
Pelagic
Large
Normal
Atlantic herring
Clupea harengus
Planktiv
Demersal
Medium
Elongated
Benthopelagic
Boreal
Saithe
Pollachius virens
Ichthyv
Pelagic
Large
Normal
Demersal
Boreal
European Eel
Anguilla anguilla
Benthiv-Ichthy
Pelagic
Large
Eel-like
Demersal
Boreal
Sand eel
Ammodytes tobianus
Benthiv-Ichthy-Planktiv
Demersal
Small
Elongated
Demersal
Boreal
Haddock
Melanogrammus aeglefinus
Benthiv-Ichthy
Pelagic
Large
Normal
Demersal
Boreal
American plaice
Hippoglossoides platessoides
Benthiv-Ichthy
Pelagic
Large
Flat
Demersal
Boreal
Lemon sole
Microstomus kitt
Benthiv
Pelagic
Medium
Flat
Demersal
Boreal
Norwegian topknot
Phrynorhombus norvegicus
Benthiv-Ichthy
Demersal
Small
Flat
Demersal
Boreal
Common dragonet
Callionymus lyra
Benthiv
Pelagic
Medium
Elongated
Demersal
Boreal
Three-spined stickleback
Gasterosteus aculeatus
Benthiv-Ichthy-Planktiv
Demersal
Small
Normal
Benthopelagic
Boreal
Fifteen-spined stickleback
Spinachia spinachia
Benthiv
Demersal
Small
Elongated
Benthopelagic
Boreal
Pipefish and gunnel
Syngnathus typhle
Benthiv-Ichthy-Planktiv
Pelagic
Medium
Eel-like
Demersal
Boreal
Snake pipefish
Entelurus aequoreus
Benthiv-Ichthy
Viviparous
Large
Eel-like
Demersal
Boreal
Shorthorn sculpin
Myoxocephalus scorpius
Benthiv-Ichthy
Demersal
Large
Elongated
Demersal
Boreal
Armored sculpin
Agonus cataphractus
Benthiv
Demersal
Small
Elongated
Demersal
Boreal
Eel pout
Zoarces viviparus
Ichthyv
Viviparous
Large
Elongated
Demersal
Boreal
Whiting
Merlangius merlangus
Benthiv-Ichthy
Pelagic
Large
Normal
Benthopelagic
Lusitanian
European sprat
Sprattus sprattus
Planktiv
Pelagic
Small
Elongated
Pelagic
Lusitanian
Pollack
Pollachius pollachius
Benthiv-Ichthy
Pelagic
Large
Normal
Benthopelagic
Lusitanian
Sea trout
Salmo trutta
Planktiv
Demersal
Large
Normal
Pelagic
Lusitanian
Atlantic horse mackerel
Trachurus trachurus
Ichthyv-Planktiviv
Pelagic
Large
Normal
Pelagic
Lusitanian
Atlantic mackerel
Scomber scombrus
Planktiviv
Pelagic
Large
Normal
Pelagic
Lusitanian
Flounder, White fluke
PlatIchthys flesus
Benthiv
Pelagic
Large
Flat
Demersal
Lusitanian
Dab
Limanda limanda
Benthiv
Pelagic
Medium
Flat
Demersal
Lusitanian
European plaice
Pleuronectes platessa
Benthiv
Pelagic
Large
Flat
Demersal
Lusitanian
Turbot
Scophthalmus maximus
Benthiv-Ichthy
Pelagic
Large
Flat
Demersal
Lusitanian
Brill
Scophthalmus rhombus
Benthiv-Ichthy
Pelagic
Large
Flat
Demersal
Lusitanian
Common sole
Solea solea
Benthiv
Pelagic
Large
Flat
Demersal
Lusitanian
Goldsinny wrasse
Ctenolabrus rupestris
Benthiv-Ichthy
Pelagic
Small
Normal
Reef-associated
Lusitanian
Ballan wrasse
Labrus bergylta
Benthiv
Demersal
Large
Normal
Reef-associated
Lusitanian
Corkwing wrasse
Symphodus melops
Benthiv
Demersal
Medium
Normal
Reef-associated
Lusitanian
Rock cock
Centrolabrus exoletus
Benthiv
Demersal
Small
Normal
Reef-associated
Lusitanian
Cuckoo wrasse
Labrus bimaculatus (mixtus)
Benthiv-Ichthy
Demersal
Medium
Normal
Reef-associated
Lusitanian
Sand and black goby
Black, Gobius niger,
Sand, Pomatoschistus
minutus
Gobiusculus flavescens
Benthiv-Ichthy
Demersal
Small
Elongated
Demersal
Lusitanian
Benthiv
Demersal
Small
Normal
Demersal
Lusitanian
Planktiv
Demersal
Small
Elongated
Demersal
Lusitanian
Poor cod
Glass, Aphya minuta,
Crystal,
Crystallogobius linearis;
Trisopterus minutus
Benthiv-Ichthy
Pelagic
Medium
Normal
Benthopelagic
Lusitanian
Rock gunnel
Pholis gunnellus
Benthiv-Ichthy
Demersal
Small
Eel-like
Demersal
Lusitanian
Grey gurnard
Eutrigla gurnardus
Benthiv-Ichthy
Pelagic
Large
Elongated
Demersal
Lusitanian
Two-spotted goby
Crystal and Glass goby
Garfish
Belone belone
Ichthyv
Demersal
Large
Elongated
Pelagic
Lusitanian
Mediterranean scaldfish
Arnoglossus laterna
Benthiv-Ichthy
Pelagic
Small
Flat
Demersal
Lusitanian
Red mullet
Mullus surmuletus
Benthiv-Ichthy
Pelagic
Medium
Normal
Demersal
Lusitanian
Tub gurnard
Benthiv-Ichthy
Pelagic
Large
Elongated
Demersal
Lusitanian
Greater weaver
Trigla (Chelidonichthys)
lucerna
Trachinus draco
Benthiv-Ichthy
Pelagic
Large
Elongated
Demersal
Lusitanian
European anchovy
Engraulis encrasicolus
Planktiv
Pelagic
Small
Elongated
Pelagic
Lusitanian
European pilchard
Sardina pilchardus
Planktiv
Pelagic
Medium
Normal
Pelagic
Lusitanian
LUSITANIAN
BOREAL
Table S2. Decadal standard deviations of the overall decadal mean frequency of occurrence per species
Species
1930s
1940s
1950s
1960s
1970s
1980s
1990s
2000s
cod
0.93
0.34
1.08
1.18
1.29
-0.73
0.33
-0.97
pipegun
0.92
1.80
1.98
-0.73
0.00
0.00
-0.36
-0.29
stick_3
0.79
1.27
0.71
-0.72
0.27
0.14
-0.14
1.46
stick_15
2.20
0.04
0.92
-0.64
0.32
0.03
0.16
-0.46
comscul
2.42
1.19
0.12
-0.21
-0.28
-0.12
0.70
-0.25
coalfis
0.78
1.39
0.90
-0.21
0.35
0.27
1.36
0.21
euroeel
0.28
0.93
0.16
-0.35
-0.63
-0.11
0.11
-0.83
herring
1.12
0.07
0.27
-0.15
-0.03
0.77
0.35
0.45
eelpout
1.65
0.82
0.13
-0.03
0.06
0.31
0.03
-0.55
dragonet
0.86
0.30
0.11
0.17
-0.05
0.45
0.05
0.43
sandeel
0.17
0.70
0.02
0.05
-0.20
0.18
-0.07
-0.11
pipefis
1.43
0.68
0.13
-0.09
-0.15
0.01
0.19
-0.01
haddock
0.26
0.26
0.02
0.38
0.33
0.17
-0.02
-0.02
amplaice
0.95
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.15
0.25
-0.12
-0.02
lemsole
1.22
1.72
0.03
0.12
0.03
-0.03
0.03
-0.05
armscul
1.66
0.99
0.00
0.00
0.00
-0.12
0.03
-0.15
comsole
1.29
1.29
0.05
-0.01
0.01
-0.05
0.05
0.08
ntopknot
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.03
0.03
0.03
sandblac
0.67
0.14
0.14
-1.32
-0.32
0.63
1.27
1.69
whiting
2.26
0.48
0.08
0.16
0.14
0.04
-0.04
-0.53
gswrasse
1.17
0.39
0.42
-1.28
0.58
0.42
1.50
1.44
pollak
0.17
0.43
1.93
0.92
-0.38
-3.20
-2.89
-4.05
twosgoby
0.37
0.49
2.51
-4.22
-3.22
-3.68
0.04
-0.04
corkwras
0.02
0.02
2.24
-2.65
-0.41
1.33
4.79
5.67
flounder
0.28
1.51
0.29
0.15
0.60
0.63
0.74
-0.19
ballan
0.55
1.11
0.59
-0.92
0.27
-0.27
1.15
1.44
poorcod
0.87
1.98
1.75
0.14
-0.14
-0.45
-1.00
-0.36
sprat
0.43
1.51
0.67
-0.38
0.24
0.27
0.17
0.19
cucwras
0.29
0.90
0.15
0.40
1.07
-0.15
-1.02
-0.55
seatrout
0.67
0.39
0.27
-0.27
-0.80
-0.49
0.46
1.35
horsemac
0.45
0.35
0.48
-0.07
0.07
0.76
1.82
2.91
crysglasg
0.77
0.26
0.24
-0.46
-0.55
-0.85
-0.24
2.16
greygurn
0.31
0.91
0.33
-0.30
-0.58
0.26
0.59
-0.12
rockcook
0.11
1.20
0.07
-0.54
-0.61
-0.46
0.41
1.04
eurplaic
0.53
0.94
0.07
-0.14
-0.08
-0.07
0.07
0.39
dab
0.94
0.26
0.10
0.07
-0.05
0.02
-0.02
-0.46
rockgun
0.50
1.15
0.03
0.10
-0.03
0.03
0.55
-0.31
mackrell
1.03
2.11
0.00
-0.31
-0.24
0.00
-0.03
0.18
brill
0.28
0.09
0.02
-0.14
-0.07
-0.16
0.17
0.37
tubgun
1.16
0.24
0.06
-0.03
-0.03
-0.03
0.03
0.32
turbot
0.44
0.90
0.03
-0.03
-0.06
0.04
0.13
-0.06
garfish
0.12
1.65
0.01
-0.01
-0.04
-0.04
0.05
0.09
scaldbac
2.16
1.28
0.02
-0.02
-0.02
-0.02
0.02
0.04
grweaver
0.00
2.83
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
redmull
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.03
anchovy
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.12
sardin
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.23
Table S3. Multiple Response Permutation matrix results comparing among decade community
similarities. Color scale represents values of an MRPP A-statistic (measure of degree of
statistical dissimilarity, higher A statistics represent decadal comparisons being more different
than decade comparisons with lower A statistics representing more similar).
1950
1960
1990
1970
1980
1990
1930
−
1940
0.032
−
1950
0.026
0.010
−
1960
0.153
0.099
0.061
−
1970
0.146
0.091
0.050
0.031
1970
1980
0.121
0.085
0.056
0.035
0.070
−
1990
0.072
0.049
0.035
0.094
0.111
1960
0.074
−
2000
0.099
0.081
0.091
0.147
0.139
0.128
0.102
2000
MRPP A-statistic
1980
0.00
0.04
0.08
0.12
0.16
−
−
1950
1940
00
20
90
19
80
19
60
19
50
19
19
40
1930
70
1940
19
1930
Table S4. Indicator Species Analysis results for individual decades and a priori defined clusters.
Value (IndVal) represents the indicator value, ranging between 0 and 100, and is a
representation of the faithfulness and uniqueness of an individual species to a particular cluster.
p-value significance was set at an alpha= 0.05 was used to determine signifcant indicator
species and was calculated from 4999 Monte Carlo randomizations.
Species
Decade/Cluster
IndVal
p-value
NONE
armscul
NONE
haddock
lemsole
NONE
dragonet
horsemac
anchovy
redmull
rockcook
crysglas
cuckwras
dragonet
lemsole
dab
eelpout
comsole
pilchard
anchovy
brill
horsemac
haddock
amplaice
1930
1940
1950
1960
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2000
Cluster 1
Cluster 1
Cluster 1
Cluster 2
Cluster 2
Cluster 2
Cluster 2
Cluster 3 (warm)
Cluster 3 (warm)
Cluster 3 (warm)
Cluster 3 (warm)
Cluster 3 (warm)
Cluster 4 (cold)
Cluster 4 (cold)
NA
25.6
NA
38.7
21.9
NA
22.1
17.2
35.7
28.4
32.9
29.6
28
35.8
27.9
30.8
30.6
23.3
16.7
17.3
29.4
29.2
60.6
28.7
NS
0.0156
NS
0.0002
0.0214
NS
0.0004
0.0156
0.0012
0.0086
0.0106
0.0264
0.031
0.001
0.0182
0.0212
0.03
0.0244
0.0294
0.0418
0.044
0.045
0.0002
0.014
Table S5. Pearson correlations (r) of traits and environmental variables with axes 1, 2 & 3 of
NMS ordination (73 years x 47 species). Bold r values are above r cuttoff for significance (set at
r =0.5).
Traits and environmental variables
Axis 1
Axis 2
Axis 3
Traits
DIET
Benthivorous
Piscivorous
Planktivorous
0.02
-0.196
-0.74
0.28
0.196
0.059
-0.033
-0.071
0.028
EGGS
Demersal eggs
Pelagic eggs
Viviparous
-0.422
-0.24
0.096
0.218
-0.114
0.38
-0.218
-0.02
0.131
BODY
Normal body
Flat body
Eel-like body
Elongate body
-0.629
0.148
0.144
-0.234
-0.055
0.226
0.216
-0.005
-0.123
-0.035
0.153
-0.124
HABITAT AFFINITY
Benthopelagic
Pelagic
Demersal
Reef
-0.18
-0.765
0.163
-0.391
0.003
-0.169
0.043
0.069
0.002
-0.134
-0.105
-0.106
BIOGEOGRAPHIC AFFINITY
Lusitanian
Boreal
-0.704
0.35
0.035
0.003
0.01
-0.161
Environmental variables
September SST @ Flødevigen
Winter mean (Feb & Mar) SST @ Flødevigen
% Flora cover (smoothed)
-0.588
-0.23
0.002
0.083
-0.035
-0.351
-0.024
0.144
-0.275
Table S6. Fourth Corner analysis results. Correlations between traits (Table S1 contains trait
codes and levels) and environmental covariates using the fourthcorner function in the ade4
package in R. Bold traits with significant correlations (p-value ≤ 0.05) to environmental
variables determined by using the combined model approach suggested by Dray et al., (2014).
Environmental variable
Trait
Sept. SST
diet
eggs.hab
body.size
body.shape
depth.range
habitat
biogeographic
diet
eggs.hab
body.size
body.shape
depth.range
habitat
biogeographic
diet
eggs.hab
body.size
body.shape
depth.range
habitat
biogeographic
diet
eggs.hab
body.size
body.shape
depth.range
habitat
biogeographic
diet
eggs.hab
body.size
body.shape
depth.range
habitat
biogeographic
Ave. Summer SST (Jul & Aug)
Ave. winter SST (Feb & Mar)
% Flora cover
% Flora cover (smoothed)
F
Statistic
0.49
0.43
0.35
0.80
0.95
2.46
5.01
1.11
0.55
0.11
1.17
0.08
3.51
5.20
0.22
0.01
0.42
0.00
0.06
0.35
1.18
0.48
0.71
0.05
0.69
0.45
0.44
0.01
0.64
1.56
0.02
0.77
1.06
0.51
0.00
P-value
0.71
0.526
0.581
0.316
0.234
0.019
0.005
0.309
0.473
0.846
0.18
0.902
0.003
0.008
0.719
0.979
0.245
0.999
0.841
0.33
0.036
0.444
0.188
0.876
0.135
0.3
0.282
0.848
0.42
0.076
0.957
0.211
0.106
0.34
0.935