Automne 2013 (january 2014)
True or false sentences
RYTHMIC ACTIVITY
Slow wave sleep (SWS) is characterized by a dominant gamma frequency
EEG.
SWS is facilitated by strong firing of NA neurons of Raphe nuclei.
Thalamic relay neurons fire in “spindles” during SWS.
Cholinergic neurons have a decreased activity during SWS as compared to the waking state.
ION CHANNEL AND ACTION POTENTIAL
To generate an action potential (AP), at least 2 categories of ion channels with different selectivity are required.
The resting potential is reached when an equal number of K+ and Na+ channels are opened.
Activation of metabotropic Receptors can modify a flux of ion across the cell membrane via second messengers.
Metabotropic Receptors are able to modify the cell membrane potential as they possess an ion channel pore.
RECEPTORS AND SYNAPTIC TRANSMISSION
Botulinum toxin blocks glutamate neurotransmission because it interferes with proteins implicated in exocytosis.
If an AP successfully reaches a presynaptic bouton, the probability of neurotransmission is 100%.
Astrocytes modify the kinetics of excitatory synaptic potential because they contribute to glutamate uptake.
Regulatory protein can influence R-Channel desensitization.

ALTERED CONSCIOUS STATES
Sleep-wake cycles are conserved in vegetative states.
The activity of Raphe Nuclei is increased during the REM phase of sleep.
The REM phase of sleep is associated with low frequency, high amplitude
EEG signal in cortical scale record.
Perceptual priming is a helpful tool to test explicit memory formation during general anesthesia.
APOPTOSIS AND DEGENERATIVE DISEASE
During development of the nervous system in mammals, certain neural populations are completely eliminated.
The death of neurons is genetically programmed and does not depend on environmental factors.
Neurotrophic factors control the extent of neural death.
The death of neurons is accompanied by inflammation.
ASSOCIATIVE AREA AND COGNITIVE FUNCTION
Damage to right and left parietal lobes produces essentially similar disturbances.
The left parietal lobe is crucially involved in symbolic functions like gesture and writing.
Confabulation with reality confusion is a typical sequel of anterior cingulated lesion.
Lesions of the mediodorsal thalamic nucleus may mimic frontal damage.
CORTICAL MAP
A neuron in the monkey somatosensory cortex that specializes in texture can be found in Brodmann area 1 wherease neuron specialized in size and shape are more located in area 2.

When a Layer 2/3 neuron in the somatosensory cortex loses its primary sensory organ (e.g. due to amputation) its receptive field may become larger in over time.
Neurons in the auditory cortex have no detectable receptor fields because the spinal info of sound is processed by superior olivary nuclei.
Layer 2/3 neurons in mouse visual cortex with similar angular receptor field have on average higher interconnectivity rates then neurons with different receptor field.
SYNAPTIC PLASTICITY
Long-term potential at synapses of CA1 pyramidal neuron in hippocampus can be induced simply by depolarizing the post-synaptic neuron.
Long-term potential at CA1 pyramidal neuron results from an increase release probability.
A change in release probability is manifest by an increase in amplitude of spontaneous miniature currents.
Induction of LTP can result in modification of the permeability selectivity of
AMPA Receptors.
NEUROBIOLOGY OF ADDICTION
Optogenetic stimulation, in comparison to deep brain stimulation, has the advantage of cell type-specificity activation of neuron, provided Chr2 expression is limited to certain cells (e.g. using Cre-Lox system).
Optogenetic tools are limited to neuronal activation.
Addictive drugs have in common that they inhibit serotonin release.
Addictive drugs belong to a chemically defined family of molecules.
EMOTIONS
Fear extinction is a learning process that depends on the activation of the
Prefrontal cortex.
Bilateral amzgdala lesions in humans generate alternation in declarative memory.

Activation of neurons in central amygdala leads to decrease secretion of glucocorticaids in the blood.
Acquisition of a conditioned fear response involves a mechanism of synaptic long-term potential in the basolateral amygdale.
MEMORY
A deficit including loss of memory for recent events (min to week old events), but preserved memory of ancient events (… is likely to reflect alternation of short term memory)
The limited capacity of short-term memory could be linked to subset of pyramidal neurons firing on different gamma cycles during theta activity
A trajectory in space is coded by the simultaneous activity of subsets of hippocampus place cells firing in synchronization.
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