ADOLESCENT HEALTH
1. A Study of Menstrual Hygiene Practices and Associated Symptomatic Genitourinary Illness
among Adolescent Girls in Rural Puducherry.
Dr. HemaPriya S, Assistant Professor, Vinayaka Missions Kripananda Variyar Medical College. Vinayaka
Missions University. Salem – 636308.
Background:Adolescent population occupies 1/5th of world’s population and in India 20.9% of the
population falls in this age group. Social prohibitions and traditional beliefs blocked the access to get the
right kind of information to adolescent girls that led to poor hygiene practices. These practices result in
harboring of microorganisms that increase susceptibility to genitourinary infections. Hence this study was
conducted to study the menstrual hygiene practices among adolescent girls and in rural Puducherry.
Methodology: A community-based descriptive cross sectional study was conducted in rural field
practicing area of MGMCRI, Puducherry, from 15th of March 2013 to 31st April 2014 by using semistructured questionnaire. 528 adolescent girls were included by complete enumeration.
Results: Majority (89.2%) of the adolescent girls was using sanitary pads, fresh and reusable cloths were
used by 6.6% and 4.2%, respectively. 65.3% girls changed their soaked absorbent 25 times in a day.
Majority (60.8%) of the girls disposed their used absorbent by burying or burning. 67.9% girls were
washing genitalia during micturition. 54.4% used soap and water for hand cleaning purpose and 1.4%
used ash & mud etc. 35.9% & 32.5% reported abnormal vaginal discharge and itching in the genitalia. 2–
4 symptoms and more than 4 symptoms were reported in 39% and 4.6% girls. The association between
menstrual hygiene practices with genitourinary illness (symptomatic) was found to be statistically
significant.
Conclusions:Even though sanitary pad users were high, unhygienic practices were noticed, so more
emphasis is needed to be given on awareness of menstrual hygiene practices among adolescent girls.
This study also highlights the lack of sanitary latrine facility in majority of houses that affected the privacy
of the girls which resulted in poor menstrual hygiene practices.
Keywords: Adolescent girls, Menstrual hygiene practices, Genitourinary illness, Sanitary pads.
2. A community based study on prevalence of depression among adolescents in rural Puducherry.
K C Premarajan *Perumal Murthy * Shivanand Kattimani**, Dept. of Preventive and Social Medicine* and
Psychiatry** JIPMER, Puducherry.
Introduction
Adolescence is period characterized not only by physical and sexual maturation but also developmental
changes towards attaining social and economic independence. A large number of adolescents who are
unable to cope with stress caused by these changes develop mental health problems especially
depression. Adolescent depression has serous impact on their socialization, family relations and
performance at school and is also at risk factor for committing suicide.
Objective: 1) To determine the prevalence of depression among adolescents in a rural population.
2) To identify the socio-demographic, behavioural and health related factors associated with
depression.
Methods and Observations: A community based cross-sectional study was carried out among the
adolescents(10-19 Yrs)residing in the Pillayarkuppam village in the Villiannur Commune of
Puducherry.The calculated sample size was 300 and so all the 302 adolescents residing in the study
village were studied using standardized Beck Depression Inventory Scale Questionnaire. The overall
prevalence of depression among adolescents was 32% of which 29% had mild to moderate depression
and 2.6% had severe depression. The prevalence of depression was more among late adolescents
(43.5%) than in early adolescents (21%). Depression was found to be higher among children whose
parents are autocratic and those who are not going to school. Gender and family type did not show any
significant difference. Another significant finding is that 42% of adolescents who are depressed showed
suicidal ideation and is a matter of grave concern. Parents, teachers and adolescents need to be
educated on the mental health issues concerning adolescent age groups and involved in their
management and prevention.
Conclusion: Depression being an important mental health problem among the adolescents, early
identification and management is the most effective strategy for prevention of alcohol and drug addiction
and suicides among them.
3. Physical activity Patterns and Gender differences in school
going adolescents of Vijayapur
city.
Dr. Shailaja S. Patil1 , Solveig Argeseanu Cunningham 2 , Sharanya Thummalapally3
1.Professor in Department of Community Medicine, BLDE University,Shri BM Patil Medical College,
Vijayapur,
2.Solveig Argeseanu Cunningham, Assistant Professor, Global Health Department, Rollins School of
Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta
3.Sharanya Thummalapally, M.P.H. Student, Global Health Department, Rollins School of Public Health,
Emory University, Atlanta
Introduction:
Physical activity is associated with many health benefits, including weight maintenance, lowered risk
factors for non-communicable diseases (NCDs), cardiovascular fitness, improved skeletal health, and
psychological health .Yet, researchers estimate that around 31% of adults and 80% of adolescents (aged
13-15) do not engage in enough physical activity as recommended in terms of duration and type . Special
attention should be paid to physical activity in adolescence, when many disease risk factors first begin to
develop and life-long physical activity behaviors are most modifiable. The global decline in adolescent
physical activity is a serious public health issue that is associated with rising rates of NCDs and
globalization. This decline is more pronounced in girls compared to boys , just one of many indications
that gender differences exist in adolescent physical activity.
In countries like India, where gender norms largely dictate male and female roles in the family and in
society , gender differences in physical activity are likely to be the most pronounced. This has both shortterm and long-term health implications that differ for boys and girls. Still, little data exist on physical
activity patterns for low- and middle-income countries like India , with few surveillance measures of
physical activity in place .Therefore, the study of adolescent physical activity in India, and associated
gender differences.
.
In 2012, we collected a rich dataset through a school-based survey titled
“Home environment and
its influence on adolescent unhealthy weight status” in the city of Vijayapur, In this paper we present
part of the larger dataset focusing on the physical activity patterns of adolescent boys and girls, aged 13
to 16, in this socioeconomically underdeveloped region . In our study we used Time-use diaries which
elicited the 24 hour recall of activities carried out by adolescents . Time-use surveys are standard and
comprehensive method to capture the physical activity patterns Gender differences in physical activity
were examined to determine if girls and boys spent similar or different amounts of time in physical activity
and if they engaged in different types of physical activity.
Objectives:
1. To assess the physical activity patterns in terms of duration , frequency and type of activity
among boys and girls attending schools in urban Vijayapur
2. To study the sociodemographic characteristics and gender differences in physical activity
patterns of the adolescents.
Observations: A representative sample of adolescents attending public and private schools were
selected ,The sample for this paper is 395 adolescents, of whom about half were male (n=197), and the
other half female (n=198). All adolescents were between the ages of 13 and 16 years old. Half of the
sample attended public schools (n=197, 50%), with the other half attending private schools (n=198, 50%).
The majority of the sample (92%) took part in one or more physical activities during the day, with no
significant differences seen between males and females. The physical activity patterns of adolescents
are discussed in terms of duration ,frequency of doing physical activity and participation in different
domains of activity .Adolescents reported an average of ,about 2 hours, of physical activity. Adolescents
reported between 0 and 16 physical activity bouts per day, with 3 physical activity bouts per day being the
average.
Girls spent significantly more time performing many chores compared to boys: preparing food, serving
food, cleaning up after meals, cleaning indoors and doing laundry. In contrast, boys spent significantly
more time in active play outdoors (mean=42min) than did girls (mean=13min), as well as biking.
Conclusion: Though boys and girls did not differ in terms of total duration of physical activity, there was
significant gender difference between boys and girls engaged in different types of activities and in terms
of activity domains.
4. A Study Of Prevalence And Determinants Of Anaemia Among Adolescent Girls Of Urban Slums
In Warangal.
Authors: Dr.C.Sravana Deepthi, 3rd year post graduate, Dr.K.Bhavani, Associate Professor, Kakatiya
Medical College, Warangal, Telangana.
Background: Iron deficiency anemia is the commonest medical disorder and is a problem of serious
public health condition with epidemic proportions especially among poor adolescent girls(65--90%)
Objectives: Our study objectives were to determine the prevalence and determinants of anaemia among
adolescent girls living in urban slums of Warangal, Telangana state, India.
Methodology:
A cross sectional study was conducted in a setting of urban slums of Warangal city, Telangana state,
India during the period from July 2014 t0 February 2015. A total of four urban slums were included in the
study. Within each selected urban slum 100 adolescent girls were studied. The relevant information was
collected with anthropometric measurements and hemoglobin estimation.
Results:
Overall prevalence of anaemia was 82%, the prevalence of mild, moderate and severe anaemia was
37.7%, 36.2% and 8.5% respectively. Socio-demographic factors like religion, education of the girl,
occupation of the father, menstrual factors like regular periods and excessive bleeding and nutritional
factors like low intake of meat, vegetables and body mass index showed significant association with
anaemia.
Key words: Anemia, Adolescent girls, Hemoglobin and Urban slums.
5. Gender Preferences - Reasons and solutions suggested by adolescent girls
E. Suganya1*, H.N.Vrushabhendra2, S.Srikanth3, V. Sudha4
Year Post Graduate, Dept. of Community Medicine, SVMCH&RC, Puducherry, India
2Professor and Head, Dept. of Community Medicine, SVMCH&RC, Puducherry, India
3Professor, Dept. of Community Medicine, SVMCH&RC, Puducherry, India
4 II Year Post Graduate, Dept. of Community Medicine, SVMCH&RC, Puducherry, India
1II
Objectives
1. To explore the various perceived reasons by the Adolescent age group girls on Gender Inequity.
2. To suggest solutions to achieve equity among male and female gender.
Methods
The present formative study was undertaken in Kannagi Girls Higher Secondary School, Villianur,
Puducherry, India. Adolescent girls studying in XI standard class, having male siblings with age difference
maximum of 5 years, were selected purposively for the study. Out of eligible girls in four sections of XI
standard class, a total of 12 girls (3 girls willing to participate from each section were chosen). A
triangulation of Free list and Pile sort exercises was used. The data was analyzed by Visual Anthropac
1.0 software. This was followed by one semi – structured Focus Group Discussion (FGD) .To increase the
validity of the results, these findings were presented to the participants and confirmed.
Results
Adolescent age group girls perceived Poor literacy rate, unemployment among women, poor social
relationship, early marriages, customs, property rights for men, dowry, poverty, poor safety to women, last
ritual rights by men as the reasons for gender inequity. Participants suggested solutions such as self
reliance, motivation of mothers in promoting girls education, to provide free education to poor girls, to
increase the job opportunities for women both in government and private sectors, to strengthen Dowry
Prohibition Act, to increase the punishment of eve – teasers and rapists , to regularly conduct awareness
campaign on disadvantages of early marriage, strict monitoring by Law force on equal distribution of
property inheritance to attain gender equity.
Conclusion
Though most of the solutions, suggested by the study participants already exist in our system but still
gender inequity persists. Strengthening the government rules and schemes, improving the social
relationship and constant motivation, the gender inequity problem could be overcome.
6. Risk Behaviours impacting health of youth. A cross sectional survey in Bangalore
AUTHOR: Dr. Sunitha Singh, Dr. G Gururaj, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences,
Bangalore
OBJECTIVES:
i.
To study the presence and pattern of health behaviours among the youth aged 16 to 30 years.
ii.
To assess the perceptions of the youth groups on health behaviours among the study population.
OBSERVATIONS:
The present study, carried out in the Bangalore urban among youth aged 16-30 years adopted a cross
sectional study design with mixed methods approach. The quantitative part followed a multistage
sampling procedure and data was collected from 1911 youths across selected colleges, factories and
slums using a semi-structured questionnaire which was validated as part of the study. The qualitative
component included 5 focused group discussions among the youth.
Among a total of 1911, 880 and 397 youths were interviewed in factories and slums respectively and 634
in colleges. A high proportion of youths consumed unhealthy foods on a daily basis. Sedentary behaviour
was reported among 43.5% youths. The overall prevalence of gambling problem was found to be 5.5%. A
high proportion of risk taking behaviours on roads including drink driving, not wearing helmet and seatbelt
and use of cell phone while driving were noted. The overall prevalence of current usage of cigarettes and
alcohol among youth was 10.4% and 10.9% respectively. Around 3% of the youth attempted to end their
life atleast once in the past 12 months. The study findings were complemented through FGDs where the
groups opined that behaviours affecting health, particularly mental health was high among the youth.
CONCLUSION: Youth in urban Bangalore have varied prevalence of the risk behaviours impacting their
health.
7.A comparative study about the menstrual hygiene awareness in
rural and urban adolescent girls in Kurnool distirct
M.Sushma1,M.A.Mushtaq Pasha2,Afsar Fatima3,Isaac Ebenezer4 , Shanthiram Medical College, Kurnool
Back ground: The onset of menstruation is one of the most important changes occurring among the girls
during the adolescent age. Adolescent girls constitute a vulnerable group, particularly in India where
female child is neglected. Hygiene-related practices of women during menstruation are of considerable
importance. Women having better knowledge regarding menstrual hygiene and safe practices are less
vulnerable to RTI and its consequences. Therefore, increased knowledge about menstruation right from
childhood may escalate safe practices and may help in mitigating the suffering of millions of women.
Objective: To assess the knowledgeregarding menstrual hygiene awareness and comparison among the
urban and rural adolescent girls in Kurnool district
Methodology: Acommunity based cross-sectional comparative study is done between the urban and rural
adolescent girls (13-18 years) in Kurnool district. Those who attained menarche were included. Those
who refuse to participate and not willing to give consent are excluded. Data is collected by a structured
pre-tested questionnaire given. Data was analyzed by using SPSS 17 version.Data was presented in
proportions and chi-square was done for significance with 95% confidence interval. Duration of the study
from two months 1.7.2015 to 1.9.2015
Results, conclusions and recommendations will be discussed during conference.
8. A comparative cross sectional study of knowledge and practice of menstrual hygiene among
adolescent girls in rural and urban schools, Kolar
Varsha, SDUMC, Kolar
Introduction:
According to WHO, the term ‘adolescents’ refers to young people between the ages of 10 and 19. Today
there are 1.2 billion adolescents, worldwide. Nearly 90 per cent live in developing countries, which forms
eighteen percent of the world’s population. Adolescent girls in India constitute almost 47% of
totaladolescent population. The first menstruation also called as ‘MENARCHE’ is an indicator of
developmental maturation in women whose arrival determines the transition from being a child to being a
teenager.
In developing countries poor menstrual hygiene has been an insufficiently acknowledged problem.
Therefore an increased knowledge about menstruation right from childhood may escalate safe practices
and may help in mitigating the suffering of millions of women .Hence this study was taken up to assess
the knowledge and practice regarding menstrual hygiene among adolescent girls and create awareness
among them.
Objectives:
1) To assess the knowledge and the practices of menstrual hygiene among rural and urban school
going adolescent girls.
2) To provide health education regarding menstrual hygiene to improve the menstrual practices.
Materials and Methods:
Study settings/area: Two schools (one from rural & one from urban) around the field practicing area of
SDUMC.
Study population:Adolescent school girls from urban and rural areas (10-19years)
Study Duration: 1month
Study Design:Cross-sectional study
Sample Size: 110(Sample size was calculated based on the knowledge of use of sanitary pads from a
previous study)
Sampling: Simple random sampling was done.
Results and conclusion: Awaited.
9. A Study On Awareness Of Risk Factors Of Breast Cancer Among Adolescent Girls, Sri
Padmavathi Women’s Degree College,Tirupati.
K.Vaishnavi1, R.Altaf hussain2,
1-Post Graduate Student , Department Of Community Medicine
2-Associate Professor, Department Of Community Medicine
Sri Venkateswara Medical College, Tirupati, Chittoor dist., Andhra Pradesh.
BACKGROUND : Breast cancer continues to be leading cause of death throughout the world .Lack of
awareness and early detection
programme in developing country is main reason for escalating the
mortality.
OBJECTIVES:1.To determine the awareness of risk factors of breast cancer among adolescent girls.
METHOD OF STUDY:
Study design: A cross sectional study. Study setting: Sri Padmavathi Women’s degree college, Tirupati.
Study subjects:314 Adolescent girls 17-19years.Sample size: According to n=4pq/l2[p=56%] the sample
size was calculated as 314 .Study period :2 weeks july 2015.The study subjects will be subjected for
personal interview using a pre tested questionnaire after explaining the purpose of study and taking
informed written consent. The data will be entered in MS excel and analysed using SPSS 16 version
software.
RESULTS AND CONCLUSION:
68.8%, 49.4% and 46.5% of the participants have low knowledge on association between breast cancer
and dense breast tissue, family history, menarche respectively.59.9% are not aware that prolonged use of
contraceptive pills will initiate breast cancer. Statistical significant difference between menarche and socio
economic status has been observed.
10. Guidance Needs among Rural and Urban Adolescent Girls
Geetha. A, Department of Psychology, Maharani Arts, Commerce and Management, Seshadri Road,
Bangalore
Maslow named five categories of human needs which are arranged in hierarchical order so that higher
order needs become aroused only after lower order needs have been at least partially satisfied. Mulay, in
his study of rural and urban students, found variations in needs and problems according to high and low
socio economic status. In a study by Croll (2002) the results showed a clear, although less strong,
positive relationship between poverty and the levels of special educational needs in schools. Study by
Pandey (1981) on social aspects of scheduled tribe high school students showed that the tribal students
were not able to avail adequate educational opportunities. Grewal (1997) has worked on different needs
of guidance and satisfaction. He has highlighted on needs for guidance in terms of physical needs, social
needs, psychological needs, educational needs and vocational needs. The objective was to study the
difference in guidance needs between rural and urban adolescents. A between group design with
purposive sampling was opted for the study. The sample selected for the study was adolescent girls
studying in 8th and 9th standard aged between 12-14 years. The final sample consisted of 46 rural and 30
urban adolescent girls. Initially the adolescent girls were administered General Health Questionnaire as
screening devise to rule out probable cases of psychopathology. Then adolescent girls below the cut off
score of 9 on the questionnaire were administered Guidance Need Inventory. The responses were scored
adequately and results analysed using t test to study the difference in guidance needs (physical needs,
social needs, psychological needs, educational needs and vocational needs) between rural and urban
adolescent girls. The results indicated that there was significant difference in guidance need between
rural and urban adolescent girls in some areas. The results will be discussed in detail and analysed in
relationship to the interventions required to fulfil the needs of adolescents across rural and urban areas.
Also the difference in needs being fulfilled at rural and urban schools will be highlighted.
Key words: Guidance needs, rural adolescents girls and urban adolescent girls
11. Sustainability challenge related to menstrual hygiene and sanitation: A study in women private
hostels, Vinayak Nagar, Mysore
Gangotri Dash1, Dr. Mohan A.K.2
1. Research Scholar, DOS in Social Work, Manasagangothri
Menstruation is a natural process and indicates healthy status of women. But ignorance and unhygienic
practices during menstruation can lead to serious health problems. Menstrual hygiene managementis a
vital step for wider development outcomes in health, education, jobs and wellbeing1.Various researches
has been documented that inadequate menstrual protection has impact on the school dropout and
irregularities among girls2 and again Reproductive Tract Infection (RTI) is 70% higher in case of the
women and girls who do not use sanitary napkins3. UKAid sponsored research reveals that 60% of girls in
India change their menstrual cloths once in a day. Poor menstrual hygiene not only affects physical
health, but also social mental wellbeing and is a violation of human right to health 4. For this reason many
national and international organisations are conducting programmes in schools and communities to
educate girls and women about menstrual hygiene and benefits of use of sanitary napkins. However,
menstrual management is not just about personal hygiene but also environment concern is associated
with it while disposing menstrual waste.On the other hand producers of highly used sanitary napkins such
as Procter & Gamble India (Whisper), Johnson and Johnson (stayfree) and Hindustan Unilever (Kotex)
refuse to engage in discussion on managing menstrual waste 5. Although apart from these disposable
napkins, other ecofriendly and reusable napkins are available but due to lack of advertisement and high
price, these products have not gained wide acceptance by users. This paper intends to highlight sanitary
issues of women during menstruation and awareness of women about various reusable and ecofriendly
menstrual products as well as disposal of menstrual waste. It also provides a success case study of a low
cost terracotta incinerator developed by India woman Swati Bedekar for sanitary waste disposal.
12. INFLUENCE OF SHYNESS ON ACADEMIC STRESS AMONG ADOLESCENTS
Lancy D’Souza1 & Rajani Aithal2
1
Associate Professor, 2 Assistant Professor, Maharani’s Arts College for Women, Mysore-570006
Objective: In recent years psychologists are focusing more on shyness and its negative effects among
adolescents.
Few of the studies have also indicated various types of stresses experienced by
adolescents due to varied reasons. In the present study an attempt is made to correlate shyness with
stress and find out the major predictors of shyness. Further, to find out gender differences if any, in
shyness and stress experienced by male and female adolescents.
Method: A total of 180 adolescents were selected for the present investigation from few of the high
schools and pre university colleges in and around Mysore City, using stratified random sampling
technique. They were administered shyness assessment test (D’Souza, 2006), and academic stress
inventory (Lim & Chen, 2009). Shyness of adolescents was measured through 3 domainscognitive/affective, physiological and action oriented.
Academic stress of the selected sample was
measured in 7 domains. They were Stress from teachers, Stress from results, Stress from tests, Studying
in group stress, Peer stress, Time management stress and Self-inflicted stress. The administration of
tools was done in 2 sessions. Data were subjected to descriptive statistics, Pearson’s product moment
correlation and stepwise multiple regression.
Results: The adolescents had higher levels of stress in teacher related and time management related
issues. All the domains of stress were significantly and positively correlated with various domains of
shyness and total scores. Further, regression analysis revealed that only 2 domains of shyness best
predicted the stress of the students and they were -’Cognitive domain and physiological domain’. Lastly
gender-wise comparison indicated that girls had significantly higher stress and shyness compared to
boys. Implications of the study have been delineated.
__________________________________________________________________
13. Migrated Tribal Adolescent Girls –Knowledge And Practice About Menstrual Hygiene
Nath Sharma Nibir, Behera B K
Kalinga Insitute of Medical Sciences, Odisha
Introduction: Menstruation and menstrual practices are still clouded by taboos and socio-cultural
restrictions among adolescent girls in various societies in our country. Many of the adolescents lack
scientific knowledge and hygienic health practices about menstruation, which sometimes result into
adverse health effects.
Objectives: The current study has started to evaluate the knowledge and practice on various aspects of
menstrual hygiene among migrated tribal adolescent girls. Methodology: About hundred adolescent girls
of between age 10-19 yrs who attained menarche were included our study from the migrated basti (slum
area) of Bhubaneswar city of Odisha. A pre designed questionnaire has been prepared from similar
studies by different authors and used to access different aspect of menstrual hygiene.
Results: All the results will be tabulated and analyzed after completion of the study. Conclusion: Based on
the study findings about the knowledge and practices of menstrual hygiene we can give suggestions and
implement health education in which ever requirement for the adolescent girls.
Key words: Adolescent girls, menstrual hygiene.
14. Physical Morbidity and Mental Health Status among Late Adolescents in Rural Puducherry
Niranjjan R1,SonaliSarkar2, Karthik Balajee3, Manikandan Srinivasan1
1. Junior Resident, 2. Associate professor, 3. Senior Resident, Department of Preventive & Social
Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research, Puducherry-6
Background: WHO defines adolescence as the period of life between 10-19 years. Late adolescents (1519 years) have specific physical and mental health needs, which are often neglected.
Objectives: Among the adolescents in the age group of 15-19 years of rural Puducherry, to study the
prevalence of psychological distress and hopelessness,and physical morbidity.
Methodology:A community based cross-sectional study was conducted among adolescents in the age
group of 15-19 years in the service area of Jawaharlal Institute Rural Health Centre during July 2015.The
adolescents were interviewed using a semi structured, pre-tested questionnaire.Informed consent was
obtained for all the participants above 18 years. For the participants below 18 years, assent was obtained
in addition to the consent from their parents. Information on demography, health needs and substance
abuse was obtained through interview.Mental health status assessment was done using self-administered
GHQ-12 Questionnaire & Becks HopelessnessScale.Data were entered in MS Excel and analyzed using
IBM SPSS 17.0.
Results:
Ofthe total 324 participants, 170(53%) were females.The mean (SD) age was 15.9 (1.3) years. One fifth
of the adolescents 67(20.9%) had psychological distress; 53.7% of them were males & highest proportion
(35%) belonged to class IV socio-economic class. Moderate level of hopelessness was seen in 32(10%)
adolescents; among them 59.3% of were males and majority (48%) belonged to class IV socio-economic
class. Substance abuse was found in (125) 39% of the families of adolescents and among those (55)
44% have problems at home related to the substance abuse.On bivariate analysis, age group 15-17
years compare to 18-19 years (OR 2.5; 95%CI 1.1-5.3), presence of substance abuse in family (OR 2.2;
95%CI 1.3–3.9), problem in household due to substance abuse (OR 3.5; 95%CI 1.9- 6.6)&school going
compare to college going (OR 2.5; 95%CI 1.1-5.9), were significant risk factors for psychological distress.
Problem in household due to substance abuse was single independent risk factor (AOR 2.6; 95%CI 1.16.0) on multivariate analysis.Ofthe 324 adolescents, 120(37%) hadany physical health problem like URI,
fever. Majority of females expressed their needfor an exclusive adolescent clinic(58%),sexual &
reproductive awareness(67.5%) and information about contraception(67.4%)The need for mental health
services was higher in females compared to males (55.6% Vs 44.3%), which was statistically significant
(p<0.05).
Conclusion
In rural area of Puducherry, one fifth of adolescents had psychological distress and ten percent had
Moderate level of hopelessness requiring mental health and counselling services.
15. “Knowledge, beliefs and practices regarding reproductive health among late adolescent girls
in an urban area of Belagavi”
Dr. Suhasini Kanyadi, Postgraduate, Dr. Chandra Metgud, Professor, Mr. M.D. Mallapur, Assistant
Professor & Statistician, Dr. S. M. Katti, Professor & Head
Department of Community Medicine , KLE University’s Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Belagavi
Objective: To assess the knowledge, beliefs, and practices regarding the reproductive health among late
adolescent girls
Observation: The study was conducted among 625 adolescent girls (16-19 years) residing in Ashoknagar
urban field practice area of Belagavi. It was a community based cross- sectional study. Every 3rd house
was visited and face to face interview was carried out with a pre-designed and pre-tested questionnaire.
Statistical analysis was done using SPSS trial version 16. The mean age of the respondents was
17.4±1.09 years.The mean age of menarche was 12.8+1.73. Majority (66.6%) of girls were aware about
menstruation before the onset of menarche respondents, only 196 (31.4%) of 625 girls correctly knew the
ideal interval between two pregnancies and 290 (46.4%) girls knew that abortion was legal in India.
Almost half of the study participants had knowledge about different methods of contraception but 31% of
the girls had incorrect knowledge and 41% didn’t know anything about emergency contraception. Though
they knew the various modes of transmission of HIV but there were some misconceptions also. Socioeconomic status and mothers education had significant association with usage of sanitary pads
(p<0.001). It was observed that there was a significant gap in the knowledge, beliefs and practices among
study participants.
Conclusion: Taking into account the health implications and prevailing socio-cultural and economic
factors, there is an urgent need for intensifying effective strategies
to persuade the adolescent school girls to adopt healthy menstrual practices. More information on
menstruation, conception and contraception should be made available early, at the primary school level of
a child’s education, to eliminate misconceptions.
16. Pranic Energy Perception and Impact of Prana on Psychological Wellbeing of Adolescents
Srikanth N. Jois1, Lancy D’Souza2, Rajani Aithal3, & R.Moulya4
1Head
of Research, World Pranic Healing Foundation, India, Research Centre, Mysore
2Associate
Professor, Maharaja’s College, University of Mysore.
3Assisstant
4Consultant
Professor, Maharanis’s College, University of Mysore,
Psychologist, World Pranic Healing Foundation, India, Research Centre
Pranayama is one of the most beneficial yogic practices and most talked about in yoga shastra. However,
Prana, the basis of life on which pranayama is based on, is not much studied.
Objective: The present study was conducted to sensitize people on existence of Pranamaya Kosha and
experience the Prana. In the present study, an attempt was made to understand different feelings,
sensations, experience and perception of Pranic energy by respondents when they are guided to feel the
energy in between their hands and absorb prana. One of the aims was to draw a definitive conclusion on
the perception and experience of Prana among adolescents.
Method: Exploratory research design was used. The Participants for this study were adolescents who
were guided by Master ChoaKok Sui’s students to experience the Prana. An open ended questionnaire
was used to understand their experiences. The responses for Pranic sensation were categorised into
Psychological domain, and the results were analysed using Contingency Coefficient analysis and Chi
Square tests.
Results: It was revealed that 93.22% of the total sample felt the pranic energy in between their hands.
35.6% of the sample felt nice and good, 13.3 % of the sample felt relaxed and at peace when feeling
prana between hands. 63.68 % of the whole sample were able to experience psychological changes after
absorbing prana. 50.1% of the sample felt happy, 47.7% expressed being relaxed, 7.4% of the sample
expressed being enthusiastic after absorbing prana. Implications of the study have been delineated.
_______________________________________________________________________
17. Psychosocial problems of adolescent girls in institutional care setting
Sumi
Adolescence is the time between childhood and adulthood - between the ages of 12 to 18 -- that is
marked by growth and change. An individual has to deal with both physical and emotional development
during this period. Institutional care setting provide all sorts of care and focus on overall development of
the inmates. But psycho social problems among adolescent girls under institutional care has been
researched by many and they have found that these girls do display poorer mental health when
compared to others living with their families and within the wider community setup. Many studies
comparing the institutionalized and non institutionalized children found differences in the level of
depression that is with institutionalized children displaying higher levels of depression than children under
family support .The objective of this study is to identify characteristics of adolescent girls in institutional
care and to find out the prevalence of psychosocial problems among adolescent girls in institutional care.
The method used is descriptive design.The tool used for data collection is participant observation and
interview. Major findings of the study are adolescent girls under institutional care are more liked to use
cosmetics and attractive dresses, influenced by media and films they have a tendency to imitate
romance, sexual attraction towards opposite sex, difficulty in social interactions and indicators of
maladjustment and poor wellbeing are common among them. They were found to have greater
psychological and social problems and they tend to be withdrawn and experience emotional imbalance
.At this point the researchers has come to a suggestion that the adolescent girlsunder institutional care
needs regular counseling and proper life skill education for the improvement of their mental health.
18. A STUDY TO KNOW PREVALENCE AND DIETARY FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH OBESITY
AMONG URBAN ADOLESCENT PRIVATE SCHOOL CHILDREN IN TIRUPATHI,CHITTOOR (Dt),
ANDHRA PRADESH.
K.Vyshnavi*, R. AltafHussian**
*Post Graduate, **Associate Professor DeptOf Community Medicine Sri Venkateswara Medical College,
Tirupathi.
INTRODUCTION-Now a days obesity is gradually increasing even in the developing countries due to
changes in the dietary and lifestyle habits.The importance is that adolescent obesity leads to a number of
healthproblems in adults like type-2 diabetes mellitus,cardiovascular disease,cancer,etc.
OBJECTIVES- 1.To know the prevalence of obesity among adolescents.
2.To know the associated dietary factors causing obesity.
METHOD OF STUDY- The study was conducted in two private high schools of urbantirupati.community
based cross-sectional study is being carried out in urban tirupati . Data was collected from the adolescent
school children of age group 12 to15. Study period from 1stjuly 2015 – July 31st 2015. 500school children
were included which is calculated by using the formula( 4pq/l2 ) 95% confidence interval with an allowable
error of 10% of relative prevalence. A pre-designed, pre-tested proforma was used to collect information
regarding, social, demographic factors,prevalence and associated dietary factors. Height and weight are
calculated using standard methods and BMI calculated. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics.
RESULTS: Till now data regarding 100 adolescent school children were collected. The mean age of
subjects was 12.89.Among themmales were 64%, females were 34%, and 78% belong to socioeconomic
class-2 and 22%; class-3, of modified kuppuswamy socioeconomic scale. 3% are obese, 17% are
overweight. Obesity is increasing with excess diet and lack of exercise.
19. A STUDY ON OVERWEIGHT & OBESITY IN SCHOOL GOING CHILDREN IN RURAL FIELD
PRACTICE AREA
KAJOK, Post graduate student, Vydehi Institute Of Medical Sciences and Research Centre
INTRODUCTION :
Globally, an estimated 170 million children (aged less than 18 years) are now estimated to be overweight
.
The highest prevalence of childhood overweight is in upper-middle-income countries, and, when taken as
a group, low-income countries have the lowest prevalence rate .
It is gradually becoming a major public health problem in many developing countries, including India .
OBJECTIVES :
To assess overweight and obesity in school going children from 1st to 5th standard in the rural field
practice area .
METHODOLOGY:
A cross sectional study was conducted on all the school children in 1 st to 5th standard in 15 primary
schools in the rural field practice area from January to February 2014 .
Target group : All the school children from 1st to 5th standard ranging in the age group of 6 years to 10
years .
Anthropometry : Weight was recorded without shoes using a weighing scale with an error to the nearest ±
500gm . A stadiometer was used for measuring the height (without shoes ) , with an error to the nearest ±
0.5 cm. Children were categorized based on Agarwal charts . Those between 85-95 percentile were
classified as overweight and 95 percentile and above as obese .
Data was analyzed based on percentages and proportions and Chi square test was used to determine
associations
OBSERVATIONS : Awaited and will be submitted before 20th September 2015 .
CONCLUSIONS: Awaited and will be submitted before 20th September 2015
KEY WORDS : Overweight , obesity , school children
20. TITLE: A STUDY ON MENSTRUAL HYGIENE PRACTICES AMONG GIRLS ATTENDING
HIGH SCHOOLS IN NELLORE CITY.
Dr. Sai Venkata Rajyalakshmi, Post-graduate, Community Medicine Department, Narayana Medical
College, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh.
CO-AUTHORS: Dr. V.Chandhrasekhar, Dr. E.RaviKiran, Dr. K.Vijaya, Dr. C.Kumar, Dr. C.Jyothi.
BACKGROUND: In India, menstruation and menstrual practices are clouded by taboos and socio-cultural
restrictions for women as well as among adolescent girls. Limited access to products and lack of safe
sanitary facilities prove to be barriers to increased mobility for girls and the likelihood of resorting to
unhygienic practices to manage menstruation. Anecdotal evidence suggest that lack of access to
menstrual hygiene (which includes sanitary napkins, toilets in schools, availability of water, privacy and
safe disposal) could constrain school attendance and possibly contribute to local infections during this
period. With this background, an attempt is made to study menstrual hygiene practices among high
school girls.
OBJECTIVES:
1. To assess the knowledge of high school girls regarding menstrual hygiene.
2. To study the Menstrual hygiene practices among high school girls.
3. To compare menstrual hygiene practices among high school girls in government and private sector.
MATERIALS & METHODS:
Type of study: A cross-sectional study
Study setting: High schools- one from government sector, one from private sector of Nellore city which will
be selected randomly.
Sample population: Selected high school girls in government and private sector.
Inclusion Criteria : High school girls studying 9th and 10th classes.
Exclusion Criteria : Those who will be absent during data collection.
Sample size: Total 200 high school girls will be selected. Out of which 100 will be selected from
government sector and 100 from private sector. Out of 100 girls, 50 will be selected from 9th class and 50
from 10th class from government and private sector.
Data collection: Data will be collected by face-to-face interview using a pretested, semi-structured
questionnaire.
Duration of the study: 3 months (July-September 2015).
Data analysis: Appropriate statistical methods and tests will be used to interpret the data.Data analysis
will be done using SPSS 21.0 software.
RESULTS: Results will be presented during the conference.
21. Title: A Study of the Pattern of Body Image Perception Among Young Girls.
Rashmi B.M1, Shailaja S.Patil2, M.M.Angadi3, Tanuja Pattankar4
1 Post Graduate Student, 2 Professor, 3 Professor and H.O.D, 4 Post Graduate Student
Department of Community Medicine, B.L.D.E. University, Shri B.M. Patil Medical College,
Vijayapur
Introduction:
Body image is a vital aspect in the intricate mechanism of an individual’s identity. With globalization and
westernization, India is witnessing dynamic changes in environmental and socio-cultural domains. This
transition is leading to changes in perceptions of individual body image and attempts to change weight.
Research on body image issues is limited to eating disorders like anorexia nervosa and bulimia. With
evidence of alarmingly high prevalence of anaemia among Indian girls and ‘Perceived body image’ being
an important determinant of nutritional status, this study was undertaken. 1- 4
Objectives of the study:
-
To assess the pattern of body image perception among young girls.
-
To understand the weight changing methods adopted by them.
Study design: Exploratory cross-sectional study.
Study population: Female BBA students of B.L.D.E.A's A.S.Patil College of Commerce (Autonomous),
MBA Programme, Vijayapur.
Sampling Method: Convenient sampling
Study Duration: 15thJuly to ongoing
Data collection methodology:
Data was collected using a self administered, validated questionnaire to measure body perception, after
obtaining written informed consent from 63 study participants.5 Height was measured by Seca
Stadiometer to the nearest to 0.1cm and weight was measured using Digital weighing machine to the
nearest to 0.1kg.
Observations:
Mean age of participant girls was 18.3 ± 1.1 years.
According to Quetelet’s index, 52%, 40% and 8% of participant girls were normal weight, under weight
and over-weight according BMI cut off levels respectively.6 Majority (76%) of girls perceived that they
were of normal weight, only 14% felt that they were lean and 10% as overweight.
Even though 51% were happy with their image, 11% were unhappy and 8% were very unhappy, 30%
were neither happy nor unhappy.
43% of girls had ever tried to lose weight and 46% were currently trying to lose weight. Methods adopted
to lose weight included reducing quantity of food (19%), exercising more(16%) and skipping meals(13%)
24% ever tried to gain weight and 16% were currently trying to gain weight. Methods adopted to gain
weight included increasing amounts of food (14%), increasing frequency of meals (13%), exercising more
(5%) and taking supplements to increase energy intake (3%)
Conclusions: Our study highlights the gap between young college girls’ body image perception and their
BMI levels, where 40% are underweight but 76% perceived that their weight is normal. Nearly half (46%)
of the study subjects were trying to lose weight by reducing frequency or quantity of food eaten. This
exploratory study shows that there is an urgent need for correct nutritional education and concept of
heathy weight among young girls.
OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH
1. HEALTH STATUS OF WORKERS IN A HAIR PROCESSING FACTORY, CHENNAI,
TAMILNADU- A CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY
Dr. Anisha Mohan. P, Dr. R. Murali.
*2nd year Post graduate, Department of Community Medicine.
**Prof and HOD, Department of Community Medicine.
Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Kelambakkam, Tamilnadu
INTRODUCTION :
Human hair processing is one of the most discrete and expanding businesses in India. Workers are
exposed to chemicals in bleaching powder, hair dyes etc which are known to cause occupational asthma,
rhinitis and other disorders. Not much has been looked into concerning the health status of workers
involved in this industry. Chennai being one of the hubs for export has a lot of opportunities to study this
expanding population.
AIM :
To assess the health status of workers in a hair processing factory
OBJECTIVES :
To determine the morbidity pattern of workers in a hair processing factory
To make a general assessment of the working environment
METHODOLOGY :
A cross sectional study for a period of 6 months was conducted among all the workers of a hair
processing factory, Chennai. Ethical clearance was obtained from the ethical committee of CHRI and
permission was sought from the concerned authorities of the said factory. The study sample was covered
over 8 visits distributed over 2 months by 4 trained doctors. Informed consent was obtained, pre tested
schedule was used to collect data by interview method, general examination done, and a checklist was
used to assess the work environment. Cases which needed follow up were adequately addressed. Data
was entered and analysed using SPSS version 21, statistical tests – chi square was applied for statistical
significance.
RESULTS :
Out of the 314 workers 76% (236) were females. Mean age of the Workers was 28.5 years. Majority were
involved in stripping (35%) followed by packaging (24%) washing (15%), bleaching(15%) and dying(11%).
Contact dermatitis was found in 10%. 15% reported Visual problems, while 12% had respiratory
complaints. Around 36% were diabetics. 32% of women were anaemic. Around 37% of females had
complaints related to menstrual abnormalities. 6% were found to have adult onset asthma. Personal
Protective Equipment like face masks, aprons, gloves and hair caps were used by 85% workers. The
overall work environment was found to be hygienic and satisfactory. Further statistical analysis will be
done to assess any association between the morbidity and work pattern.
CONCLUSION:
The overall morbidity of the workers was 43% despite the high usage of Personal protective measures
(85%). Hence, health education, periodic follow–up regarding the appropriate use of personal protective
measures should be taken up by the appropriate authority. Further studies are needed to probe in depth
the morbidity related to the hair processing industry.
2." OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH OF WOMEN BEEDI WORKERS"
Anjum Aliya, Faculty Supervisor (Phd Scholar), St. philominas college, Mysore
This paper discusses the occupational
hazards of women
working in the Beedi industry
.The Beedi industry is the second largest in the unorganized sector both in urban rural and tribal
areas.The beedi making involves rolling , sorting out roasting, packing and marketing of beedies.Both
men and women are occupied in this labour intensive industry of beedi making .But women occupy
the 90% of the work force .the women work for 8-10 hours in a day and making about 900 to 1000
beedies which has an earning of about 100 to 150 rupees. The women beedi workers are constantly
inhaling the nicotine
present
in the air .They live in
ill ventilated, narrow and congested
houses and prone various diseases like the Bronchitis, Tuberculosis, Arthiritis Gynaecological skin and
cancer problems. It leads to other problems like headache, blurred vision,watery nose, giddiness,
spondilitis
gastritis, backache,white discharge, irregular menstrual cycle etc.The illiteracy
and
backwardness of women leads to exploitation by the middle man which is responsible for lower socioeconomic status . They are deprived of the mandatory social provision or social legislation passed by
the government. The monotonous work leads to psychological problems like the low self –esteem.
boredom, depression,insomnia and in extreme conditions it may lead to suicide . The government has
passed various social legislation but the women are not able to claim the social and medical benefits
due
to
the
non
possession
of
the
Beedi
ID
card
.The
beedi
women
workers
are given awareness through various welfare programmes passed by the government. Since the
majority of the women are home based workers reaching out to them is a big issue in itself.
Key words:beedi, workers, women, industry,social, disease, problems, benefits.
3. COPD and Occupational exposure
Objectives –To study the prevalence of occupational risk factors contributing to COPD in our hospital
setup .
Dr.Ishan Capoor, Vydehi Medical College, Mysore
Observation –
60 Patients presenting to Pulmonary Medicine OPD at Vydehi Institute of Medical Sciences and Research
Centre ,Bangalore diagnosed to have COPD as per GOLD (Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung
Disease )Guidelines were included in the study over a period of 3 months .
Inclusion Criteria
•
Clinical features of COPD and Spirometry values of COPD as per GOLD guidelines .(Post
bronchodilator FEV1 /FVC <0.70 ).
•
Patients willing to give informed written consent to participate in this study
Exclusion Criteria
•
Asthma
•
Tuberculosis
•
Bronchiectasis
Sample size -60
Statistical analysis –Demographic variables and prevalence have been represented as percentages .
Age distribution- 43 to 80 years
Out of the 60 patients included in the study 52 patients (86.67%)were male and 8 patients (13.33%)were
female .
Smoking as a sole risk factor was noted in 5 patients .(8.33%)
Smoking + Occupational exposure to vapours ,dust,gases and fumes 44 patients .(73.33%)
Biomass fuel exposure - 8 patients .(13.33%)
Sole occupational exposure as a risk factor - 3 patients .(5%)
The most common occupational risk factor in the smoking +occupational exposure group was agriculture .
Conclusion
•
Occupational exposures including organic, inorganic dusts and chemical agents and fumes are
an underappreciated risk factor for COPD .
•
In my study smoking +occupational exposure to vapours,dusts,gases and fumes(44 patients )
were found to be the biggest risk factor for COPD .
•
Prevention must be the primary tool for decreasing the incidence of morbidity and disability from
work-related COPD,
•
Primary prevention is designed to abate hazards before any damage or injury has occurred.
Primary prevention strategies encompass the same exposure controls (elimination, engineering
controls, administrative controls, personal protective equipment).
•
Secondary prevention addresses early detection of the disease so that its duration and severity
can be minimized. Medical surveillance programs are a type of secondary prevention.
•
Tertiary prevention aims at the prevention of permanent COPD. It includes institution of
appropriate health care. Furthermore, early recognition of the disease and early removal from, or
reduction of exposure will make it more likely that the patient will avoid COPD.
4. Occupation related health status of women textile workers in Tamil Nadu
Dr Prabha Thangaraj, Post graduate in Community Medicine Dept, PSG-IMSR
Objectives
1. To assess the general health status with special reference to musculoskeletal disorders (MSD)
among the female textile workers.
2. To find association between certain socio-demographic and occupational factors with MSD.
3. Health needs assessment of female textile workers.
Observation
1. Among the total 480 female workers interviewed for the study, 58.8% had MSD. Of these maximum
reported pain of any limb (32.7%) followed by back pain (30.8%) and difficulty in moving any limb
(22.5%). Less than 18% reported joint pain, neck and waist stiffness. Overall 18% worker reported their
general health condition to be fair or poor.
2.Socio-demographic profile showed 78.1% belong to age group 15 to 30 yrs, 53.8% had completed
secondary education and mostly unmarried (70.2%) with work experience less than 5 years (84.2%)
3. Association between age (less vs. more than 30 yrs) and education (less than primary vs. more than
secondary) with MSD showed statistical significance of p<0.001
(OR=0.439, 95%CI = 0.272-0.707) and p<0.05(OR=1.6, 95%CI = 1.14-2.4) respectively.
4. Back pain was found to be significantly associated with sitting jobs (tailoring, embroidery, quality
controller etc) compared to standing (p<0.05, OR=1.7, 95%CI = 1.05-2.76)
5. About 53% of the workers already had some exposure to health education regarding work safety and
cleanliness. On the other hand the needs assessment conducted among the workers showed that they
were interested to know more about nutrition and prevention of non- communicable diseases.
Conclusion
Our study shows that 5 to 6 of every 10 worker suffer some form of MSD with back pain being more
common among those doing sitting jobs; hence MSD is highly prevalent among female textile workers.
Age and education had significant association with MSD showing higher the age and lesser the education
is more at risk. This may be because those with low education tend to get a placement in low cadre jobs.
Reforms have to be brought about in the textile industries on the ergonomic aspects to prevent MSD.
Health education session have to be conducted to prevent work related MSD and also topics of interest
based on the need assessment can be included in these session which can have positive economic
benefits.
5. HOUSEHOLD SURVEY ON DETERMINANTS OF INDOOR AIR POLLUTION (IAP) AND ITS
HEALTH HAZARD AWARENESS AMONG WOMEN- A CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY
Santhosh N P*, Vinayak J Kempaller, N Udaya Kiran, Rashmi Kundapur, Nishanth Krishna K,
*Assistant Professor, Rajarajeshwari Medical College, Bangalore
Introduction: In India, majority of the households still use biomass fuel. It is a major cause of death and
disability in India.
Aim and objectives: To assess determinants of Indoor air pollution and its Health Hazard Awareness
among women in semi urban, Mangalore.
Methodology:
200 randomly-selected households were recruited in two villages of Mangalore. A
standard, structured questionnaire was administered after taking informed consent. Descriptive analysis
of household area, cooking fuel usage, smoking status.
Results: Of the participants Mean age was 45.22 with standard deviation of 11.36 years and Mean time
spent in kitchen in a day was 3.4 hours with standard deviation of 0.80. 64.2%of the houses lack cross
ventilation and in 72.5% of houses had tiled roof. 17.9% were using chullah as cooking media and
firewood, sawdust as cooking fuel. Regarding hazards of indoor air pollution, over half (50.9%) of women
were unaware of it and among those who were aware, only 37.6% knew that indoor air pollution causes
respiratory symptoms. Around 57.3% participants replied that their respiratory complaints increases on
exposure to smoke. Those who complaints of respiratory symptoms 49.0% are women. Almost three
fourth (72.5%) houses were tobacco smoke free.
Conclusion: participant’s residence, pattern and fuel use were the probable determinants of exposure to
indoor air pollution .Knowledge regarding ill effects of IAP varied among women. The present study is
limited to small sample size. Further studies with a large sample size are required to conclude the above
findings.
Key Words: Tiles, Pollution, Biomass fuel, COPD, Chullah
6. Empowering Women in Industrial Setup by Peer Health Education Process- A Medical College
Experience
Iswarya.S1, Suvetha.K2, Thomas V. Chacko3
1Assistant
Professor, 2Associate Professor, 3Professor & Head Department of Community Medicine, PSG
IMS&R
Objective:
1. To Develop & Validate checklist for identification of peer educators for imparting health education for
Women workers in Industry
2. To evaluate the effectiveness of Peer Educator selection process for implementation of Health
Education
Methodology &Observation:
First a top level management meeting was conducted in the factory to orient them and get their
commitment for successful implementation of peer health education project. Training modules were
developed by the faculty in the Department of Community medicine on general, reproductive and
occupational health. Staffs at supervisory level were oriented about the project and about ‘peer
education’. The importance of good peer educator (PE) selection was emphasized and a checklist
containing criteria for identifying peer educators was given. Checklist included their general demographic
details, education status, marital status, ability to read and write in local language, total work experience
and extracurricular activities and interest. The supervisors are required to use this checklist to identify
peer educators from their respective sections. This process ensured selection of peer educators from all
the sections in the factory. The faculty from the institution conducted the training for peer educators using
flip charts, videos etc. Peer educators were trained in 6 modules at interval of two months between each
module. Health education materials (flip charts for each module) were given to peer health educators.
The HR team plans the schedule for outreach sessions to be done by peer educators. The peer
educators then conduct formal and informal sessions for the other workers during the time allotted by the
management. Supervisory visits were conducted by faculty within one month of peer health education
session. During supervisory visit faculty evaluated peer educators session using a checklist. The checklist
included introduction to the topic, explanation for each page, Involvement of participants, ensuring
understanding of participants, Summarizing key points at the end of session. A total of 30 supervisory
visits were conducted in 6 factories over a period of 2 years. Each session was for 60 to 90 minutes. In
57% of the sessions peer educators gave introduction to the session emphasizing on need for the topic
covered. About 90% of the peer educators gave explanations for each page in the module. Participant
involvement in the form of asking questions, appreciation for answering was done in 66% of the sessions.
Participant understanding was ensured by asking questions, giving examples and eliciting the response in
73% of the sessions. Summarizing the key points at the end of the session was done only in 47% of the
sessions.
Conclusion: The peer education model has been very successful in a factory setting to access large
number of women in limited time period. This also ensures sustainability of the project in the long run.
The workplace setting offers an efficient and largely underutilized entry point for educating and
empowering women in a safe environment
7. Attitudes and Perception of Young working men on Gender Discrepancy
Authors: Bagepally BS1,Majumder J2, Shah P2, Patel RC2, Kotadiya S2
1 Regional Occupational Health centre (Southern), Bengaluru.
2. National Institute of Occupational Health, Ahmedabad.
Introduction:
Globalization has strengthened women’s position across the world fostering the country’s economy by
women’s participation in various job markets.Today women are seen as potential catalyst of social
development inside and outside the four walls of their homes. However, promotion of gender equality and
empowerment of women is still an under achieved target set in “Millennium Development Goals” by
United Nations. Present study tried to address these issues by interviewing young working men to get the
holistic visualization of their attitudes towards gender bias and especially towards gender discrepancy at
work.
Methods:
The ongoing study is being conducted on young working men in and around Ahmedabad city. Study was
a cross sectional interview based descriptive study with pre-designed, pre-tested and validated selfreported questionnaire. The questionnaires included tenitem personality inventory(TIPI), questions to
measure Attitude and perception towards females, Gender Stereotyping and Attitude towards crime
against women.
Results:
This study is on-going.In this paper, we report 213 young male workers with age 20.6 ± 6.9 years,
education of 4.2 ± 2.3 years, BMI 19.4 ± 2.8 with 42 % reporting substance use in the form of tobacco or
alcohol. The total attitude score of 84.1 ± 8.1 (range 61 to 105), the crime against women score of 40.3 ±
5.5 (range 16 to 47), TIPI score of 44.1 ± 5.4 (range 29 to 60).
Discussion:
The study endeavoured to collect information about the attitude developed by young working men
towards females. As adolescence is age of learning and acceptance of new ideas, it is important to
understand whether the developed mentality is positive or negative. The present paper reports the early
descriptives of the study. The early results indicate presence of negative attitude of young men towards
females however concluding interpretations can be made after completion of the study.
8. Health problems among Migrant construction workers at a construction site in Bangalore: A
cross sectional study
Nirmala.C.J1, Dharaneesh Prasad 2, Anand Meundi 3
1. Associate professor 2. Assistant professor 3. Professor , BGS Global Institute of Medical
Sciences
Construction industry is one of the stable growing industries of the world and construction labour form
7.5% of the world labour force. In India, it is the largest economic activity after agriculture. Construction
workers are at a greater risk of developing certain health disorders and sickness than workers in many
other industries. Substance abuse is a major source of morbidity and mortality in India. Tobacco related
deaths are increasing in India, and account for approximately a sixth of the world’s tobacco related
deaths. The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration study shows that substance
use can pose major risks to the health and productivity of workers. In the era of globalization construction
is a fast growing industry and very little research has been done on the occupational health, hazards and
psychosocial problems of these workers especially in Asian countries like India.
In this context to
understand the health problems, the morbidities and addiction pattern among the construction workers,
this study was conducted.
Objectives: 1.To study socio Demographic profile and morbidity pattern of
construction workers.
2. To study the addiction pattern among construction workers.
Methodology: This is a cross-sectional study carried out at the construction site in BGS Global Institute of
medical sciences, Bangalore city during July- august 2015. Necessary consent was obtained from the
workers and permission taken from concerned authorities at construction site. Data was collected in a
pre-tested and semi structured questionnaire. Statistical Analysis will be done with SPSS version 16.
Results: Yet to be analysed.
9. Women and sustainable environmental conservation
Vivek Subramoniam1Veena Suresh 2
1&2
Research scholar , Department of Social Work, Amrita VishwaVidyaPeetham, Amritapuri Campus ,
Kollam PO -690525
Women have given many definitions in the society where a women considered as an adult female person,
synonyms of love, care and support, compassion, motherhood
.When we think about the ancient Indian perspective on environment we are compelled to think about the
fact that most of the environment related things are expressed in the feminine gender. The environment
itself is called ‘Prakriti’, and also earth as ‘Bhumi Devi’ which is a feminine term.Like a mother look after
her chid without any expectation our mother earth is conserves and protect us without any fail.This
connection between environment and femininity is now called ‘Ecofeminism’. Eco-feminism connects
feminism with ecology and relates the exploitation of women with that of the environment. The
environmental degradation caused while men have had dominance over women, and women's large
investment in environmental sustainability, some have theorized that women would protect the Earth
better than men if in power. Women have a deeper connection with nature and it is urgent that we realize
thisbond and act accordingly. More women should participate in environmental conservation and decision
making. This will help in developing an approach on environmental conservation through
sustainability.Environmental Conservation is a systematic process of protecting the environment, which
includes comprising trees, human beings, animals and every other living being in earth. From bottom up
approach women should be given the equity for decision making and make them as the decision makers
to enhance the sustainable environment conservation.
Keywords: Environmental Conservation, Sustainability and Eco feminism
DOMESTIC VIOLENCE
1. Enhancing the dental professional’s responsiveness towards domestic violence; A Cross
sectional Study
Dr.Mythri Halappa, SSDC, Tumkur
Dentists may be the first health care professionals to treat patients who have experienced Orofacial trauma resulting from Domestic violence (DV). Hence, as a national health concern, it challenges
the social responsibility of a dentist in bringing down its prevalence. Objective: To assess the knowledge
of Domestic violence among dentists of Karnataka. Methodology: A cross sectional questionnaire survey
was conducted among dentists of Karnataka to know their knowledge, its relation to dentistry and
measures they practice to bring down the prevalence of DV victims. Results: Overall knowledge about
DV was very less among the dentists & out of 64% who said the dentist has a role in bringing down the
prevalence, 28% reported the need for training. Conclusion: Based on analysis of the data, dentists were
interested & would benefit from additional education opportunities concerning recognizing, referring, and
managing patients who may be the victim of domestic violence in order to enhance their role.
Key words: Domestic violence (DV), Dentists, Knowledge, Training.
2. FOCUS GROUP DISCUSSION ON DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AGAINST MARRIED WOMEN (VAMW)
IN HASSAN, KARNATAKA
Dr M Sundar; 1 Dr. Prasheeta.V.Praviraj;2 Dr Ramya.C;2 Dr Shailija Pandita;2 Dr. Sajtha S. Chandran2
1. Professor and HOD, Department of Community Medicine, Hassan Institute of Medical Sciences,
Hassan, Karnataka
2. Junior doctors, HIMS, Hassan
Introduction:
WHO reports that globally 29-62% of women have experienced physical or sexual violence by an intimate
partner. Women to undergo this form of discrimination and a violation are against of the human rights. In
turn which leads to untold misery, cutting short lives and leaving countless women living in pain and fear
in every country in the world? Not only that, theseViolence against women (VAW) stops them from
fulfilling their potential, restricts economic growth and undermines overall development. Further a World
Bank study reveals that domestic violence contributes for 5% of healthy years of life lost to women in
reproductive age in developing countries. Hence it becomes imperative to eradicate violence against
women at all levels and should be given a priority at various levels of social milieu. Hence this study aims
to comprehend the magnitude of VAMW locally through focus group discussion (FGD).
Objectives
• To assess community perceptions and attitude towards violence against women through their
spouses and common causes that lead to such an act.
• To assess the morbidity associated with such violence's against women (health aspects) along
with various methods of prevention of violence against women.
Methodology
A qualitative research methodology was adopted to study VAMW in Hassan district (Karnataka). A total of
seven FGD’s and three in- depth interviews were conducted in randomly selected subjects to obtain
spontaneity of their expression on given issue. The data collection team (junior doctors) consisted of
facilitators, observer and a note taker. The FGD’s were conduted in the respective locations along with
audio and video recording of the proceedings. Later the audio files were transcribed verbatim and were
translated to English by Scissor-and-Sort technique. In addition, force field diagram were constructed to
comprehend inter-influence of qualitative variables and its Snowballing effect. Also certain conceptual
aspects were deciphered by repeated reading through notes and discussion materials.
Results
Through content analysis of FGD’s and in- depth interviews data, 56 participants were from various
professionals, community members and orphanage representatives etc. Study participants disclosed their
real life experiences of different forms of violence which were communicated often as an observation and
less as self experience. For an example, one of the participants described the experiences of her friend
“her husband used to tie her hands and legs and use to burn her cigarette butts for dowry”. Other
participants said “beating up of the wife by the husband was justifiable in certain situations like infidelity,
extravagant demands but beating up chronically was not at all acceptable.
Conclusion: In a form of many research hypothesis that were generated from analyses, few participants
said- to tackle violence by reaffirming social values through teaching and educating young men about our
culture coupled with mandatory sex education in schools. Also of opinion that many anger management
sessions for both men and women will find some extent of reduction in VAMW.
3. Title: Perception regarding prevalence of domestic violence, precipitating factors, barriers to
seeking help and possible solutions among married women in an urban area of Puducherry – A
qualitative study
Divya
Nair1,
Anindo
Majumdar2,
Gomathi
Ramaswamy1,
Mahalakshmy
T3,
Jayalakshmy
Ramakrishnan3,Swaroop Kumar Sahu3
1Junior
Resident, 2Senior Resident, 3Assistant Professor, Department of Preventive and Social Medicine,
Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry, India
Introduction:
Violence against women within the confines of their domestic life has adverse consequences on the
women’s health, societal roles as well as economic productivity.
Objectives:
To explore the perception regarding prevalence of domestic violence, precipitating factors, barriers to
seeking help and possible solutions among married women in an urban area of Puducherry.
Methodology:
Four focus group discussions (FGDs) were conducted among ever married women of age 20-60 years
residing in the urban field practice area of a tertiary care medical Institution in Puducherry. Purposive
sampling was employed to identify participants with the help of Anganwadi workers.Out of total four, two
FGDs comprised of women in the age group 20-44 years, while the other two had women aged 45-60
years. All the discussions were audio-taped with prior informed consent of the participants. The
discussions were translated to English and analyzed by two investigators. Thematic analysis was carried
out to identify themes and subthemes.
Results:
The consensus among women was that domestic violence was prevalent in their community, mostly in
the form of spousal violence. They felt that dowry, alcoholism and misunderstanding between the
spouses were precipitating factors for violence. Fear of societal judgement was cited as a barrier to
seeking help in these instances. While the older women felt that the onus was on the women to bear and
cope up with struggles in marital life, the younger women felt women’s empowerment through education
and employment would help in reducing the problem. The need for a supportive family and counselling
services by health care providers was also brought out in the discussions. Seeking legal aid was
considered as the last resort by most women.
Conclusions:
We found that though domestic violence was perceived by most participants to be quite prevalent in their
community, there was a glaring divide between opinions of younger and older participants regarding
handling of this issue by women themselves. This can be an important bottleneck for policy makers while
designing programmes related to domestic violence and needs to be addressed.
4. A Cross-sectional study on Domestic violence among Married Women of Reproductive Age in
an Urban Slum of Davangere.
*Dr. Raghavendra S K, **Dr.R.G.Geethalakshmi
*Post-graduate, **Professor, Department of Community Medicine Davangere, Karnataka
Introduction:
Domestic violence is recognized as a public health problem. Gender-based violence is perceived
as a noteworthy issue on international human rights agenda. Among women age 15-49, 20 percent have
ever experienced physical violence, and 3 percent have ever experienced sexual violence (NFHS-3). As
per the World Bank report, one work day out of each five lost by women is because of health problems
emerging out of domestic violence. Domestic violence causes physical harm and undermines the social,
financial, mental, psychological, spiritual and emotional well being of not only the victim, but of the society
as a whole. It has major impact on the women's mental, physical, reproductive and sexual health.
Objectives:
1. To determine the prevalence of domestic violence among married women of reproductive age.
2. To know the causes of domestic violence.
Methodology:
1. Study design: Cross-sectional study.
2. Sample population: All married women in the reproductive age of 18-49yrs.
3. Study setting: An urban slum of Davangere.
4. Study period: 2 months from 1st June to 31st July 2015.
5. Study tool: Study was conducted using a predesigned, pretested, semi-structured questionnaire
which was translated to local language kannada. Informed written consent was taken from each
of the participants and confidentiality of their responses was assured and also the purpose of
study was explained. The questionnaire included information pertaining to the socio-demographic
parameters and experience of domestic violence.
6. Inclusion criteria:
a. Married women in the age group between 18-49 years who are willing to participate in the
study
7. Exclusion criteria:
a. Participants who are not present during the time of the study.
Results: Awaited
Conclusion: Awaited
Keywords: domestic violence; urban slum
5. Domestic violence against women and their mental health status in a colony in Nandyal, Andhra
Pradesh
B.Sumalatha1, M.A.Mushtaq Pasha2, Afsar Fatima3, Isaac Ebenezer, 4 D.Surendra babu5
Santhiram Medical College, Nandyal, AP
1
BACKGROUND:
Violence against women is a major public health and human rights issue in the world today. This study
was conducted to assess the consequences of domestic violence on the mental health of women of
reproductive age group.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
A community-based, cross-sectional study was conducted in noone palli village in Nandyal, Kurnool
district, Andhra Pradesh. The study period was January to March 2015. Almost 350 women of 15-49
years age group residing in the community were selected by stratified random sampling.
These women were administered an interview schedule adapted from WHO multi-country study
on women's health and domestic violence. They were assessed for the presence of domestic violence.
Mental health status of these women was estimated by using self-reporting questionnaire 20. Data were
analyzed using SPSS 17 software. The test applied was chi square test for proportion and binary logistic
regression.
RESULTS
,CONCLUSIONS
AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
WILL
BE
DISCUSSED
DURING
CONFERENCE
6.Domestic violence and women refugees as silent victims in third world countries”
SHIMA AZIZI Research scholar in law, Department of Studies in Law, Manasagangothri, University of
Mysore
Prof, Dr. C. BASAVARAJU, Professor and Dean, Department of Studies in Law, Manasagangothri,
University of Mysore
In the present study, the researcher is going to consider the effect of domestic violence on women
refugees with reference to recent events particularly in third world countries. Domestic violence is most
often directed toward women and means a particular type of violence characterized by a pattern or
abusive behaviors by one or both partners in a relationship. It has many forms and can include physical
aggression, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, and controlling behavior as well as economic deprivation.
It must mention hardly, the refugee status affects men and women differently. Women, who flee their
homes in search of safe place from violence, face such different level of domestic violence in many
refugee communities. Refugee women are vulnerable to rape, sexual assault and other forms of sexual
violence. Three approaches of domestic violence of refugees are included;
-
Structural violence
-
Cultural reasons
-
Individual reasons
Exploring domestic violence in a refugee camp is particularly valuable. Therefore, in examining domestic
violence, first of all must examine the power relation between man and woman and how the refugee
experience affects their relationship. Then, must acknowledge that the camp is an arena in which multiple
power struggles with respect to how handle domestic violence are taking place.
Therefore there is need to study how the presence or absence of particular legal sanction against
domestic violence in such countries can be effective in eliminating of this phenomenon. Furthermore,
addressing the role of local domestic violence support services in third world countries is felt.
The present research work will prove that community education or better strategies to ensure migrant
women at risk on arrival to asylum countries and existence of cultural awareness training for service
provider under different NGOs and UNHCR to be needed.
WORKPLACE HARRASMENT
1.STREET HARASSMENT ON WORKING WOMEN IN NANDYAL TOWN
Authors:Vijaya Vishnu.G1,M.A.Mushtaq Pasha2,Afsar Fatima3,Isaac Ebenezer4
PG Student,Department of Community Medicine,Santhiram Medical College,N.H.18,Nandyal-.Kurnool
District,Andhra Pradesh
BACKGROUND: Street harassment is any action or comment between strangers in public places that is
disrespectful, unwelcome, threatening and/or harassing and is motivated by gender or sexual orientation
or gender expression. It will range from Leers, whistles, honks, kissing noises, gender-policing, and nonsexually explicit evaluative comments, to more insulting and threatening behaviour like vulgar
gestures,sexually charged comments, flashing, and stalking, to illegal actions like public masturbation,
sexual touching, assault, and murder. Street harassment can induce a variety negative mental health
effects. They include depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), increased blood pressure,
suicidal tendency.
OBJECTIVE: 1) To analyse different factors related to street harassment in working women residing in
working women hostel Nandyal2) Remedial measures
METHODOLOGY:Study design: Cross sectional study andStudy Population were Women residing in
Working Women Hostel in Nandyal town, NANDYAL.Sampling Technique were simple random
samplingStudy tool Pre-designed, pre-tested, semi-structured questionnaire with sample size 310
OBSERVATIONS: Among study group 84% have experienced some form of street harassment. In that
70% has experienced some form of harassment when they are alone. 83% has experienced harassment
on road side. 71% have experienced visual harassment. 58% has experienced harassment at night time
i.e. after 6pm. 85% were aware of Nirbhaya act. Relationship of marital status with harassment &
relationship of transport with harassment is statistically significant.
DISCUSSION: 182(70%) experienced harassment when they are alone. 218(84%) experienced
harassment when they are going on road, 230(74.2%) people got depressed when they were harassed.
150(58%) got harassed after 6 pm.
CONCLUSIONS: Age, religion, education, profession are not statistically significant with harassment.
There is strong relationship of mode of transport with harassment. 50% of people travelling by buses get
harassed followed by 25% in share auto and least in personal vehicle. 78% unmarried got harassed with
P< 0.05. 91% persons got harassed physically while travelling by bus and none in personal vehicle.
RECOMMENDATIONS:-report to police, share your story in person & stories online, write about it, map it,
be a male ally, take self defence.
2. Sexual harassment at working place: A need for Law
Dr.Dinesh.S1,, Dr.T.R.Maruthi**
*Associate Professor of Law, SJM Law College, Chitradurga, Karnataka, India.
** Chairman, Department of Law and Research Centre, University of Mysore, Mysore, Karnataka, India
It is an open truth that working women have to face problems just by virtue of their being women.
Women have become equal participants in many respects at all levels of society. The future
would see more women venturing into areas traditionally dominated by men. This will lead to income
generation and greater sense of fulfillment among women. The attitude that considers women fit for
certain jobs and not others, those who recruit employees. Women are in vulnerable conditions from
ancient society till today, especially in working places. Various social reformers have tried to uplift the
social conditions of women. Judiciary has played a vital role for her empowerment. Because of
globalization, various sectors of government opened the gate for foreign corporate entities. Thousand of
educated women working day and night in those service sectors, due to that the problems of working
women’s has taken another shape, they are harassed physically (sexually) and mentally, there
fundamental and human rights are in threat. There is no strong and specific legislation for protection of
working women and their rights, Hence, the present paper aims is to how the judicial development for the
protection of working women rights.
However, the entire aim of the paper seems to the landmark judgment by the Supreme Court of
India in Vishaka v/s State of Rajasthan. It was in fact in this case for the very first time, that sexual
harassment at the workplace was acknowledged to be a human rights violation, and elaborate guidelines
were put into place. Sexual harassment at workplace was becoming an intolerable and uncontrollable
panic. Amidst various other developments, controversies and delays, the Indian legislature finally enacted
the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention, Prohibition and Redressal) Act, 2013 (Act
No. 14 of 2013), with an objective to protect women against sexual harassment at workplace and to put in
place a redressed mechanism to handle complaints. The Act has effectively adopted and followed the
guidelines laid down in the Vishaka judgment with added provisions of strictness and compliance.
.
3. TITLE: Harassment of women at workplace in India
Dr Vani H C1, Dr Shobha1, Dr T S Ranganath2
1 – Assistant Professor 2-Professor & Head of Department, Dept of
Community Medicine,
Bangalore Medical College & Research Institute, Bangalore
OBJECTIVES:
1. To study the prevalence of harassment of women at workplace in India
2. To study the types and reasons of harassment of women at workplace in India
METHODOLOGY:
Study design – cross sectional study
Sample size – A study conducted in South India showed that 28.8% of the women were harassed at
workplace. Based on these findings with absolute precision of 5% and at desired confidence interval of
95% it has been estimated that 315 women need to be included in the study. However it is proposed to
cover 347 women. (Assuming 10% as non response)
Participants: any women working in India in any of the sectors either government or private are open to
participate in the study. Pre tested semi structured questionnaire has been framed. Questions have been
shared to as many women as possible through Google document form (shared via email & watsapp)
throughout India and information regarding harassment of women at workplace is being collected. Those
working women who have access to internet and a android phone with accessible internet connection has
been included in the study. Among these working women those who are not willing to answer have been
excluded.
OBSERVATION: (results of 10% of sample size i.e 35 participants)
Mean age of study population is 32 years (±9.07). Majority ie 56% were belonging to professional group,
69% were working permanent & full time basis & 71.8% from private organisation.
Prevalence of
perceived workplace harassment of women in India is 23.1%. Prevalence of perceived sexual
harassment of women at workplace in India is 7.7%. Most common type of workplace harassment
reported was being assigned lots of work even when other colleagues were free followed by being
isolated at workplace socially or professionally. Most common type of sexual harassment as reported at
workplace was making sexually suggestive eye contact (25.6%). Most common reason for workplace
harassment is being more efficient than others & being beautiful. Those who were sexual harassed
complained and had a written copy of it.
CONCLUSION: will be commented after complete study i.e after meeting the required sample size.
4.Sexual Harassment of Women at Work Place- Issues and Challenges
Chitra.B.T *, Prof (Dr).C.Basavaraju**
* LL.M, M.Phil., Research scholar, Dept. of studies in Law, University of Mysore and Assistant Professor,
R.V.College of Engineering, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
** M.A.,LL.M.,Ph.D., Professor, Dean, faculty of Law and Registrar, University of Mysore, Mysore,
Karnataka, India
Sexual harassment is a serious manifestation of sex discrimination at the workplace and a
violation of human rights as well as fundamental rights, cherished in the Constitution of India. It is yet
another form of violence against women reflecting patriarchal mindsets and gender based discrimination
that women experience at work. It is also anexpression of power relations, as women are much more
likely to be the victims of sexual harassment because of their already existing vulnerability, insecurity, and
social conditioning to accept discrimination in silence.
A range of initiatives to combat sexual harassment at workplace have been conceived at the
national and global levels, including by the International Labour Organization. The Indian Supreme Court
in Vishakacase acknowledged Sexual Harassment at the workplace as a human rights violation.Keeping
in lieu the increase in the number of cases of Sexual Harassment faced by women, on 23 rd April, 2013, a
comprehensive legislation called ‘the Sexual Harassment of Women at Workplace (Prevention,
Prohibition & Redressal) Act, 2013’ was finally brought into force, these have inclined to conceptualize
sexual harassment as a form of sex discrimination and a manifestation of violence against women.
Despite this impressive progress, more work is needed to shift people’s attitudes toward
supporting victims and holding perpetrators accountable; there is a strong need to strengthen the Sexual
Harassment Act.
In this background, the aim of this paper is an attempt to address the issues and challenges
relating to sexual Harassment and the level of effective implementation of present legislation and also to
suggest some remedial measures.
-------------------------------------------------
5. The Home and the Work: The ‘Cul-de-Sac’ for the Corporate Woman
A Sociological Study of Life-Work Stresses and Burnout among Women Managers in the IT Sector
in Karnataka
Shalini Suryanarayan, Faculty, Department of Sociology Hindu College, University of Delhi, Delhi
People, men and women, in the course of their working lives try to achieve a balance between
their two main spheres of involvement – the home and their work. But achieving this balance is
often easier said than done. Women in particular have multiple and multicentric family
responsibilities that are usually non-negotiable. For women therefore, straddling work and private
life has always been a difficult balancing act. In the IT sector this is even more so. The portability
of technology, the narrowing of global distance and the compulsion to consistently outperform the
competition makes it even more difficult for the IT employee to dissociate work from leisure. This
contributes in significant measure to the stress ridden work-family dilemma that a woman already
has to face. In the IT sector time is crucial while implementing projects, clients are billed hourly,
work is carried round the clock in shifts and truly as nowhere else it is results that speak. Many
employees have to work odd hours to coordinate with different time zone locations. Deadlines are
often extremely forceful involving high expectations to deliver, the pressure to perform for both
men and women being intense as it were. Added to this, are the cutthroat competition and the
need to be first in the technology race. All these conditions lead to rather tight work schedules
and ‘aggressive deadlines’. People are routinely expected to meet stretch goals.
A woman has to be able to meet these expectations if she has to stay afloat in this domain of
technology which is now acknowledged as manifestly androcentric. At the same time socially
decreed conjugal and family roles too need to be scrupulously adhered to. Together these lead to
increased levels of stress. While in contemporary urban India, families are supportive of working
women, yet family obligations also extract their price on the woman. Many lifestyle diseases such
as hypertension and diabetes have been traced to increased levels of stress compounded by job
stress. These often create conditions of burnout for women who buckle under the pressure and
either quit their jobs or undersell themselves at work.
This paper is based on a sociological study of over 250 women professionals in the IT sector in
Bangalore and Mysore. Through quantitative measures and qualitative inputs it explores the
problem of family vs career that women invariably get to face and the repercussions to emotional,
psychological and physical health and well-being that ensue from being lodged in the midst of this
dilemma.
Key Words: Gender, IT Sector, Job Stress, Work-Family Dilemma, Health Concerns, Fatigue, Burnout.
6. ISSUES AND CHALLENGES IN TACKLING SEXUAL HARASSMENT OF WOMEN AT WORK
PLACE
*Dr. Janhavi S S, B.Sc., LL.M., M.Phil., Ph.D. , Chairperson, Department of Studies and Research in Law,
Karnataka State Open University, Mukthagangotri, Mysuru.
*
In the rapid phase of development, one thing which tends to be resolute is the age old superiority of man
over women; the superiority is manifested in the form of suppression, exploitation, domestic violence,
gender bias, eve teasing, molestation and sexual abuse or sexual harassment at work place etc. Even
though Rig-Veda stated that the women’s should have equal status with men, but this thought was never
followed best example is that in the medieval period where all the cruel customs were introduced like sati,
child marriage, devdasi etc which happened to change the whole status and scenario of the women in a
negative way. The most shameful thing is that even after number of good legislations passed by the
government to suppress the crimes against women; still these customs are followed by the people in
many parts of India.
Violence against women like rape, marital rape, domestic violence stalking, human trafficking and
forced prostitution, female genital mutilation, breast ironing, obstetric violence and sexual harassment etc
will be increased in widespread. Regardless of many years of advocacy and involvement of many feminist
activist organizations, the issue of violence against women still "remains one of the most pervasive forms
of human rights violations worldwide. Though sexual assault and rape are prominent forms of violence
against women, women do frequently face intimidating or repressive types of inappropriate sexual
behavior at work place. The victim often undergoes severe stress, strain, but also violates a broad range
of rights she is endowed with, such as right to live with dignity. Even then women who refuse to submit to
sexual adventures of those in power are many a time victimized at work place. With this background the
present paper focuses on issues and challenges in tackling sexual harassment of women at work place.
7. WORKING CONDITION OF WOMEN SANITATION WORKERS"
Ms. Pavitha.T.M Research Scholar, Centre for women’s studies, University Of Mysore, Manasagangotri,
Mysore,
Despite various social policies since independence, the situation of the Scheduled Castes in India is still
improved to satisfactory level. The status of women sanitation workers or municipality sanitary workers is
one of the good example for this. The working condition of women sanitation workers or municipality
sanitary workers have remained virtually unchanged for over a century. Apart from the social atrocities
that these workers face, they are exposed to certain health problems also. Against this background this
working paper examines issues related to social, economic, health and occupational problems of women
sanitation workers and reasons for working condition. The study also made an attempt to highlight their
major issues and problems, which may require an urgent attention of the governmental authorities as well
as society. The study suggests that there is a need to implement cultural specific divergent policy
responses for the speedy upliftment and mainstreaming this community. This study has been conducted
on women sanitation workers.
SOCIO ECONOMIC ISSUES
1. The Gender Dimension of Urban Poverty in the Era of Neo-Liberalism
C.G. Padma Kumari, Research Scholar, Assistant Professor, Political Science Department,
Government First Grade College,Chickballapur-562101, Karnataka state, India.
Objectives:

To Study and focus on Feminization of Urban Poverty

To analyze the vulnerabilities of the urban poor women

To analyze the gender discrimination and patriarchal values of the society towards the poor
women

To study the discriminations against women in house, workplace and market

To analyze whether urbanization and Neo-liberal Reforms a boon or bane for the poor women

To assess and analyze the magnitude and intensity of the poverty burden on women
Observations:

The complex nature of relationship between urban poverty and gender discrimination is a critical
issue to be focused on.

On the one hand urbanization offers opportunities for women , on the other hand increases the
vulnerabilities of the poor women

Neo-Liberal Macro Economic Policies have accentuated inequality and poverty on urban women
as paid, unpaid and underpaid workers.

As home makers women have shouldered the burden of Globalization due to the
commercialization of day to day needs

There is an urgent need for affirmative action by democratic institutions of the Nation States and
for evolving new strategies to address the vicious circle of poverty, discrimination and gender.
Conclusions:
Without progress towards gender equality and empowerment of the women none of the Millennium
Development goals will be achieved and without protecting the rights of the women Globalization
cannot have a human face.
2. A Qualitative study on Knowledge and attitude towards child marriage practice among women
married as children in Nandyal.
B.Sumalatha1, M.A.Mushtaq Pasha2, Afsar Fatima3, Isaac Ebenezer, 4 D.Surendra babu5
1.Santharam Medical College, Nandyal, AP
Background:
Child marriage (<18 years) is prevalent in India which is associated with negative health outcomes.
Throughout the world, marriage is regarded as a moment of celebration and a milestone in adult life.
Sadly the practice of early marriage gives no such cause for celebration. All too often, the imposition of a
marriage partner upon a child means that a girl or boy’s childhood is cut short and their fundamental
rights are compromised.
Aims and objectives: Our aim is to describe women’s knowledge and attitude towards child marriage
practice who themselves were married as children.
Methods: Selection of participants Data for this paper was drawn from in-depth interviews conducted
with 30 pre-identified married women of reproductive age (15–49 years). Participants were selected for
interview if the woman 1) was married before the age of 18 years (child marriage) 2) was married for at
least 5 years, and 3) had at least one child birth. Reasons
for setting the said selection criteria were to make sure that the interviewee had a prenatal and postnatal
experience that they have spent a considerable time in
marital union. Participants were selected from urban slums of Nandyal.
RESULTS
,CONCLUSIONS
CONFERENCE
AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
WILL
BE
DISCUSSED
DURING
3. Utilization of Social Security Schemes among a Remote Rural population in Mysuru
Dr. Vijayageetha M1,Dr.Shrinivasa B M2, Mr.Nagendra3,Dr.Narayanamurthy M R4, Dr. Renuka M5
: 1Postgraduate, 2Lecturer, 3Medico social worker,4Professor, 5Professor and Head Department of
Community Medicine, J S S Medical College, Mysuru
Introduction
Inclusive development and equitable distribution stands for distribution of equity for the last
person standing in the queue. An equitable distribution of resources without any disparity can be attained
only when there is adequate awareness and percolation of this knowledge supported by a substantial
utilization of government schemes to the last individual.With this background the present study was
undertaken.
OBJECTIVES
To estimate the prevalence of households covered under the various social security measures.
METHODOLOGY
A cross sectional study was conducted at Basavanpura, NanjangudTaluk,Mysuruin the field
practice area of JSS Medical College during May 2015.Basavanpura is a village hamlet situated at a
distance of 40 kms from the district headquarters and 8kms away from the nearest health facility,
surrounded by lush green fields with an agrarian majority who work hard to cater to their basic
necessities.A total of 54 households were chosen by simple random sampling technique and all those
who consented were included in the study. The information regarding the sociodemographic profile was
obtainedby interview using a semi-structured questionnaire. Descriptive and inferential statistics were
used for analysis.
RESULTS
The prevalence of households covered under the various social security schemes for education(55.55%),
nutrition(94.44%) and economic(90.74%) were well utilized compared to domains such as reproductive
and child health(49.15%), housing(31.48%) ,agriculture (31.48%) and women empowerment(33.33%)
which were less utilized.
CONCLUSION
Increasing awareness and creating an enabling environment will ensure the utilization of such
social security measures. To attain an equitable distribution the various barriers to access these services
such as emphasis on implementation have to be addressed which would eliminate the inequity among
these rural demarginalized masses.
4. Title: Needs of Family Members of Critically Ill Patients in Intensive Care Unit of a Tertiary
Hospital.
Praveen Kumar N., Kanchana Nagendra
Sivamogga Institute of Medical Sciences, Shimoga, Karnataka
Introduction:The experience in intensive care unit (ICU) has created an intense emotional situation both
to patients and their familymembers. The aim of this study was to determine the family members
information needs of critically ill patients in ICU.
Objectives:To understand the needs of critically ill patient’s families.
Methodology:A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 100 family members of patients
admitted in ICU. A face to face interview was conducted and a self-report questionnaire of the Critical
Care Family Needs Inventory (CCFNI) was used.Descriptive statistics and comparison of proportions are
reported. Statistical analysis was done on SPSS version 21.
Observations:Information
and
assurance
were
perceived
as
being
the
major needs by the relatives.
Conclusion:The results suggest that family members perceived support and proximity as the most crucial
need. Comfort need was viewed as least important. Although this study was conducted in a tertiary
hospital, the findings could still provide insight for health care providers to improve the delivery ofcare to
patients and family members.
5. Title : Unmet health needs and health seeking behaviour among migrants living in rural
Puducherry – mixed method approach
Manikandan Srinivasan,1 Kalaiselvi Selvaraj,2 Subitha Lakshminarayanan3, Premarajan KC4
1 Junior Resident, 2 Senior Resident, 3 Asst Professor, 4 Professor and Head of the Department, Dept
of Preventive and Social Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate medical Education and Research,
Puducherry-6
Background:
In India, largely the inter-state migrants are working in unorganized sectors. Migrants are excluded from
various benefits like healthcare services, social security schemes and legal rights.
Objectives:
This study was done to identify unmet health needs among migrants and their perceptions in terms of
work, living environment and social relationship with the community members and coping mechanisms.
Materials & Methods:
This study was done in service area of JIPMER Rural Health Centre (JIRHC) in the month of March 2015.
Migrants were identified through social mapping and snowball technique. From all non Tamil speaking
eligible migrants, information on socio demographic characteristics, duration of migration, household
possessions, self reported morbidities in last three months, preferred health care providers and utilization
of health services were collected through pre-tested interview schedule. Perception of migrants regarding
their socialization process and coping mechanisms were explored through in-depth interviews. Recorded
verbatim of in-depth interviews were transcribed and themes were identified.
Observations
Totally 162 migrants were studied from 51 households. Majority of the participants migrated from Bihar
(53%) and Odisha (25%) and around 50% of them were appointed through contractors. Majority of them
were working as unskilled labourers in steel company. Of 162 participants, 117 (72.2%) had some
morbidities in past 3 months and 113 (97%) had sought treatment. Majority (50%) preferred private health
facility for treatment and the reason for preference was proximity and less waiting period. Around 10%
(n=17) had unmet health care need and the common barriers were fear of loss of wages and
communication (language issues). Migrants were preferred by employers due to higher absenteeism,
tendency to make labour union and demand for more wages by the local labour force.
Conclusion: In this study, majority of migrants live in poor socio economic and housing conditions. Unmet
health needs exist especially in antenatal care, family planning and continuum of care for chronic
diseases. The local primary care centres should mainstream these migrants in their work plan.
Key words: Migrants, morbidity, unmet needs, health seeking behaviour, preferred provider, heath care
utilization
6. Barrier to help-seeking behaviour in patients with headache.
Dr.Deepa John, Dr.Harsha.S, Dr. Dushad Ram,Dr.Keshava B .S,Dr.Harshal Rathod
Department of Neurology, JSS Medical College, Mysuru.
Background: Studies conducted in western countries revealed that characteristic of headache and sociocultural factors determine help seeking. There is a dearth of study from India that address help-seeking
behaviour in patients with headache.
Objectives: This study was conducted to know the demographic factors, that may be a barrier to helpseeking behaviour in patients with headache.
Methods: Two hundred patients suffering from headache were recruited in this study as per inclusion
criteria and was assessed with Sociodemographic proforma and Barriers to Help-Seeking Scale (BHSS).
Results: Our study showed that 99% experienced barrier to help-seeking behaviour. Such experienced
involve the all the domains of barrier to help-seeking behaviour
( Need for control and self-reliance, Minimizing problem and resignation,Concrete barriers and distrust of
caregivers, Privacy, Emotional control). Gender, occupation, Socio-economic status, Religion had a
significant group difference in various domain of barrier to help-seeking behaviour.
Conclusions: Patients with headache commonly experience
barriers to help-seeking. Gender,
occupation, socio-economic status, religion of the patient are associated with barrier to help-seeking.
7. “A study on the opinion of mothers with regard to school counselling services”
Akshatha Karanth.* & Mohan A K**
*Research scholar, Department of Studies in Social Work, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysore - 06.
**Asst. Professor, Department of Studies in Social Work, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysore -06.
The present article speaks about the mother’s knowledge on the challenges faced by the secondary
school students, their existing knowledge regarding school counselling services, parents’ expectation
from the school and the opinion of mothers with regard to school counselling services in Bangaluru City.
Counselling as a profession is definitely a child of the western countries. The Indian society with its strong
family bonds and a warm community feeling and spiritual essence has been providing the shock
absorbers in times of crisis and a support system to deal with the various psycho social issues. Perhaps;
this is one reason for the slow growth of the profession of counselling in India. Secondary School
students are faced with many problems, including psychological, social, vocational and education almost
of which they are unable to solve on their own. They therefore need assistance in handling these
problems. Guidance and counselling programme if well implemented can assist adolescents in problem
solving. This article made an effort to know the opinion of mothers of students studying in 8 th to 10th
standard in two schools with regard to school counselling services in Bangaluru, Karnataka.
Key words: School Counselling, Challenges, opinion
8. Assessment of Current level of Compliance to COTPA (The Cigarette and Other Tobacco
Product Act) 2003 in Mysore district of State of Karnataka, India.
Dr. Laxmi, Assistant Professor, Department of Social Work, PBMMEC, Mysore
Tobacco is the single greatest cause of death globally. As many as half of people who use tobacco die
from the results of this use. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that each year tobacco
causes about 6 million deaths (about 10% of all deaths) with 0.6 million of these occurring in non smokers
due to second hand smoke. In the 20th century tobacco is estimated to have caused 100 million deaths.
The government of India implemented Cigarettes and other Tobacco Product Act of 2003 which prohibits
smoking in a public places, advertisement and regulation of trade and commerce, production, supply and
distribution, direct or indirect advertisement, sponsorship and promotion of tobacco products and sale to
and by minors and prohibition of sale around educational institutions. In order to find the compliance of
COTPA in Mysore district the study was conducted with the help of State Institute of Health & Family
Welfare Karnataka and the International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. The objective of
the study was to assess the current level of compliance to various sections of COTPA in Mysore district.
For compliance monitoring an observation checklist was used to assess the compliance to different
sections of the Act which has been developed by the “International Union against Tuberculosis and Lung
Disease”. A total of 410 public places, 400 point of sale, 400 educational institutions were observed to
assess the compliance to the COTPA Act (2003). It was found that there is clear violation of the Act in
majority places.
Key words: Tobacco, Cigarettes, advertisement, prohibition, compliance.
9. EDUCATING, EMPOWERING AND CAPACITY BUILDING OF RURAL WOMEN IN MICRO
ENTREPRENEURSHIP THROUGH SELF HELP GROUPS
Dr. Sangeetha R. Mane*
Mr. M. Ravindra**
*Associate Professor, Department of Social Work, Karnatak University, Dharwad – 580003,
**Assistant Professor, Department of Social Work, Karnatak University, Dharwad – 580003,
The issues of empowerment of women moved center stage during the last three decades of the second
millennia, mainly through the efforts of the United Nations by declaring 1975 as the women's year and
1975-82 as the women's decade. This period coincided with the sixth plan period in India when the
approach was shifted from welfare to development by farming “Swaranjayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana”
unified poverty alleviation programme and National Policy for Empowerment Women 2001. An attempt
has been made in the present study in 2012 to know the impact of entrepreneurship programme
"Aajeevika" a National Rural Livelihoods Mission implemented on 3rd June, 2011 across the country in
educating and empowering rural women through self help groups in mobilizing and capacity building of
members.
Women SHGs in rural area, under Stree Shakti Scheme, are doing yeomen service in organizing women
power. The SHGs are providing employment opportunities to large masses of illiterate, ignorant and
suppressed women folk. Currently, over 90% of SHGs in Dharwad Taluk consist exclusively of women
and SHGs are the preferred strategy for both credit delivery for the poor and women’s empowerment.
Involvement of women in enterprise is the most viable strategic tool for their empowerment since they
become significant contributors in managing the household cash flow, which enables them to improve
their status in the family and in community as a whole. Through their increased participation in the
household economy they gain more confidence and play equal role in the household decisions.
Key Words: Education, Rural Women Empowerment, Decision Making, Income Generation Activity, Micro
Entrepreneurship, Self Help Groups.
10. HUMAN TRAFFICKING - PREVENTIVE INTERVENTIONS OF NGOs IN SOUTH INDIA
Dr. Kumudini Achchi
Assistant Professor, PG Department of Social Work, JSS College of Arts, Commerce and Science, Ooty
Road, Mysore – 570 025
India is a country with rich traditions and unique culture. In such righ culture, women has been kept and
treated with great respect and importance. Contradicting to the above dipiction, women has been the
victims of humiliation, torture and explotiation from time immemorial. Sexual exploitation was one among
them which never been discussed in the form of exploitation. Infact, prostitution has been in the society
which had religious sanction too. During those time, the prostituted women were treated with great
dignity as they were well qulified in various discipines. But when the institution like marriage and familiy
become stronger, practice of prostituion took a commercial form where all types of rights were denyed to
the women in sex trade. In such conditions, knowing the hardnes of the task, a very few number of NGOs
have intervend in preventing women in sexual trade. A study was conducted to understand the types and
quality of interventions considering 24 NGOs of South India. The study adopts descrptive and diagnostice
research design and interview as tool to collect the data. Statustaical techniques such as discriptive
statistics and contigency co-effeiciant test were adopted. The study reveals NGOs believes in prevention
of the problem inspite of it being old practice. Counselling the vulnerable families a nd educating the
society have been idnetified as a successful tool. The study also highlights different types of preventive
activities adopted and also resons for not adopting preventive activies. The major reasons they quote is
the obstacles from police department, goonds etc.
Key Words: Commercailly sexually exploited women, Prevention, NGO Intervention, South India.
________________________________________________________________________
11. Impact of certain social factors on the freedom of expression in the families of Mysore city
overtime apparel women workers - A regression approach
Dr. Vadiraja N, Rajgopal N.N., Mudassir Azeez Khan
Department of Community Medicine , Mysore Medical College & Research Institute, Mysore
An apparel industry is booming in India. The economic importance of the garment industry has increased
phenomenally since the introduction of economic reforms in 1991. Karnataka is one of the states where
the garment industry is witnessing a rapid growth. Indian constitution offers all citizens , individually and
collectively, some basic freedoms and are guaranteed in the Constitution in the form of six broad
categories of Fundamental Rights which are justifiable . Article 12 to 35 contained in Part III of the
Constitution deal with Fundamental Rights. One among them is right to freedom of speech and
expression in order to empower themselves in such a way that the people gain control over the factors
and decision that shape their lives. It is the process by which they increase their assets and attributes and
build capacities to gain access , partners , networks in order to gain control. However, this sector attracts
more women force towards it. A major chunk of almost 67.3% of women is working in this segment in
Karnataka state capital. The most neglected southern interior part of Karnataka is an upcoming area in
garment segment, especially Mysore city. According to 2011 survey of Mysore district statistical
department almost 5600 workers were working in this segment . Also that from factories act (1948,
section 51 and 54) a worker should not work more than 48 hours per week , else it is considered as
overtime work load with a condition that not exceeding 9 hours in any given day. However, for one or the
other reasons, especially in apparels, this rule has been totally violated. Overtime workload along with the
social dimension has direct impact on the risk factors of family life. One of the foremost factor is the ”freed
of expression”. As a result, for overtime apparel women workers in a district head quarter of Mysore, a
cross sectional study has been planned and through regression approach the implication of few social
dimensional factors on their freedom of expression in the family will be studied. The sample size for this
study will be estimated using an estimation technique for level of significance 0.05. The sampling
elements will be selected from the group of “Overtime apparel women workers” of Mysore using stratified
simple random sampling technique with Tipet’s random number table.
12. Title – “A study on effect of educational status on dowry practices among married women
attending UFWC, Davangere.”
Dr. BHAGYALAKSHMI R T [Postgraduate]; Dr. T P MANJUNATH [Professor]
Department of Community Medicine, J. J. M. Medical College, Davangere.
Introduction: Dowry became a serious social problem when grooms and their families started to demand
dowry at the time of marriage negotiation. The overall situation exacerbated as bride’s family with wealth
started to offer high amount of dowry to attract better quality groom. Dowry will not be lower for educated
brides as educated women are usually better empowered having their own opinions and ideas are not
preferred by groom’s family. So this study is taken up to know whether the same perception still prevails
in our society.
Objectives: 1) To study the effects of educational status on dowry practices among
married women
2) To study other related determinants influencing dowry practices
Methodology:
STUDY DESIGN: Cross sectional study
STUDY TOOL: Semi structured questionnaire
STUDY SETTING: Field practice area of J.J.M. Medical College, UFWC, Dodapette, Davangere.
STUDY PERIOD: June - August, 2015
SAMPLE SIZE: Based on the pilot study the prevalence of dowry practice is 82% among couples.
So, p=82
q=(100-82) =18
n =4pq/l2 where l is allowable error of p, taken as 10% of p
n = 87
10% has been added to make up the loses
= 87+9 = 96, rounded off to 100
INCLUSION CRITERIA: Married women in the reproductive age group & who give consent for the study.
Data will be analyzed by applying tests of significance based on proportions such as chi square test.
Observations & Conclusions: Study is still going on. The observation and conclusion will be presented
during the conference.
13. Trafficking of Girls and Women by Religious and Social
Sanction
Dr.N.D.Gowda* Dr. T.R.Maruthi**
*Assistant Professor, Saraswathi Law College, Chitradurga, Karnataka
**Chairman, Department of Studies in Law, University of Mysure, Mysure, Karnataka
In Temple Prostitution such as Devadasis cult existed in India since inception. This occupation of
God’s slave Girl degraded into Temple prostitution in the present times. With the passage of time, a
significant percentage of Decades became commercial sex workers. Young Devadasis fetch high price in
Mumbai and Pune brothels. The temple priests are known to threaten families with vengeance of goddess
Yellama if they do not dedicate their daughters to the temple as devadasis. The traffickers in league with
the priests lure these women and girls to the commercial prostitution. As a result, about 50% of the
devadasis turn into commercial sex workers.
The Devadasi system was always and till date the institutionalized method of exploitation of
women who belong to the poor, less powerful and sometimes lower class of the society. It was basically
the religious sanction for prostitution of socially and economically challenged women in India. The priests
who hold a special position of reverence and superiority in the Indian society cajoled and enticed the poor
rural families to fall for the trap of miserable prostitution of their daughters. The ill fated women who were
trapped in the nexus of evil minded powerful people and priests network were never allowed to live a
normal and free life. They were abandoned by the society and there was no happiness, will or
independence left for them in the mortal life. The only escape from the trap was death or an even
miserable life after their youth is gone.
The challenges faced by the society and in particular the adverse impact of the devadasi system
on the masses and the step to be taken to rehabilitate the victims of devadasi system and their children.
Though there are laws passed by many states for the prevention of the devadasi system with special
beneficial provision, aiming at bringing the devadasi to the mainstream of the society, yet these provisions
are not known to the victims of this system and it is in this area, my opinion is that the legal services
authorities have a great role to play by organizing awareness programmes and camps in such places
where this system still prevails and educate the masses. This would go a long way in rehabilitating the
victims of devadasi system. The district and sub divisional judicial officials, senior advocates, law
teachers, NGOs, devadasis and their self help groups, district law enforcing officials, district
administrative officials may speak on the problems faced by them, and district legal services authority
may prepare “District Action Plan”(DAP) to combat the situation at the district, taluk, police stations and
village level.
The role of the NGOs appears to be pivotal in eradication of the devadasi system and
rehabilitation of the liberated devdasis. It is a hard fact that this deep rooted problem cannot be
addressed properly by the efforts of the district legal services authority or state legal services authority
alone. Hence, NGOs and devdasi self help groups (SHGs) should be involved in the process.
14. A Study on Social Acceptance of Surrogacy in Mysuru City
* Dr. Kumudini Achchi
**Ms. Revathi. R
***Ms. Kavitha S
*Assistant Professor, JSS College of Arts, Commerce and Science, Ooty Road, Mysuru-25,
**II Year MSW, PG Department of Social Work, JSS College of Arts, Commerce and Science, Ooty Road,
Mysuru-25
***Research Scholar, JSS Research Foundation, University of Mysuru, Mysuru-06,
Keywords: Surrogacy, Social acceptance, Cultural influence, infertility
Infertility is not just about the inability to conceive, but also the associated trauma the individual and the
couple go through. Surrogacy is an arrangement in which a woman carries and delivers a child for
another couple or a person. It is also considered as the ‘womb for the rent. It is not only a medical issue
but also a social, cultural, economic, emotional issue as such mainly due to the social acceptance of
surrogacy practice was very limited due to lack of knowledge and awareness.
A study was conducted to understand the social acceptance of surrogacy by the Mysurians. Descriptive
and diagnostic research design was adopted for the present study. Interview schedule as a tool adopted
to elicit data from the 60 respondents with different educational background were considered for the
present study. Data was collected at three stages i.e., pre-interview schedule, educated reaction of the
respondents and post- interview schedule. For statistical analysis of collected data Contingency Coefficient and Chi- Square tests were adopted by using SPSS Package.
Study reveals that majority of the respondents were unaware of the concept of the surrogacy in the pre –
interview schedule due to lack of knowledge, by giving education about the concept of surrogacy and its
acceptance, in the second reaction (educated reaction) of the respondents, majority of the respondents
show poor response about the social acceptance of surrogacy due to socio-cultural factors, but, some
show good response about the social acceptance of the surrogacy. Finally, in the Post-interview
schedule, reaction about the acceptance of the surrogacy; socially was less, but, minimum level of good
response increased among the educated respondents. Thus, surrogacy and its practice were not
accepted socially by the Mysurians to certain extent.
15. A CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY ON DETERMINANTS AND IMPACT OF EARLY MARRIAGE IN
WOMEN OF AN URBAN POPULATION OF DAVANGERE CITY
Dr. NAVNEET KAUR SANDHU [Postgraduate];
Dr. R.G.GEETHALAKSHMI [ Professor]
J. J. M. Medical College, Davangere.
Aims and objectives:
1. To know the determinants and impact of early marriage in women of an urban population residing in
Doddapete , Davangere
Introduction:
Early marriage is a long-established custom in India. As early as 1929, the ‘Sarda Act’ was enacted
raising the age at marriage to 14 years for girls and 18 years for boys. The act was amended in 1949 and
1978 to raise it further to 15 years and 18 years for girls respectively and 18 to 21 years for boys. In spite
of the legislations prohibiting early marriages, the prevalence of child marriages in our country(according
to NFHS-3) is 47%, with the highest prevalence in Rajasthan(65.2%)and lowest in Himachal
Pradesh(12.3%).The prevalence in Karnataka is 14%(DLHS-4).Early marriage adversely affects the
health of the women and their children.
Hence this study was undertaken.
Materials and Methods:
Study design: A cross sectional descriptive study
Study setting: Urban family welfare centre (UFWC), Doddapete attached to JJM Medical College,
Davangere
Study period: 2 months (June, July 2015)
Sample size: All the women attending the UFWC during the study period will be interviewed.
Study tool: Pretested semi-structured questionnaire consisting of information regarding the women’s
socio-demographic profile, age at marriage, age at first pregnancy, reasons for early marriage and its
impact on health of the woman, was used to collect information after taking informed oral consent.
Results and conclusion: Awaited as the study is still going on. The complete results with conclusion will
be included in the paper.
16. “A STUDY ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROFILE OF WORKING WOMEN MEMBERS OF SELF HELP
GROUPS OF YALLAMMA NAGARA, DAVANGERE”.
Dr Ranjitha A (Post Graduate), Dr Vidya GS (Associate Professor)
Department of Community Medicine, J.J.M.Medical College, Davangere.
BACKGROUND:
Self help groups (SHGs) have a special role for empowering women that provide a critical outlet for building the
way for faster, fairer, and more sustainable socioeconomic status for them. They have emerged as support
groups in enhancing women’s ability in facing all kinds of problems in their domestic environment. Besides the
availability of microcredit to these members from banks, microfinance institutions brings about a change in their
household welfare and makes a significant impact on their socio economic status and their empowerment.
OBJECTIVE:
1. To study the sociodemographic background of the members of self help groups.
2. To know the income, expenditure and savings pattern of the self help group members.
METHODOLOGY:
Study design: Cross sectional study
Study setting: Four self help groups of Yallamma nagara, Davangere
Study population: All working women of SHG
Study period: 01.06.2015 to 31.07.2015
OBSERVATIONS AND CONCLUSION: Study is ongoing. Results will be presented at the time of conference.
KEYWORDS:Self help groups,Working women
17. A STUDY ON CHILD MARRIAGE AMONG EXPECTANT MOTHERS IN MYSURU CITY
*M C Sandhyarani & **Dr.C Usha Rao
*Research Scholar, DOS in Social Work, University of Mysore, Mysuru, Karnataka
**Associate Professor, DOS in Social Work, University of Mysore, Mysuru, Karnataka
Child marriage which was practiced in earlier days is still prevalent in India. It is considered to be
one of the heinous practices against young children. Child marriage is defined as the marriage before the
children attain 18years of age, which is common for both the genders. Child marriage among children
leads to health related problems like complications in early pregnancy, sexual violence and abuse etc.
Even though child marriage is prohibited in the country under “The Prohibition of Child marriage Act
2006”, it is been violated. It is widely prevalent in North India but recent studies shows that it is on the
increase in South India. It seems that two out of five girls are married off before they attain 18 years in
Karnataka (Child Rights Trust 2010). The Trust in its observatory study reported that the prevalence of
child marriage in the Mysuru District, the city of Heritage is about 25.2%. Hence there is a need to
understand the causes for child marriage and other precipitating factors for the child marriage among
expectant mothers in Mysuru city. For the purpose of the study more than 300 expectant mothers were
interviewed who visit for their hospital based check to a Government Hospital, which cater to the needs of
mothers from all sections of the society. Accidental sampling method has been adopted to interview the
respondents. The results revealed that the causes for child marriages are many, among them one of the
main cause is that the people have considered child marriage as a customary ritual and made an
obligation for young female children to undergo marriage process in some parts of rural and urban areas
in Mysuru city.
Key words: Child marriage, Prevalent, Expectant Mothers, Prohibition, Community
_____________________
18. A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY ON THE ROLE OF MARRIED WOMEN IN HOUSEHOLD
DECISION MAKING PROCESS IN A RURAL AEA OF KANCHEEPURAM DISTRICT, TAMIL NADU.
Dr.Sahaya Sona Theresa , Post graduate student, KANJEEPURAM Medical College, Chennai
Background
Women’s domestic decision-making powers are indicative of women’s autonomy and empowerment and
play an important role in promotion of family’s health and well-being. In a developing country like India,
women’s empowerment would aid in overall development of the nation. This study aims to explore the
role of married women in household decision-making process and its determinants in a rural area of
Kancheepuram district.
Methodology
This is a cross-sectional study, conducted in the field practice area of Shri Sathya Sai Medical College
and Research Institute for duration of one month. Universal sampling was followed. All married women
within the age group 18 to 45 years attending Rural Health and Training Centre were included in the
study. A semi-structured schedule was prepared in English, translated into Tamil and pre-tested and
applied to the participants after obtaining informed consent.
Results
Results of the study will be presented in the conference
Conclusions
The findings of this study will help us in planning focused health measures and awareness initiatives in
improving women’s health in our field practice area. The findings from this study can be used as an input
for the government and policy makers to frame appropriate strategies.
19. ROLE OF SELF HELP GROUPS IN PROMOTING WOMEN EMPOWERMENT
Sumana Gopichand1, M.A.Mushtaq Pasha2, Afsar Fatima3, Isaac Ebenezer4 D.Surendra babu 5
1post graduate student, Shantiram Medical College, Nandyal, AP
Back ground: Self help group is a small group of rural poor who have voluntarily come forward to form a
group for improvement of the social and economic status of the members. It can be formal or informal.
Members of self help group agree to save regularly and contribute to a common fund. The members
agree to use this common fund and such other funds, which they receive as a group to give small loans to
needy members as per the decision of the group. This study was done to create awareness about rights
that help in financial assistance of the women
Materials and Methods: The objective of the study was to identify problems and analyze and to empower
in the self help group. A community based cross sectional study among the self help group was done in
Kurnool district. Females of age group >25years and willing to give consent were involved. Children and
men are excluded. Almost 10 self help groups were involved. Each group consists of 15 to 20 members.
A structured pretested questionnaire is given to them and data is collected. The data was collected
between July to August 2015 Data was analyzed depending on the demographic information and women
empowerment.
Results, conclusions and recommendations will be discussed during conference.
20. Social Customs and Beliefs: A case study on Tribals of Andhra Pradesh
Venkateswara Rao Potana, PhD Candidate, Board of Studies- Theology, The South Asia Institute of
Advanced Christian Studies (SAIACS), Kothanur, Bangalore-560 077
The present study focuses on social customs and beliefs of tribals of Andhra Pradesh.
The nomad tribes in Andhra Pradesh mainly depended on the natural resources that were available in the
forest. Forest dwellers like Koya and Chenchu tribes depended on folk medicine business (Sharma 155).
Yanadi tribe is another prominent tribe which is basically a hunting tribe who used to live in the agency
areas but due to modern development these tribes have come down to the plains. The only hunting
available to them now, is the hunting of rats and snakes. They depend on natural resources for their
survival and for their health (Ganesh and Sudarsanam 1). In fact Tribals’ ethical values would be derived
from their religious convictions and the underlying orders of values of normal or abnormal are at the core of a
religion. For the tribals there is no sacred and secular, because they see religion as the centre of their society.
Paul Hiebert has given a clear picture of how the tribals view religion as the centre of the society in the following
diagram (Hiebert, 23).
The tribals’ life engages in celebration of several festivals, cultivation of the land, economy of the society,
hunting food, games and sports, art, worship, sacrifices, and devotional environment. Their life is
connected in many ways with their religious customs. Religion is the center of their life that governs their
beliefs and practices
21. ‘‘Women Empowerment through Self Help Groups in India’
-Jayamma C, Research Scholar, Dept. of Studies in History, University of Mysore, Mysore
“There is no chance for the welfare of the world
Unless the condition of women is improved.
It is not possible for a bird fly on one wing”.
-Swami Vivekananda
Empowerment is broadly a process, a transformation of power relations by which oppressed
persons gain some control over their own lives and involve in the matters which affect them directly.
Hence the new approach to the gender inequality holds that mere economic development of women
cannot bring them on par with men.
Hence, this paper is an attempt is made to concepts evolution and development of self – help
groups (SHGs) in India and identify and analyze the problems involved in empowering Indian women
through SHGs. The self help groups are new forms of institutions of people created by voluntarism for
self – help and mutual help and; they do help to destroy subordination of the poor and women to the
powerful and make them self – reliant. SHGs aims are Empowering women through financial
independence. Expert local bodies like NGOs, Government, resource agency and banks are partnered
with to ensure long term sustainability of the SHG’s. The main activity of the SHGs is thrift and credit. The
SHGs are then trained in different vocations and linked with the banks to start micro enterprises either in
groups or individually based on their interests and viability of the vocation. As earning and contributing
members of the family they are now active players in family decisions, responsible inter loaning bodies
and operating village institutions in the development of their villages. SHG is to bring a positive change in
the lives of the rural women. Self Help Group (SHG) is a small voluntary association of 10-20 people
either registered or unregistered preferably from the same socio-economic background. They come
together for the purpose of solving their common problems through self help and mutual help.
Key Words:
SHGs – Self Help Groups, NGOs - non-governmental organization, Empowerment – Upliftment
22. Women’s role in their families as health care decision makers.
Md.R.Waseem Akram
Co-authors: V.Chandra Sekhar, E.Ravi Kiran, K.Vijaya, C.Kumar, C.Jyothi.
Narayana Medical College, Nellore
Background:Women play a crucial role in the family as a health care provider. In most cases women are
considered inferior to men and life is restricted within the four walls of the house. For taking any decision,
less power is given to women, as they have the right to take decision regarding various items as that of
the men. The authoritarian character of the traditional joint family entails decision making powers
concentrated in the position of the eldest male member. Women are traditionally less involved in decision
making at all levels. Their role is not recognized and therefore still not accepted in decision making.
Hence the present study is undertaken to assess the role of women in their families in making decisions
regarding the health of family members.
Objectives:
1. To assess the role of women in their families as health care decision makers.
2. To co-relate decision making power of women with their socio-demographic profiles.
Methodology:
This study will be conducted in the field practice area of RHTC, Venkatachalam, attached to Department
of Community Medicine, Narayana Medical College, Nellore. A cross sectional study will be done among
the married women with at least one child, regarding their role in their families as health care decision
makers. Data will be collected by interviewing method, using predesigned, semi-structured questionnaire.
Appropriate statistical methods and tests will be applied to interpret the data.
Results:The results will be further presented later.
23. Title of Study: Health Behavior Among Rural People Belonging to Different Categories of New
Consumer Classification System
Vinay M1, Manuja L M2, Poornima S3, Sudhir3
1.
Associate professor, 2 Post graduate student , 3 Assistant professor, Department of Community
Medicine, Mandya Institute of Medical Sciences, Mandya
Introduction:
New Consumer Classification System (NCCS) is the new tool for classifying consumers in
India. It was launched in 2009 by Market Research Society of India (MRSI) and Media Research
Users Council (MRUC). NCCS classifies households on two variables - the number of consumer
durables owned by the household from a predefined list and the education of the chief wage earner. It
tries to define the consumer behavior of the household.
As opposed to Socio Economic Status scales, in NCCS the income earned is not of
primary importance but what they do with the money is. This study tries to compare various health
related activities to the NCCS classification of households.
.
Objectives:
1. To classify households based on NCCS in rural areas of Mandya district.
2. To assess the differences in health behaviour of different categories of people as per the NCCS
classification of households.
Methodology:
Type of study
:
Cross sectional study
Study Setting
:
Rural field practice area of Mandya Institute of Medical Sciences,
Mandya(MIMS)
Study period
:
One year (15th July 2015 to 15th September 2015)
Sampling method:
Simple random sampling
Study subjects
Selected household members
Sample size
:
:
517
Results:
A total of 517 households were interviewed. The average age of persons interviewed was
38.7 ± 5.2 years. 292 (56.5%) were males and 511 (98.8%) were Hindus. Of the 517 households, 31.1%
belonged to Class A and 30.2% to Class B. 24.6%, 9.9% & 4.6% belonged to class C, D & E of NCCS
respectively.
Various aspects of health behavior was considered like Nutrition, Health Insurance, Health
promotion activities, Water & Sanitation and Health Care Seeking Behavior. Of these, with related to
health insurance, 57.4% had insurance of which maximum was in class A (70.2%) and least in class C
(39.6%).
Conclusion:
Rich people have more prosperity to take care of their health. More of the poor are taking
benefit of the government social security schemes. Activities towards disease and prevention are more in
class A and B compared to class D and E.
Key words: New Consumer Classification System(NCCS), Health behaviour, Insurance.
COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
1.Men’s Health: To study diseases and conditions unique to men which have an impact on men’s
health.
Dr. B. G. Ponnappa, MBBS,DNB(Surgery),FRCS(G),LLM(Crimes & Torts), MBA-HM
Observations: This is a preliminary report of an ongoing social epidemiological study at a private Mens
health clinic. A total of 221 men were included. The health issues ranged from medical and surgical
diseases to socio economic causes of ill health like alcoholism, depression and stress. An overview of
mens health issues are discussed along with literature review.
Conclusion: Men’s health is an ignored topic in India. A plethora of issues beyond the purview of the
doctors domain was encountered in this study. A true improvement in mens health can be brought about
by not just the medical fraternity but also involves changes in the socio-political environment. An effort is
made to study the various issues impacting onmens health and ways and means by which mens health
issues can be addressed are presented. This paper is intended to stimulate further thoughts and studies
in a new perspective.
2. A Cross-Sectional Study on knowledge about prevention of Swine Flu among first year MBBS
students in Mamata Medical College,Khammam.
BANERJEE
1. Introduction(brief):
•
Swine Influenza (swine flu) is a respiratory disease of pigs caused by type A influenza.In March
2009, an outbreak of the H1N1 swine flu virus spread rapidly through the world, leading to the
declaration of an influenza pandemic by WHO on 11th June 2009.(1).On 26th September 2011
WHO has adopted a new nomenclature as Influenza A (H 1 N 1) pdm 09.(1)
Since there are deaths reported in khammam district, We want to assess the
knowledge of first year medical students in relation to this pandemic.
2.
Material & methods:
•
•
•
•
Place of the study :Mamata Medical College,Khammam, Telangana.
Study participants : First year MBBS students.
Type of study : Cross – Sectional.
Study duration : The study will be carried over a period of 2 weeks around in the month of April ,
2015.
•
•
•
•
Inclusion criteria : Students those who are studying first year MBBS willing to participate in the
study.
Exclusion criteria : Those who are not willing to participate in the study.
Data will be collected using pre-tested self-administered questionnaire designed keeping in view
the objectives of the study and refined after pilot testing.The questions included are mostly
objective type questions.
Statistical analysis will be performed by using SPSS SOFTWARE VERSION 19.
3. Title of the Abstract : Awareness and Social Stigma Associated With HIV/AIDS and Tuberculosis
Among Students in an urban college in Ernakulam District.
Dr.Jishnu S Lalu, Dr.Leyanna Susan George, Ms.Nimitha Paul, Dr.K Leelamoni, Amrita Institute of
Medical Sciences
Objectives:
Primary Objective:
1)To assess the knowledge and social stigma regarding HIV/AIDS among college students
2)To assess the knowledge and social stigma regarding Tuberculosis among college students
Secondary Objective:
1)To study the association between knowledge and social stigma in HIV/AIDS and Tuberculosis
2)To compare the social stigma associated with HIV/AIDS and TB.
Methods :
A cross sectional study was conducted in an urban college in Kochi. 171 students were selected using
convenience sampling from Amrita Arts and Science College. Data was collected using a self
administered semi structured questionnaire containing both open and close ended questions. Data
Analysis was done using SPSS v20.
Observations :
All students have heard about HIV but 99.4% had heard about AIDS. 64.9% incorrectly responded that
HIV can be transmitted via mosquito bites.69% knew that HIV /AIDS can be transmitted from Mother to
baby during pregnancy and 26.9% knew that drugs are available to prolong the life of an HIV infected
person.
39.8% knew that TB is caused by bacteria, 28.7% knew that sputum microscopy was the best
method for diagnosis. The knowledge regarding vaccination and free treatment provided by the
government was 47.4% and 45% respectively. 60.2% had high stigma regarding TB.
Conclusion:
As per the study conducted, students with good knowledge about HIV/AIDS had low stigma regarding
HIV/AIDS.
There was an association between the stigma regarding HIV and stigma regarding TB, subjects with high
stigma for HIV had high stigma for TB as well.
4. Title: A study on outcome of standardized treatment in Multi-drug resistance Tuberculosis
patients
Neeta P N1, Prashanth N2, G Ramaprasad3
1. Assistant Professor, Department of Community Medicine, VIMS, Ballari
2. Senior Resident, Department of Anesthesiology, VIMS, Ballari
3. Professor, Department of TB & Chest, VIMS, Ballari
Abstract:
Background & Objectives: Programmatic management of Multi-drug resistance Tuberculosis (MDR-TB)
using a standardized treatment regimen (STR) is being implemented under the Revised National
Tuberculosis Control Programme (RNTCP) in India. Our study was undertaken to analyze the outcomes
of MDR-TB patients treated at the Drug resistance centre (also known as Dots Plus Centre, DR-TB)
Bellary, with the RNTCP recommended 24-27months STR, under programmatic conditions.
Methods: Patients confirmed to have MDR-TB by Line Probe Assay (LPA) method, from Intermediate
reference laboratory (IRL) Bangalore, were treated with the RNTCP’s STR in a prospective field trial on a
predominantly ambulatory basis. Forty three patients were enrolled to the trial from December 2012 to
April 2013.
Observations: At the end of treatment, 19 (44.2%) were cured, 12 defaulted, 9 died, 1 failure and 2 were
under XDR TB evaluation. Thirty two (74.2%) patients reported adverse drug reactions (ADRs) which
required dose reduction or termination of the offending drug. No patient had XDR-TB initially, but 3 cases
emerged for XDR-TB evaluation during treatment. Before start of treatment mean body mass index (BMI)
was 17.67+3.627 kg/mt2. 34 patients had far advanced lesions on chest x-ray. Outcome was better in
those patients, whose tubercular bacilli resistant both to rifampicin and isoniazid and who had good
adherence in the past tubercular treatment.
Conclusions: Outcomes of this small group of MDR-TB patients treated with the RNTCP’s STR is
encouraging in this setting. Close attention needs to be paid to ensure adherence, and to the timely
recognition and treatment of ADRs.
Note: As the patients enrolled for study will complete the treatment by end of July month, we need time to
analyze the data still. Detailed results will be presented in the conference. Or else if you suggest then I
will send results in another 10 days, So kindly consider my paper and do the needful.
5. PROFILE AND PATTERN OF PROLONGED FEVER AMONG HIV INFECTED ADULT PEOPLE AT
VIVEKANANDA MEMORIAL HOSPITAL, SARGUR, H D KOTE TALUK, MYSORE, KARNATAKA –A
LONGITUDINAL OBSERVATIONAL STUDY
Dr NitinHosmelkar* Vijaya U. Patil**
*MBBS ,DPH, FCGP,Fellowship in HIV Medicine , Senior Medical Officer, ART Center, Sri
Chamarajendra Hospital, Hassan Institute Of Medical Sciences , Hassan.
**M.H.Sc (Humandevelopment), NET,Assistant Professor, Dept of Home Science , Govt Home Science
College, Hassan-573201,Karnataka.**2
Background: Prolonged fever is a common clinical problem in HIV infected patients, especially in those
with advanced HIV. In this study we propose use the diagnostic algorithm for prolonged fever developed
and validated by CMC Vellore in a resource poor setting and determine its utility to identify, causes of
prolonged fever among HIV infected patients in a hospital setting.
Objectives:

To identify the causes of prolonged fever among HIV infected patients using the CMC algorithm
Methodology: Prospective longitudinal observational study conducted on convenient sample of 90
consecutive HIV infected patients presenting with prolonged fever at a secondary care hospital for
specialized care of HIV disease.
Key findings: 82 (91.1%) patients causes of fever were able to be diagnosed by CMC algorithm. TB
meningitis was the most common cause of fever accounting for 23.3% followed by Bacterial pneumonia,
Pulmonary TB and Pneumocystis jirevoci pneumonia accounting for 13.3%, 11.1% and 13.3%
respectively. Cryptococcal meningitis and various forms of extra pulmonary tuberculosis were the third
common cause in 7.7% and 11% patients. Paradoxical IRIS-TBM was causing fever in 3 patients and
pyomyositis in 2. Protozoan infections Amebic colitis and cryptosporidiasis, Cryptococcal pneumonia,
Neurosyphilis, Non-Hodgkins lymphoma, Toxoplasmosis and Urinary tract infection were the cause of
fever in one each of patients. Tuberculosis continues to be the most common cause of prolonged
fever(58.8%). Extra pulmonary TB continues to be the predominant form of TB and in this study the most
common form was TB meningitis. Pneumocystis pneumonia, Cryptococcal meningitis and toxoplasmosis
continues to be prevalent in same proportion as in previous studies.
6. Title: Differences in Attitude and Awareness towards HIV/AIDS in Young Office going Males &
Females
Prabh Sharan1 and PrashantChaudhary1
1Dept
of social work, Indira Gandhi National Open University, Delhi, India.
Objective: Young people, who tend to be idealistic and motivated, have inadequate knowledge,
pessimistic attitudes, and risky practices which are major hindrances in preventing the spread of HIV. The
study aims to assess HIV-related knowledge, attitudes and practices in young office going Males and
Females.
Observations: This study was a questionnaire based survey, consisted of 25 questions regarding
knowledge, awareness and attitude toward HIV/ AIDS affected individuals, conducted on (n=200) (age
distribution 25-35 years) to explore the levels of knowledge, awareness and their attitude about HIV. Chi
(x2) square test for comparison of two groups (Males and Females) was conducted and P <0.05 was
considered as statistically significant.
The results showed statistically significant difference in attitude of males and females regarding HIV
/AIDS. The study showed that the females were not fully aware and also has less knowledge compared to
males and hence had refusal attitude towards HIV/AIDS. The awareness of women’s needs to be
improved so as to have better understanding about HIV/AIDS. It is clearly indicated that there is still a
stigma attached in the educated groups, especially more so in the females. Social media can play a key
role in spreading awareness and improving knowledge about HIV/AIDS.
Conclusion: Spectrum of myths and misperceptions especially in women emphasizing the need of
education that recognizes the social context of attitude towards HIV. Results from this study may
contribute to the development of appropriate educational and training programme which in turn, may
assist in achieving the elusive goal in future.
7. Awareness on Sexual Transmitted Infections (STIs) among Sexual Minorities in Mysuru City: An
Exploratory Study
Shiddappa Madar* Dr. Mohan A. K.**
*Research Scholar (UGC-JRF), Department of Studies in Social Work, University of Mysore,
Manasagangothri, Mysore,
**Assistant Professor, Department of Studies in Social Work, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri,
Mysore,
HIV a global public health issue has seen highest prevalent cases since last three and a half
decades in the country. In order to prevent and control the epidemic disease, the World Health
Organization (WHO) and number of other international and national level organizations have been putting
efforts. In India according to a survey conducted by National AIDS Control Organisation (NACO) working
with state governing bodies found that sexual minorities are highly vulnerable to get infected with HIV
through sexually transmitted infections such as Syphilis, Chlamydia, and Gonorrhea etc. because sizable
munities are actively engaged in sex work similarly noticed that they are the high risk group. In order to
understand the present status in the district the study was carried in Mysuru city and respondents were
active sexual minorities those who are in the field of sex work. The main objectives of the study were 1)
To understand the socio-economic conditions of the respondents, 2) To study the extent of awareness on
HIV and STI among respondents.
The universe consists of 1600 among them only 50 active respondents who were engaged in sex
work were involved in the study by adopting purposive sampling method. The primary data was collected
during the month of January 2015 to April 2015.
The results revealed that, majority of the respondent were well aware of HIV and STI and
treatment services provided by the NGOs and Government Hospital. Majority of the respondents have
received basic education on HIV/STI and usage of condom is higher among respondents. The study also
noticed few challenges faced by the respondents i.e., societal stigma and discrimination, family isolations
etc.
Key words: Socio-economic, discrimination, Awareness, STI/HIV, Prevalent
_____________
8. TITLE: A cross-sectional study of Knowledge assessment regarding HIV/AIDS of attendees of
Integrated Counseling and Testing Centre at SMS Medical College, Jaipur.
Kapoor Priyanka 1, Verma Manoj Kumar 1, Yadav Rajeev2, Manohar R. K.3
1. MD student, department of community medicine, SMS Medical College, Jaipur.
2. Assistant professor, department of community medicine, SMS Medical College, Jaipur.
3. Sr. Professor and head of department, department of community medicine, SMS Medical
College, Jaipur.
AIM AND OBJECTIVES
To determine the knowledge of ICTC attendees about HIV/AIDS and to correlate with socio-demographic
profile of attendees.
OBESERVATIONS
All participants have heard about HIV/AIDS (100%). Television was most common source of information
(77.97%). Regarding modes of transmission, 80.23% had knowledge about transmission by blood
transfusion, sexual route (77.4%), contaminated surgical needles (73.45%) and from pregnant mother to
newborn (71%). Use of condom, avoidance of sharing of injection needles, restricting sexual activity to a
faithful partner, abstinence from any sexual intercourse and avoidance of visits to female sex workers
were known preventive methods in 81.36%, 67.23%, 61.02%, 58.19% and 45.76% respondents
respectively.
Transmission of HIV by kissing, mosquito bite, drinking contaminated water, hugging/ shaking
hands, sharing toilet and sharing meal were common myths among 33.9%, 32.2%, 31.64%, 18.64%,
15.82%, and 13.56% respondents respectively. 53.15% males, 53.73% singles, 55.21% Hindus, 58.46%
OBC, 55.84% urban residents, 64.1% 20-29 year age group respondents, 59.32% respondents of joint
family, 63.64% socio-economic
class 1 participants , 58.82% voluntary attendees and 83.33% post
graduates were having good knowledge about HIV/ AIDS. Socio-economic classification (p<0.05) and
literacy (p<0.05) was found significantly associated with knowledge. Literacy was found significant
independent predictor of knowledge score by stepwise multivariate regression analysis-Knowledge score
= 17.4329 + 1.5452 (Literacy).
CONCLUSION
Knowledge in general population about HIV / AIDS is still poor and myths are prevailing yet. Literacy and
socio-economic status are most efficient weapons to break this barrier and to mitigate future HIV/AIDS
burden.
9. Gender equality, Human Rights and its violations in HIV positive women of Dakshina Kannada
district-Karnataka
Dr.Padmamohanan1, Soumya shetty,2 Dr. Gururaj N3
1. Associate professor, 2. Lecturer statistics, Dept. of community medicine Yenepoya Medical
College Mangalore,.
3. Assistant professor Dept of community medicine institute of medical sciences, Raichur.
Human rights are those minimum rights which are compulsorily obtainable by every individual as he/she
is a member of human family. The constitution of India also guarantees the equality of rights of men and
women. However, in the sphere of women’s human rights in India, there exists a wide gulf between
theory and practice. Indian society is a male dominated society where men are always assumed to be
superior to society. The women in India very often have to face discrimination, injustice and dishonor.
Though women in India have been given more rights as compared to men, even then the condition of
women in India is miserable. Karnataka is in the “RED LIST” in the country with regard to HIV/AIDS. It is
one of country’s six high HIV/AIDS prevalence states. Dakshina Kannada is situated in the western
coastal region of Karnataka tops the AIDS chart in the states which have high incidence of HIV cases and
of human rights violation in HIV. Thus the present study was planned to find the magnitude of human
rights violations in HIV positive women in Dakshina Kannada district, Karnataka. Objectives of the study
were to find out the HIV/AIDS related discrimination/violation of human rights in HIV positive women. To
assess the nature, extent and pattern of such AIDS related discrimination/ violation of human rights.
Methodology: A cross sectional study was conducted among HIV positive women who were registered
in few non-governmental organizations working for HIV positive women. A purposive convenient sampling
method was used to select the participants. A total of 52 participants were approached to assess the
degree of human rights violation through a face to face interview by trained investigators. Several human
rights violations were assessed using a pre-determined pre tested questionnaire.
Results: Women living with HIV/AIDS had experienced disease related discrimination / violation of human
rights in access to health care, personal liberty, security and privacy, right to employment and family
relationship. Women also experienced different types of physical and psychological violence. 25% were
treated unfairly or badly by health care workers. 38% experienced an unjustified delay in getting the testing
results & receiving counseling or care.34.6% of the opinion that their personal liberty and security has been
questioned like sometimes been ridiculed, insulted and threatened with violence because of their HIV
status. 46.7% were not offered any treatment to reduce the mother to child transmission of HIV. 30% of the
respondents were ridiculed, insulted, threatened with violence or assaulted because of HIV status. 14.3%
of the respondents were forced to change their residence because of their HIV status of which 50.0%
changed their residence due to the pressure or ill treatment by their neighbours. It was also brought to light
that 62% of them lost financial support from their family due to their HIV status.
Conclusion: The fact that patients show no inhibition about the disease reveals that the stigma the disease
carries is slowly disappearing. Most of them discuss their HIV status openly. The discrimination & stigma
towards women still continues. Human rights violations among HIV positive women happen in one way or
other. The low social status commonly associated with women was found to be exacerbated in women who
were HIV positive. . HIV related discrimination remains an enormous barrier to effectively fight the HIV and
AIDS epidemic. Progress has to be made in overcoming the violation of human rights by making the people
aware of their rights in society. They need to be educated so that they are able to challenge the
discrimination, stigma and denial that they meet in society.
10. Is Tuberculosis a spot inside or outside?
Dr.Somashekar N1, Dr.Dayanada M2, Dr. Vadiraja N3
1. Post graduate student, Department of Community Medicine, MMCRI
2. Professor, Department of Community Medicine, MMCRI
3. Assistant Professor cum Statistician, MMCRI
OBJECTIVE: To describe the stigma experienced by TB patients within their families.
METHODOLOGY: 200 TB patients who were registered for treatment under RNTCP during 3rd quarter of
2014 in Mysore district were interviewed. The interview was conducted using pre-tested, semi-structured
questionnaire at their place of residence.
RESULTS: Out of 200 patients interviewed, 150 were males and 50 were females. 132 patients out of
200 (66%) faced stigma within their families (p value <0.05). Many patients also faced social isolation and
were deserted by their families. Also, there were instances where female patients were forced to undergo
treatment at their parent’s houses.
CONCLUSION: A significant majority of patients with tuberculosis were found to have been stigmatized
within their own families, showing that TB is indeed a spot inside as well as outside. Such stigmatization
may act as a major barrier in achieving the control of Tuberculosis. There is an urgent need for the
program to take necessary steps to overcome stigma against the disease in the community.
11. Gender differences among Defaulted Tuberculosis Patients Registered for Treatment under
RNTCP in Mysore TB Unit
Dr. Vinod Bhute1, Dr. Mansoor Ahmed2, Dr. Vadiraja. N3
1. Post graduate student, Department of Community Medicine, MMCRI
2. Associate Professor, Department of Community Medicine, MMCRI
3. Assistant Professor cum Statistician, MMCRI
OBJECTIVE: To identify the gender differences among defaulted TB patients registered for treatment
under RNTCP in mysore Tuberculosis Unit (TU) from January 2012 to December 2013.
METHODOLOGY: Out of 216 defaulted patients we were unable to trace 61 patients. Remaining 155
patients interviewed using semi structured questionnaire interview method.
RESULTS: Out of 2468 registered patients (male: 1692 & female: 776), 216 (8.75%) were defaulted.
Among them male (N=181) & female (N=35). Default rate for male TB patients was 10.7% and for female
was 4.51%. The difference was found to be statistically significant (p value <0.0001). Most common
reasons for default among male patient were alcohol consumption and smoking tobacco.
Conclusion: The study shows that default among male patients were more than the female patients.
Indirectly it shows that female patients were more adherent for treatment. The most common reason for
default among male patients were alcohol consumption and tobacco smoking. It clearly shows that
personal habits of the male were responsible for default. The programme has to initiate intervention for
pre-treatment counseling to stop alcohol and cessation of tobacco smoking.
12. To study the knowledge regarding dengue and the preventive measures practiced by the Asha
workers in Bangalore urban district
Dr C Poornima M D Community Medicine, Medical Lecturer cum Demonstrator
Regional Health and Family welfare training centre, Bangalore-23
Background: Unplanned urbanization, growth in Aedes mosquito breeding habitats, inadequate larval and
mosquito control measures has led to Dengue outbreaks in Bangalore urban district.
Aims: To study the knowledge regarding dengue and preventive measures practiced by Asha workers in
Bangalore urban district.
Study Setting: Bangalore urban district
Study Design: Descriptive cross-sectional study
Study Population: ASHA workers
Methodology: Among 571 asha workers, 166 were selected proportionately from the 4 taluks of
Bangalore urban district by simple random sampling and interviewed using pre-tested semi structured
questionnaire.
Results: The average age of asha workers is 33years and 81.93% had education till 10th stardard.
98.19% resided in the community where they served. 96.38% of workers knew the symptoms of dengue
and 91.57% knew that it spreads by mosquito bite. 86.14% knew aedes mosquito is a day biter and
87.95% knew their breeding places. Only 30.72% knew the danger signs of dengue . 84.34% of workers
knew the complete control measures .Only 45.18% of them knew about personal protective measures to
be followed by them. 38.55% of workers complained, lack of community participation. The average
house index was 3.72%. There is no significant association between age, work experience of workers
with knowledge and preventive measures .
Conclusion: Even though the knowledge about dengue is good among Asha workers,
preventive
measures practiced by them needs improvement. Community participation is inadequate and needs
improvement. Our findings highlight the need for strategic interventions to improve preventive practices
and community participation.
Keywords: Knowledge; Practice; Dengue fever; house Index.
13. A Study of the sociodemographic profile and associated risk factors of adverse drug reactions
to two Zidovudine antiretroviral regimens.
Dr.Asha .M, Dr.Hema.N.G, Dr.Srinivas.M, Department of pharmacology
MMC&RI, Mysore
INTRODUCTION: HIV remains one of the world’s most significant public health challenges having
claimed more than 25 million lives over the past three decades. H I V is no longer just a public health
issue in India but becomes one of the most serious socio economic and developmental concerns
because maximum numbers of reported cases are occurring in sexually active and productive age group.
Millions of eligible H I V infected patients have access to anti retro viral drugs which have documented
toxicities and adverse effects. Therefore the present study is aimed at identifying the socio-demographic
characteristics and the possible risk factors of adverse drug reactions to two Zidovudine based regimens.
OBJECTIVES:
1) To analyze the socio demographic profile of H I V patients with ADR’s to two
regimens. 2) To assess risk factors to antiretroviral therapy induced ADR’s.
Zidovudine based
OBSERVATIONS: of 156 patients with 62 ADRs 82 (52.6%) were males and 74(47.4%) were females.
The mean age of study subjects was 36.06.Hetrosexual contact was the commonest mode of
transmission in 152(97.4%) patients. The number of illiterate patients was 84(53.8%) and non-agricultural
labourers were 88(57.5%) and the patients from urban area were 105(67.3%).significant number of
patients developed zidovudine induced anaemia and females were more prone for anemia.CD4 counts of
patients were inversely correlated with the number of symptoms.
CONCLUSION: Majority of the patients were males, socio economic status and in the productive age
group with heterosexual contact being the commonest mode of transmission significant in number of
patients developed zidovudine induced anaemia and females were more prone.
14. TITLE: “A study of Socio-demographic profile of Multi-drug Resistant Tuberculosis patients”
Prashanth S, Assistant Professor, VIMS, Bellary
Background: Considering that TB, as well as MDR-TB, are related to social inequalities, it is important
that interventions be founded not only on the clinical- epidemiological profile of the population, but also on
the socio-demographic profile, in order to make the interventions pertinent and effective.
Methodology: It was a cross sectional, hospital based study among MDR-TB patients admitted in DR-TB
Centre, Bellary, during the period between Jan 2013 to July 2013.
Results: A total of 66 patients were interviewed and examined. Among them 75.6% belonged to 21-40
years of age group, 87.9% were from class IV & class V socio-economic group according to modified B.G.
Prasad classification. Smoking was the most common co-morbidity. 47% of them exposed to ATT in the
past for 1-2 years and 98.5% patient’s last ATT outcome was treatment completed. Among them 78.8%
were resistant to both rifampicin and isoniazid. Most (59.1%) belonged to 26-45 kg weight band. The
knowledge and practices regarding MDR-TB was good among them.
Conclusion: Proper follow up was not done during past ATT, which led to MDR-TB. Health education
regarding spread of disease, early detection of MDR-TB by strengthened laboratory support, effective
therapy, implicating innovative control measures, would interrupt the ongoing transmission and control
this emerging epidemic.
Keywords: Multi-Drug Tuberculosis; Demographic Factors; RNTCP.
15. A Single-Step Purification ofE.coli isolates by Ion-exchange Chromatography
Mary Conice and Usha M.S.*
Department of Microbiology, Centre for P.G. Studies, 18/3, 9th Cross, 3rd Block,
Jayanagar,Jain University, Bangalore-11
On PCR analysis Pe16 showed positive to Stx2ftoxin with 150bp, Pe68 showed positive to HlyA with
569bp, Pe74 showed positive to Stx2f and Stx2 150bp and 124bp respectively, Pe88 showed positive to
Stx2c with 124 bp and Pe93 showed positive to Stx2f and Stx2 with 150bp and 115bp respectively.
Further purification was carried outby subjecting the supernatant to (NH4)2SO4precipitationat 40%
saturation and then at 60% saturation. Partially purified sample from ammonium sulphateprecipitation
was subjected to dialysisusing 1% sucrose solution.Furtherpurification was carried by anion and
cationfast-protein chromatography followed by SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis with 12% of SDS with
standard markers. Protein estimation was carried out by Lowry’s method with bovine serum albumin as
the standard. Ion exchange chromatography method was developed using Sepharose for cation
chromatography due to its fast flow and Deae-Cellulose for anion chromatography respectively. All
Chromatographic procedures were performed at room temperature.
Keywords: E.coli,Shiga-like toxin, Ion exchange chromatography, Lowry’s method, SDS-PAGE
GENDER INEQUITY
1. Factors InfluencingGender PreferenceAmongAnte-natal Women In Urban slums, Hyderabad.
C.Desham, M.L.SuryaPrabha, B.Nirmala Devi, Osmania Medical College, Koti, Hyderabad.
INTRODUCTION:
“BetiBachaoBetiPadhao” campaign has been launched by the Prime Minister of India NarendraModi, on
22nd January,2015 for 1)Preventing gender biased sex selective elimination, 2)Ensuring survival and
protection of the girl child, 3)Ensuring education of the girl child.The decline of Child Sex Ratio in India
from 945 in 1991 to 927 in 2001 and further to 918 in 2011 is alarming.Hence the objectives of the study
are to determine the factors influencing gender preference of a child and awareness regarding sex
determinationamong antenatal women in Hyderabad where Child Sex Ratio is 914.
METHODS:
Study design: Hospital based Cross sectional study.
Study duration: Three months,2014-15(Nov–Jan)
Study population: Antenatal women of Age group 18-35yrs,attending ten Urban Family Welfare Clinics.
Sample size: 106
Sampling technique: Systematic Random Sampling.A number was selected using random number table
and then every third pregnant woman attending the clinics was interviewed with a pre-tested
questionnaire during the period of November and December.
Data Analysis:Epi Info7.1.4.0
RESULTS:
Primigravida:42% and multigravida:58%.
Pregnancy loss:18%.
Women below 18 years of Age at marriage:19%
Male preference for first child: 38%, female preference:12%
If there is only one child option,male preference:32%,female preference:14%
Factors influencing gender preference are mainlycustoms like continuation of family lineage(gotra),funeral
rites performed by sons.
Others factors are –influence of husband and in laws, need for giving dowry at the time of
marriage,sonslooking after elders at old age,sons sharing financial burden of the family,marriage burden
for girls,girls leaving the family soon etc.
Awareness of sex determination techniques: 74%
Women who tried to know the sex of their baby: 4%
Sixteen percent of the women said that they knew about their relatives/closefriends who have undergone
sex determination tests and even opted for abortionsif a female foetus was detected (main reasons
behind being dowry and marriage burden).
CONCLUSIONS:
There is a strong desire for male child among people and thus are opting for sex determination.To
improve the declining child sex ratio,“PCPNDT act”,“The prohibition of child marriage Act” and “The
Dowry Prohibition Act” should be strictly enforced.There is a need to ensure that girls are born,loved and
nurtured without discrimination, by introducing more schemes like “BetiBachao,BetiPadhao”.Social and
cultural factors playing a major role in gender preference should be addressed and dealt accordingly.
2. Gender equity: Perception of Medical students of SMC, Vijayawada, A.P, India.
Dr. Pratima Matli1,Dr.Suman Nama2, Dr.C.Usha Rani3, Dr.A.Sita Rama4
1-Post Graduate (Presenting author), 2-Senior Resident, 3-Professor , 4-Professor and HOD, Department
of Community Medicine, Siddhartha Medical College, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, India.
Introduction: Sustainable development is economic, social and environmental development that ensures
human well-being and dignity, ecological integrity, gender equality and social justice, now and in the
future. Although, women constitute half the world population, they do not have an equal privilege to
autonomy and opportunities. In the household, school, the workplace, and in politics, women continue to
face violence, sexual abuse, exploitation and discrimination. Globalization and libertarian reforms have
worsened injustices against women.
Gender justice is crucial for poverty reduction and progress. It is a moral and ethical imperative. Efforts to
achieve a just and sustainable future cannot ignore the rights, dignity and capabilities of half the world’s
population. Discrimination is ingrained in the perpetuating systems of patriarchy and negative social and
cultural norms.
Doctors are one of the highly educated and reputed community and are expected to be living examples
for the society. This study is an attempt to understand how today’s medical students view gender equity,
in a predominantly patriarchal society.
Objectives:
1. To elicit the perception of gender equity among medical students.
2. To study the association of these perceptions with certain demographic and social variables.
Material and Methods: A cross sectional observational study done on students pursuing MBBS at
Siddhartha Medical College, from June - September 2015, in Vijayawada, using a self administered,
structured questionnaire adapted from International Men and Gender Equality Survey, 2011. Students
who are not willing to participate in the study are excluded from the study.
The data obtained will be analysed using Microsoft excel and SPSS V.15. Descriptive statistics
like percentages and proportions and bar diagrams will be used. Inferential statistics like chi square test,
student t test will be used.
Observations and Conclusions: The observations and the subsequent conclusions drawn will be
presented at the time of conference.
Keywords: Gender equity, Sustainable development, Medical students
3. TITLE: A STUDY ON GENDER BIAS AMONG PARENTS OF UNDER FIVE YEAR
CHILDREN IN
URBAN FIELD PRACTICE AREA OF SSIMS AND RC, DAVANGERE
Ravikumar1, B.A.Varadaraja Rao2, Aswin kumar3,Bheemayya Badesab4
1. Post graduate student
2. Professor
3. Associate professor
4. Professor and head
S.S.INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL SCIENCES AND RESEARCH CENTRE, Davangere-577005
BACKGROUND:
The Millennium Developmental Goals(No 2) led to parity in girls’ access to primary education,
discrimination persists in access to secondary and tertiary education, work and economic assets, and
participation in decision-making. The Sustainable Developmental Goals offer a more holistic treatment of
gender equality and empowerment. India is a country of immense demographic miscellany, social
customs and traditional observes. Gender discrimination against females mainly seen in provision of
health care, nutrition, immunization and education by the parents.
The customs and beliefs of male preeminence have led female infanticide and also sex-selective
abortion. Census 2011 shows debility of female population under the age of seven.
Census 2011 also reveals a decline in the child sex ratio (0-6 years) reporting shows 914 females against
1000 males, declining from 927 females against 1000 males in Census 2001. About 42.5 percent of our
children suffer from malnutrition.Infant girls are often derelict and breastfed less frequently and shorter
duration over infant boys.
OBJECTIVES:
a) To study the gender bias among parents of under five children in urban field practice area of
SSIMS&RC, Davangere.
b) Factors influencing the gender bias among same subjects.
METHODOLOGY:
A Cross sectional study was conducted for a period of 2 months in urban field practice area of
SSIMS&RC, Davangere.There were 1700 houses attached to field practice area and among them 400
participants were interviewed after systematic random sampling. Houses were numbered under pulse
polio campaign. Every 4th house was selected for sampling. Data was collected by interviewing parents of
under five children by using pre tested semi-structured questionnaire. Multiple logistic regression was
done to determine the factors influencing gender bias.
RESULTS:
About 38.8% of study participants had prenatal sex discernment. Majority (68.7 %) of the parents had
preference for the male child. Majority (78.8%) study participants were unaware of schemes for girl child.
Most of the study participants (86.6%)had educational expenditure preference for boys. Food preference
was shown more (86.6%) for male child than female child. Regarding health care preference, male child
was given more (72%) importance. Majority (66%) of parents felt immunization is important for male child.
Among the factors Illiteracy, low socioeconomic class, Muslim religion were the influencing factors for
gender bias among the parents.
CONCLUSION:
Majority of study participants had a preference for male child in the community. In spite of Pre Natal
Diagnostic TestingAct in vogue the study showed almost 40% had a prenatal sex determination. Socio
economic factors were found to influence the preference for male child.
4. PLEASE DON’T KILL ME I WANT TO LIVE – AN OVERVIEW ON FEMALE FOETICIDE
Dr. Satender Tanwar* Dr. Shailaja S.V. **
*
Junior Resident, Dept., of PG Studies in Shalya Tantra, SKAMH&RC, Bangalore.*
** Professor
and Head, Dept., of PG Studies in Shalya Tantra SKAMCH&RC, Bangalore **
Female foeticide is the act of aborting a foetus because it is female child. The frequency of female
foeticide is indirectly estimated from the observed high birth sex ratio that is the ratio of boys to girls at
birth. The natural ratio is assumed to be between 103 to 107 and any number above it is considered as
suggestive of female foeticide. Human sex ratio is the relative number of males to females in a given age
group. The natural human sex ratio at birth was estimated, in a 2002 study, to be close to 106 boys to
100 girls.
The national average masks the variations in regional numbers according to 2011 census — Haryana’s
ratio was 120, Punjab’s ratio was 118, Jammu & Kashmir was 116, and Gujarat’s ratio was 111.
India is one of the several countries where higher human sex ratio is observed. This is assumed to be
caused by female foeticide, an assumption that is the subject of considerable scholarly debate and
continuing scientific studies. Male to female sex ratio for India, based on its official census data, from
1941 through 2011. The data suggests the existence of high sex ratios before and after the arrival of
ultrasound-based prenatal care and sex screening technologies in India.
Ultrasound technology arrived in China and India in 1979, but its expansion was slower in India.
Ultrasound sex discernment technologies were first introduced in major cities of India in 1980s, its use
expanded in India's urban regions in 1990s, and became widespread in 2000s. Female foeticide has
been linked to the arrival, in the early 1990s, of affordable ultrasound technology and its widespread
adoption in India.
Estimates for female foeticide vary by scholar. One group estimates more than 10 million female foetuses
may have been illegally aborted in India since 1990s, and 500,000 girls were being lost annually due to
female foeticide
The Mumbai High Court ruled that prenatal sex determination implied female foeticide. Sex determination
violated a woman's right to live and was against India's Constitution.
The Beti Bachao, or Save girls campaign, has been underway in many Indian communities since the
early 2000s. The campaign uses the media to raise awareness of the gender disparities creating, and
resulting from, sex-selective abortion.
The Indian government has passed Pre-Conception and Pre-natal Diagnostic Techniques (Regulation
and Prevention of Misuse) (PCPNDT) Act in 2004 to ban and punish prenatal sex screening and female
foeticide. It is currently illegal in India to determine or disclose sex of the foetus to anyone. However,
there are concerns that PCPNDT Act has been poorly enforced by authorities.
Hence, this study is carried out prevalence of female foeticide in different parts of India and acts still
persisting even after banned by Supreme Court.
Key words –Beti, Girl child, Foeticide, Haryana, PNDT, Sex, USG.
5. Title: Gender inequalities among under six years children in rural Haryana - going beyond
foeticide
Kalaiselvi Selvaraj,1* Anand Krishnan,2 Sanjeev Kumar Gupta,2 Chandrakant S Pandav3
1 Senior Resident, Dept of Preventive & Social Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical
Education and Research, Puducherry, JIPMER-6
2 Professor, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi.
3 Professor & Head, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi
Back ground: Gender differences can be in any age in the life cycle including before birth (feticide/ sex
selective abortions) which have been objectively documented. This study tries to identify the gender
differentials among the children which is a basic step in cascade process of female discrimination in the
society.
Objective: To study the gender differentials among children under 6 years in households of rural
Ballabgarh, Haryana in terms of nutrition, health care seeking , social aspects and to see whether they
differ by socio economic status
Methods: 55 households were selected from the four villages by multi stage sampling. Children below six
years from both the sex in the same household were selected. Gender differences in nutrition were
studied by breast feeding practices, ‘z’ score for anthropometry. Difference in health care seeking aspects
were assessed by occurrence of common childhood illnesses, type of health facilities visited and
expenditures incurred for that. Gender differences in social aspects were measured by ceremony
expenditures.
Results: Girls were breast fed for 5 months lesser than boys (p<0.02) though ‘Z’ score on anthropometry
did not show any significant difference. Even though occurrences of common childhood illnesses were
equal between the two, outpatient expenditures were more among the boys (Boys Vs girls Rs181.3 Vs
Rs123.9). Proportions of illnesses treated from health facilities located outside the villages (22.2%) were
higher among the boys [boys (22.2%), girls (11.4%)]. Expenditures incurred on social ceremonies were
higher for boys (Rs23184.3 and Rs3623.7 respectively for boys and girls). Some ceremonies were meant
exclusively for boys. Gender gap in breast feeding and social ceremonies was higher among the socio
economically better off. Gender gap in total nutrition and anthropometry was worsen among the
economically deprived.
Conclusion: In this patriarchal society, socio cultural norms have produced the gender gap which can
have adverse impact on health of the female children. Civil societies and government policies should
address this issue by social transformation, behavior change communication.
6.PREFERENCE FOR MALE CHILD AMONG MARRIED ADULTS IN RURAL AND URBAN FIELD
PRACTICE AREAS, NARAYANA MEDICAL COLLEGE, NELLORE.
Y.Vishnu Vardhan, 2nd year Post-graduate, Community Medicine Dept, Narayana Medical College,
Nellore, Andhra Pradesh
Co- Author: V.Chandhrasekhar, E.RaviKiran, K.Vijaya, C.Kumar, C.Jyothi
BACKGROUND:Over the past decade, gender equality has been explicitlyrecognized as a key not only to
the health of nations, but also to their social and economic development. Its importance is further
emphasized by the fact that‘promotion of gender equality and women’s empowerment’ finds itself in the
list of Millennium Development
Goals (MDG).A strong preference for male child exists, particularly in India, and is a major obstacle for
reducing National fertility levels. Studies in India have identified some factors like old age security, sociocultural utility, property inheritance &economic utility etc that favors son preference. Discrimination of
female child is one of the main reasons for disappearance of female child and female feticide. This study
aims to ascertain the prevalence of this skewed sex ratio in the Nellore district.
OBJECTIVES:1. To determine prevalence of gender preference & its determinants among married adults
in rural & urban communities in Nellore district.
2. To find out the reasons for son preference in the study population.
MATERIALS & METHODS: A cross-sectional study conducted in the married adults attending UHTC &
RHTC OP, using a pretested, close-ended structured, face-to-face interview. Duration of the study- 4
months: from July to October. Data analysis will be done using a SPSS 21.0 software.Appropriate
statistical methods and tests will be used to interpret the data.
RESULTS: Results will be presented during the conference.
7. Perception of Gender Equity in a Rural Community of District Jaipur, Rajasthan
Dr. Priyanka Bharti1, Dr. Manoj Verma1, Dr. Amita Kashyap2, Dr Monika Rathore3
1. Resident Doctor, 2 & 3 Professor, Dept. of PSM, SMS Medical College, Jaipur
Objective:
To determine the perception of people (15-45 years of age) towards gender equity & its associated
factors
Observation:
Total 150 subjects (75 of each gender) were interviewed. Twenty percent respondents were illiterate and
one-fourth were graduate and above (36% male, 13.4% female). Majority of the study population were
Hindus (94.7%). Perception on Gender Equity (GE) was assessed by their views on women’s status in
family including gender violence, reservations in job; service and politics and empowerment to take
decision including contraceptive use. Response to each question was given a score and based on the
total score of 13 questions, respondents were classified into 3 categories namely– ‘Totally in favor’ (4%,
all were male), ‘Partially in favor’ (78%), and ‘Against GE’ (17%).
Women had equal say in only 37.33% families, majority (83%) of them don’t believe that ‘rights for
women means that men lose out their rights’. Same Perception prevailed significantly where mother was
treated with respect (p=0.000), where women was working (P = 0.024), and where people were educated
≥ Graduate (P = 0.050).
Relatively younger people (<35Yrs) believed that Family planning is responsibility of both the partners
(50% vs 44%) but were ready to tolerate a little violence to keep harmony at home (21% vs 12%).
Resistance to violence against women were significantly associated with education, decision making
power of women and respectful status of women. Significantly higher number of Older people (>35 yrs)
agree that “when a women is raped it is usually her carelessness” (P=0.048). Three fourth of the families
where mother was equal decision maker disagree with this statement (P=0.047).
Conclusion:
Women status in family was assessed by their say in household decisions, respect, and physical violence
against them. Overall women were respected in only 28% of families, 21% of families showed no respect
while 51.3% showed only partial respect. Education was significantly associated with favoring GE while
age had no statistically significant association.
8. Understanding the perceived reasons and practices related to gender preferences in an urban
population of Puducherry: An Exploratory study
Bijaya Nanda Naik1, Anindo Majumdar1, Swaroop Kumar Sahu2
1Senior Resident, 2Assistant Professor
Department of Preventive & Social Medicne, JIPMER, Puducherry – 605006
Objectives: 1) To find out the perceived reasons and preference for the gender of the prospective child 2)
to find out practices related to ultrasound (USG) scanning during pregnancy and abortion and 3) to find
out the child sex ratio in the selected urban field practice areas of JIPMER, Pondicherry.
Methods: A community-based explorative study was conducted during the months of June and July 2013.
A pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect information on the socio-demographic
details, sex preference for the prospective child, and practices related to USG scanning during pregnancy
and abortion among 270 households in the study area of urban Puducherry.
Results: Among the respondents who had not completed their families (67), majority (60%, 40/67) didn’t
have any gender preference. Out of the rest 27, 16 respondents (60%) preferred their prospective child to
be male. The common reasons for male preference were 1 st child being female, dowry and other financial
reasons. Majority (62%) of the USG during pregnancy were done in private set up. Nearly three fourth of
the abortions took place either in private set up or at home. Nearly 6% (16/270) of the respondents were
aware of existence of practice of sex determination and female foeticide in their area. The child sex ratio
was found to be 1012 per 1000 males.
Interpretation and Conclusion: Male preference in the backdrop of higher proportion of practice of
abortion in the private set up, along with participants’ awareness of existence of sex determination
practices points towards plausible female foeticide. There is a need to generate stronger evidence to
confirm these suspected links.
KEY WORDS: Community-based study, child sex ratio, explorative study, female foeticide, gender
preference
9.Perception of Social Support among Transgender persons: A Descriptive study from a
Metropolitan City of southern part of India.
*1Virupaksha
H.G.,
2Muralidhar
D.,
*1 Ph.D Scholar, Department of Psychiatric Social Work, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro
Sciences, Bengaluru-560029,
2 Professor, Department of Psychiatric Social Work, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro
Sciences, Bengaluru-560029,
____________________________________________________________________________________
_
Introduction: Transgender persons are those who exhibit gender variant behavior, appearance and roles
in the society. They are the most visible and exploited sexual minorities in India. The current study is an
effort to explore their perception of social support from their family members, friends and significant
others.
Materials and methods: The study conducted in a Metropolitan City of Southern part of India. 60 Male-tofemale transgender persons selected for the study by using consecutive sampling method. The
respondents are contacted through the local NGOs working for this community.
Results: Transgender persons are mostly separated from their families and migrated to urban areas and
half of them are migrated from other states. They stay in urban slum areas and Hammams along with
other transgender community members. They perceive no support from their parents, friends and
significant others. Sex work and begging are the sources of their livelihood. They spend all their earnings
mostly on substances and other day-to-day commodities and have no practice of saving for their future.
Those who are educated in high school and above and those who are staying in their family of origin have
expressed better perception of social support compared to their counterparts.
Conclusion: Transgender persons are stigmatized and minimally understood from the wider part of the
society. Hence, there is an urgent need to bring about awareness among the society and mainstream this
population. In this regard, the social workers have a major role to play in terms of bringing change in their
life.
Key words: Transgender persons, perceived social support
10. Gender – A barrier for willingness to eye donation?
Puri S (Associate Prof , Deptt Of Community Medicine, GMCH-32)
Gupta N(Medical Officer, Deptt Of Community Medicine, GMCH-32)
Ram J(Prof Deptt Of Opthalomology, PGIMER, Chandigarh)
Arya S( Associate Prof, Deptt Of ophthalmology, GMCH-32)
Sood S(Prof, Deptt Of Opthalmology, GMCH-32)
Aims:
To assess awareness and barriers in attitude towards eye donation in women of Chandigarh.
Materials and Methods:
A pretested, semi-structured questionnaire.
Settings and Design:
Prospective cohort study
Study time: 10 months
Statistical Analysis Used:
Data were analyzed using the Epi-Info software package, Version 6.04.
Results:
The majority (82.4%) of women had known that eyes could be donated. But only 5.6 % were aware that
eyes could be retrieved even at home also. Not much subjects 10.7%, knew about pledge form
.Willingness to donate or filling of pledge form was only in 5.5%. Majority of subjects could not do
independent decision in eye donation and responded that after consultation with other family members or
husband would decide. The subjects were reassessed again after an interval of 3 months. The
awareness increased to 100% in the study group. But the attitude towards eye donation did not show
significant increase.
Conclusion:
This study depicted the women’s insufficiency in decision making regarding eye donation or signing of
pledge forms. To achieve the objectives of vision 2020, prerequisite is to change the negative attitude
through behaviour change communication towards eye donation and women empowerment for taking
independent decisions.
Keywords: awareness, eye donation, dim vision, Chandigarh, corneal transplantation
11. Gender equity in cognitive function, functional impairment and disability
dwelling older adults in Mysore, south India.
in community
Murali Krishna1, Eunice Beulah1, Steve Jones,2 Rajesh Sundarachari3, Kiran Nagaraj1, SC Karat1,
Kumaran Kalyanaraman4, Martin Prince5 and Caroline Fall4
1 Epidemiology Research Unit , CSI Holdsworth Memorial Hospital, Mysore. India
2. Faculty of Health
and social care, Edgehill University , Lancashire, UK
3 Statosys Analytical solutions , Mysore
4.. MRC Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit , University of Southampton, UK
5. Institute of
Psychiatry, London, UK
Background: 10/66 Dementia Research group developed and validated a culture and education fair
battery of cognitive tests for diagnosis of dementia in population based studies in low and middle income
countries including India.
Aims: To examine gender equity in cognitive function, functional impairment and disability in community
dwelling older adults in Mysore, south India
Methods: 129 adults aged 57-90 yrs from 186 households, residing in Karunapura, in the city of Mysore
were recruited by a door to door survey and interviewed in their own homes. Cognitive functioning was
measured by administering Kannada version of the 10/66 battery of cognitive tests comprising of: i)
Community Screening Instrument for Dementia (CSI'D'): a 32 item cognitive test assessing orientation,
comprehension, memory, naming and language expression for a measure of global cognitive function ii)
Verbal fluency (VF):Total number of animals named in one minute iii) Memory (WLMR): modified CERAD
word list memory and recall and iv) the informant interview: to ascertain if the subject's cognitive
problems have resulted in 'functional impairment'. The degree of health impairment and disability were
measured by administration of the Health Impairment Schedule and WHO Disability Schedule-II (DAS).
Cognitive scores were adjusted for age, education and gender at baseline. The regression analyses were
adjusted for self-reported hypertension, diabetes, CVA and COAD.
Results: The women had significantly lower CSID score when compared to men (p=0.002). However,
there were no differences in the level of disability, health impairment and prevalence of self reported
hypertension, diabetes, coronary heart disease, stroke and chronic obstructive air way disease between
men and women. The presence of 'functional impairment' resulting from cognitive decline was
significantly associated with lower scores on VF (P=0.03), WLMR (P=0.03) and CSI'D' (p<0.01). There
was a significant inverse association between DAS score and WLMR (p=0.011), VF(p<=0.001) and CSID
scores (P<=0.001).
Conclusions: Lower cognitive function emerged as leading cause of the disability in late life, independent
of other self reported chronic non-communicable disorders in both men and women, in south India. Large
population based studies are warranted to examine the mediating effect of gender and other
socioeconomic risk factors between cognition and disability in later life.
12. Title: Gender equity and other shared socioeconomic risk factors for depression and diabetes
in late life: follow up study of the Mysore Birth Records Cohort
M Krishna1, C Osmond2, K Kumaran2, Karat SC1 , SR Veena2, GV Krishnaveni2, Prince M3, CHD Fall 2.
1 Early Career Fellow, Wellcome DBT Alliance, CSI Holdsworth Memorial Hospital, Mysore, India. 2 MRC
Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, University of Southampton, UK 3. Institute of Psychiatry, King's College,
London, UK.
Background: The Mysore Birth Records Cohort comprises 1069 men and women born between 19341966 at CSI Holdsworth Memorial Hospital and matched to their birth records. They participated in a
study (1993-2001) to examine the relationship between size at birth and adult cardiometabolic disorders.
Neurocognitive disorders are one of the main causes of disability in late life. We are now re-tracing the
cohort to examine the relationship between birth size and mental disorders, and the mediating effect of
cardiometabolic disorders.
Methods: We aim to recruit 800 surviving members of this cohort now aged above 55 yrs to an ongoing
follow up study to measure cognitive function, cardiometabolic and mental disorders in late life. As an
interim analysis, we have examined for gender equity and other shared socioeconomic risk factors for
diabetes and depression and the relationship between the two disorders in adults aged 55-80 yrs of age.
Results: Of the 428, 100 (23%) were diagnosed as having a depressive disorder and 211 (49%) had
diabetes. Depression was more prevalent among women. After adjusting for age and sex, there was a
significant inverse association of depression with socioeconomic position and attained education.
Diabetes was associated with higher socio-economic status, lower education and higher BMI. There was
no significant association between depression and diabetes.
Conclusions: Diabetes and depression have shared risk factors in this population. Both are associated
with lower education but socioeconomic position has opposing associations with diabetes and
depression. Unlike Western populations, depression and diabetes were not associated in this sample of
men and women aged 55-80 years.
12.
Article for paper presentation at international conference on Medicine and social sciencesnov,2016
Research article-
Title-- “ PPIUCD -Empowering women by right choice at Birth”.
Author- Dr SUDHA.T.R.Banapurmath, Professor ,Department of OBG,HIMS Hassan.
Abstract:- WOMEN IN INDIA ARE DEPENDENT ON FAMILY IN DECISION MAKING AND
ARE NOT EMPOWERED TO TAKE MAJOR DECISIONS BY CHOICE.MORE THAN 65% 0F
WOMEN HAVE AN UNMET NEED FOR POST PARTUM CONTRACEPTION AND SEEK
SERVICES FOR ABORTION DUE TO BREAST FED CHILD AND ASSOCIATED NEXT
PREGNANCY.Post partum contraception is an evidence based intervention in preventing abortion
related maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality in developing countries. post partum insertion
of IUCD(PPIUCD) is an effective, feasible method of reversible long term contraception that may
empower women during institutional delivery to practice contraception which may be denied later by
interference by family or due to delay in accessibility. This study was conducted at a tertiary care
centre to understand the feasibility of PPIUCD among women and to know the acceptance among
them at institutional delivery.
Objective:- To evauate acceptability,Safety,side effects, efficacy ,of PPIUCD as method of women
controlled post partum contraception.
Observation;-3650 were studied , Acceptance rate was 8.6%. 28% were post placental, 23% were
immediate post partum, and 50% were intracaesarian insertions. side effects were minimal , expulsion
rate 1.02%,Removal rate 0.76% for non medical/family pressure reason. Over all retention and
satisfaction rate at end of 6months was 98.2%.
Conclusion;- the over-all good satisfaction rate indicates that PPIUCD is a
safe,effective,feasible,women controlled choice of contraception at birth in institutions.
13. Gender Differentials in Mortality Rate fromWomb to Six Years of Life: Prediction Estimates
from Five Year Trends in Puducherry, South India
Mahendra M,1Sonali Sarkar,2Kalaiselvi Selvaraj,3Swaroop Kumar Sahu4
1Junior
Resident, Dept. of Preventive and Social Medicine, 2Associate Professor, 3Senior Resident,
4Assistant Professor, Dept. of Preventive and Social Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate
medical Education and Research, Puducherry-6
Background:Child sex ratio can act as an indicator that reflects the cultural, social and economic values of
the society and attitude towards the girl child. Puducherry is one of the well performing states in India in
terms of literacy, health indicators and also in overall sex ratio.
Objectives: To analysethe five year trends in various life stages such as child sex ratio, sex ratio at birth
and overall sex ratio.This study also aimed to identify gender differentials in mortality rates at critical
stages during the childhood periodin one of the project areas of Integrated Child Development Services
(ICDS) programme, Puducherry.
Methodology:This study was done in Ariyankuppam, which is one of the project areas of ICDS in
Puducherry. The project covers 151 anganwadis and includes both urban and rural areas. It caters to
about one-fifth of the Puducherry population.All the collated monthly reports from various anganwadis in
the project area from January 2010 to December 2014 were analysed. Data was entered in Microsoft
Excel and analysed using Stata. Monthly reports were represented in the form of sequential charts and
predictions are being attempted based on moving average and auto regression model.
Results: The overall sex ratio showed improvement from 999 in the year 2010 to 1010 in the year 2014.
Though overall sex ratio is better compared to the national average (940), there is a decreasing trend in
child sex ratio over the years from 970 in 2010 to 938 in 2014. However, the sex ratio at birth
isconsistently low over last 5 years period(~905). The still birth rate was more in males (8.7 in boys Vs 6.8
per 1000 live births among girls)as expected. But the death rate is found to be higher in females during
infancy (IMR girls:8.4 Vsboys: 7.4), first three years of life(girls: 9.7Vsboys: 7.8) and first six years of life
(girls: 9.8Vsboys: 8.0).
Conclusion:In Puducherry, child sex ratio is at a declining trend over the years although the overall sex
ratio is better compared to the national average. Mortality among females is comparatively higher in all
the critical stages of childhood, i.e., during infancy, 0-3 years and 0-6 years of life.
Keywords: Child sex ratio, Gender differentials, Child mortality
14. Sex ratio at Birth: Trends over time and sequential birth order in a rural area of Puducherry,
South India
Yamini Marimuthu1, Pruthu Thekkur1, Kalaiselvi S2, Subitha L3, Palanivel C3, Ganesh Kumar S4
1Junior
Resident, Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate
Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry
2
Senior Resident, Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate
Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry
3
Assistant Professor, Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of
Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry
4
Associate Professor, Department of Preventive and Social Medicine, Jawaharlal Institute of
Postgraduate Medical Education and Research (JIPMER), Puducherry
Introduction:Sex ratio at birth acts as a proxy indicator to measure the impact of awareness drives and
implementation of laws against selective sex selection carried out over recent years in India.
Objectives:
In a rural area of Puducherry to find trends in sex ratio at birth over 7 years (2008 to 2014)and over
sequential birth orders.
Methodology: A record based cross sectional study was conducted in a Rural Health and Training Center
(RHTC), Ramanathapuram which caters to 9500 population spread over four villages. Information on birth
and death are routinely collected by field staff and validated by Medical Officer of RHTC. All the children
born between 2008 and 2014 were included in the study. The gender of the child, mothers name, village
and year of birth was extracted from the birth register. Birth order was extracted from Antenatal register
after cross matching mothers name and village obtained from birth register. Data was single entered in
EpiData software and analyzed using EpiData analysis. The sex ratio at birth (number of females per
1000 males at birth) was calculated across the year of birth, village and birth order.
Results:
In total 915 children were born between 2008 and 2014. The overall sex ratio at birth was 930 females
per 1000 males. In the year 2008 the sex ratio at birth was 1116 and during year 2014 it was 927. There
was no statistically significant difference in proportion of female births over the years (p for trend=0.162).
Also there was no difference across the four study villages (p value=0.532). The sex ratio at birth was
1000 for the first child, 936 for the second child and it dropped to 290 for third child. Birth order was
significantly associated with gender of the child (p value=0.002). The third order child had significantly
less chance (RR- 0.41 (95% CI: 0.22-0.77)) of being female child compared to first order child.
Conclusion:The study showed declining sex ratio at birth in the sequential birth order. This is a proxy
measure of sex selection during second and third birth order and indirectly gives an alarming message to
health care providers regarding increasing access to prenatal sex determination technique in this region.
Hence, there is a need to create awareness in the community and appraise the current implementation of
PNDT act in this area.
15.: A CROSS SECTIONAL STUDY ON PROPORTION OF GENDER BASED VIOLENCE AMONG
FEMALE COLLEGE STUDENTS IN KOTTAYAM DISTRICT.
Dr.AJAN M J, JR3, DEPARTMENT OF COMMUNITY MEDICINE, GOVERNMENT MEDICAL COLLEGE
KOTTAYAM
OBJECTIVES
1) To study the proportion of gender based violence among female college students in our
community.
2) To assess the situations where gender based violence is experienced.
3) To assess the awareness among them regarding gender based violence.
MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY
A. Study design: Cross sectional study.
B. Study setting: Female students from three selected colleges of Kottayam
C. Study period:1 month (8-3-2015 to 8-4-2015)
D. Sample size : 397 students
E. Study tool
: Questionnaire
F. Methodology: After obtaining clearance from the ethical committee and consent from the
students, the questionnaire was given and their response was collected.
G. Data management and statistical analysis: The data collected was coded and entered in MS
Excel and analysis was done using the SPSS version 16.0.
RESULTS
1. 86.4% of the respondents knew that gender based violence include psychological, physical,
sexual, and financial components.
2. 79.6% of the respondents had experienced some form of gender based violence.
3. 276 of the population experienced abuse from strangers,35 from the peer
4. 61.46% of respondents are moderately aware and 6.3% are well aware of the policies,
organizations and programs concerning gender based violence while rests of them have poor
awareness.
5. Among 316 of the respondents who have experienced gender based violence, 299 feel the need
for self-defense training in schools to prevent such experience.
CONCLUSION
The presentstudy showed that the proportion of females experiencing gender based violence is high. But
their awareness regarding its exact nature, protecting laws available etc was low.Those who knew about
the laws and policies were responding well to abuses. More awareness programmes about gender based
violence should be implemented. Self-defence training should be given to the school and college
students.
16. Gender stereotyping of women in Antarctica: The mirror of gendered world ecosphere
Tanmay Singh Pathani1*, Shivali Sissodia2, Rakesh Verma3, Anitha C T4
School of Medical Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Prof. C R Rao Road, Gachibowli, Hyderabad
500046
Background and objectives
Human beings are highly resistant and adaptable to the most varied environmental conditions. Vast white
wilderness of snow, ice, water and rock in Antarctica makes it a distinctive natural laboratory for gender
research which has been rare in the polar world. This article draws on the accounts of narratives and
travel logs from historic Antarctica expeditions in the 18 th centuries to the narratives from the modern
times.The objective was toreflect on the link between gender relationships, roles and their assembly and
interpretation in the world and how are they reciprocated and interpreted by women in lieu of their status
in Antarctica which has no native population of its own.
Observation
The continent is considered as a boy’s club, symbol of masculinity and forbidden for women. The
challenges of balancing being one of the boy’s and considered unfeminine are evident widely. The
contending of female in their gendered roles, doubts on their physical and psychosocial strength and
argument of impact of jealousy, love, frailty of women on work shows the strong resemblance towards the
male dominated world and its similar correspondence in Antarctica.The key constrains on women’s
involvement have been the perception that they are interfering with the ‘heroic culture’, or taking men’s
jobs. In addition, women have strong ties to their families and the long separation required by many
Title
“Marriage preparedness among newly married women in rural
Southern India”
positions interferes with their family priorities.
Conclusion
Antarctica is the mirror appearance of gender relations, norms, status as learnt in the ecosphere of the
world because there is no native culture and population. The women still remain as a minority even when
there has been alterations in organizational structure and ceasing of arguments about dearth in
infrastructure to support women in extreme environment. With time the roles and responsibilities and level
of participation of women has undergone a dynamic transformation from practical companions to era of
scientific contribution but segregation from involvement in many professions remains a challenge.
16.
Objective
To study the marriage preparedness of newly married women
(less than one year of marriage) in a rural block in Southern India
Methodology
The study had a cross-sectional design. It was a group project
carried out between April and May 2015 in the rural block (K.V.
Kuppam) under RUHSA (Rural unit for health and Social affairs),
Christian Medical College, Vellore. The list of newly married
peopleand their addresses were obtained from the RUHSA
computer database.
The block under RUHSA is divided into clusters of villages; each
cluster has a rural community officer (RCO) in-charge. We
randomly selected three RCOs and planned to select women from
the three clusters to reach a sample size of 100.The selected
participants from the database were traced in the community. A
structured questionnaire was administered to the participants after
informed consent. A marriage preparedness score was devised
and calculated for each participant.
Observations
A sample size of 50 could be achieved in the period of two
months. The mean age of the participants was 22.6 years (SD
3.35). The mean age at marriage was 22.06 years (SD 3.39).
Based on the median score, 58% (n=29) had lowmarriage
preparedness and 42% (n=21)had better marriage preparedness.
Conclusions
Young women need to be educated in various areas of sexual
and reproductive health. This might enable them to be better
prepared for an important event like marriage.
Authors
Lydia Newton (Intern)
Nalli Mercy Evangelin (Intern)
Kusum V Moray (Second year PG, Department of Community
Health)
ShaliniJeyapaul ( First year PG, Department of Community
Health)
Sherin Paul ( Assistant Professor, RUHSA)
Rita Isaac ( Professor and head, RUHSA)
Institutional
Rural Unit for Health and Social affairs,Kavanur,
affiliation
Christian Medical College, Vellore.
Correspondence Dr.Kusum V Moray
of Presenting
#639, First floor, CHAD PG Quarters, Bagayam Campus,
Author
Christian Medical College, Vellore-632002
Phone- 09585308672
Email- kukimoray@gmail.com
kukimoray@cmcvellore.ac.in
GERIATRICS
1. A Cross Sectional Study on Socio Demographic, Medical problems and their Attitude on Ageing
in an Old Aged Home of Indore, India
Dr Ashfaq Modiwala, Dr R. R Wavare
Department Of Community Medicine, Sri Aurobindo Medical College and Postgraduate Institute, Indore
(M.P)
Background: India’s older population will increase dramatically over the next four decades. WHO
suggested that by 2015 death from chronic diseases will increase 17% that is from 35 million to 41
million. Ageing is mainly associated with social isolation, poverty, apparent reduction in family support,
inadequate housing, impairment of cognitive functioning, mental illness, widowhood, bereavement, limited
options for living arrangement and dependency towards end of life. Objectives:To study the Socio
Demographic status, Medico Social problems and attitude towards life of study subjects.Methodology: A
cross-sectional study carried out from March to May 2015 in Old Aged Home of Indore. A total of 79 out
of 80 Elderly people of Ashram, aged 60 years and above were included.Detailed clinical history was
recorded and relevant physical examination was also carried out. A detailed interview was conducted
followed by medical examination.Result: Shows that maximum study subjects was in age group of 70 - 80
years, where males were (58.2%) and females (41.8%). Majority of population living in ashram were
alone (83.5%). 79.7% of respondents felt that old age had affected their day-to-day life. Majority of
respondents (86.1%) felt sad mainly because of his/her own Illness, the most common being
Hypertension, Musculo-skeletal disorder and Depression. Conclusion: Study revealed that a major
proportion of the elderly were partially or totally dependent on others, and suffering from health problems
with the sense of neglect by their family members. It needs further qualitative research to explore their
problems.
2. Morbidity profile among elderly population in rural areas of Allahabad district. Is there any
gender difference?
Dr. Naveen K.H, Assistant Professor, Department of Community Medicine, Mysore Medical College and
Research Institute, Mysore, Karnataka.(Presenting author)
Dr. M.A. Hassan, Associate Professor, Department of Community Medicine, MLN Medical College,
Allahabad, U.P
Dr. (Mrs) S. Dwivedi, Professor and Former HOD, Department of Community Medicine, MLN Medical
College, Allahabad, U.P
Background: Globally the proportion of people aged 60 years and above is increasing and they are at risk
of multiple co morbidities. Women live longer and older women develop more chronic diseases than men.
Objectives: To study the morbidity pattern among elderly population in rural Allahabad and to detect
gender differences, if any among them.
Materials and methods: Cross sectional community based study was conducted in the rural areas of
Allahabad during the period 2007 – 2008. A total of 411 elderly were selected from 2 blocks, Jasra in
trans Yamuna area and Bahadurpur in trans Ganga area through multistage random sampling method.
Observations: Among 411 elderly 52.1 percent were males and 42.9 percent were females. 345(84%)
were affected by one or more morbidity, among them 166 (77.6%) were males and 179 (90.9%) were
females. This difference was found to be statistically significant. Average number of illness per person
was 3.29 and among elderly males and females it was 2.91 and 3.71 respectively. Most prevalent
morbidities were related to ocular, cardiovascular and musculoskeletal systems affecting 70.8%, 49.2%
and 39.2% respectively. Mental illness and disorders related to ear, gastrointestinal and respiratory
system were other common morbidities in that order, affecting elderly. Under nutrition and obesity was
found among 42.3% and anaemia (pallor) in 17.8% of elderly. Significant difference in proportion of
morbidities among elderly men and women was found with ocular, musculoskeletal and mental disorders
(p<0.001). Most common morbidities affecting elderly were hypertension (44.8%), under nutrition (41.6%)
and cataract (36.3%).
Conclusion: High prevalence of morbidity among elderly population highlights the need for proper care
directed towards them to treat and control diseases and prevent further deterioration.
3. Geriatric Morbidity in a rural area of Pondicherry: A cross sectional Study”
Dr .Sudarshan BP, DMWIMS, Wayanad, Kerala,
OBJECTIVES: - To study the Socio-Demographic profile and to identify the
morbidity pattern among
the geriatric population.
METHODOLOGY: - A cross sectional study WAS CONDUCTED in the rural field practice area of
MGMC&RI .All aged people 60 years and above were taken for study and visited at home. Data
was collected by pretested questionnaire and clinical examination. Sample size of 360 was
selected from the three villages by simple random sampling.
OBSERVATIONS: - Majority of the elderly was in the age group of 60-69 (59.2%), Illiterate and in BPL
category. Even though 95% of elderly had own house, 12% stayed alone, 73% lived in Katcha
houses without sanitary latrines. Use of smoking and alcohol was more in males while tobacco in
chewable form was more in females. 50% had history of chronic diseases. Anemia was seen in
(96%) followed by , hypertension 28%, arthritis (25%), diabetes (22%), respiratory diseases
including asthma and tuberculosis (9%), acid peptic diseases (5%), falls (4%), and skin conditions
(2%). Presence of chronic diseases was associated with low SES (P = 0.003). 73% showed
psychological morbidity and was more associated in males (P=0.003).
CONCLUSION: - Fifty percent morbidity was observed regarding to the presence of chronic diseases.
Morbidities differ from place to place and unique to ones geographical area, customs, social and
cultural practices. Majority of the elderly with morbidities rated their health to be good showing
their mental attitude of understanding ageing and life.
4. GERIATRIC HEALTH - AN EMERGING NATIONAL PROBLEM; A STUDY ON HEALTH ISSUES
AND FACTORS EFFECTING GERIATRIC POPULATION SPECIALLY WOMEN OF SOUTH-MOPUR, A
RURAL VILLAGE OF NELLORE DISTRICT.
Author: Dr. Sumanth Kumar Marthyaya, 1st year Post-graduate, Community Medicine, Narayana Medical
College, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh.
Co-Authors: Dr. V.Chandrasekhar, Dr. E.Ravi Kiran, Dr. K.Vijaya reddy, Dr. C.Kumar, Dr. C.Jyothi.
Background: A Developed Nation is one who care for the weaker population. India, being the 2nd largest
populated in the world, is in a phase of demographic transition constituting an elderly population (aged 60
years & above) of 76.6 million which is about 7.7% of total population in 2011. It has been projected that
by the year 2050, the number of elderly people would rise to about 324 million. As The UN defines a
country as ‘ageing’ where the proportion of people over 60 reaches 7 percent, India already qualifies as
‘Ageing Nation’. The problems facing by this group of elderly population is numerous in this nation of
diversity. The major concern is the health of the elderly with multiple medical and psychological problems.
Although there has been improvement in reducing mortality and increasing life expectancy in India, there
is lot more to do to revolutionise medical, social and economics through right strategies and planning.
Objectives:
1. To study a varied Health status of geriatric population of South-Mopur, Nellore dist.
2. To identify factors effecting Geriatric Health.
Material & Methods:
Type of study: Cross-Sectional study
Study setting: South-Mopur rural area, conveniently selected in Nellore district for study.
Study subjects: All elderly aged 60 years & above belong to South-Mopur, Nellore dist.
Duration of study: 3 months; July-Sept 2015
Data will be collected by face-to-face interview using pretested, predesigned semistructured
questionnaire after taking their consent.
Physical examination and basic laboratory investigations will be done.
Data Analysis: Appropriate statistical methods and tests will be used to interpret the data.
5. Yoga therapy for healthy aging
Ms.Deepa .Rajarajeshwari Medical College, Bangalore, Rajiv Gandhi University of Health Sciences
Background:
Yoga means union of body and mind. Yoga is a therapy for promoting total health and to harmonize the
body and soul. The mental stress plays a very important role on the autonomic nervous system (ANS). An
imbalance in ANS will virtually lead to many diseases. Yoga which teaches holistic life style with good
food habits, regulates ANS and acts as preventive medicine for most of the diseases helping healthy
aging.
Aim:
To study the physical and psychological conditions of elderly people who practice yoga and who don’t
practice yoga.
Methodology:
Data was collected from 73 people, male-40; female-33 (39 who practice yoga (from two yoga centers in
Rajajinagar, Bangalore and 34 not practicing yoga from Rajajinagar, Bangalore). The survey questioners
were readout and their answers were noted. Random blood sugar
was recorded using
ONETOUCH select simple from Johnson & Johnson and blood pressure (BP) using standard mercury
sphygmomanometer during the survey. The survey questioner covered age, years of yoga practice,
whether diagnosed with cardiovascular diseases (CVD) or diabetes (two most common disease among
aging Indians), number of visits to the physician per year, BP, blood sugar as per their previous records,
type of yoga posture normally performed and duration of practice.
Result:
The average age of people surveyed is 52.7 years. 87.2% of people who are practicing yoga for more
than 25 years are found to have normal BP, blood sugar, don’t suffer from CVDs or diabetes and visit to a
physician is less than 1.72 times/year. It is found 9% of people started practicing yoga after being
diagnosed with CVDs or diabetes but claim that their BP and blood sugar are under control due to yoga
practice. It was also found that 3.8% of people are suffering from hypertension and diabetes in spite of
practicing yoga. The yoga posture practiced by people are simple breathing techniques (pranayama),
warm ups (jathis and suryanamaskar), breath body movement coordination practices (kriyas), static
stretching postures (asana), relaxation and chanting.
28.35% of people who don’t practice yoga were diabetic, 17.5% had CVDs, 21% suffer from hypertension
and 65.3% accept mental stress. The average visit to doctor/ year is 7.6.
Conclusion:
Study shows people practicing yoga stays healthy and stress free and lead their life to happy and healthy
aging.
Keywords:
Yoga posture, Yoga and healthy aging, CVD, mental stress
6. Prevalence And Factors Associated With Depression Among Elderly In The Field Practice Area
Of Primary Health Centre, Naravaripalli, AP.
R. Sowmya Pallavi1, K. Ashok Kumar Reddy2, R. Altaf Hussain3, D.Shankar Reddy4
1- Post graduate student, Department of Community Medicine
2- Professor & Head, Department of Community Medicine
3 - Associate Professor, Department of Community Medicine
4- Assistant Professor, Department of Community Medicine
Sri Venkateswara Medical College, Tirupati, Chittoor dist., Andhra Pradesh.
Back ground: Today world is witnessing demographic shift due to increase in life expectancy and
reduction in fertility level. The elderly are more prone to psychological problems and depression is the
emerging public health problem leading to morbidity and affecting quality of life of elderly. Hence, the
present study was undertaken with the following objectives.
Objectives: 1)To determine the prevalence of depression among elderly.
2) To determine the factors associated with depression among elderly.
Materials and Methods:
A community based cross sectional study was conducted in the field practice
area of primary health centre, Naravaripalli. Multi stage random sampling was done. Study was done for 4
months from April to July, 2015. 400 persons aged ≥ 60 years were included. Those who are critically ill,
non responsive and without consent were excluded. A pre-designed, pre-tested proforma was used to
collect information. GDS -15 (shorter version) was used to assess depression. Data were entered in MS
excel and analysed in SPSS 17.0 Version Software.
Results and Conclusion: The prevalence of depression was 41%. Depression is associated with
increasing age, female gender, illiteracy, low socio economic status, those who are living alone.
7. Title of the Abstract : Fall Risk Assessment of the elderly in an urban community in Kochi
Dr. Divyamol K Sasidharan ,Dr. Rahul Unnikrishnan, Dr. Naganath Narasimhan Prem, Dr. Priya
Vijayakumar, Dr. Sunil K Senan, Dr. George Paul
Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences
Objectives:
Primary Objective:
1. To assess the risk of fall among the elderly in an urban community using Hendrich II Fall risk
Model.
Secondary Objective:
1. To assess the relationship between age and risk of fall.
Methods :
A community based cross sectional study was conducted in Kaloor division of Kochi city,Kerala.
Minimum sample size was calculated to be 145.House to house visit was done and data was collected
from 150 elderly by direct interview .Fall risk was assessed using Hendrich II fall risk assessment,
Confusion/ disorientation/ impulsivity was determined depending on the MMSE of the patient and
symptomatic depression was assessed using the GDS Scale.
Observations :
The mean age of the study population was 71 years. Majority were females (61.3%). As per the study
39.3 % elderly are at high risk of falls and its consequences. Risk of fall was found to be significantly
higher among those aged above 71 years (52.5%) than among the age group of 70 – 74 years (47.5%), p
< 0.05. There was a positive linear relationship between age and risk of fall (Pearson correlation
coefficient r=0.407). Symptomatic depression was found in 46.7 % of the study population.
Conclusion:
Falls constitute a major cause of morbidity among the elderly. Its consequences can range from reduced
quality of life to serious physical injuries such as hip fractures. This can be prevented to a very good
extent if intervened at the right time. Fall risk screening in the elderly would aid in identifying and
addressing the high risk patients with early interventions and preventive strategies. A multidisciplinary
approach involving a physiotherapist, medical social worker and a trained geriatric nurse can be
employed. Ultimately it will help us in our endeavour to provide a healthy and safe old age
8. A Study on Social issues in Geriatric Mental Health Care
*Ms. Kavitha S
**Dr. Kumudini Achchi
*Research Scholar, JSS Research Foundation, University of Mysore, Mysore-06,
**Assistant Professor, JSS College of Arts, Commerce and Science, Ooty Road, Mysore-25
Keywords: Old age, mental health, social issues, social work
Ageing is natural and universal process, Old age is considered as the last stage of human life span. In the
words of the Seneca, ‘Old age is an incurable disease’. The geriatric population is defined as population
age 60 years and above. WHO defines, Health is a complete state of physical, psychological and social
aspects. Mental Health is considered to be a good state of well-being. In modern India, as the population
of the elders is increasing at an alarm rate, they are suffers from a lot of social problems which affects the
mental health status to a great extent.
A study was conducted to understand the social problems affecting the mental health status of the
geriatric population. The descriptive and exploratory research design was adapted to carry out the study,
interview schedule and observation techniques adopted as tool to elicit data from the 60 elderly
respondents living in families in Mysuru district of Karnataka state was selected for the study. Chi-square
statistical test was used analyze the data by using SPSS Package.
Study reveals that changes in the structure and function of family system, changes in social roles and
responsibilities and changes in social relationship and interaction affects the mental health status the
geriatric population living in family to a great extent in the modern period.
Application of social work methods such as Case work, Group work and Social work researches can be
conducted in focusing on the unravelled areas in the issues of elders is helpful in redressing the poor
mental health conditions of geriatric population and in turn resulting in social well – being.
9. A Study on Knee joint osteoarthritis among the women in the urban field practice area of
Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute.
Dr. Narasimha B C, 1 Dr. Ravish K S, 2 Dr. Ranganath T S 3
1. Postgraduate and Corresponding author, 2. Assistant Professor,
3. Professor and Head, Dept. of Community Medicine,
Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Bengaluru.
Introduction: Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic degenerative joint disease. Prevalence of K n e e
osteoarthritis is reported to increase in females during perimenopausal age and remains high
throughout menopause. The reason for this is reveled in m any studies that, loss of estrogen at the
time of menopause increases a woman’s risk of getting osteoarthritis. Average menopausal age in Indian
women is 46.3 years as compared to 51 years in western countries. This predisposes Indian women to the
risk of developing osteoarthritis at an earlier age compared to their western counterparts. Osteoarthritis of
the knee is very common in the women and 25.7% of women are in the age group 40 to 80 years. Apart
from being a major contributor of pain, it is also associated with decreasing physical activity, and may
lead to limitation of one's independence and affect health related quality of life. Hence we have taken up
the study to explore effects of the disease in community.
Objectives: 1. To study the prevalence of osteoarthritis of knee joint among women.
2. To study the treatment seeking behavior of women with osteoarthritis.
Methodology:
Study Design: Community based cross sectional study. Osteoarthritis will be diagnosed using clinical
criteria given by American College of Rheumatology for diagnosis of Idiopathic Osteoarthritis of knee
joints.
Study population: women above the age group of 40 years.
Study Setting: Urban filed practice area of BMCRI.
Study period: January 2015 to March 2015.
Sample size: 110.
Results & Discussion: A total of 110 women were interviewed, out of which 56.36% (62) women were
found to be suffering from knee osteoarthritis. Prevalence of osteoarthritis was found to be increased with
age. In diagnosed cases around 80.64% (50) women underwent treatment because of intolerance to pain.
Because of this pain, around 72.58% (45) of the women were having difficulty in doing daily routine
activities. With this high prevalence of osteoarthritis there is need to spread awareness about the disease,
its prevention and rehabilitation in the community.
10. Title: Association of Mental Health and Spiritual Health: A Cross-sectional Study on
Geriatric Population of Jaipur City (Rajasthan) India
1. Dr. Kusum Lata Gaur, Professor, Department of Community Medicine, SMS Medical College, Jaipur
(Rajsthan) India.
2. Dr. Priyanka Kapoor, 3rd Year Senior resident, Department of Community Medicine, SMS Medical
College, Jaipur (Rajsthan) India
3. Dr. Afifa Zafer, Professor, Department of Community Medicine, SMS Medical College, Jaipur
(Rajsthan) India
4.
Dr. R. K. Manohar, Professor and Head, Department of Community Medicine, SMS Medical College,
Jaipur (Rajsthan) India
Background: Spiritual health is not given its due importance since long time. But nowadays modern
medicine is seen in relation to spiritual health and studies were conducted to find out its association with
various diseases.
Objectives: This study was aimed to find out association of spiritual health with mental health.
Methods: This study was conducted on 990 elderly residing in Municipal Corporation area of Jaipur City
through 30 cluster technique to identify houses with elderly (≥60 years). After collecting general
information Spiritual Health Assessment Scale (SHAS) was used to assess spiritual health and Modified
Mini Screen (MMS) was used to assess mental health in elderly. Data were anlysed and inferred by Chisquare test and ANOVA with Post-hoc Tukey test.
Observations and Conclusions: It was found that significantly higher proportion of poor spiritual health
elderly were in red and orange zone (29.18%) than that of fair and good spiritual health status elderly i.e.
19.9% and 1.79% respectively. Spiritual health was strongly associated with psycho-wellness in elderly.
Poorer the spiritual health of elderly leads to poorer the psycho-wellness in elderly. Like wise, Suicidal
tendency was found in 6.77% of elderly i.e. 6.77% , out of which, none of the elderly was having fair and
good spiritual health. So it can be also be depicted that better the spiritual health of elderly probability of
Suicidal tendency is less.
11. Title of Study: Factors influencing non compliance to treatment among elderly in the Urban
Field Practice Area of RajaRajeswari Medical College and Hospital, Bangalore.
Parasuramalu B G1, Raghuram V2, Rajitha T3
Professor1, Associate Professor2, Postgraduate student3
Institution: RajaRajeshwari Medical College and Hospital, Bangalore.
Introduction: Non compliance to treatment is a leading issue and a huge burden in our current healthcare
system.. Medication compliance has been defined by the International Society for Pharmacoeconomics
and Outcomes Research as the “extent to which a patient acts in accordance with the prescribed interval
and dose of a dosing regimen”. Non adherence may be in the form of not fulfilling prescriptions, omission
of doses, incorrect medication, incorrect dosages or schedules, premature discontinuation of drugs. Poor
adherence has shown to decrease the effects of prescribed medications or other treatments and to
increase the likelihood of poor outcomes.
Need for the study: There are only few studies on the non-adherence of medication among elderly. Thus,
the need of this study is to assess medication adherence among elderly in the urban field practice area of
RajaRajeswari Medical college and hospital(RRMCH), Bangalore.
Objectives:
1. To describe the socio demographic profile of the elderly in the urban field practice area of RRMCH.
2. To assess the compliance to treatment among elderly in the urban field practice area of RRMCH.
3. To identify the reasons influencing non-compliance to treatment among elderly in the urban field
practice area of RRMCH
Materials and methods: A community based cross sectional study will be conducted in Channasandra
Colony, the urban field practice area of Rajarajeswari Medical College and Hospital, Bangalore.
Source of Data: Elderly people ≥ 60 years of age
Study design: Cross sectional study.
Study period: 2 months (August 2015 – October 2015)
Inclusion criteria: All elderly ≥ 60 years of age, who are permanent residents of Channasandra colony.
Exclusion criteria: 1. Elderly who are seriously ill.
2.Elderly who have difficulty in speech and hearing.
Study Tool: Pre-designed, semi structured, pretested questionnaire which includes questions on
sociodemographic profile of elderly.
Methodology: House to house survey was conducted in channasandra colony i.e. urban field practice
area of Rajarajeswari Medical College and Hospital, Bangalore to cover all the elderly aged ≥ 60 years of
age after obtaining informed consent from the study subjects. The information will be collected from the
elderly subjects by using pre tested and pre designed questionnaire by interviewing method.
The questionnaire will include questions on socio demographic profile of the elderly, questions to assess
compliance to medication, self-perceived adverse effects etc.
Results: Out of the 153 participants,89(58.16%) were males and 64(41.83%) were females. Majority of
the study participants 91 (59.4%) were in the age group of 60-70 years,130 (85%) participants belonged
to Hindu religion, majority of the study participants 90 (58.8) were illiterate and 111(72.5%) were not
working. 100 (65.4%) belonged to the lower socio economic classes (class 4 and 5). Chi square test was
used as test of significance and it was observed that compliance was significantly better as age
increases, among married, literate, those who are working, those who belonged to lower socio economic
groups and those who were living with care giver.
Conclusion: The overall non compliance rate was 37.6% and the reasons for non compliance were
Forgetfullness, symptomatic improvement, Inaccessibility to medication, Financial issues, Treatment
considered unnecessary, fear of side effects and lack of family support.
Key words: Non compliance to treatment, Urban, elderly, Bangalore
12. MORBIDITY PROFILE OF INMATES OF A SELECTED OLDAGE HOMES OF BANGALORE CITY
1DR
SREEDHARA K C. 2nd Year Post Graduate, Community Medicine, Rajarajeswari Medical College &
Hospital Bangalore – 74, dr_chowsree@yahoo.co.in.
2Dr
Raghuram.V Associate professor, Department of Community Medicine, ACS Medical College &
Hospital, Chennai.
3Dr
Jayanth kumar K professor. Department of Community Medicine Rajarajeswari Medical College &
Hospital, Bangalore.
Introduction: Aging is part of the development sequences of entire life span, from prenatal growth to
senescence. By 2025, the number of elderly people is expected to rise more than 1.2 Billion all over the
world. In 2011 the share of older person aged 60yrs and above was 8.6% which has placed India in the
“aged” category as per United National Classification. Morbidity among Elderly is a serious problem for
health service utilization in India due to increase in elderly population.
Objective 1: To study the morbidity profile of inmates of selected oldage homes in Bangalore.
2: To Study the Socio Demographic profile of study subjects.
Methods: A cross sectional study using predesigned questionnaire was conducted among inmates of
CADMS/ Florence oldage homes at Nagarbhavi, Bangalore from 1st September 2015 to 15th September
2015. Information was collected regarding age, sex, education status, type of family and Income.
General physical examination was done, Height, weight, BP, Random blood sugar was carried out
.history was elicited regarding existing morbidities and treatment history. Based on this, systems
wise morbidities were classified.
Observations & conclusion: Data under analysis will be presented in the conference
13. A Study on social integration and health status of elderly people living in old age homes of
Coimbatore
*R.Baskar, Assistant Professor, Department of Social Work, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore
**Dwithun Bausmatary, MSW, Department of Social Work, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore
The world in near future is going to experience the major challenge of aging population. Increase in the
share of the aged population in the total population is going to be a tough task before the governments
and the families supporting the elderly. Old age is a stage marked by physical weakness, psychological
issues, loneliness and isolation. Social integration is a major issue that haunts the elderly. With a high
prevalence, and an increasing number of older persons, social isolation will have impact on the health,
well-being, and quality of life of numerous older adults now and in the foreseeable future. Social
integration means a dynamic and principled process where all members participate in dialogue to achieve
and maintain peaceful social relations. India like many other developing countries in the world is
witnessing the rapid aging of its population. Urbanization, modernization and globalization have led to
change in the economic structure, the erosion of societal values, weakening of social values, and social
institutions such as the joint family. The last stage is in the life span is frequently subdivided into early old
age, which extend from age sixty to age seventy, and advanced old age, which begin at 70 and extends
to the end of life. People during the sixties are equally refer to as “elderly”- meaning somewhat old or
advanced beyond middle age- and “old” after the reach the age of seventy. This study aims at studying
the health status of elderly people in old age homes, knowing the kind of relationship the elderly people
maintaining with their relatives, finding out the major problems faced by the elderly people living in old
age homes in Coimbatore.
14. Social Issues and challenges faced by the elderly residing in the old age homes of Davangere
District, Karnataka
Santosh A1, BA Varadaraja Rao2, Sharankumar Holyachi3
1 - Assistant Professor Department of community medicine Raja Rajeshwari Medical College and
Hospital Bangalore – 560074
2 - Professor , Department of Community Medicine, S S Institute of Medical sciences & Research Centre
Davangere – 577005
3 - Assistant Professor , Department of Community Medicine , S S Institute of Medical sciences &
Research Centre , Davangere – 577005

Background : In this dynamic era, where the aging of population is rapidly increasing in one hand and the
erosion of traditional joint family practice and social values occurring on the other hand, the old age
homes concept prove to be helpful for the elderly people

Objective: 1.To assess the institutional arrangement and the facilities being provided by the old age
homes. 2. To determine the socio-economic problems of the residents in the old age home. 3. To
determine the reasons for shifting to the old age home

Results: Social security benefits in the form of old age pension/widow pension were available to about
43% of the elderly. Reason given by majority of the elderly to join OAH was elder abuse accounting for
35.2%. Almost half (47%) of the residents had not gone home to visit their family members. 49%
reported that none of the family members had come to see them since joining Old age home. All the Old
age homes had a separate kitchen facility with a cook. Living arrangement for the residents in all the Old
age homes was dormitory, Laundry facility was lacking in all the old age homes. There was no provision
of separate room for the married couple. Regarding health facilities, doctor was available to the residents
in 5 (71%) old age homes. For emergency purpose, none of the old age homes has the facility of
ambulance or any emergency drugs. Only two old age homes had the provision of vehicle for transport to
hospital.

Conclusion: Old age homes are surely a blessing in this modern era but in majority of the old age homes,
facilities and services were lacking in almost all aspects. Widowhood, illiteracy, lack of social security,
lack of family support, elder abuse were some of the major social problems faced by the elderly.
WOMEN, LITERATURE AND LAW
1. A Turkish Lady in India: Halide Edip’sObservations on Indian Independence Movement and Mahatma
Gandhi
MahmutCihatİzgi,
Ph.D. Candidate
Research Assistant in Sakarya University, History Department,
Researcher in Centre for Islamic Studies
Turkey
Halide EdipAdıvar (1882-1964) is one of the most significant and interesting female scholars and
novelistsof the Early Republican era in Turkey. She played crucial role during the Turkeish War of
Independence followed by the First World War. Upon, the foundation of Turkish Republic in 1923, Edip
was forced to leave due to political views and critiques for the Kemalist regime. She firstly went to Britain
then made several visit to India. In this period, published three books in this period; “Turkey Faces West”,
“Inside India”, and “Conflict of East and West in Turkey” as an eyewitness account throughout 1930s. In
this sense, this paper aims to focus on her books to analyze her these three books to examine her
observationsregardingIndia, Gandhi, anti-colonial resistance and Indian Independence Movementduring
this period.
Keywords: Halide Edip, India, Mahatma Gandhi, Indian Independence Movement, Anti-Colonial
Resistance
2.GROWTH OF FEMALE LITERACY RATE IN KARNATAKA STATE: A DISAAGGREGATE
ANALYSIS
Dr.P.T.BHARATHI, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, DEPT. OF GEOGRAPHY,
MAHARAJA'S COLLEGE, UNIVERSITY OF MYSORE, MYSORE-570 005
The total literacy rate of Karnataka is increased 8.96% from 66.96%in 2001 to 75.60% in2011,
whereas male literacy grew 6.75%from 76.10% to 82.85%, contrary female literacy rate rose 11.23%from
56.90% to 68.13% in the same period respectively. This indicates that female literacy rate of Karnataka
has been improved from last decade in the state compare to total and male literacy rate.
Therefore the present investigtion aims at analysing the growth of female literacy rate and gender
difference of literacy rate of Karnataka state based on secondary data. Gender differencial literacy index
is used to find gender differencial literacy index. Choropleth technique is used for mapping. The study
found out that almost the entire northern districts have high growth of female literacy rate and high gender
differencial literacy index respectively.
Key words: differencial index, female literacy rate, growth rate
3.Ecopsychological Concerns in Select Works of Indian Women Writers
Poornima K.B., Research Scholar, DOS in English, Manasagangothri, Mysore
Ecopsychology brings together the principles of ecology and psychology. It stems from what is known as
the 'Biophilia hypothesis 'which was coined by Edward O Wilson in 1984. He theorised that humans have
an inbuilt emotional connection to nature. Ecopsychology seeks to help people to become aware of this
intrinsic link and to restore this bond where it has been broken. This has become an increasingly
prominent concern in industrial societies where ecopsychology is seeking to redress the destructive
relationship that often exists between people and the earth. The term was first used by a cultural historian
Theodore Roszak in 1992,. in his seminal book 'The Voice of the Earth' . Ecology/Nature has been
considered as an integral part of human kind since time immemorial. Several aspects of ecopsychology
can be traced from the various histories of cultural artefacts both ancient and modern. For example,
aboriginal, pagan, Buddhist and Hindu cultures as well as Shamanism which have histories of embracing
nature.
The paper makes an attempt to capture the nuances of ecopyschology in the works of the Indian women
writers like Anita Desai, Kiran Desai, Namita Gokhale and Anuradha Roy. The women characters
portrayed by these writers seek to take respite and repose amidst nature when they become fed up with
the fever and frets of the world. They derive enough strength and composure lying in the lap of nature.
Be it Nanda Kaul in Anita Desai's Fire on the Mountain where she aspires to become" a tree no more or
no less , was all she was prepared to undertake" or Rachita tiwary in Namita Gokhale's The Book of
Shadows when her face is ravaged by acid attack she inclines solitude and soliloquy to overcome the
bitter incident of the past and she finds consolation moving away from the urban city to that of her native
town abound with rich natural scenery of great Himalayas. In Anuradha Roy's The Folded Earth Maya,
the protagonist desperate to leave a private tragedy abandons herself to the rhythms of the village,
where people co-exist peacefully with nature. In Kiran Desai's The Inheritance of Loss Sai, the
protagonist now and then looks up at Kanchenjunga and observes its wizard phosphorescence and
seeks to come to terms with tragedy she had meted out in her life. A number of studies and research
work have been undertaken to show the link between green space, well-being and health. Through the
lens of ecopsychology the paper tries to explore the positive impact of the green environment on the
various health issues and on the deportment of the characters which are discussed in the works.
4. A study on factors influencing female literacy in rural field practice area of a Mediciti Institute Of
Medical Sciences.Ranga Reddy district, Telangana.
Dr.Vaishnavi1,Dr.Satyavaraprasad2,Dr.Sita Rama Rao3, Dr.Govindrao.N.Kusneniwar4
Department of Community Medicine, MIMS, Hyderabad.
1 – Post graduate,2-Assistant professor,3- professor, 4- Professor and HOD.
Background:
According to the census 2011, the literacy rate in Telangana state is 67.10%.There is a great disparity in
Literacy rates between males and females.While the literacy rate in males is-76.42%. it is only 57.9% in
females.The difference is more pronounced in the rural areas.In Rangareddy district the male and female
literacy rates are82.11% and 69.40% respectively.This marked contrast between male and female literacy
rates is a general feature throughout India.However persistence of same situation in a district like
Rangareddy district which almost constitutes a suburb of a metropolitan city like Hyderabad is a
phenomenon that requires careful scrutiny and detailed study.Hence a study was taken up by the
investigator in rural field practise area of MedicitiInstitute of Medical Sciences.Ghanpur,Medchal.
Objectives:
To assess the factors influencing female literacy such as caste, economic status of the family and literacy
level of parents and siblings etcin the studypopulation of Rural area ofshamirpetMandal.
Methodology:
A community based Cross sectional study is being carried out in rural field practise area from july 2015
will be continued till September 2015.1 village out of 13 villages in Rural field practise area of MIMSwas
selected by simple random sampling and all the females of age group 15-35 are being covered in the
study. A semistructuredpretested Questionnaire is being administered to . Data entry will be done in MS
Excel and data analysiswill be donein EPI INFO 7.1.
Results &Conclusion
As thestudy is being carried out , the analysis along with the resultswill be displayed at the conference.
5.Women Rights in India- A Myth or Reality

Sridevi Krishna,
Research Scholar, Manasagangotri, Mysore
The United Nations in its Millennium Summit, 2000 declared ‘Gender Equality and Women empowerment’
as one among the eight ‘Millennium Development Goal’ to be achieved by the year 2015. But how far
these goals are being realized in a country like India is a myth. Often women in India are deprived of their
fundamental right to dignity; leave alone the question of gender parity. The UN Commission on status of
women too adopted an agreement, accelerating the progress towards achieving the millennium
development goals and confirming their stand-alone goal on gender equality and women’s empowerment
in post 2015 goals. The agreement called on the governments to address discriminatory social practices,
laws and beliefs that undermine gender equality. This paper explores the question central to women’s
rights in India and attempts to study few challenges faced by women in India like the dowry, female
foeticide, inheritance rights, trafficking etc.
Objectives


To study strategies devised by the government and civil society to empower women in India
To study steps undertaken under Indian Constitution to protect women’s human rights.
Observation

Although women have acquired a level of financial and political autonomy and consciousness
about their rights, yet they experience helplessness in bringing about social changes for
eliminating gender inequality.
Conclusion
Millennium Development Goal concerning gender equality and women’s empowerment can be achieved
in India only when women is freed from practices like female foeticide, trafficking, dowry deaths etc.
6. A Cross Sectional Study of Effect Of Woman Education On Health Related Aspect of Female
Population Nearby RHTC area, Vadodara, Gujarat.
Patel H1, Kathad M2, Pandit N3
1,Resident, 2-Associate professor, 3-Professor Department of Community Medicine, S.B.K.S.M.I.R.C.
Piparia, Vadodara, Gujarat, India
Background: Education is an important determinant of health status in both the developed and developing
world. Education may change mothers’ knowledge and perception of the importance of modern medicine
in the care of their children. Educated mothers are more likely than uneducated women to take advantage
of modern medicine and comply with recommended treatments.
Objective: Study of effect of woman education on health related aspect of female population nearby
RHTC area in Vadodara-District, Gujarat.
Methods: A community based cross sectional study was performed among 4071 population, from which
944 families were selected from one village for present study nearby areas of RHTC.The data was
collected with pilot pre-tested questionnaire for the study and was conducted during November –
December 2014. Data were collected through face to face verbal interview. Descriptive analyses were
conducted through SPSS version 11.5 for windows.
Results: Out of total 4071 population covered, 2143 (53%) were males and 1928 were females (46%)
culmination in sex ratio of 899 females per 1000 male population .Literacy rate of woman is72 %( 1385) &
Male is 84% (1800), literacy rate of population is 78 %( 3185) (chi-square =87.39 & p value < 0.001) out
of this 538 (61%) woman are illiterate. Out of total population, there are 15 Pregnant woman, in which
9(60%) woman taking ANC care from Government Hospital & 6 (40%) from Private Hospital. Out of Total
Population, 562(66%) are eligible couple, in which 428(76.16%) using any type of contraceptive methods,
out of these, 333(78%) female done tubectomy (chi-square =.12.9 & p value < 0.001)
Conclusions: The study was conducted among 944 families and in limited geographical area but it was
observed that literacy status is associated with expectation & practice of contraceptive services & use of
health care delivery .So literacy will improve health status of community indirectly.
Key words: Woman education, Literacy Rate, Health related aspect
7. Understanding discrimination in women’s education in a rural area of Coimbatore
Dr.Subhashini 1, Dr.Iswarya2, Dr.Thomas V Chacko3
1.Post graduate student, 2. Assistant professor, 3. Professor and HOD
Department of community medicine PSGIMS & R, Coimbatore
Objectives:
•
To know women’s perception regarding gender discrimination in educational opportunities
•
To understand why women face discrimination in education
•
To find the impact of such discrimination on women’s personality and life
•
To elicit recommendations for the change
Observation:
Two focus group discussions comprising 20 participants of age group 20 -30 years and above
was conducted in a rural area of Coimbatore.
Women’s perception of gender bias in education:
Majority of study participants said that they have faced discrimination with respect to education.
They feel that girl’s education is more dictated by society and parents and still they face discrimination
directly or indirectly at every stage – family, school, society or state.
Participants strongly felt that their education level was limited by, household economic
conditions, household workload, early marriage and cultural restrictions.
Why do women face such discrimination?
Participants came up with many reasons for these discriminations and many agreed that the
main reason is “Men fear that women will have equal status and rights” and she will not be submissive.
Other reasons were, women are considered to belong to their husband’s family and investing in
their education is of “no returns” to the parents.
If the family’s economical condition is poor, it prefers to spend on sons ignoring daughters which
is culturally and socially accepted and motivated, because sons are considered as old-age caretaker and
the one that continues the family clan.
Also the society’s conservative thinking and stereotyping that women are meant to take care of
household activities and rear children has still not changed.
Impact of such discrimination on women:
Women came with overwhelming response on discussing the consequences of these
discriminations. Most of them pointed out they are very dependent on others, especially on the men of
their family. They were emotional in discussing how much this has led to humiliation in family and society
and thereby a very low self esteem.
Recommendations for change:
In participant’s perspective, changes that they wanted were also discussed. Many strongly
recommended that men have to realize that women are equal and have to change the way they
stereotype women. Pertaining to education they have recommended that laws have to be made to make
education free of cost for women. Finally, everyone agreed, that a change is possible, only when it comes
from individual men & women, from within family and the larger society.
Conclusion:
The study revealed that rural women face a lot of discrimination in educational opportunities.
Such discrimination begins from their parents and extends up to husband and society. These differential
treatments are consequences of the patriarchal practices and the cultural stereotype of women.
Furthermore for this discriminative culture to change, society as a whole should undergo transformation,
beginning with each individual both men and women.
8. “Study on honour killing as a crime in India-cause and solutions”
Seied Beniamin Hosseini (beniamin_1@live.com), B.A, L.L.B, Department of Studies in Law,
Manasagangothri, University of Mysore
UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF
Prof, Dr. C. BASAVARAJU, Professor and Dean, Department of Studies in Law, Manasagangothri,
University of Mysore
In the present study the researcher is going to consider the related rights and regulations in protection
of honor killing victims in India. The barbarism carries the name of Honor Killing. An honor killing is the
homicide of a member of a family by other members, due to the perpetrators by having the belief that the
victim violated the principles of a community or a religion the victim has brought shame or dishonor upon
the family .The concept of women as property and honor is deeply entrenched in the social, political and
economic in South Asian countries, Muslim countries and India ,There are multiple causes for which
honor killings occur, and numerous factors interact with each other such as;
a. Dressing in ways or in manner which are deemed inappropriate and unacceptable to the family or
community
b. Wanting to terminate or refusing to enter an arranged marriage or desiring to marry by own
choice,
c.
Seeking a divorce
d. Allegation and rumors about family member
e. Becoming the victim of rape
f.
Engaging in heterosexual acts outside marriage, or even due to a non-sexual relationship
perceived as disapproved by their family
g. Engaging in homosexual acts or relation which the Women and girls are killed at much higher
rate than men.
It must mention, in the most of the countries data on honor killings is not collected systematically, and
many of these killings are reported and registered by the families as suicides or accidents. In 2000, the
United Nations estimated 5,000 women were victims of honor killings in each year in India and more than
20,000 women are killed worldwide in each year. Murder is not the only form of honor crime; the Methods
include stoning, stabbing, beating, burning, beheading, hanging, throat slashing, lethal acid attacks,
shooting and strangulation. The murders are sometimes performed in public to warn the other women
within the community.
Therefore there is need to prove that the Legal sanction definitely can play an important role in curbing
honor killings since, it is a sociological issue alone it cannot stop such killings when it is deeply rooted in
mind set of the people as well as traditions. The violence will only be reduced when these patriarchal
mindsets are challenged.
Furthermore the researcher will examine this kind of change both the internal and external control method
in Indian society such as, economic conditions and stringent law as well as the independent economic
status of women, and capable of taking her own decisions can be helpful in reducing the number of this
old age evil in India.
9.WOMEN AND EDUCATION
Dr.rekhadevi S.H
Assisant Propessor ,Languge Faculty
Kanrnataka Sanskrit university
Pampa Mahakavi Road, Chamarajapet
Bengalore – 18
Female education is a catch all term for a complex set of issues and debates
surrounding education ( primary education, secondary education in particular) for
girls and women. It includes areas of gender quality and acces to education and its
connection to the all eviation of poverty. Also involed are the issues of single sex
education in that the division of education along gender lins as well as religious
teachings on education have been traditionally dominat and are still highly relevant
in cotemporary discussions of education femals as a global consideration.
Improving girls educational levels has been demonstrated to have clear
imacts on the health and economic future of young women. Wich in turn improves
the prospects of their entire community infant mortality rate of babies whose
mother have received primary education is half that of children whose mothers are
illiterate in the poorest countries of the word,50% of girls do not attend secondary
school yet research shows that every extra year of school income by 15% improving
female education, and thus the earning potential of women improves the standard of
living for their own children,as women invest more of their income in their families
than men do. Yet, many barriers to education for girls remain. In some. African
countries to attend school for such basic reasons as a lack of private latrine facilities
for girls.
10.
WOMEN AND LITERETURE
VIDUSHI ANUPAMA B, ASSISTANT PROFESSOR KARNATAKA SAMSKRIT UNIVERSITY,
BENGALURU-18.
The soul reason of the epic mahabharatha’ decision of five strong willed women
The Mahabharatha which considered as Hindu Epic and also called as “Panchama veda” is exist only by
the strong decisions which are taken by five women Ganga, Satyavati, Kunti, Drupadi and Ambika.
The most powerful decisions taken by Ganga the wife of Shantanu. Who gave birth to bheeshma
and leave him and told that he is bounded by his oth that he always stand by his father shantanu’s side
and he live his whole life for of Hastinapura. Satyavati who gave birth vedavyasa without wedlock After
Chitrangada and Vichitravirya's death, Satyavati asks Bhishma to have sons with Ambika and Ambalika.
But after his refusal, she asks her son, Vyasa who was born to her from sage Parashara, and made him
as a spem donator for her daughter–in-law. Kunti who also took a dare step to have sons by using her
boon. Drupadi is the another women who accept all the five Pandavas as her husband and also play a
vital role for existence of Mahabharatha. Ambika who made bheeshma to lay down and made easy to
Panadavas to win the battle and the main thing of Mahabharatha that “Dharma wins over adharma” .
In the modern world women should be learn how to make decisions and reach their goals by
reading and understand the willness of feminine which is basic charecterstic of women by understaniding
women in this literature.
11. WOMEN AND SANITATION: LEGAL CONTROL ON IMPROPER SANITARY WASTE DISPOSAL
IS NEED OF THE HOUR!
Dr. Smt. Shiilpaa Mahaddevaswamy2
The life of women is always associated with cleanliness, sanitization and sanctity in and
around her. The first person to teach about hygiene and cleanliness is the ‘mother’ (Woman) as the whole
world witnesses this. But, now-a-days sanitation and women are getting separated logically as the
management of both is turned to be logger head at the two ends.
The modern world is concentrating on advancement, development, technological inventions
and innovations but, somewhere ethical point of views is lost. Every step towards ultra modern thinking,
the contribution of women is being a part of it without fail but, the natural concept which is inseparable
and inalienable right to have hygienic environment and all the facilities to be provided for her to maintain
Guest Faculty of Law, Post –Graduate DOS in Law and Research, Manasa Gangothri, University of
Mysore, Mysore. Completed Doctoral Degree on “Bio-medical waste Management and legal regime –
with special reference to Mysore District” under the Guidance of Dr. C. Basavaraju, Professor and
Dean Faculty of Law and present Registrar of University of Mysore. I thank my Guide for his eternal
support and guidance that which it probed me to pick up a new legal research paper in the present
context.
2
the most important Menstrual Hygiene Management is lost and has gone unnoticed ever. Never the late,
it is time to bring a revolutionary adaptations of new changes to proclaim and practice the hygienic
environment in home and outside as her dignity and rights to be supported with management of proper
disposal system for Menstrual Hygienic materials and its management through strict implementations of
legal rules for effective control. It is the responsibility of every citizen towards clean Bharat that is towards
“Swatch Bharath Abhiyana” upholding Constitutional requirement of India.
While the five questions arise in the society about women and sanitation in the present context are as
follows:Eventually, it is only possible attempt to draw attention and create awareness to the public about this
unnoticed issue which is the growing menace of the century and it is the time to resolve the problems and
come to possible solutions. But, with a great sign of relief we have many such Action Plans, Management
Technologies and Techniques to manage but, a proper support from people and government is
utmost important altogether to solve this menace with possible solution.
12. Women Education for developing World and Society
Anjali M , Rathnakumari B.M, Soumya K.R& Sukanya T, Government Womens College, Kolar-563101,
Karnataka, INDIA
“You educate a man; you educate a man. You educate a woman;
you educate a generation”
Education has a fundamental role to play in personal and social development. It is not a miracle cure or a
magic formula opening the door to a world in which all ideals will be attained. It is one of the principal
means available to foster a deeper and more harmonious form of human development and thereby to
reduce poverty, exclusion, ignorance, oppression and war.Women taking to higher education have been
on the steady rise in India with many institutions of higher education having women in equal number to
men if not more. But there appears to be something more than what meets the eyes since this
quantitative shift is not matched by the qualitative content. The present review seeks to probe into gender
considerations and their implications for higher education in Indian context. An attempt is made to
analyse and substantiate the situation based on information available with various government and
developmental agencies. Having analysed social reality pertaining to the state and status of higher
education and the major limitations and constraints in achieving the envisaged and aspired levels
of expansion, excellence, quality and access for its inclusivity, My Study reveals that several gender
considerations come to condition the statics and dynamics of higher education, including access,
exclusion, distribution and composition and even the governance of institutions of higher education
and the centres of excellence.. Over all we can conclude that education is very important for women to
Survive in this society and to develop the world.
13. Women in Politics (Special Reference to Loksabha Elections in India)
Sunil Kavade,* Firoj Shaikh**,
B.P.H.E.Society’s, Ahmednagar College,
Ahmednagar, Maharashtra,India.
* Director, Gandhian Studies Centre, Ahmednagar College, Ahmednagar
** Reasearch Associate, Gandhian Studies Centre, Ahmednagar College,
Ahmednagar, Maharashtra,India
A new dimension of women in politics emerged in recent years all over the world. More and more
women have now been entering into politics. It is heartening to note that Indian women were among the
earliest to get their political rights (right to vote) without any political movement. After independence they
have achieved an unprecedented political breakthrough with the reservation of seats.
Whatever participation there is it is mostly limited to women from the urban elite groups. The poorer
women are more preoccupied with daily bread issues rather than the broader questions of women’s
development and national politics.
If we take the women’s participation in politics as one of the measurements of their emancipation, we find
at present their number is very low in comparison to men in Parliament. The percentage of women’s
participation increases from 1952 to 2014 in loksabha elections. The 16th Lok Sabha has 66 female MPs
out of 543(the two nominated seats remain vacant) constituting a mere 12.15% of the strength. 62 of
these ladies were elected in the General elections while the other 4 came in through subsequent by-polls
.In the current union government council of ministers, 6 out of 26 (23%) cabinet ministers are women as
are 2 out of 38 (5.3%) ministers of state. The Rajyasabha, has thirty one female members (out of whom
three are nominated). Since there are a total of 244 members, women constitute just 12.7% of the upper
house in 2015.
It seems Coalition politics has provided fruitful ground for increased membership of women in Loksabha.
As the field reality is that women’s participation in decision making at all level where national or local is
still marginal. The women’s are facing some problems while entering in to the politics. First, there has
been the problem of party backing. The political parties all give lip service to the ideal of women in politics
but have been reluctant to gamble with seats. Second, woman candidates have disliked the rough and
tumble of political life.
This trend is worrying given the recent state-led initiatives to ensure women’s representation in political
institutions. We can explore the dynamics between institutional and grass-root politics. Increasing
women’s political participation and representation in Indian politics requires electoral and parliamentary
reforms. It can be said that the position of women in India has improved in the last few decades. Of
course, because of the spread of the mass media network, more instances of atrocities against women
come to light, but it would be wrong to conclude that the incidence of violence against women has risen. It
is truly essential to establish political egalitarianism in India.
(Key Words- Emancipation, Egalitarianism)
_________________________________________________________
.
14. Why Do You Need to Tie Me Down? Reflecting Back on a Significant Dynamic of Turmoil in
Intimacy.
Cristina Curtolo M.A.1, Mudassir Azeez Khan2
1
University of Macerata, Italy
Medical College & Research Institute, India
2Mysore
The aim of this paper is to focus on the concept of aversion to intimacy, a personality trait that can give
rise to a dynamic of victimisation which in the peculiarities of psychological subjection is a minor
manifestation of domestic violence. By aversion, we mean a light inhibition in coping with difficult
emotions in facing turbulent situations. This defensive behaviour is a risk factor because it permeates the
family’s relationships with strain within a deficiency in the capacity for intimacy which is an indicator of
relational disturbances (PDM 2008). In examining the key mechanism of a developing family’s process
similar to the construction of a scapegoat (Girard 1972), we intend to exemplify how the ‘needness’ in
mothering can trigger the unconscious in a dynamic sequentiality that can sort out the kind of female
passivity that leads to mental laziness (Sen 2005).
Thanks to data coming from a case of infant observation, we had the chance to reflect upon a psychic
constellation that we have named “the emotional need for a familiar enemy” (Curtolo 2012). The onset
was mainly due to a stand-by of the mother’s function to work through the anger and jealousy of her two
children because she was so overwhelmed by her emotional perspective. Progressively her psychological
fatigue induced her to bypass questioning and judgments about a climate of enmity because she was
prone to tolerate it. The underlying consideration is that when mothers feel frustrated, a form of avoidance
in understanding can take place.
15. LEGAL RIGHTS OF WOMEN IN INDIA
Sujatha. J.K.*
Prof(Dr).C.Basavaraju**, University of Mysore, Mysore
Woman the Prosperity, Women the Slave, Women the Mistress, Women the temptress, but never
woman an individual, a person, a human being. She is still fighting for her rights. Our Indian Constitution
confers various constitutional rights to women in India. Along with the Indian Constitution various other
laws which are in force in India also gives various legal rights like educational right, property right, equal
right, and so on. Even after all these rights development of women cannot be made easily, unless the
woman succeeds in Education, Economical, Social, Cultural and Psychological development. The
purpose of this paper is to identify the provisions laid down in the Indian Constitution and various other
Acts in India for the protection of women. This paper is divided into four parts in which First part is
consists of various Constitutional Provisions, Second part consists of other legal provisions under various
Acts in India, Third part consists of Role of Judiciary in protecting the Rights of Women in India, Fourth
part consists of International Convention on protecting rights of women.
Key words: Rights, Judiciary, Elimination of Discrimination, Inadmissibility, Feminism.
16. A STUDY ON THE IMPACT OF EDUCATION ON WOMEN’S HEALTH
VIJAYA KUMAR J. Research Scholar, Centre for Women’s Studies, University Of Mysore,
Manasagangotri, Mysore,
Education is an important social determinant of development. Education provides an individual to act
whenever need arises pertaining to health aspects. Earlier studies by eminent scholars and researchers
have proven that women education has more clear and distinct impact on their family members and
individual women’s health. Women education is very necessary for the country to achieve overall
development. Knowledge and skills achieved through it can better equip us to benefit from maximum
health services. The concept of women’s health today has become a major concern among the
developing countries especially in India, because of high prevalence of infant, child and maternal mortality
and deterioration in quality of life. Sex ratio among children has decreased. Towards, this end Education
can affect health including mental health in different ways at different stages of the life cycle level. .Basic
education provides girls and women with an understanding of basic health, nutrition and family planning,
increases their choices and decision making power.
Women’s education leads directly to better
reproductive health, awareness about STD, improved family health, economic growth, for the family and
for society, as well as lower IMR, MMR and malnutrition.
This study tries to analyse the relationship between women’s education and family’s health. And it also
verify how does education affects health status and health behaviour of individuals. The analysis would
be carried out using appropriate statistical tools. Based on the obtained results, suggestions are made on
education operationalised to reach more girls and women.
MCH AND FAMILY PLANNING
1. BIRTH PREPAREDNESS AND COMPLICATION READINESS AMONG PREGNANT WOMEN OF
URBAN SLUMS OF HUBLI A CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY
1) Dr. Geeta V Bathija MBBS MD
Associate Professor and I/C HOD
Department of Community Medicine
KIMS Hubli.
2) Dr. Anjana P
Post Graduate Student
Department of Community Medicine
KIMS Hubli
Background: Every pregnant woman has a chance of facing a sudden, unpredictable complications that
could lead to death or injury to mother or her infant. Birth Preparedness and complication readiness is a
strategy that encourages the pregnant women, their families and communities to effectively plan for births
and deal with emergencies if they occur. Apart from medical causes there are numerous Socio-cultural
factors affecting the care seeking behaviour among the pregnant woman. Hence this study was
undertaken to identify the status of Birth preparedness and complication readiness and factors affecting it
among the pregnant women residing in urban slum of Hubli.
Objectives :
1) To assess the status of Birth Preparedness and complication Readiness (BPACR) among pregnant
women of Urban slums of Hubli.
2) To study the Socio-demographic factors affecting BPACR.
Observations :
In this study the BPACR Index of our study population was 33.62. Only 79% of pregnant women were
aware of birth preparedness. 79% of pregnant women had identified health facility for obstetric
emergencies. 23% of pregnant women had not yet planned about mode of transportation during any
emergency. 43% of pregnant women were aware of their blood group however only 11.8% had identified
compatible blood donor. In this study only 35% were well prepared. On statistical analysis, literacy status,
type of family, awareness of danger signs of pregnancy, postpartum and essential newborn care services
was significantly associated with Birth preparedness level. Awareness regarding danger signs of
pregnancy was significantly associated with parity status of women. However in our study there was no
significant association found with age of the mother, Socio-economic status, husbands education,
occupation and pregnancy registration.
Conclusions :
The awareness regarding BPACR was low. Need to Emphasize on promoting it through regular Health
education sessions at the health care and community level. The expectant mother along with her family
members should be told about the importance of BPACR, which will help in bringing down the maternal
morbidity and mortality enabling us to meet the millennium development goal.
Keywords : Pregnant , Urbanslum , Birth preparedness , complication readiness, danger signs
2. PREVALENCE AND FACTORS INFLUENCING ANAEMIA AMONG PREGNANT WOMEN IN
RURAL MYSURU
Dr. Anup G1, Dr. NC Ashok2, Dr. Praveen Kulkarni3, Dr. Renuka M4
1Postgraduate, 2Professor, 3Assistant
Professor, 4Professor and Head,
Department of Community Medicine, JSS Medical College, Mysuru.
Introduction
Anaemia in pregnancy is one of the major causes of maternal morbidity and mortality in the world
including India. Determining the status and factors influencing anaemia among pregnant women in rural
areas is essential to treat as well as prevent the same.
Objectives
1. To estimate the prevalence of anaemia among pregnant women of rural areas of Mysuru.
2. To determine the factors influencing anaemia among the study participants.
Material and Methods
A cross-sectional study was conducted in the field practice areas of Primary Health Centres at
Hadinaru and Suttur of Nanjangud Taluk, Mysuru District for a period of 18 months (November 2013 –
April 2015). A total of 300 pregnant women residing in the villages under the Hadinaru and Suttur PHCs,
and consenting to participate were included in the study. A structured proforma was used to collect
sociodemographic details. Haemoglobin was estimated using Sahli’s haemoglobinometer, and typing of
anaemia was done by peripheral blood smear examination.
The data was entered using EpiData v3.1 software (www.epidata.dk), and analysed using R
Statistical Software v3.0.2 (www.r-project.org).
Results
The prevalence of Anaemia was found to be 51%, majority of whom had mild anaemia (37%).
The important factors influencing anaemia were poor nutrition, low socioeconomic status, not washing
vegetables before cooking, consumption of tea and coffee with meals, and open defecation.
Conclusion
Anaemia in pregnant women is an important health indicator. Although more than half of the
pregnant women are anaemic, the prevalence is much lesser than the national average. Also, majority of
the anaemic women have mild anaemia, which shows the positive impact of antenatal care services. The
social, environmental and personal factors influencing anaemia which have been identified in this study
need to be addressed to reduce the burden of anaemia among pregnant women in our country.
3.A cross-sectional study on the status of Birth Preparedness and Complication Readiness,
among pregnant and recently delivered women of North-Karnataka
Arun Joshi, Rajesh kumar T, R G Viveki.Belagavi Institute of Medical Sciences, Belagavi.
Introduction : A person who has a measure of obstacles coming his way will have a sweeter and safer
journey, similarly the journey of nine months of pregnancy would be effectively accomplished when the
pregnant lady knows about the complications, and is well-prepared, to face the challenges of pregnancy.
BPCR (Birth Preparedness and Complication Readiness) is that torch light which will guide every
pregnant woman during her journey of pregnancy.
It was against this backdrop of importance of BPCR, coupled with lack of community based study in
this part of India, that prompted us to take up the present study.
Methodology : The present study is a cross-sectional study which was conducted in a district hospital of
North- Karnataka. Study participants comprised of women currently pregnant and women who had
delivered recently, that is, within the last 12 months. Assuming the prevalence of 50%, sample size was
around 360. However 358 randomly selected participants who gave consent were included in the study.
Perception and practices regarding BPCR of participants was assessed with a semi-structured
questionnaire.
The indicators for individual level are quantifiable and expressed in percentage of women having
specific characteristics. Such 13 indicators, were chosen in present study to construct BPCR index, which
is the average of the indicators and it’s expressed as a score out of hundred.
Results : The study revealed that BPCR index was very low (35.45%). The study also showed that more
than half of the respondents were not aware about birth-planning and danger signs of obstetric
complications and newborn.
Conclusion : BPCR is a very simple index which helps in assessing the level of awareness of the
pregnant and recently delivered women towards pregnancy and its complication. The low BPCR index in
the present study is attributed to low level of BPCR practices.
4.Role of Focused Counseling in Adequate Utilization of Recommended Antenatal Services – A Non
Randomized Controlled Trial from Tamil Nadu
Dr.R.Arunmozhi, MD
Associate Professor, Institute of Community Medicine
Madras Medical College, Chennai
Background:
Positive birth outcome is often the result of adequate utilization of recommended antenatal services. Time
of first antenatal visit, number of recommended visits and the content of care are the determinants of
adequacy of care. National Family Health Survey III reveals a gap between availability of services and
utilization of the services by antenatal women in Chennai.
Objective:
This research was taken up to evaluate the role of focused counseling of antenatal women and her family
members on adequate utilization of antenatal services.
Materials and Methods:
This is a non randomized controlled study carried out in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, with 150 women in each of
the intervention and control group. Antenatal women registering within 12 weeks of pregnancy were
enrolled and followed throughout pregnancy. Women in the intervention group received focused
counseling in addition to routine care given by the health centre, while women in the control group
received routine care given by the health centre alone.
Observation:
The number of women who had all five recommended visits and those who had the recommended visit at
36-40 weeks was higher in the intervention group. Hemoglobin and blood sugar estimation was done in
67% and 50% of antenatal visits in the intervention compared to 54% and 30% in the control group. Mann
Whitney U test was done to compare the overall utilization of recommended services during the antenatal
visits between the study groups. Utilization of services by the intervention group (Mean rank 162.76) was
higher than the control group (Mean rank = 129.35) with a statistically significant difference between the
two groups (p = 0.001).
Conclusion:
Utilization of recommended services was higher among women who were given focused counseling.
However utilization of laboratory services like hemoglobin estimation, blood sugar estimation, and urine
analysis for albumin and sugar were suboptimal in both groups. Focused counseling, if provided as part
of routine health care services to antenatal women and their family members will not only give them
better understanding on the importance of recommended services to be availed, but also empower them
to demand the services.
Key words: Adequate utilization, antenatal services, focused counseling, non
randomized
controlled
study.
5. A STUDY TO ASSESS ESSENTIAL OBSTETRIC CARE SERVICES IN A RURAL MANDAL OF
NELLORE DISTRICT.
Dr.AshokParvathala, 2nd year Post-graduate, Community Medicine Department, Narayana Medical
College, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh.
CO-AUTHORS: Dr.V.Chandhrasekhar,Dr.E.RaviKiran, Dr. K.Vijaya, Dr. C.Kumar, Dr. C.Jyothi.
BACKGROUND:Reproductive and child health is an essential component of primary health care services,
and India is committed to provision of health for all through this primary health approach. The primary aim
of essential obstetric care is to achieve, at the end, a healthy mother and a healthy child. By this
approach, Millennium development goals 4 and 5, i.e. reduction in infant & maternal mortality can be
achieved. With this background, an attempt is made to study the utilization of the aforementioned
services by the women belonging to a rural mandal of Nellore district.
OBJECTIVES:1. To assess the obstetric care services extended to mothers who delivered in the past six
months in a rural mandal.
2. To find out reasons for non-utilization of these services.
MATERIALS & METHODS:
Type of study: A community based cross-sectional study
Study setting: Six villages randomly selected (50%) that comes under Buchireddypalemmandal, Nellore
district.
Sample population:All the mothers who delivered in the past six months from the Six villages of
Buchireddypalem.
Data collection: Data will be collected by face-to-face interview using a pretested, semistructuredquestionnaire after taking their consent.
Duration of the study: 4 months (from June to September)
Data analysis: Appropriate statistical methods and tests will be used to interpret the data.Data analysis
will be done using a SPSS 21.0 software.
RESULTS: Results will be presented during the conference.
6. Whether mothers follow optimal breast feeding practices: A community based cross sectional
study from a selected urban slum of Puducherry.
Gomathi Ramaswamy, Karthik Balajee L, Mahalakshmy T, Jayalakshmy R, Swaroop Kumar Sahu
JIPMER, Puducherry
Introduction:
Optimal breast feeding practises is an effective intervention to prevent infant morbidities and mortalities.
NFHS III (2005-06) shows that only 23% of children received breast milk within one hour of birth and
about half of the infants received exclusive breastfeeding and complementary food at appropriate age.
Objectives:
Among mothers with children aged between six months to three years residing in JIPMER urban field
practice area (JIUHC) a) to assess the breastfeeding practices and b) factors associated with exclusive
breastfeeding practices.
Methodology:
A community based cross sectional study was carried out during January 2015 in urban field practice
area of JIUHC. The field practice area has population of around 9000 with birth rate of around 9 per 1000
population. All the mothers with child aged between six months to three years were included in the study.
House to house survey was carried out to identify eligible participants. All the houses were surveyed
unless the house was locked or the eligible mother was not available during two subsequent visits. A predesigned, semi-structured questionnaire was used to capture the socio-demographic details,
breastfeeding practices and health education received during ANC period about breastfeeding. Data was
entered and analysed using SPSS 20.0.
Results:
In total 151 mothers were interviewed. The mean (SD) age of the participants was 27.3±3.98years.
Majority of the participants had some formal education (98.7%), were homemakers (79.5%) and were
above poverty line (60.9%). Around 41% mothers did not initiate breast feeding within one hour. About
41% did not exclusively breast feed for six months. Only 35% mothers initiated breastfeeding within one
hour of birth and also gave exclusive breast feeding for six months. On multivariate analysis, receiving
advice on breast feeding practices during ante natal period [AOR=8.13(CI=2.01-32.83)], delivering in
government hospital [AOR=2.73(CI=1.01-7.40)] and encouragement by family member
[AOR=3.42(CI=1.40-8.37)] were found to be independently associated with exclusive breast feeding.
Conclusion:
Only one in three mothers had followed optimal breast feeding practices. Health educations during
antenatal period, promoting institutional deliveries in government hospitals, involving the family in health
education need to be considered to achieve optimal breast feeding practices
7. A STUDY ON SOCIO-ECONOMIC FACTORS AFFECTING UTILIZATION OF
MATERNAL HEALTH CARE SERVICES IN URBAN COMMUNITY
Dr G.V.Kulkarni1, Dr M.M.Angadi2, Mrs. V.M.Sorganvi1.
1Lecturer, 2Professor
& HOD, Dept. of Community Medicine, BLDE University’s Shri B.M.Patil Medical
College, Bijapur.
Background: Even though the MMR dropped from 212 deaths per 100,000 live births in 2007-09 to 178 in
2010-12, India is behind the target of 103 deaths per live births to be achieved by 2015 under the United
Nations-mandated Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).As per WHO, Three crucial factors
understanding maternal deaths. Firstly lack of access and utilization of essential obstetric care. Secondly
low social status of women in developing countries. Thirdly too much physical work together with poor
diet also contributes to poor maternal outcomes. Out of these three factors, access and utilization of
health care is the most crucial factor which is capable of reducing maternal morbidity and mortality. The
present study was carried out to evaluate socio demographic correlates and barriers of maternal health
care utilization in the urban community.
Objective: To know the factors influencing the utilization of
maternal health care services.
MATERIAL AND METHODS;
Study design: Cross sectional study.
Area of study: UHTC Kalal galli. Bijapur (Urban field practice area)
Participants: All married woman in the age group of 15-45 years who were either pregnant at the time of
interview or delivered within last one year were included in the study.
Study period: January to March 2015
Sample size: 134 mother
Methods: Interview technique using pre tested Proforma.
Statistical analysis: Percentage and chi-square test.
Result: Utilization of maternal health services was found more among literate (70%) mothers compared to
illiterate mothers. Utilization of maternal health services increased with increase in economic status. Major
reasons for non-utilization of maternal service were not having a delivery complication in the past.
(57%) Conclusion: The result reveals that educational level of women, exposure to mass media, birth
order and wealth index are significant predictors in explaining the use of maternal health care services.
There is a need of motivation and enhancing IEC activities for bringing desirable changes in the health
care practice of the mother.
8. Adopting Evidence based practices in Essential Obstetric care – Current status and
Implementation challenges in Tamilnadu, India
Dr T.P. Jayanthi MD, MIH, PhD
Dept of Community Medicine
Govt Stanley Medical College, Chennai
Back ground:
Access to safe birthing and quality care is the right of every woman and is the responsibility of the welfare
state. WHO recommends evidence based practices to improve the quality of obstetric care. Adoption of
these practices would make services more humane and comfortable to women. Tamilnadu, a southern
state in India has a high percentage of institutional deliveries. While increased utilization of health
services is evident, information on adoption of evidence based obstetric practices is inadequate.
Objective:
This study was designed to assess the implementation status and challenges in adopting evidence based
practices in health facilities.
Materials and Methods:
Quantitative and qualitative methods were adopted. A multi-stage sampling technique was adopted and
one block PHC area from three health unit districts in the state was chosen as study sites. Quantitative
data was collected by interviews from 664 women, who had vaginal deliveries in health facilities.
Qualitative component includes interviews with health care providers, providing birthing services to
women in the study sites.
Observation:
Interviews with Health care providers showed that routine use of oxytocic drugs following delivery, use of
Magnesium sulphate for eclampsia, prophylactic antibiotics to women with prolonged rupture of
membranes, prophylactic steroids given prior to preterm birth was adopted in all health facilities. PHCs
provided maximum access to birth companions (96%), while the least was tertiary hospitals
(4%).
Frequent changing of birth companions, their questioning, conversation with others; poor hygiene and
lack of privacy were reasons for not permitting birth companions.
Adoption of practices which are
harmful/ not beneficial like routine episiotomy for the first delivery (95%), routine enema (86.3%) and
pubic shaving prior to delivery (89%), and women lying in supine position for delivery (85%) was
observed.
Conclusion:
Evidence based life saving measures in essential obstetric care is widely practised in all health facilities
yet practices to improve quality and humanity of obstetric care is neglected. Health care providers should
refrain from harmful practices and adopt recommended practices to improve quality and give women a
positive experience of child birth.
Key words: Evidence based practices, Essential obstetric care, quality care, harmful practices
9. Title: Breast Feeding Practices Among Mothers In Urban Slums Of Tirupati In Chittoor District,
Andhra Pradesh.
Dr. V.Lakshmidevi, post graduate student,
Dr.K.Ashok kumar Reddy , Professor and HOD,
Department of community Medicine,
Sri Venkateswara MedicalCollege, Tirupati, Chittoor.
Introduction : Children are the nature’s gift and fountain of life. Children under five years of age constitute
approximately 15% of the India’s population and are the most vulnerable section of the society and suffer
to highest morbidity.
Objectives: 1.To determine the breast feeding practices among mothers.
Methods: A community based cross sectional study is being carried out among mothers of infants whose
age is < 1 year, in urban slum area of Tirupati from 1 st May to 30th June 2015. A sample size of 100 was
calculated at 95% confidence interval using the formula (4x p x q / l 2) with prevalence of 50%. The data
was collected by house-to-house visit, using predesigned, pre-tested questionnaire after taking informed
consent from mother of the child. Data will be analyzed by using SPSS 17.0 version software.
Results: Exclusive breast feeding for 6 months was followed by 60.21% of mothers. Initiation of breast
feeding within 1hour seen in 53% of cases. The most important factor identified for delayed initiation was
caesarean section. Most of the women given colostrums (91.84%) to their newborn babies. Present study
shows that 18.36% of infants were exposed to the risk of bottle feeding.
Conclusion: Though bottle feeding is hazardous, it is still practiced in urban slums of Chittoor district. The
old custom of not feeding colostrum was rejected by urban community.
.
10. The Prevalence of Early Initiation And Exclusive Breastfeeding Among Infant and Young Child
in Urban Field Practice area of Mysore.
Roopadevi V1, Dayananda M2, Vadiraj N3
Department of Community Medicine, Mysore Medical College and Research Institute, Mysore, India
Introduction: The under nutrition is more common in developing countries like India. The importance of
proper nutrition of a infant starts from early initiation of breastfeeding and continues for first 6 months of
exclusive breastfeeding which helps the baby from many infections and provide appropriate nutrition.
Objectives:
1. To estimate the prevalence of early initiation and exclusive breastfeeding among children less
than 2 yrs.
2. To assess the factors affecting the early initiation and exclusive breastfeeding practices
Results: It is a cross sectional study conducted among 573 mothers of infant/young child less than 24
months in the field practice area of Mysore Medical college and Research Institute, Mysore. The data was
collected by using pretested and semi structured questionnaire introducing to the mother. Data analysis
was done by using Microsoft Excel and SPSS software.
The total participants were 573 mothers with a child less than 24 months, in which 0-6months were
161(28.09%), 7-23 months were 412(71.9%) children, majority of mothers belonged to 21-25 years,
535(93%) mothers were home makers and only 38(6.63%)were working mothers. 294(51.3%) mothers
had breastfed the child within 1 hour of delivery and for the delayed initiation most mothers perception
was milk was not excreted. 163(28.4%) children were provided with prelacteal feeds, 531(92.6%) mothers
have given colostrums to the child. Exclusive breastfeeding practice was there among 228(39.7%)
mothers.
Conclusion: The early initiatiation and exclusive breastfeeding practices are poor. Health education of the
mothers during antenatal period, and importance of breastfeeding re-emphasised in each visit.
11.A study on awareness about danger signs and birth preparedness among ante natal mothers in
Shimoga district, Karnataka.
Dr Madhusudhana MV
Assistant professor
Community medicine
Shimoga institute of medical sciences
Objectives:
This cross-sectional study was conducted among pregnant women attending antenatal clinic at SIMS,
Shimoga with the objective to assess the level of awareness regarding pregnancy related warning signs
and to assess the level of awareness regarding birth preparedness.
Observations:
A total of 252 pregnant women were interviewed, 61% women were from rural area, 66% of the were in
the age group of 20-25 years, More than 70% were belonging to BPL and 6% were illiterates.
It was observed that although 65% had knowledge about birth spacing, 35% of the women had given birth
to the next child within three years. About 69% of the women who visited the antenatal clinic were
unaware of pregnancy related complications. Nearly 2/3rd of the women had inadequate or no knowledge
about the danger signs of pregnancy.
Regarding the warning signs during pregnancy, only 45% of the women knew about the important
warning signs. Birth preparedness was also poor among the pregnant women, 68% of them never heard
the term ‘Birth preparedness’. 74% have identified the hospital for delivery, 75% knew their blood group,
and 61% of them think that their husband must accompany them during their antenatal visits. 54% had
identified the mode of transport in emergency. Only 3% had knowledge about the blood donors who could
donate blood to them in emergency.
Conclusion:
Most of the ante-natal women were from the rural area and were studied up to primary school, nearly half
of the study subjects were in their first pregnancy. It is shocking to know that nearly 2/3 of the pregnant
women had either no or inadequate knowledge about danger signs of pregnancy, Just more than half of
the pregnant women were prepared for birth, even though most of them were about to deliver in next few
days or weeks. More emphasis should be given for Health education during the antenatal clinics
especially with regard to Birth preparedness and danger signs, as it has a significant role in reduction of
antenatal and birth related complications and mortalities.
12. Malnutrition and its association with academic performance of school going children in rural
area, Kolar-A cross sectional study
Dr. Vishwas S1Dr.Manjunath T L2,
Dr. Mahesh V3,
Dr.Muninarayana C4Dr Sunil BN5 S Ravi Shankar 6
Sri Devaraj URS Medical College, Kolar
OBJECTIVES:
1) To assess the prevalence of malnutrition among government and private schools in rural area Kolar
2) To assess the association between malnutrition and academic performance of school going children in
Kolar
INTRODUCTION:
Malnutrition is the largest health problem of children in developing countries. Approximately 60 million
childrenare underweight in India and child malnutrition is responsible for 22% of the country’s burden of
disease. One in every three malnourished children in the world lives in India. Malnutrition is more
common in India than in Sub-Saharan Africa.An attempt to study its prevalence & also its association with
scholastic performance would help the policy makers to identify the loop poles in the schemes introduce
them to overcome accordingly. Also, the study focusing on difference in scholastic performance of under
nourished children studying in government & private school would also provide useful data to bring about
further introduction/correction in the steps targeted to overcome the problem of nutrition.
Thus this study is an attempt to estimate the nutritional status of children attending private schools and
also assess if there exists any relationship between malnutrition and academic performance.
Materials and Methods:
Study population: All the school children studying in class(1-7) in government and private schools
Study Duration: 1month
Study Design: cross sectional study design
Sample Size: 500
Results & Discussion: A total of 582 students participated in this study. Males were 66%
(330) and females were 54% (270). One hundred and sixty eight (33.6%) of the children had pallor, 127
(25.4%) had under nutrition, 44(8.8%) had stunting, 224 (44.8%) had thinness and 3(0.6%) were found to
be obese.
Conclusion: Hence we concluded that the prevalence of malnutrition isstrongly associated with their
academic performance.
13. Effectiveness of Educational Intervention on breastfeeding practices among Primigravida
attending Antenatal clinic of a Tertiary care hospital, Mysore
DR. Nayanabai Shabadi, JSSMC, Mysore
Introduction: The promotion and support of breastfeeding is a global priority. However, in reality most of
the mothers are unable to practice exclusive breast feeding. They discontinue breastfeeding because of
lack of confidence in their ability to breastfeed, problems with infant suckling, breast pain, perception of
insufficient milk, etc. Some of these problems can be solved if the women are educated during their
antenatal period about the importance of exclusive breastfeeding, the proper method of feeding and their
substantial benefits. Therefore the present study was undertaken with following objectives,
Objectives:1) To assess the socio demographic factors associated with the knowledge, attitude and
practice of Breastfeeding.
2) To assess the effectiveness of different (pamphlet and video) educational interventions on knowledge,
attitude and practice among women after delivery.
Material and Methods: A Prospective interventional study was conducted in the Antenatal clinic of JSS
Hospital Mysore for the period of 10 months. 140 antenatal women (primigravida) were selected and they
were divided into two groups of equal numbers, educational material pamphlet Group B: video was used.
A predesigned and pretested questionnaire was used to study the Socio-demographic profile and
baseline knowledge and attitude of pregnant women regarding breastfeeding practices. Women of both
the groups were followed up through personal contact or telephone interview at immediately after
delivery, at third month and six months after delivery. Breastfeeding practice was assessed using
predesigned and pretested questionnaire.
Results: as the analysis of the study is still in the process the results of the study will be produced during
the presentation in the conference.
14. A COMMUNITY BASED STUDY TO EXPLORE DETERMINANTS OF FEEDING PRACTICES IN A
RESETTLEMENT COLONY OF EAST DELHI
Dr.Neelima Thakur (Sr. Programme Officer Research, BPNI / IBFAN Asia , BP-33 Pitampura , Delhi
110034 INDIA Phone:+91-11-27343608, 42683059 Telefax:+91-11-27343606 Mobile:++919871067083
email id:- neelima@bpni.org
Dr. Anita Gupta CMO (NFSG), Department of Community Medicine,
UCMS & GTB Hospital, Dilshad Garden, Delhi- 110095 email.id anitagupta58@gmail.com
Dr. J P Dadhich MD (Paediatrics), FNNF, PG-DDN National Coordinator,
Breastfeeding Promotion Network of India (BPNI), BP-33, Pitampura, Delhi 110034, India
Phone: +91-11-27343608, Telefax: +91-11-27343606
Introduction: Adequate nutrition during infancy and early childhood is essential to ensure the growth,
health and development of children to their full potential.Optimal infant and young child feeding (IYCF)
practices. Exclusive breastfeeding for first six months of life prevents morbidity and mortality due to
common childhood illnesses like diarrhoea and pneumonia. Breastfeeding also leads to higher IQ and
earning capacity later in life as proved in a recent research showing increasing IQ, educational attainment
and monthly income with increasing breastfeeding duratio
Objective: To assess the status of current feeding practices with associated socio-demographic factors
among the mothers having less than 6 months of infants.
Material & method- A cross sectional study was conducted in Nand Nagari village, a resettlement colony
of East Delhi among the mothers of infants aged 0-6 months. The Eligible mothers were selected from
Anganwadi centres (AWCs). Each sub-block on an average has 2 AWC. From each sub- block 1 AWC
was randomly selected. List of mothers of children 0-6 months of age group was obtained from the
selected AWC and from this list every second child was included in the study. A semi –structured
questionnaires was used for interviews that enquired information on socio-demographic characteristics,
obstetric health service, and breastfeeding related factors and socio-demographic factors. Prevalence of
EBF was calculating using 24 hours recall methods. Bivariate analysis was used to find out the
association of various socio-demographic factors with initiation of breastfeeding and excusive
breastfeeding. P-value of less than 0.05 was considered significant.
Result: Only 51.1% of the infant had initiation of breastfeeding within one hours of birth, 18.5% had prelacteal feeding. Insufficient milk supply and mother laziness / tiredness after delivery were the main
reasons for late initiation of breastfeeding and introduction of pre-lacteal feeding in the present study.
Similarly, a same reason was observed for discontinuation of breastfeeding among the mothers. The
prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding from infants aged less than six months in the present study was
42% as measured by last 24 hours recall period. In the first six month of life, 67.5% of infants received
EBF which decline to 46.1% in 2-3 months and 27.8% by the age of 4-5 months. Bivariat analysis
revealed that timely initiation of breastfeeding was significantly associated with types of delivery
(OR=6.40 , 95% CI=3.55, 11.54). Chi-square test shows signification association of initiation of
breastfeeding with place of delivery. However, no significant association was observed between EBF with
socio-demographic factors.
Conclusion: The prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding in Nand Nagari is lower than the national figure
(46.3%). Misconceptions of insufficiency of milk secretion coupled with lack of professional and family
support lack of knowledge are the major obstacles for exclusive breastfeeding practices. These need
tackling at a large scale by skilled counselling, support and motivation by trained health care providers
and family members. Thus, the present study reveals a need for IYCF counselling centre with skilled
counsellors at all health facilities and at community level to impart skilled counselling regarding IYCF
practices not only to pregnant women and lactating mothers but also to their family members.
Key Words: Prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding, resettlement colony, counselling during pregnancy
15. Evaluation of primary immunization coverage of children in the age group of 11 to 23 months
in Bellary city by lot quality assurance sampling technique.
Dr.Bellara Raghavendra, Dr.Suresh.C.M, Dr.T.Gangadhara Goud, Dr.Pavithra.B.M
Department of Community Medicine, Vijayanagara Institute of Medical Sciences, Ballari.
Background:
It has been demonstrated globally that Lot Quality Assurance Sampling (LQAS) is a useful
technique for monitoring and evaluation of immunization program at small area level In India. An attempt
is made here to demonstrate the usefulness of this technique in the context of immunization coverage in
wards of Bellary city.
Objectives
1. To assess the immunization coverage in each wards of entire Bellary city.
Methodology:
Immunization coverage was assessed using lot quality assurance technique, where in each ward is
considered as a lot, there are total of 35 wards in Bellary city, within each ward one area was selected
randomly by lottery method and after reaching centre point of that selected area, an empty bottle is
swirlled, in which ever direction the bottle pointed, in that direction house to house survey was done until
19 eligible children in the age group of 11-23 months were sampled. The lot was accepted when there are
at least 16 children are fully immunized according to national immunization schedule.
Results:
Out of total 35 wards 22(62.8%) wards had acceptable level of primary immunization. Individual
acceptable vaccination level is as follows - BCG- 35 wards (100%), OPV-32 wards (91.4%),
PENTAVALENT- 32wards(91.4%), MEASLES-30 wards (84.71), JE-22 wards(62.8%) had acceptable
level of vaccination.
Conclusion:
The primary immunization coverage in the wards of Ballari city was low. BCG, OPV and
Pentavalent vaccination coverage was acceptable in more than 90% of lots studied and Measles
vaccination coverage is almost on par with the accepted national coverage. However the JE vaccination
coverage is low.
16. “A STUDY ON UNMET NEED OF CONTRACEPTION AMONG MARRIED WOMEN IN AN URBAN
SLUM OF DAVANGERE CITY”
Dr RITU [Postgraduate]; Dr G.S.VIDYA [Associate Professor]
Department of Community Medicine
J. J. M. Medical College, Davangere.
INTRODUCTION: Globally, the prevalence of contraceptive use has been increasing, but the unmet need
of contraception still remains a problem, despite the existence of the National Policy on Family Planning
since the year 1983. Theunmet need of contraception is not only a contributing factor that influences
population growth but also jeopardizes maternal and child health and hampers socio-economic
development of a family. The present study is being taken up to find out the unmet need of contraception
among married women.
OBJECTIVES1.
To assess the unmet need of contraception among married women
2.
To assess awareness and pattern of contraceptive usage among them
METHODOLOGY:
Study design: Community based cross-sectional study
Study tool: Pre-tested structured questionnaire
Study setting: Tippunagar- an urban field practice area of J.J.M Medical College, Davangere.
Study period: 1st July- 31stAugust, 2015
Sample size: All eligible married women between 15-49 years of age group (reproductive age group),
who give consent to participate in the study.
Inclusion criteria:
1. All married women in reproductive age group
2. Resident of the urban field practice area for at least 1 year
3. Thosewho are currently not using any contraceptive method
4. Pregnantand lactating mothers whose current pregnancies are mistimed
5. Those who give consent for the study
Exclusion criteria:
1. Those pregnant women who wanted their pregnancies within two years
Observation and Conclusion: are awaited as study is being going on and full paper will be presented at
the conference
Key words: Unmet need, contraception, married women, awareness
17. Awareness and practice of contraception among reproductive age group women
1) Dr. Saniya Tajeen, Final year PG Student MD- community Medicine
2) Dr. Sultan Rizwan Ahmad, Associate Professor, Community Medicine
OBJECTIVES: to assess the awareness and practice of contraception among reproductive age group
women attending urban health centre of a tertiary care institute.
MATERIAL AND METHODS: A facility based, cross sectional study was conducted during May 2015 –
July 2015 in G.M chhawni urban slum which is a catchment area of urban health centre of a tertiary care
institute. Married Women in the reproductive age group (15 to 45yrs) attending the health centre during
study period were interviewed after obtaining informed consent using a pretested semi structured
questionnaire. Women who are pregnant and those who did not give consent were excluded from study.
OBSERVATION: As the study is still going on the results will be sent along with full paper submission
before 20th September 2015.
Title : A Study on Prevelance of Anemia Among Rural Adolescent Girls
Authors: Shwetha1, Vinay M2, Harish B R3
1. Post Graduate student, Dept. of Community Medicine, MIMS, Mandya
2. Associate Professor, Dept. of Community Medicine, MIMS, Mandya
3. Prof & Head, Dept. of Community Medicine, MIMS, Mandya
Objectives
1. To study the prevalence of anemia among rural adolescent girls
2. To study the association between anemia and socio demographic variables
3. To study the association between anemia and nutritional intake
Methodology
Type of study: Cross sectional study
Study subjects: rural adolescent girls
Study period: June 2014- July 2015
Sample size: 302
Sampling method: Simple random sampling
Estimation of hemoglobin percentage- Sahli’s method
Observations
Majority (28.6 %) of adolescent girls were in age group of 12-13years. More than 98% were Hindu by religion and
67.8% of adolescent girls belonged to SES Class IV according to modified B G Prasad classification. 98.1% were
unmarried and school/college going. 58.3% of adolescent girls belonged to nuclear family. Prevalance of anemia
among adolescent girls was 63.5% among which 4.0 % had mild anemia, 55.3% were moderately anaemic and
4.7 % were having severe anemia, There was a significant association between Socio economic status, education
of mother, type of diet and anemia.
Significant association was found between intake of iron & folic acid tablets and albendazole. There was no
association between use of foot wear and anemia
Conclusion: Overall prevalence of anemia among adolescent was 63.5 % which is high and is major health
problem among adolescent girls. SES, type of diet, education of the mothers, inadequate intake of iron rich foods
are contributing factors for prevalence of anemia.
19. Title: Knowledge, Attitude and Practice about Family Planning Methods among
reproductive age group women in a Tertiary Care Institute
Sindhu. B.M1, M.M.Angadi2
1
Post Graduate Student, 2 Professor and H.O.D
B.L.D.E. University , Shri B.M. Patil Medical College, Vijaypur
Introduction:
Even though India was the first county to launch a National Programme emphasising Family
Planning in 1952, India’s population according to 2011 census was 1.21 billion, second only to China
in the world, and is estimated to overtake china by 2050.
Because India has a socio-culturally and demographically mosaic pattern, various factors
influence the knowledge, attitude and practice of Family Planning methods across the country. Hence
this study was undertaken.1
Objectives of the study:
- To assess the Knowledge, Attitude and Practice about Family Planning Methods among
Reproductive age group women in a Tertiary care institute
Study design: Cross - Sectional study.
Study population: Patients attending OBG Department, B.L.D.E Hospital, Vijaypur.
Sampling Method: Convenient sampling
Study Duration: 15thJune to 15th July 2015
Data collection methodology: Interview technique, using a Pre - designed, Pre-tested
questionnaire.2
Observations:
110 patients attending OPD were interviewed. Significant association was found between
woman’s age, education, occupation, place, type of housing, type of family, SES and Husband’s
education and Knowledge about Family Planning.
Knowledge about Family Planning was less among Women < 25 yrs (OR = 0.22), rural women
(OR=0.07), nuclear family (OR=0.028).
Significant association was found between Attitude towards Family planning and Religion. The
association between Practice of Family Planning and Woman’s age, education, occupation, place,
housing, type of family, SES, Husband’s education was significant.
3-6
Conclusions:
Many Socio-demographic factors affect knowledge, attitude and practice of Family Planning
among women. Hence, they should be addressed, so as to improve reproductive health of Women
and population stabilisation of the country.
Keywords: Family Planning, Reproductive Age Group, Knowledge Attitude and Practice
20. A STUDY ON THE RISK FACTORS AND FETO-MATERNAL OUTCOME AMONG MOTHERS
WITH PREGNANCY INDUCED HYPERTENSION ADMITTED TO GOVERNMENT MATERNITY
HOSPITAL IN NELLORE, ANDHRA PRADESH.
AUTHOR: Dr.D.Srinivas rao, 2nd year Post-graduate, Community Medicine Department, Narayana
Medical College, Nellore, Andhra Pradesh.
CO-AUTHORS: Dr .V.Chandhrasekhar, Dr .E.RaviKiran, Dr. K.Vijaya, Dr. C.Kumar, Dr. C.Jyothi
BACKGROUND: Safe motherhood is an essential factor for all women. Maternal mortality rate is an
important indicator for utilization of MCH services in India. PIH is one of the major health problem
affecting 13% globally, 10-20% in India of all women. Eclampsia is often associated with increased
maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. Early recognition and prompt treatment of PIH mothers helps
us to accomplish Millennium development goals 4 & 5 i.e., reducing childhood mortality and improving
maternal health.
OBJECTIVES:1. To study proportion of PIH among mothers delivered in government maternity hospital,
Nellore, AP.
2. To study risk factors associated with PIH.
3. To study feto-maternal outcome among mothers with PIH.
MATERIALS & METHODS:
Type of study: A hospital based cross-sectional study
Study setting: Government Maternity hospital, Nellore city, AP.
Sample population: Inclusion Criteria- Mothers with PIH admitted in the government maternity hospital.
Exclusion Criteria- PIH mothers with co-morbid conditions.
Data collection: Data will be collected by face-to-face interview using a pretested, semi-structured
questionnaire after taking their consent.
Duration of the study: 3 months (from July to September)
Data analysis: Appropriate statistical methods and tests will be used to interpret the data.
RESULTS: Results will be presented during the conference.
21. ASSESSMENT OF CULTURAL BELIEFS AND PRACTICES DURING THE POSTNATAL PERIOD
IN A FIELD PRACTICE AREA OF SRMC, NANDYAL
Venkateswarlu1,M.A.Mushtaq Pasha2,Afsar Fatima3,Isaac Ebenezer4
BLEDU Shri B.M. Patil medical college, Vijayapura
Back ground:
The postpartum period continues to be an important part of the tradition and culture among Indian
women. But frequently the health of the postnatal women is neglected. So, the present study aimed to
explore the beliefs and practices in the postpartum period regarding diet, rest, hygiene and confinement
and assess association between cultural practices and socio demographic characteristics.
Methodology:
This cross‐sectional descriptive study was conducted in the field practice area SRMC nandyal. The
participants were women who had given births in the past three months. The data was collected using a
pre‐tested semi‐structured questionnaire.
Results, conclusions and recommendations will be discussed during conference.
22. Utilization of Antenatal Services among Pregnant Women in Urban Slums of Dharwad District
of North Karnataka.
Dr. Vijayalaxmi Mangasuli1, Dr. Mayur S Sherkhane2
1. Postgraduate
2. Professor & HOD, Department of community medicine, SDM college of
medical sciences and hospital, Dharwad.
Objectives: To assess the utilization pattern of antenatal care services and factors affecting utilization of
these services among pregnant women of urban slums of Dharwad city.
Materials and Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted in urban slums of Dharwad city and
the data was collected by a house-to-house survey to interview all women (n=482), who delivered 3
months prior to the start of the study, using a pre-designed and pre-tested proforma. Data were analyzed
by proportions, Chi-square test and Odds ratio.
Results: The mean age of women was 23.59 years. Out of 482 women, 11% were teenage pregnancies
while 56.85% of pregnancies were in the age group of 20-24 Years. 67.43% of the subjects were
housewives. 33.82% of the women belonged to Class III, followed by 32.16% to Class IV. 77.62%
literates had received full ANC package compared to 37.10% illiterates (χ2 = 44.4020, df = 1, p < 0.001,
highly significant, Odds ratio = 5.88). 84.06% women of economic Class I and II took full antenatal
package, followed by 82.82% Class III (χ2 = 45.9080, df = 3, p < 0.001, highly significant).
Conclusion: Better utilization of antenatal services is seen among literate women of higher socioeconomic
group. As antenatal registrations occur later in pregnancy there is need to emphasize on early registration
and regular follow-up during pregnancy for a safer and better outcome.
23. Comparative Study of Infant Feeding Practices and their outcomes among Working and NonWorking WomenAttending a Tertiary Care Hospital at Mysore.
Dr. Vindhya P1, Dr. Prakash B2, Dr.Renuka M3.
1-Post- Graduate Student,2-Professor, Dept of Community Medicine, 3- Professor & Head, Dept of
Community Medicine, JSS Medical College, Mysore.
Introduction:
Infant and young child nutrition has been engaging the attention of scientists and planners since long
for the very simple reason that growth rate in the life of human beings is maximum during the first year of
life and infant feeding practices comprising of both the breastfeeding as well as complementary feeding
have major role in determining the nutritional status of the child. Breastfeeding creates a strong bond
between the mother and the child and has lifelong impact on psychosocial development. 1
Only 35% of infants worldwide are exclusively breastfed during the first four months of life. Timely
introduction of complementary feeding can prevent almost 6% of under-five mortality.
Maternal employment influences infant feeding. Nearly twice as many mothers of infants are engaged in
the labor force today compared to 30 years ago. Employed mothers working 30hrs or more per week are
less likely to initiate and sustain exclusive breastfeeding. Working mothers confront substantial time
demands, which may translate into systemic differences in the types of food fed to infants. Despite the
substantial demands and challenges confronted by working mothers, research to date has focused
primarily on the extent to which employment interferes with breastfeeding, there has been no research
documenting feeding patterns used by working mothers beyond versus formula feeding.
Research on infant feeding practices among working women is needed especially during the second
half of infant’s first year when complementary foods are introduced and infant feeding becomes
increasingly more complex. In this background the present study will be conducted in a tertiary care
centre at Mysore to compare the infant feeding practices among working and non-working women at
Mysore.
Objectives of the study:
1. To assess and compare infant feeding practices among working and non-working women.
2. To assess the influence of infant feeding practices over growth and development.
3. To describe and compare the factors influencing infant feeding practices among working and nonworking women.
Material and Methods:
Source of Data:
All working and non –working mothers having children aged between one to two years attending
the Immunization Clinic at JSS Hospital,Mysore.
Type Of Study:
Cross-Sectional comparative study
Inclusion criteria:
1. All women attending the immunization clinic having children aged between one to two years.
2. All women having children aged between one to two years engaged in income generating activity
(occupation) for at least one year.
Duration of Study: For a period of one year.
Sampling technique:Purposive sampling
Sample size: 107 in each group.
Ethical Clearance has been obtained.
Results:Majority of the women were from urban locality in both the groups, i.e, 67.3% of non-working
women and 84.1% of the working women. Majority of them of both the groups were from nuclear families.
47.7% of non-working mothers had exclusively breastfed their children for 6 months whereas only 13.1%
of working women had exclusively breastfed their children.77.6% of the non-working mothers had started
the complementary feeding at 6 months whereas majority of the working mothers i.e., 55.1% had started
the complementary feeding before 6 months.
Key words: Infant feeding, exclusive breastfeeding, complementary feeding, working women.
24. A STUDY TO ASSESS THE BREASTFEEDING KNOWLEDGE AND PRACTICES AMONG RURAL
MOTHERS OF NELAMANGALA”
Dr. Viswanatha P G1,Dr. Ramakrishna reddy.N2,Dr. Ranganath T S 3
1. Postgraduate,
2. Professor,
3. Professor and Head, Dept. of Community Medicine,
Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Bengaluru.
Introduction:The World Health Organization recommends the practice of exclusive
breastfeeding of
infants for the first 6 months after birth. Breastfeeding is the simplest,healthiest and least expensive
feeding method that fulfils the infant’s needs for nutrition and growth and it also reduces child morbidity
and mortality. Most of the mothers do not understand the importance of proper breastfeeding practices
like, how it should be given, the timings, duration, correct techniques and appropriate time of weaning
mothers milk. Hence the study was taken up.
Objectives: 1. To assess the knowledge about breastfeeding and practices among
mothers .
2. To know the effectiveness of IEC among mothers.
Methodology:
Study Design: A cross- sectionalstudy.
Study Setting: Taluk health hospital of Nelamangla. A semi structured pre and post questionnaire was
used to collect data from study subjects.
Study population: Mothers of children less than 2 years of age
Study period: First week of August 2015.
Sample size: 180
Results& Discussion:Out of the 180 mothers interviewed, only 40% of mothers had knowledge about
correct duration of breastfeeding. 68% mothers had initiated breastfeeding within 4 hours, 74% mothers
had knowledge of exclusive breastfeeding, 12% gave pre-lacteal feeds and 28% weaned their children
before 6 months.
After IEC session, the knowledge regarding duration and initiation of breastfeeding showed the increase
from 40% to 95% and 68% to 90% respectively.
Conclusion:This study shows statistical significant improvement in knowledge following IEC (p<0.01).
Keywords:
Breastfeeding, mothers, weaning.
25. Title of the abstract: Occurence of Lower Genital Tract infection in Women with Preterm
Labour.
Ravikumar M S1, Shwetha1, Deepti H R2, Lalitha Shivanna3
1-Post Graduate, Department of Community Medicine,
2-Senior Resident, 3-Professor & Head, Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology
Mandya Institute of Medical Sciences , Mandya, Karnataka
Introduction
Preterm delivery remains a leading cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality. Preterm labour is
defined as one where the labour starts before 37th completed week of gestation counting from the first
day of the last menstrual period. Vaginal infection during pregnancy leads to premature rupture of
membrane and preterm labour leading to low birth weight and thus in turn causes increase in perinatal
mortality and morbidity. Among the various maternal and fetal factors, vaginal infections during pregnancy
is an important cause for preterm labour. Studies have found a high prevalence of reproductive tract
infections during pregnancy
Objective: To determine the occurrence of lower genital tract infections in preterm labour by studying the
vaginal cytology among the women admitted with complaints of preterm labour.
Methodology:
Type of Study: Record based descriptive study
Study Setting: Labour wards, Department of Obstetrics, Mandya Institute of Medical Sciences (MIMS)
Hospital, Mandya.
Study Population:
All patients admitted for preterm labour from August 2013 to February 2014.
Data Collection: The data of all the patients admitted with complaints of preterm labour from August 2013
to February 2014 was collected from the records available at MIMS, Mandya after taking ethical
clearance from the Institutional Ethics Committee.
Analysis of Data: The data is analyzed using Percentages
Results: Total number of pregnant admitted for preterm were 147(n=147). The mean age was 23.1 ± 3.9
years. Among 147 pregnants, 115(84.4%) were between 28-37 weeks of gestation and 23(15.6%)
presented before 28 weeks of gestation. Among the 147 pregnants the vaginal cytology report of 40
(27.2%) came out to be positive for clue cells and and 29 (19.7%) were positive for presence of yeast
cells and 138 (94%) vaginal smears were positive for inflammatory cell.
Conclusion: There is a high occurence of lower genital tract infections among pregnant women admitted
for preterm labour. This emphasizes the need for screening for lower genital tract infections at the initial
clinical visit especially in the high risk women. Integrating a simple infection screening and treatment
program into routine antenatal care may reduce preterm births even in a general population of pregnant
women.
Key Words: Vaginal Cytology, Preterm labour
26. School dropout: Do reasons remain the same across generations?
Dr Aiswarya Lakshmi A S1, Dr Mudassir Azeez Khan2 ,Vadiraja N3
1) Post graduate, Dept of Community Medicine , MMCRI, Mysore
2) Professor & Head, Dept of Community Medicine , MMCRI, Mysore
3) Assistant Professor & Statistician, Dept of Community Medicine, ,MMCRI, Mysore
INTRODUCTION: Discontinuing education has major social, economic and health implications. Parents
who drop out from school are often unable to motivate their children to continue their schooling. Thus
school dropout becomes a vicious intergenerational issue. Hence a study was undertaken to examine the
reasons for school dropout across two generations.
OBJECTIVES: 1.To determine the reasons for school dropout among school age children and their
parents in an urban slum.
METHODOLOGY: A cross sectional study was carried out in the Urban slums of the field practice area of
MMC& RI.302 families were visited and the reason for school dropout was sought using a pretested semi
structured questionnaire
RESULTS:40.5%(N=122) fathers and 44.5%(N=137)of mothers were school dropouts. The major
reasons of drop out among fathers were
financial problem including working(62),lack of interest in
studies(40),parental
pressure(10).Among
pressure(10),peer
mothers
the
reasons
were
menarche(21),financial problem (30),marriage(24),lack of interest in studies(28),to take care of family
members(3),misc(10),parental
pressure(19),peer
pressure(2).Around
18
school
age
children
(male=10,female=8)were found who were school dropouts. Among them the major cause for change of
residence (2), supplementing family income (3), taking care of family members(3),financial problem (1).All
children expect one had no interest in studies.
CONCLUSION: Though reasons like working to supplement family income and dropping out to take care
of family members persist, Lack of interest in studies remain a major contributory factor to school drop out
across two generation. This suggests lack of motivation among parents and their children towards
schooling. Motivating young people and generating interest in schooling needs concerted effort from both
parents as well as teachers.
27. Awareness on breastfeeding practices in rural population attending a tertiary care hospital-an
interview based study.”
MAYANK
Introduction-Breastfeeding is one of the best and safest infant feeding methods. It has nutritional,
immunological, behavioral and economy benefits and also provide desirable mother and infant bonding.
Exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of life is still lower in many developing countries
Objectives: - To know the breastfeeding awareness and practices in general population of a tertiary care
hospital.
Material and Method: - It’s a cross sectional study conducted during the Breast Feeding week (1-7 Aug
2015) among the general population attending SAMC OPD. All those having children between 0 to 3 yrs.
and those who were willing to participate were included in the study. A semi structured questionnaire was
used and 122 of them responded.
Results: - The mean age of the study subject was 33.2 yr. almost all the participants knew about the
importance of breastfeeding, while regarding practices 77.04% agreed that breastfeeding must be
initiated within an hour. Awareness of exclusive breast feeding for six months was observed among
84.4% and 95.9% gave positive response to importance of colostrum feeding. The knowledge regarding
other food supplements such as animal milk was found in 43.44%. Breast feeding is essential for bonding
in both mother and child was seen in 95.08% of the respondents.
Conclusion: - Knowledge and importance of feeding colostrum, mother’s first milk, was correctly
answered by majority of respondents while response towards exclusive breastfeeding was also
encouraging. Large percentage of the study population was lagging behind regarding the knowledge of
other food supplements, which should be discouraged in regard to exclusive breast feeding.
Keywords: - Breast feeding, Exclusive, Colostrum.
28. Evaluation of health practices amongst villagers of Raghogarh district, Guna (M.P)- An
interview based study.
Sonia
Background – NFHS-3 states that 54.9% of rural population in M.P. is using contraceptive methods (any
methods).
Water supply and sanitation were added to the national agenda during the 1 st five year plan during (195156).The primary responsibility for providing drinking water and sanitation facilities in the country rests with
the state government and more specifically the local bodies in the urban areas.
Aims & objectives-1) Study of health seeking behavior 2) Awareness of MCH and water hygiene
practices.
Methodology- It is an interview based cross sectional study in which 101 subjects were interviewed using
a pretested predesigned proforma related to health care facility available in that area & healthy behavior
adopted regarding maternal & child health & common diseases(locally endemic diseases) with water
sanitation.
Results– Out of the total 92 % of the pregnant women received tetanus toxoid and iron folic tablets.Of the
total 21% of the people didn’t shared about the use of contraception and family planning.
Of the total 88.1% had toilet facility at home.The knowledge of DOTS and cataract was found in 59.4%
and 71.2% respectively.Water was used by straining with cloth by 66% of the participants.
Conclusion –There is need to increase more awareness amongst the people.More than half the
population had toilet facility at home.About half of them knew about the locally endemic
diseases.Whereas a significant number of people did not share their view regardingthe use of
contraception.
Key words -NFHS-3, MCH
29. Assessment of 24-hrs Maternal and Child Health services at Primary Health Centers in Medak
district of Telangana, India
Anitha Thippaiah
University of Hyderabad
Objectives:The study assessed the availability and utilization of 24-hrs MCH services at Primary Health
Centers (PHCs) in Medak district of Telangana. Cross sectional survey of round-the clock PHCs was
undertaken. The data on maternal and child health services were reviewed for the previous 5 years and
key informant interviews conducted with staff nurses, ANMs and medical officers from the sampled 24-hrs
MCH centers in Medak district. Data was analyzed to assess availability and utilization of 24-hrs MCH
services.
Observations:
We assessed 36 of the total 66 PHCs that were functioning as 24X7 delivery care institutions in the
district. 57% of the PHCs were available for 24X7 delivery services. In 12 PHCs, less than 2 Medical
Officers were posted. In 14 PHCs less than 3 Staff Nurses were posted.Only 6 of the total 36 PHCs
achieved minimum stipulated 10 deliveries per month. Blood storage unit was not established and the
operation theatre was not functional at CHC Narsapur. Hence, caesarian deliveries were not conducted
as the operation theatre (OT) was not functional and the Gynecologist not posted. There was no separate
budget released for 24X7 delivery service centres, except the salary budget to the contractual Staff
Nurses. Facilities for conducting delivery and new born care were adequate but due to inadequate human
resource less than 400 deliveries were conducted per annum in 24X7 PHCs. In PHC Raikode and Pulkal,
phototherapy unit was not available for treating jaundice in newborn andbaby care corner was not
created.
Conclusions: Lack of trained human resources and inadequate utilization of facilities by pregnant women
and newborn babies at 24X7 PHCs are major challenges in Medak district of Telangana state.Rapid and
innovative measures need to be further undertaken to improve maternal and child health service delivery
in Medak district of Telangana state.
30. Study of Primary Immunization Status among children in the urban slums of Bengaluru
Dr Dharaneesh Prasad S1, Dr Gadicherla Suman2
1 Assistant Professor, Dept of community Medicine, BGS GIMS
2 Associate Professor, Dept of community Medicine, MSRMC.
Introduction - The goal of immunizing children against the major diseases responsible for child mortality
and morbidity is a noble one. The prevention of child mortality through immunization is one of the most
cost-effective public health interventions in resource-poor settings. This study was done to find the
coverage of primary immunization and factors for coverage in the slums of Bengaluru.
Objective – To determine the status of Primary immunization coverage of children in urban slums of
BBMP.
Methodology- 510 children aged 12-23 months in the slums of Bengaluru were included in the study. The
slums were selected using the WHO cluster sampling methodology. The mothers of the children were
interviewed using questionnaire designed by WHO. Immunization status of these children was assessed.
Information on socio demographic factors and immunization status was analyzed.
Observations – Among 510 children studied, 422 (82.74%) were fully immunized, 85% (16.66%) were
partially immunized and 3 of them were non immunized (0.58 %) The dropout rates for BCG-DPT 1 were
2.9%, BCG-DPT 2 was 7.1%, BCG-DPT 3 was 11.17% and BCG – Measles was 16.86%.
Conclusions- In this study immunization coverage among children in the slums of Bengaluru was 82.74%.
Hence the efforts to sustain the immunization coverage levels need to be maintained. The health system
needs to be strengthened to reduce the dropout rates and to further increase the immunization coverage
upto 100%.
31. Knowledge, Attitude and Practice on Family Planning Among Male Migratory Construction
Workers in Rural Field Practice Area of Vydehi Institute of Medical Science and Research centre.
Bangalore
Dr. Achuth K S,
Vydehi Institute Of
Medical Sciences and
Research Centre
Background:
Male participation is crucial to the success of family planning programmes and to the
empowerment of women. Since men play a prominent role in reproduction it is therefore extremely useful
to assess and encourage them to be involved in contraceptive practices, particularly in developing
countries where contraceptive goals have not yet been reached.
Objectives:
To assess the mens’ knowledge, attitude and practice of contraceptive methods.
Methodology:
A cross sectional study was conducted in Kannamangala Village from June 2015 to July 2015.
Using semi-structured questionnaire, the data was collected from the migratory men of age between 1850 years residing in the labor colonies. Study variables comprised of age, socio economic status,
education, knowledge of family planning and number of children.
A sample size of 362 was calculated using Lwanga and Lemeshow formula and using
proportionate sampling method 400 men participated in the study.
Observations and conclusions:
Awaited and will be sent before 20th September 2015.
32. “BIRTH PREPAREDNESS AND COMPLICATION READINESS STUDY AMONG ANTENATAL
WOMEN IN TUMKUR, KARANATAKA”
Dr.Rajesh.P1, Dr.Rajanna M.S2, Dr.Swetha.R4, Dr.Krishna Iyengar3
1. Post graduate student, Sri Siddhartha Medical College, Tumkur.
2. Professor and HOD, Sri Siddhartha Medical College, Tumkur.
3. Professor, Sri Siddhartha Medical College, Tumkur.
4. Assistant professor, Sri Siddhartha Medical College, Tumkur.
Introduction:
Maternal mortality is a substantial burden in India. Apart from the medical causes, numerous sociocultural factors cause delay in care seeking and contribute to the deaths. Birth preparedness and
complication readiness (BPACR) is an intervention that addresses these delays. This study was
intended to assess the BPACR index.
Objectives :
a. To assess the birth preparedness and complication readiness among antenatal women in
Tumkur.
b. To study their socio-demographic factors affecting BPACR.
Observations: In this facility based cross-sectional study, it has been planned to interview 372
antenatal women with pre-structured questionnaire in district hospital during the month of June to
September 2015. So far 191 subjects have been interviewed.
1. Majority of the subjects belonged to the age group of 20 – 25 years (74%).
2. Majority of them were Hindus (58%).
3. Half of the subjects had attained education up to high school.
4. More than 50% of their husbands were working as daily wage labours.
5. Substantial number of them (44%) didn’t know even a single danger sign during pregnancy, while
70% were unaware of danger signs during child birth and 41% lacked knowledge about any
danger signs from the time of pregnancy up to two days after child birth.
6. Majority (99%) had identified health care facility and skilled health worker for their delivery.
7. Only 29% were planning to save money for the time of delivery, which may be due to increased
awareness (90%) about financial assistance through Janani Suraksha Yojana.
Conclusion:
Even though there is poor awareness regarding danger signs during pregnancy, child birth and two days
after delivery, the BPACR index was observed to be 60%. Most of the women were planning their child
birth in health care facility. Effective information education communication awareness programs may be
initiated to improve the BPACR index of these women
33.
Title: Cross-sectional study to assess the factors affecting utilization of maternal health care
services in an urban field practice area of Bangalore Medical College & Research Institute
(BMCRI)
Names of authors: Dr.Swetha N B*,Dr.Shobha**,Dr.Ranganath T S***.
* Postgraduate, Dept.of Community Medicine, BMCRI.
**Assistant Professor, Dept.of Community Medicine, BMCRI.
***Professor and Head, Dept.of Community Medicine, BMCRI.
Introduction: Pregnancy is a special event and a vulnerable period in woman’s life. She is at-most risk of
morbidity and mortality during this period. Primary aim of antenatal care is to achieve at end of pregnancy
a healthy mother and a healthy child.
Many programmes like RMNCHA+, ICDS scheme are implemented to improve maternal health and
prevent maternal complications. One of the Millennium Development Goal (MDG-5) concentrates on
reduction of Maternal Mortality Ratio(MMR). Inspite of all efforts still MMR remains 167 per one lakh live
births in India and 133 per one lakh live births in Karnataka.(MDG report 2014) An important proximate
determinant of maternal mortality is access to and utilization of quality health care services.
Components of complete utilization of maternal health care services is, women with early registration
of pregnancy (within 1st trimester), minimum 4 ANC (antenatal checkups) covering entire period of
pregnancy, inj TT 2 doses/ booster, consumption of minimum 100 IFA (Iron & folic acid) tablets, delivery by
skilled birth attendant / institutional delivery and 6 postnatal check-ups.
Inspite of innumerable maternity benefit schemes for utilizing maternal services in public facility like
prasoothi araike, Janani suraksha Yojana, Madilu kit utilization remains low in public health care facility. In
Bangalore, utilization of antenatal services in Government health facility is only 58.6%. And women prefer
basic services also in private facility and incur high out of pocket expenses. Here is an attempt to
understand factors affecting utilization of maternal health care services from an Urban field practice area of
BMCRI, Bangalore.
Objectives:
1) To study the socio-demographic profile of women utilizing maternal health care
services in an
urban field practice area (BMCRI)
2) To assess factors affecting utilization of maternal health care services
Methodology:
Study design: Cross-sectional study
Study setting: Urban field practice area, Bangalore
Study population: Women in postnatal period
Inclusion criteria: Women who have completed at least 6 weeks postnatal period
Women within six months of delivery.
Exclusion criteria: Those who do not consent for study
Sample size: As per DLHS-4 2012-13, data of utilization of government health services
for ANC in
Bangalore is 58.6%, Sample size calculated to be 125.
Sampling method: Convenient sampling
Study duration: July-2015 to September-2015
Results: From interim assessment mean age of women in postnatal period is found to be 23.34 years.
Most women belonged to upper lower class of socio-economic status. Only 52% women included in study
had complete utilization of maternal health care services. Even though most fulfilled criteria of ANC but
PNC visits were not met. Further results shall be presented in the full paper.
Conclusion: The study shows poor utilization of maternal health care services. There is a need to improve
awareness regarding importance of ANC, Inj TT, Iron tablets & PNC. Postnatal visits by health worker
need to be monitored. Mothers and families should be encouraged to avail services in government facility
by creating awareness regarding various benefits and thereby avoiding high out of pocket expenses.
34. A Study on Factors associated with Utilization of Healthcare Services among Mothers of
Under-Five Children in the Urban Field Practice Area of RajaRajeswari Medical College and
Hospital, Bengaluru.:
Ramya KS1, Shashikala M2
Postgraduate Student1, Professor & HOD2
RajaRajeshwari Medical College and Hospital, Bangalore.
Introduction: Assessment of utilization of healthcare services and associated factors in a community
provides essential information for improving service delivery to achieve universal health coverage.
Domination of private health care services and low utilization of public healthcare services in India is a
matter of concern for policy makers. World Health Organization estimates that seeking prompt and
appropriate care during the most common acute childhood illnesses like acute respiratory and diarrheal
diseases could reduce child deaths by nearly 30%. In this context, healthcare seeking behavior and
prompt utilization of health care services among mothers is of utmost importance.
Need for the study: There are a few studies on the utilization of health services for childhood illness in
India, mostly in the rural settings. So the present study is undertaken in the urban area.
Objectives:
1. To estimate the utilization of healthcare services for childhood illness among mothers of under-five
children.
2. To assess the factors determining the utilization of healthcare services among mothers of under-five
children.
Materials and methods: A community based cross sectional study will be conducted in Channasandra
Colony, the urban field practice area of Rajarajeswari Medical Colleges and Hospital, Bangalore.
Source of Data: Mothers of under-five children.
Study design: Community based cross sectional study.
Study period: 2 months (July 2015 - August 2015)
Inclusion criteria: All mothers of under-five children, who are permanent residents of Channasandra
colony, present on the day of survey.
Exclusion criteria: Those study subjects were not willing to participate in the study.
Estimation of Sample size: In order to calculate sample size for this study, utilization of healthcare
services for diarrheal diseases for 60% children (least prevalence) according to NFHS 3 was taken. For
95% confidence level and relative precision of 15%, the study requires a minimum of 120 subjects.
Sampling technique and methodology: Systematic Random Sampling Technique. Channasandra Rotary
Urban Health Centre covers a population of 5711 in 1423 households. With sampling interval as 11, a
random number 7 was chosen to start with and every 11th house will be examined. If there are no underfive children in the house, we proceed to the next house with under-five child.
Study Tool: Pre-designed, structured, pretested questionnaire which includes questions on
sociodemographic profile of mothers, perceived illness and utilization of healthcare services.
Data collection: Institutional Ethical Committee approval will be obtained prior to initiation of study. Written
informed consent will be taken from all study subjects before data collection. Data will be collected from
the subjects during house visit.
Method of Analysis: Data will be analyzed using descriptive statistics and suitable tests of significance
using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) software.
Results: Results and Discussion of the study will be sent within September 2015
Key words: Utilization of Healthcare services, Urban, Mothers of under-five, Bangalore
Title : Availability of Socially Marketed Health Care Products in Medical Shops of Mandya City, Karnataka
State
Authors: Achuta Ram Rao B1, Vinay M2
1. Post Graduate student, Dept. of Community Medicine, MIMS, Mandya
2. Associate Professor, Dept. of Community Medicine, MIMS, Mandya
Objectives
1. To determine the availability of social marketed products in medical stores of Mandya city and assess
the factors affecting their availability.
2. To assess the awareness on social marketing products among pharmacists in medical stores of Mandya
city.
Methodology
Type of study: Cross sectional study
Study subjects: Pharmacists in medical shops in Mandya city
Study period: May 2015- Aug 2015
Sample: 54
Sampling method: All pharmacists in medical shops of Mandya city available during the
study period
Products Selected: Oral Rehydration Solution (ORS), Oral Contraceptive Pills(OCPs) and
Condoms
Observations
Availability of selected Socially Marketed Health Care Products in Medical Shops of Mandya City is as
follows OCPs(Mala-D etc.) 82%, Condoms(Thrill, Masti, Nirodh etc.) -54% and ORS(Jal Jeevan) –Nil. If not
specified by the people, thecommonly available commercially marketed products for sale in the medical
shops are (ORS) Electral78%, (OCPs) Ovral-G 58% and (Condoms) KS 61%.The demand for these
products is OCPs-80% and Condoms-42%. The rejection rates for these products are OCPs-20% &
Condoms-21%. Stock out situation arose 82% for OCPs & 21% for Condoms. The medical shops which
stopped selling these products are OCPs-5%, Condoms31%. None of the pharmacists were motivated for
selling Socially Marketed Health Care Products by any agency
Conclusion: Availability and awareness of Socially Marketed Health Care Products is not adequate except
for OCPs (Mala-D) in Medical Shops of Mandya.
36. Child Rearing Practices and immunization status among children in settlement populations in
Anekal Taluk, Bangalore
Sineesh P J, Sulekha T S, Haris P, Jerry J, Pretesh R K
Background: Infant and child rearing practices continue to be neglected, in spite of their important role in
growth and development. Infant mortality can be reduced by 13% just by proper child rearing practices.
Socioeconomic and environmental conditions in settlements have an impact on infant morbidity and
mortality. Very few studies have been done on infant and child rearing in settlement populations in rural
India. Objective: To document the feeding practices and immunization coverage in children below 60
months of age in high risk/ settlement areas of Anekal taluk Methodology: 32 settlement populations were
mapped in Anekal Taluk during the Pulse Polio Immunisation drive in February 2015. 94 children were
identified in these settlements and were included in the study. An interview schedule adapted from the
Breast Feeding Promotion Network of India questionnaire was used to assess child feeding practices and
immunization status. Anthropmetric measures and nutritional status were determined. Observations:
44.7% mothers received adequate ANCs and 63.8% mothers received adequate TT Immunisation. 75.5%
children were breastfed within one hour of birth. 77.7 % children were given colostrum and the rest were
given prelacteal feeds such as honey and sugar water. 65.8% children were exclusively breast fed for six
months. 41.5% children had an immunization card and 66% children were adequately immunized. 26.6%
children had wasting and 51.1% were stunted. Conclusion: Urgent steps are needed to ensure improved
and optimal infant feeding and immunisation in settlement populations to address the deficiencies that are
present in such populations.
Key words: child rearing practices, settlement populations, rural India
37. Study of Infant feeding practices in the Urban slums of Ballari City.
Dr Bellara Raghavendra; Dr T Gangadhar Goud; Dr Saraswati V Sajjan.
VIMS, Ballari
Objectives
1. To know the prevalence of optimal breastfeeding practices and optimal complementary feeding
practices in the Urban slums of Ballari City.
2. To study the factors influencing infant feeding practices.
Methodology:
Study Design: Cross sectional descriptive study.
Study Setting: Urban slums of Ballari City.
Study Period: July 2015 - Sept 2015 ( 3 Months)
Sample Size: According to NFHS-3, taking the exclusive breast feeding prevalence of 44%, the sample
size was calculated to be 143.
Sampling: Simple Random sampling.
Data Analysis: Descriptive statistics like percentages, mean, standard deviation were used to describe
the data. Appropriate test like chi square tests was used.
Observations: A total of 150 mothers of infants were included in the study.
Breast feeding practices: 22% of infants were exclusively breast fed, 52% of them initiated early breast
feeding, 64% of them were fed with colostrum and 34% of infants were given pre lacteal feeds.
Complementary feeding practices: 60% of them started complementary feeding at appropriate time, 58%
of them were fed with appropriate consistency, only 32% of them were fed with appropriate frequency,
65% of them were fed with appropriate amount, overall the prevalence of optimal feeding practices was at
18.7%.
Conclusion:
The overall prevalence of optimal infant feeding practices was less (18.7%) when compared to National
average. Socio demographic variables like type of family, education, occupation and income and
knowledge, attitude and husbands support were the influencing factors for infant feeding practices.
38. PROPORTION, RISK FACTORS AND ITS IMPACT OF DYSMENORRHOEA AMONG GIRLS.
Aravind Karinagannanavar1, Someshwar G M2, Bellara Raghavendra3, S Basavaraj4
T Gangadhara Goud5.
1) Aravind Karinagannanavar , Assistant professor, Dept of Community Medicine, Mysore Medical
College and Research Centre, Mysore, Karnataka
2) Someshwar G M Associate professor, Dept of Community Medicine, Basaveshwar Medical
College, Chitradurga. Karnataka
3)
Bellara Raghavendra Associate Professor, Dept of Community Medicine, Vijayanagar Institute of
Medical Sciences, Bellary. Karnataka
4) S Basavaraj Professor, Dept of Community Medicine, Vijayanagar Institute of Medical Sciences,
Bellary. Karnataka
5) T Gangadhara Goud Professor, Dept of Community Medicine, Vijayanagar Institute of Medical
Sciences, Bellary. Karnataka
Background: Dysmenorrhea is the leading cause of recurrent short-term school absence in adolescent
girls and a common problem in women of reproductive age. They are many factors are related to this
disorder which include a younger age, low body mass index (BMI), smoking, early menarche, prolonged
menstrual flow. Objectives: 1) To find the proportion of dysmenorrhoea among Girls of Nursing college 2)
To find out the risk factors and impact of Dysmenorrhea. Material and Methods: A cross sectional study
was conducted from November 2011 to April 2012 at Nursing college, VIMS Bellary, Karnataka. Data was
collected by pre-tested and pre-designed semi- structured proforma. The study was performed on a total
of 196 students who agreed to participate and present at the time of study. Analysis was done by using
Epi-info version 3.4.3.Results: The average age of the study group was 19.3 + 1.8 years (range 17-30).
Proportion of Dysmenorrhea was found to be 77% and was significantly higher in females with positive
family history of Dysmenorrhea when compared to the others (P < 0.05). Who had early age of menarche,
irregular cycle, increased amount of flow, gynaecological problems and lack exercise had high rate of
dysmennohea compared to others but statistically it was not significant. In our study because of
Dysmenorrhea 20.5 % had class absenteeism, 23.2% college absenteeism, 44.4 % had poor
concentration, 31.8% were depressed, 53% were irritable and 2.6% had suicidal tendencies. Conclusion
and Recommendation: There was a high proportion of dysmennohea and also girls were very much
worried about it. There is a need to educated them about causes, treatment and also to cope up with
stress at the time of menstrual cycle.
Key words: Dysmenorrhea, risk factors, life style
SEXUAL AND REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH
1. Insight into Recurrent Pregnancy Loss-A Biochemical and Molecular approach
Suttur S Malini and Kavitha P
Molecular Reproductive and Human Genetics Laboratory, Department of Studies in Zoology, University of
Mysore, Manasagangotri, Mysore.
Introduction: Recurrent Pregnancy Loss (RPL) is the occurrence of two or more consecutive losses of
clinically recognized pregnancies prior to the 20 th week of gestation. The male gamete contributes 50% of
the genomic material to the placental and embryonic development. Sperms with altered or lowered
functional competencies, if they fertilize the oocytes, may lead to the development of an unsustainable
embryo resulting in early pregnancy loss.The medical evaluation till date has focused mainly on the
females. Following all investigation, majority of the cases fail to reveal an identifiable cause and are
therefore classified as idiopathic.
Objectives: The aim of this study is to investigate the possible male factors that are contributing to RPL in
females.
Materials and Methods: One hundred male whose partner with the history of 2 or more pregnancy loss
and fifty males with proven fertility were recruited for the present study. Biochemical analysis of seminal
plasma was done to assess the functional status of accessory reproductive glands and reactive oxygen
species. Polymerase chain reactions were performed for microdeletion analysis in AZFa, b and c region
of Yq region of Y chromosome.
Results : Spermiogram and sperm function tests exhibit sub normal scores which may be the possible
etiology for RPL. Positive correlation between oxidative stress and recurrent pregnancy loss
Conclusion: Screening of both partners in RPL cases should be made it mandatory to
achieve desirable outcome.
2. MENSTRUAL HYGIENE PRACTICES IN A RURAL AREA OF NORTH KERALA
Anju C M1 Jesha M M2
1 Postgraduate 2
Assistant Professor, Department of Community Medicine, MES Medical College
Perinthalmanna, Kerala
BACKGROUND: Menstrual hygiene has implications on reproductive health and overall wellbeing
especially for adolescents. The gender unfriendly school infrastructure and lack of clean, safe and private
sanitation facilities for girls result in a fundamental infringement of human rights of female teachers and
girls.
OBJECTIVES: To study the menstrual hygiene practices among adolescent girls(10-19 years).
METHODOLOGY: A cross sectional study was done among adolescent girls in classes 5 th to 12th in two
schools selected for Reproductive Health Day activities in the rural field practice area of MES Medical
College, Perinthalmanna. 10th and 12th standard students were excluded. A pre-tested questionnaire was
used after taking consent from the head of the institution and students. Descriptive analysis was done.
RESULTS: 436 adolescent girls between 10-17 years participated.Mean age was 13.42 years (SD 1.79).
Majority were from 8th and 9th standards. Half of them were aware of menarche but only 15 knew what
menstruation is. They got the information mostly from their mothers. 64.7% had attained menarche. 84%
(239) used sanitary pads. 60% disposed it through toilet drains. 205 reported of having facilities for pad
changing and disposal at schools. 54.9%(155) used clothes and more than half them sundry these
clothes. 7 girls reported not bathing during cycles.
CONCLUSION: Knowledge level regarding menstruation and their attitude towards it has to be
understood in detail to improvise awareness classes for these girls to upgrade their practices.
KEY WORDS: menstrual hygiene practices, rural, adolescent girls.
3. A study on Epidemiological Determinants & Reproductive health practices among Female
commercial sex workers of Dharwad District.
Institution- Karnataka Institute of Medical College, Hubli
1. Dr. Geeta V Bathija, Associate professor & I/C HOD
2. Dr. Madhavi Gajula Postgraduate
Dept. of community medicine
Karnataka Institute of Medical sciences, Hubli
Introduction-Practice or engaging in sexual activity in exchange of money is known as prostitution, it’s a
social evil. This non-familial activity, is a means of livelihood for her, whether out of volition or out of
coercion, she has to fit into the pleasure giving role making her vulnerable to many sexually transmitted
diseases. There is a significant paucity of publications in this regards among such vulnerable women.
Objectives- To study the socio-demographic profile, reproductive health practices and the risk of violence
and substance abuse among the female CSWs.
Methodology- It’s a cross sectional study, done among 100 female CSWs of Hubli-Dharwad district over a
month period, done in collaboration of a NGO, SPAD. The data was collected using pretested and semistructured questionnaire following the informed oral consent. Analyzed using SPSS 20, and presented as
means and percentages.Chi-square was applied to check statistical associations.
Results- 48% of the sample belonged to 30-40 years, 67% were illiterates, 48% were married. 50% of the
families of sample didn’t knew about this trade and 34% had no family support. 46% opted this out of
poverty while 36% had no other means of earning.33% had abdominal pain, 19% had history of abortions
and 68% of them underwent abortions in hospitals. 65% had experienced domestic violence, 54% had
some kind of substance abuse and tobacco was most common, 29%. 24% didn’t knew about their HIV
status and 64% were not bothered about clients HIV status. The association of condom usage and HIV
status was found to be statistically significant (p=0.04) and that of sexual violence and substance abuse
was significant (p=0.005).
Conclusion-FSWs were never within welfare policy of state and thus marginalized from society. A
significant number of women chose this profession out of poverty. Education regarding HIV transmission
and other STI’s have to be provided along with provision of other vocational training activities for this
section of women.
Keywords- Female Commercial Sex Workers, SPAD, Dharwad
4.
“INTIMATE PARTNER VIOLENCE AND ASSOCIATED FACTORS IN GROUP-D WORKERS OF
A MEDICAL INSTITUTION IN TUMKUR, KARANATAKA”
Dr.Shwetha .T.M1.,Dr.Rajanna M.S.2, Dr. Ashok.J3,Dr.Rajesh.S.S.4
1.Post graduate student, Sri Siddhrtha Medical College, Tumkur.
2.Professor and HOD,Sri Siddhrtha Medical College, Tumkur.
3.Professor ,Sri Siddhrtha Medical College, Tumkur.
4.Assistant professor, Sri Siddhrtha Medical College, Tumkur.
Objectives :
Intimate partner violence and socio demographic factors associated with it among group –D
female workers in a medical college.
To study theirhelp seeking behaviour for intimate partner violence.
To study their attitude towards the intimate partner violence.
Observations:34group D married female workers in our institutions who gave informed consent were
interviewed with pre structured questionnaire.
Majority (56.2%)of them belonged to age group of 35-44 years
75% of workers are from rural area
Majority of them were Hindus ( 94%)
30% them had given dowry at the time of the marriage
Prevalence of intimate partner violence was 50%
There was physical, emotional abuse experienced by all who are experienced intimate partner
violence.
Help seeking for domestic violence is very less (13%)
Attitude towards the intimate partner violence was desirable(98%) in majority of them.
Conclusion:
50% of women in the study experienced intimate partner violence. Most of the women were
reluctant to share their state on intimate partner violence. Women experiencing the violence did
not seek for help. Majority of them are aware of hazards of domestic violence.
5. HEALTH STATUS OF POST MENOPAUSAL WOMEN IN URBAN FIELD PRACTICE AREA OF
S.V.MEDICAL COLLEGE TIRUPATI.
Names of the Authors: T. Sylvia Solomon*, R. Altaf Hussian**
*Post Graduate, **Associate Professor
Department of Community Medicine
Sri Venkateswara Medical College, Tirupati, Chittoor dist., Andhra Pradesh
Introduction: Menopausal and postmenopausal health has emerged as an important concern owing to
increased longevity and changing lifestyle of Indian women. The world health organization defines Postmenopause as amenorrhea for the past 12 months and no hysterectomy. The post-menopausal
symptoms like hot flashes and night sweats, insomnia, fatigue causes psychological distress. Coronary
heart diseases are major cause of morbidity in postmenopausal period.
Objectives:
1. To determine the socio demographic profile of the menopausal women.
2. To assess the various morbidity patterns among post menopausal women.
Methods: A community based descriptive cross-sectional study is being carried out in Urban field practice
area of S.V .Medical College, Tirupati . Data was collected from the women those who were attained
natural menopause and given informed consent. From 1st April 2015 – July 31st
2015. 99 post-
menopausal women were included which is calculated by using the formula ( 4pq/l2 ) 95% confidence
interval with an allowable error of 10% of absolute prevalence. A pre-designed, pre-tested proforma was
used to collect information regarding social and demographic factors and morbidity profile of menopausal
women. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics.
Results: Till now data regarding 59 post menopausal women were collected. The mean of age subjects
was 52.75; the mean age of menopause was 47.68. Among study subjects 74.6% were house wives,
majority were Hindus (89.8%).44.1%belonged to class III socio-economic status. Most common
symptoms of post menopausal women were night sweats 62.7%, palpitation 57.6%, hot flushes 52.5%,
burning sensation of extremities 45.8%, depression 32.2%, genital tract 1.7%.
6. Intimate Partner Violence among married women in Belagavi and the potential risk factors
associated with it - A cross sectional study.
Dr Kruthika.K*; Postgraduate,
Dr.Sulakshana Baliga; Asst.Professor,
Mr. M.D.Mallapur; Asst.Professor of Statistics,
Dr.S.M.Katti; Prof. & Head
Department of Community Medicine, K.L.E University’s Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College, Belagavi.
Background: Violence against women has been recognized globally as a public health problem which
violates human rights and incurs substantial social, economic and health costs. In recent years violence
against women has emerged as an important social problem in India. Exposure to intimate partner
violence (IPV) among women has been associated with increased morbidity and is documented as the
third leading cause of mortality among women of reproductive age.
Objectives: 1) To study the prevalence and potential risk factors of physical, sexual and psychological IPV
in women in an urban area of Belagavi.
2) To assess the risk of danger among the women with IPV.
Materials and methods: The cross sectional study is done from June 2015 to October 2015 among all the
married women attending OPD of an urban health centre under the field practice area of department of
community medicine Belagavi. Data is collected using WHO multi-country study questionnaire and
“Danger assessment scale”. Informed written consent was taken from every participant. Analysis is done
by using univariate and multivariate analysis.
Results: The prevalence of lifetime intimate partner violence against women is 48.6% as per interim
analysis (N=126).The proportions of women experienced at least one form of lifetime IPV were: 52.1% for
emotional abuse; 30.6% for physical violence; and 17.3% for sexual violence. By using Danger
assessment scale it showed that 53.1% among the IPV women had variable danger, 33.2% had
increased danger,10.2% had severe danger and 3.5% of women had extreme danger.
Conclusion: Will be presented in the conference.
7.Occurence of Lower Genital Tract infection in Women with Preterm Labour.
Ravikumar M S1, Shwetha1, Deepti H R2, Lalitha Shivanna3
1-Post Graduate, Department of Community Medicine,
2-Senior Resident, 3-Professor & Head, Department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology
Introduction
Preterm delivery remains a leading cause of perinatal morbidity and mortality. Preterm labour is
defined as one where the labour starts before 37th completed week of gestation counting from the first
day of the last menstrual period. Vaginal infection during pregnancy leads to premature rupture of
membrane and preterm labour leading to low birth weight and thus in turn causes increase in perinatal
mortality and morbidity. Among the various maternal and fetal factors, vaginal infections during pregnancy
is an important cause for preterm labour. Studies have found a high prevalence of reproductive tract
infections during pregnancy
Objective: To determine the occurrence of lower genital tract infections in preterm labour by studying the
vaginal cytology among the women admitted with complaints of preterm labour.
Methodology:
Type of Study: Record based descriptive study
Study Setting: Labour wards, Department of Obstetrics, Mandya Institute of Medical Sciences (MIMS)
Hospital, Mandya.
Study Population:
All patients admitted for preterm labour from August 2013 to February 2014.
Data Collection: The data of all the patients admitted with complaints of preterm labour from August 2013
to February 2014 was collected from the records available at MIMS, Mandya after taking ethical
clearance from the Institutional Ethics Committee.
Analysis of Data: The data is analyzed using Percentages
Results: Total number of pregnant admitted for preterm were 147(n=147). The mean age was 23.1 ± 3.9
years. Among 147 pregnants, 115(84.4%) were between 28-37 weeks of gestation and 23(15.6%)
presented before 28 weeks of gestation. Among the 147 pregnants the vaginal cytology report of 40
(27.2%) came out to be positive for clue cells and and 29 (19.7%) were positive for presence of yeast
cells and 138 (94%) vaginal smears were positive for inflammatory cell.
Conclusion: There is a high occurence of lower genital tract infections among pregnant women admitted
for preterm labour. This emphasizes the need for screening for lower genital tract infections at the initial
clinical visit especially in the high risk women. Integrating a simple infection screening and treatment
program into routine antenatal care may reduce preterm births even in a general population of pregnant
women.
Key Words: Vaginal Cytology, Preterm labour
8. REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH ISSUES OF WOMAN IN TRIBAL SETTING
Ms.Aneesha
Social work trainee
Dept of social work
Amrita VishwaVidyapeetham
Kollam,Kerala
Reproductive health is defined as a state of physical, mental, and social well-being in all matters relating
to the reproductive system, at all stages of life. Good reproductive health implies that people are able to
have a satisfying and safe sex life, the capability to reproduce and the freedom to decide if, when, and
how often to do so.In this study the researcher focus on reproductive health issues of women in tribal
setting.The objective of the study is to understand the life style and behavior of tribal women concerning
health and to identify the health issues faced by them. The researcher has adopted a descriptive research
design. Survey method is used for data collection among women between the age group of 15 to 44.
Major findings of the study are tribal women follow many rituals and traditional practices during their
reproductive age. They build a separate shed for women who are in their menstrual period. They were not
allowed to mingle with others during their periods. But cleanliness during their menstrual period is very
poor. They use cloths for protection during this period and do not have access to pad. Bodywashing
duringproper intervals or changing their dress are not seen among women. The main reason behind this
is the lack of knowledge on the diseases that occurs due to unsanitary condition. Infant death was very
common among women who had home delivery system in the earlier period but now most of the women
prefer hospital delivery which can be considered as a positive change. As a whole the researcher can
conclude that most of the reproductive health issues faced by women are due to ignorance of sanitation
and unaware about the consequences of practices that they perform as part of their daily routine.
9. Barriers Faced by Women with Disabilities in Access to Sexual and Reproductive Health CareExperiences from North India
Dr. Ruchi Sharma, Dr. Amarjeet Singh, Dr. Vanita Suri, Dr. Sukhpal Kaur
PGIMER, Chandigarh
Introduction-Women with disabilities (WWDs) face numerous challenges in accessingsexual and
reproductive (SRH) related services. These barriers include socio-cultural, political, economic and
structural factors,prohibitive costs, lack of availability of appropriate services (and equipment) and attitude
of family/ health service providers.
Objectives-To explore the opinion of WWDs regarding barriers faced in access to sexual and reproductive
health care services
Methodology- 50 WWDs with age 15+ were enlisted from various sources viz- Hospitals, Colleges, banks
etc. Their in-depth interview was done to gather information regarding socio-demographic details, selfreported symptoms suggestive of gynecological morbidity. Their treatment seeking behavior and barriers
they faced pertaining to SRH care were also explored.
Results- Average age of respondents was 29.84 yrs. 78% females had loco motor disability followed by
blindness (8%). 36% respondents reported that access was major problem faced when they visited
hospitals e.g. transportation, lack of ramps, inappropriate examination tables etc. Long waiting hours
(22%) and inaccessible toilets (20%) also impedes disabled women's access to reproductive health
services. 8% women referred to attitude of Health care providers as barrier to health care. Their verbatim
responses reflected a range of such barriers to SRH“Lift operator did not allow us to use lift and my husband took me through ramp to fourth floor”
“We are not considered part of society. People think we are useless and burden to society”
“Attendants and clerks use abusive language for us”
“I did not go for checkup because nobody gives us priority and I can’t wait for that long. Govt. should
make some special arrangements for us”
Conclusion-WWDscontinues to experience'health disadvantage’ with respect to SRH in terms oflack of
physical access, hostile attitude of providers and discrimination in the society.
10. A COMPAIRATIVE STUDY ON POSTMENOPAUSAL SYMPTOMS IN RURAL AND URBAN
WOMEN.
Shilpa K1, Amit R Ugargol2
1.Assistant Professor, Department of Community Medicine, Azeezia Institute of Medical Sciences,
Meeyannoor.Kollam, Kerala, India.
2.Assisstant Professor, Department of Microbiology, Azeezia Institute of Medical Sciences, Meeyannoor.
Kollam, Kerala, India.
.Background: Health issues of postmenopausal women pose a significant challenge to public health.
Menopause is an unspoken, unattended, reality of life, the cause of which is still deciphered completely
by man. The prevalence of each of these symptoms related to menopause varies across ethnic and
socioeconomic groups, and between rural and urban women.
Objective: To compare the post-menopausal symptoms among rural& urban women.
• Methods: The present cross sectional study was conducted in the month of September 2014, which
continued for 2 months in rural and urban areas of Azeezia Medical College’s field practice
area.Inclusion criteria- postmenopausal women more than 45 years of age. Exclusion criteria-
women who were not interested in participating in the study.
Predesigned, pretested questionnaire was used to interview 500 participants who met the selection
criteria. Data was analyzed using SPSS software.
Results: 250 participants from rural and 250 from urban area were included. Nearly half 223 (44.6%) of
them were in the age group of 55-64 years. Majority 161 (32.2%) of them belonged to the upper middle
class, 346 (69.2) were pre obese,according to WHO classification. Majority (385) 77% had no h/o
gynecological problems. Out of 500 we found that 276(55.2%) attained menopause during 45-50years157
31.4% had premature menopause. Almost all had one or the other menopausal symptom. Very few
45(9.0%) were aware of hormone replacement therapy.
Conclusion: The prevalence of postmenopausal symptoms was higher in urban women compared to the
rural population.
Key words: post menopause, symptoms, urban &rural.
11. SEXUAL VIOLENCE: GIRLS VIEWS AND IDEAS ABOUT THE CAUSES AND IMPACTS OF
SEXUAL VIOLENCE
Sanjeevkumar. Y.Yaliballi. *Guest Faculty, Dept.of Studies in Social Work, Karnataka State Women’s
University, Vijayapura
Sexual violence is a global phenomenon and one of the burning issues for contemporary world. Now it is
acknowledged worldwide as a violation of basic human right of women. In recent sexual violation, almost
women’s in all ages from early child hood to old age were the victims and they are exposed to sexual
violation almost all sectors.Victims of violence suffered in silence, with little public recognition of their
plight. This began to change in the 1980s as women’s groups organized locally and internationally to
demand attention to the physical, psychological, and economic abuse of women. Gradually, violence
against women has come to be recognized as a legitimate human rights issue and as a significant threat
to women’s health and well-being. The overall impact of such violence is incalculable, as it not only
directly affects individual victims but also their children, their families and friends, workplaces and
communities.Elimination of Sexual violence is not just a matter of concern to police and justice system but
it is a more a matter of social concern. Public should respond to this evil. Unless and until the people do
not understand their rights, this problem cannot be solved.
The study is to assess the girl’s knowledge, attitude and beliefs regarding sexual violence and violation of
human rights of women. The objective of this research paper is to explore the views and responses of the
girls regarding sexual violence. The study is basically descriptive design; it has adopted purposive
sampling method. The primary data collected in Vijayapura district of Karnataka.
Key Words: Sexual violence, Human Rights, Attitude and Beliefs.
12. “GENDER EQUALITY:SOCIAL ISSUES AND HEALTH CHALLENGES IN TODAY’S CONTEXT”.
Ms: ASMATHUNNISA.G
Assistant professor in Law,
JSS Law College,
Mysuru.
‘Motherhood is the greatest thing and the hardest thing’.......Ricki Lake.
In this paper, the author intends to throw light upon “Surrogacy”, which is an emerging concept which is
having its repercussion throughout the world, to which India is not an exception. Surrogacy has been
defined under the garb of Reproduction Rights in 2000 United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA) as ‘The
basic rights of couples and individuals to decide freely and responsibly the number, spacing and timing of
their children, to have the information and means to do so; and to have the right to make decisions
concerning reproduction, free of discrimination, coercion and violence’
1.
Family is a bond of relationship, for many couples infertility carries a stigma with serious personal and
social ramification. Infertility couples faces a serious rejection from the members of their family and
friends, since there is a loss of lifelong dream of rearing children. The psychological trauma associated
with infertility has created a great demand for a solution and the medical industry has responded with
eagerness .Surrogacy is when another woman carries and gives birth to a baby for the couple who want
to have a child. Infertility couples in America spend millions of dollars on medical treatments, including
vitro fertilization, surrogate pregnancy, egg donation and a myriad of infertility drugs are now on the
market.
The outlines of this paper sprout out from the Historical aspects of surrogacy, International perspective
on surrogacy (comparative analysis of various countries),International surrogacy arrangements, Legal
issues regarding surrogacy across the world, Legitimacy of child with groundbreaking rulings of the
concerned courts, India and surrogacy with special reference to The draft Assisted Reproductive bill-its
present scenario, Commercial surrogacy and fertility tourism in India,Legalisation of Surrogacy in IndiaIndian Council for medical research guidelines ,success stories about surrogate mothers, surrogacy and
its implications, restraints in implementation of surrogacy laws ,covering recent trends with a through
suggestion/evaluations.
NUTRITION
1. INFLUENCE OF PRE- PREGNANCY WEIGHT, FOOD HABITS AND LIFESTYLE ON
GESTATIONAL DIABETES
Sandhya S1 and Asna Urooj 2
1. Senior Clinical Dietitian, Dept. of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Apollo Hospitals, Bangalore.
2. Professor, DOS in Food Science and Nutrition, University of Mysore, Mysore.
Introduction: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) diagnosed during pregnancy accounts for 7.1%
of pregnancies annually. It increases the risk of complications during pregnancy and delivery for
both mother and foetus. This study investigated the contributing factors for the onset of
Gestational diabetes and its association with pre-pregnancy weight, food habits and lifestyle.
Methods: A total of 102 women (16-39 y) attending the antenatal clinic at Apollo hospital at
Bangalore were recruited. Questionnaire was used to elicit the required information like somatic
data, dietary intake and physical activity levels.
Results: Subjects were classified as GDM and control group based on their blood glucose levels.
The mean BMI of GDM group was higher 25.58 ±3.50 kg/m 2 in GDM than the control group
(24.02 ±3.18 kg/m2 ). The mean calorie intake was 1844± 304 Kcals (GDM)) and 1968 ±
298Kcals(control), which was below the Recommended Dietary Intake (RDI) while their protein
intake was 59.2 ± 20.73g (GDM), 57.8 ± 8.50g(Control) was low and fat intake was found to be
higher. Calorie contribution was from carbohydrates among GDMs while in the Control group it
was higher from fat.
Difference in energy intake and expenditure were not significant.
Conclusion: Carbohydrate intake was above the Recommended Dietary Intake in GDMs. GDM
was more prevalent among subjects with family history of Diabetes.
2.STUDY ON AWARENESS ON HYGIENE PRACTICES OF FOOD HANDLERS IN FAST FOODS IN
URBAN FIELD AREA OF S.V.MEDICAL COLLEGE,TIRUPATHI.
:* P.BHARGAVI*,** R.ALTAF HUSSAIN**
*POST GRADUATE *, **ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR**,
DEPARTMENT OF COMMUNITY MEDICINE
Sri Venkateswara Medical College, Tirupathi, Chittoor Dist.,Andhrapradesh.
INTRODUCTION:”HEALTH IS WEALTH” Health of the community is depends on quality of the food they
eat i.e.,hygiene of the food . The hygiene practices of food handlers play a important role in prevention
and transmission of food borne diseases, like salmonellosis, botulism, typhoid, viral hepatitis (Hepatitis A),
cholera , etc., globalization & urbanization introduced fast food culture in Indian society. Low standard of
hygiene practices by food handlers causes food contamination .Good hygiene practices prevent food
borne diseases ,their morbidity , mortality, and aid in protection& promotion of health of the community
AIM:ASSESSING HYGIENE PRACTICES OF FOOD HANDLERSIN FAST FOODS
OBJECTIVES: To Assess Hygiene Practices Of Food Handlers In Fast Foods
METHODS: A community based descriptive cross sectional study was being carried out in urban field
practice area of S.V .Medical college, Ttirupati . Data was collected from about 100 food handlers in
fast foods, from 1st july to 23rd july 2015, and their hygiene practices were included as a convenient
sample. A pre-designed,pre-tested questionnaire was used to collect information regarding socio
demographic factors and hygiene practices of food handlers. Data was analysed by descriptive statistics.
RESULTS: Till Now Data Regarding 80 Food Handlers Were Collected. Results Will Be Explained At the
Time Of Paper Presentation
3. Role of IEC In The Improvement of Nutritional Status of Preschool Children In The Field Practice
Area OF VIMS & RC, Bangalore.
Dr. Nivedita B M1, Dr. Hemavarneshwari2, Dr. Mangala S3, Dr. Subrahmanyam G4
1. Postgraduate, 2. Asst Prof, 3. Professor, 4. Prof and HOD
Department of Community Medicine, VIMS & RC, Bangalore
Objectives:
1. To assess the nutritional status of preschool children (2-5years)
2. To give IEC (information , education and communication) to the mothers of preschool children
with PEM (protein energy malnutrition)
3. To reassess the nutritional status of PEM children after IEC
Material and methods
Study setting: 4 anganwadis namely Dhinnur, Bevinamara colony, Jyothi Bapule Nagar and
Kannamangala.
Study place: Kannamangala, Rural Health Centre area of Vydehi Institute of Medical Sciences and
Research Centre.
Study population: preschool children (2- 5 yrs.)
Study period: December 2013 – March 2014
Study design: prospective non-invasive interventional study
Observations:
A total of 77 children participated in the study, out of which 45 were male and 32 were female.
There were 22 children who had PEM of whom 12 were male and 10 were female. Among them 13 had
grade 1, 7 grade 2, 2 grade 3 malnourishment.
After the IEC programme the total number of malnourished children reduced to 15 with decrease in
the number of children Grade 1 to 8, grade 2 to 6, grade 3 to 1.
Conclusion:
Nutrition Education of mothers regarding feeding practices, personal hygiene and care during illness
has empowered the mothers to improve the nutritional status of children which has led to improvement in
the growth and development of the children.
Key words: PEM, IEC, Nutritional status, Anthropometry
4. Zinc status of school going children and the Effectiveness of School based Nutrition Education
Programme on zinc deficiency
Sana Khalid,Sangeeta Pandey
Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Mount Carmel College, No.58, Palace Road, Bangalore-560052
Background:Zinc deficiency is widespread and a public health concern. Various studies report high
prevalence among children of the school going age due to relatively high requirement during growth
years. Objectives: i)to find out the prevalence of zinc deficiency and status of zinc among school going
children belonging to low income group ii) To assess the effectiveness of nutrition education
imparted.Method: Study subjects were selected from two government schools in urban Bengaluru.The
subjects selected for this study were boys and girls belonging to the age group of 8-12 years. A pre
structured, pre designed questionnaire was employed to elicit information on zinc related knowledge and
practice. Zinc status assessment was done using the Bryce-Smith Zinc Taste Test(BS-ZTT)and 24 hour
dietary recall. The study protocol was explained to the subjects who satisfied the inclusion criteria and
based on their willingness, were tested for zinc status. Nutrition education intervention was conducted in
two stages- pre and post evaluation. Observations: A majority of the study subjects(32%) belonged to the
10-11 years age group. A significant association(p<0.05) was found between socio-economic status and
prevalence of zinc deficiency. Lower income group children found to be more zinc deficient than upper
lower income group. A statistically significant correlation(r=+0.050, p<0.05) existed betweenthe pre and
post taste test scores which indicates a positive effect of the nutrition education intervention program on
the study subjects. Likewise, the zinc taste test was well correlated (r=+0.158,p<0.05) with the dietary
zinc intake, and provides a good idea about zinc deficiency. Conclusion: The incidence of under-nutrition
was found to be high in study population, with 100% being underweight in 8-9 and 11-12 years age
group. The mean intakes of all macronutrients and micronutrients were found to be lower than the RDA.
In conclusion ,the nutrition education intervention was found to be highly effective with a significant
increase in the knowledge and enhancement of zinc consumption of the study subjects (p<0.05).
Key words:Zinc Deficiency, Bryce-Smith Zinc Taste Test(BS-ZTT), 24-hour dietary recall, under-nutrition
,RDA.
5. A Cross–Sectional Study to Evaluate Personal Hygiene Practices among Food Handlers during
food handling and preparation at Eating Establishments within an Educational Institution Campus
in Dakshina Kannada, Karnataka.
Dr. Vindya K.H.*1, Dr. A.G. Kulkarni2 Mrs. Rekha3 Dr. Pavitra Cheluvaraj4
*1 Postgraduate Student, Department of Community Medicine, KVG Medical College and Hospital, Sullia,
D.K, Karnataka.
2
Head of the Department, Department of Community Medicine, KVG Medical College and Hospital,
Sullia, D.K, Karnataka.
3 Lecturer
in Biostatistics, Department of Community Medicine, KVG Medical College and Hospital, Sullia,
D.K, Karnataka.
4
Assistant Professor, Department of Community Medicine, KVG Medical College and Hospital, Sullia,
D.K, Karnataka.
INTRODUCTION: Food handler is any person who handles food, regardless whether he actually
prepares or serves it. They are the most important source for the transfer of microorganisms to the food
from their skin, nose, and bowel and also from the contaminated food prepared and served by them.
Good hygiene, both personal and in food handling practices, is the basis for preventing the transmission
of pathogens from food handling personnel to consumer.
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY:
1. To assess the personal hygiene practice during food handling and preparation among food
handlers at eating establishments within the educational institution campus.
2. To compare the personal hygiene practice of the female food handlers to that of male food
handlers.
OBSERVATIONS: Number of female food handlers was in majority (66.45%) when compared to
number of male food handlers (33.55%). Overall practice among all regarding hand washing after
going to toilet (95.5%) and before preparing food (79.1%) was reported to be quite high, but for most
other practices, hygiene was found to be low. Cuts/injuries on hands were reported as the most
common morbidity in 31.2%. There is no significant difference in personal hygiene practice between
the female and male food handlers (p>0.05).
CONCLUCION: Preplacement training and education on personal hygiene should be provided to all
food handlers. Periodic medical checkups and routine sanitary inspection can improve their
adherence to personal hygiene and food safety practices and prevent outbreak of food borne
illnesses.
6. ASSOCIATION BETWEEN STRESS, ANXIETY, DEPRESSION AND MORBIDITY PATTERN AND
BMI AMONG EMPLOYED AND UNEMPLOYED WOMEN FROM MYSORE CITY- A COMPARATIVE
STUDY.
Anees Fathima Thabassum.Z and Khyrunnisa Begum
Department of studies in Food Science and Nutrition Manasagangothri,University of Mysore,Mysore-06
OBJECTIVES: The study aimed to investigate association between stress related problems, morbidity
profile and nutritional status of employed and unemployed females aged 25- 40 years. METHODOLOGY:
It was a cross sectional study carried out in Mysore city. 66 employed(EW) and 33 unemployed married
women(UEW) participated, self reported questionnaires were used to obtain information such as
demographic details, stress level, general health problems(GHP),type and duration of sickness, general
health profile(GHQ) and pre menstrual syndrome(PMS). Anthropometric measurements (Height, Weight,
Mid-upper-arm circumference (MUAC), Skin-fold Thickness (SFT)) were also obtained. RESULTS: Our
results highlighted that household responsibilities did not differ among EW and UEW. UEW enjoyed more
recreation time (p<0.0001). Frequency of GHP and intensity of PMS did not differ however pattern of
morbidity i.e., type of sickness and their co occurrences differed significantly (p<0.0001) among the two
groups. Regularity of menstrual cycle and cycle duration was essentially similar while the frequency of
menstrual problems exhibited significant differences. Heavy bleeding (57%UEW) and dysmenorrhea
(77% EW, 68% UEW) were seen in higher frequency. EW experienced anxiety and depression at
moderate to severe levels while stress was mild to moderate. The UEW had mild to moderate levels of
anxiety and depression while 72% had no stress. Stress, anxiety and depression correlated with GHP,
GHQ, PMS and menstrual problems. The correlation was extremely significant for EW. Among UEW,
menstrual pain was positively and BMI was negatively correlated to stress, anxiety and depression.
CONCLUSION: Stress, anxiety and depression are commonly occurring mental health issues, working
women experience these at a higher frequency, and they have significant influence on morbidity pattern
and menstrual problems. These issues should be dealt at top priority in managing women’s health.
7. Influence of socio-economic status on the prevalence of malnutrition among subjects with
cancer
Lohith M.S1, Namratha Pai. K1, Asna Urooj1, U.V. Mani1, Anil Thomas2, Sathya. M3, Mukesh S3,
and Vishweshwara M.S4
1. DOS in Food Science and Nutrition, Manasagangotri, University of Mysore, Mysuru, Karnataka,
India.
2. Preethi Cancer Centre, Lakshmipuram, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
3. Krishna Rajendra Hospital, Sayyaji Rao Road, Mysuru, Karnataka, India.
4. HCG-Bharath Hospital & Institute of Oncology, Hebbal, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
Objectives: The major objective of the study was to determine the association between the socioeconomic status and indicators of somatic status Viz., BMI, TSF and MUAC in subjects with Cancer.
Methods: The study was conducted in three cancer hospitals in Mysuru city. The subjects were recruited
based on their willingness to participate. The data on socio-economic status (SES) was classified using
the revised Kuppuswamy Scale for the year 2014. The somatic status was measured using indicators
such as BMI, TSF and MUAC using standard tools.
Observations: The results showed that majority of subjects in both the genders belonged to the upper
lower class (ULC). In the ULC, the association between SES and BMI was determined among 136
subjects and was found that 40.81% of men and 11.76% of women were underweight in the BMI range
for Asian population. The association between SES and TSF was analyzed among 124 subjects, 58% of
men in ULC and 60% of women in lower class (LC) had severe fat depletion (<25 th percentile). The
results of SES and MUAC among 125 subjects showed severe muscle depletion irrespective of the socioeconomic status in men whereas in women, severe muscle depletion was observed in ULC and LC.
Conclusions: It can be concluded that SES has an impact on the nutritional status as indicated by the
body composition viz., muscle and fat status. MUAC and TSF are better tools to study the nutritional
status than BMI since measurement of BMI includes the bone weight which is highly variable among
individuals.
8. Morbidity prevalence, food and nutrition security among mothers and children: Evidence from
tribal Kerala
Prof. (Dr.)K.Gangadharan
Professor and Head
School of Development Studies
Department of Applied Economics
Kannur University,
Palayad P.O Thalassery PIN- 670 661
Women are highly exposed to the risk of malnutrition anaemia and infectious diseases and illness more
than men and are less likely to receive timely medical treatment. This is the case of general population,
whereas the situation is worse in the case of tribal mothers and the worsening health of mother inherits
to
child and thereby to generation. Tribal women’s poor health and nutritional status are inextricably
bound with
social, economic, cultural demographic, ethnic, traditional and environmental factors. The
balanced diet obtained from all the food groups is essential for the healthy growth and development of a
person.
Proper nutrition also includes eating the required amount of food in every day. In the case of
tribals in Kerala, they are not able to get two meals a day . The average intake of various food items of
1-3 year children and mothers of various tribal communities in Kerala reveals that
except root and
tubers, all other food items were lower than the required dietary intake. It is paradox that in a society
where a women were revered as Annapurna – the provider of malnourishment with in the household –are
also ones who bear the major brunt of malnutrition. Even though the life expectancy of India has
increased in the last few decades, level of morbidity is still in a higher position. In the tribal areas, the
situation is high prevalence of morbidity and it is same in the tribal hamlets of Kerala. The major
objectives proposed for the study are to examine the extent and intensity of nutritional and food security
of tribal mothers and children in Kerala and also to examine the dynamics, diversity and dimension of
morbidity prevalence among tribal mothers and children in Kerala. In the present study morbidity load and
nutritional anemia of the tribals was assessed by conducting a medical camps in different tribal hamlets
with the help of allopathic doctors and biomedical experts. The results reveal that morbidity prevalence is
very high among tribals in Kerala. Similarly they also suffer from severe problem malnutrition due to poor
intake required food with very low calorie and acute shortage of
has been made in this paper to study
vital vitamin components. An attempt
the dynamics of morbidity prevalence, food security and
nutritional deprivation of mothers and children in tribal hamlets of kerala.
MENTAL HEALTH
1. Study of Depression Among Medical Students in Private Medical College of South India
JAI PRAKASH
ABSTRACT: CONTEXT: Medical Education in Private Medical Colleges puts the medical students under
stress to a great extent. It possibly even develops syndromic depression among them, which is an area of
concern worldwide. The objective of this study is to assess the prevalence of depressive symptoms and
its associate factors among medical students. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A cross sectional survey
was conducted among 400 medical students from first to fourth year in Private Medical College of South
India. Beck Depression Inventory-II was used to assess the level of depression with score of 10 or higher
considered depressive. Association between depression and sex, year of study, medium of teaching in
10+2, social factors like alcohol & other substance abuse, family history of depression & family problems,
hostel-stay etc. were analyzed by EPI info version 7. RESULTS: A total of 400 medical students
participated in the study and the overall prevalence was found to be 64%. The prevalence of depression
was higher (79%) among newly entered students (1st year) as compared to 2nd, 3rd and 4th year which
was 60%, 57% and 53%, respectively. It was statistically significant (X2=38.54, p=0.001252 with Yate’s
correction). Students who were facing language problem in their MBBS course, because English was not
the medium of teaching in their 10+2, reported symptoms suggestive of depression (X2=9.2091,
p=0.0024). On the other hand students who undertook regular physical exercise were likely to suffer less
depression (statistically significant, X2=34, p=0.000). Students taking alcohol (X2=8.315, p=0.00392) and
with other substance abuse (X2=6.277, p=0.01233) reported more symptoms suggestive of depression.
There was no statistically significant difference in the prevalence of depression among students with
family history and staying in hostel. CONCLUSIONS: Prevalence of depression is quite high in students
of Private Medical College as revealed by this study. It is recommended that a screening may be carried
out based on BDI-II scale at the end of first year and group counseling facilities by the Department of
Psychiatry within the medical college should be made available to affected medical students to lead a
healthier life.
2. Depression and Perceived Social Support: A cross-sectional study in a tribal population of
Kannur, Kerala
DrAlwin Antony, PG, Dept of Community Medicine, Kannur Medical College, Kannur, Kerala
Background of study:Tribal population of India accounts for 8.6% of the total population and in Kerala the
scheduled tribes account for 1.5% of the total population of the state. Tribals are the most marginalised
social category in the country and there is little and scattered information on the actual burden and
pattern of illnesses they suffer from. Depression is known to impact general health status and quality of
life in the population.
Objective: This study was conducted to study the prevalence of depression among the tribal population
and factors associated with it.
Methodology: A cross sectional study was conducted in the tribal belt of Kannavam, Kannur, Kerala
among 225 randomly sampled tribal adults for a period of 3 months. Data was collectedusing a
questionnaire-guided interview method. A 21- item Beck’s Depression Inventory and a 12-item Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support (MSPSS)was used as the main screening instrument for
depression and perceived social support respectively. Data was analyzed using the SPSS version 17.0.
Chi-square test and Analysis of variance was used, to determine the relationship between sociodemographic factors and depression. ‘P’ value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
Results: The prevalence of depression in the study population was 65%.Perceived SocialSupport was
foundlowin 50% of the population. Depression among the tribals showed statistically significant
association with advancing age, female gender, lack of education, financial dependency,lower socioeconomic status, living in joint families, alcoholism and lack of social support.
Conclusion: The very high prevalence of depression and lack of social support among the tribals is a
cause of concern. Programmes for Mental health problems among the tribalsshould receive more
attention.
3. Title: Prevalence of depression among the elderly in old age homes in Kochi
Dr.Arjun.B, Dr.Paul T Francis, Ms.Nimitha Paul, Dr.K.Leelamoni
Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Kochi, Kerala
Objective: To estimate the prevalence of depression among the elderly residing in old age homes in
Kochi and to determine its associated factors.
Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted among the institutionalised elderly in two selected
old age homes. From among the five listed old age homes in Kochi corporation area, the study was
conducted among the two that gave permission for the study. The study was carried out among all the
residents of the two old age homes. Data was collected using a pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire
and depression screened using the standardised GDS questionnaire in malayalam.
Observations: The study had 89 respondents (Female-79.8%; Male-20.2%) from two old age homes, one
private and one Government. Mean age of the respondents was 74±9 years. 44.9% of the respondents
never married while 37.1% were widow/widower. The prevalence of depression was found to be 70.8%
(Mild depressiveness-58.4%; Severe depressiveness-12.4%). The mean GDS score was
13.2±5.8(Range:2-28). Depression was found to be significantly higher among women(76.4%) as
compared to men(47.1%). The level of depression among those aged above 80 years was 73.7% while it
was 70% for those aged between 60-80 years. Depression was also significantly higher(85.7%) among
those with better education (p<0.05), those who had previously lived in a nuclear family(81.1%), p<0.01
and those suffering from a chronic ailment (76.1%), p<0.05.
Conclusion: The study shows that about three fourths (70.8%) of institutionalized elderly suffer from
depression. Depression is thus a major morbidity which needs urgent attention among the
institutionalised elderly. Particular attention needs to be given to those suffering from chronic ailments
and those who had previously resided in nuclear families. Hence mental health services should be a
priority health service, supplemented by management of chronic ailments in these old age homes. Larger
studies are necessary for a better understanding.
4. Perceived stress and burnout among post graduate medical students
Chandan N1, Mayur SS2
1.Post Graduate, Department of Community Medicine, SDM college of medical sciences and
hospital,Dharwad
2. Professor and HOD, Department of Community Medicine, SDM college of medical sciences and
hospital, Dharwad
Objectives: To assess the level of stress among medical students and to know the risk factors
contributing to burnout
Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted. Perceived stress and burnout was assessed using
Perceived stress scale-14 and Maslach burnout inventory – student survey to all post graduate medical
students who gave voluntary consent (n=120). Data was entered in Epidata v3.1 and analysed using
SPSS(version 20)
Results: 38% of the postgraduate medical students had mild to moderate stress, 60% had severe stress
and 2% did not have any stress. Mild to moderate burnout was present in 88% of the participants. Severe
burnout was present in 8% participants and no burnout in 4%. Final year post graduates perceived more
stress and more burnout when compared to the junior post graduates, which was statistically significant
(p<0.05).
Conclusion:
Perceived stress and burnout are high among post graduate medical students, indicatinglong term
consequences on health of future specialists and danger sign to healthcare system in delivering quality
healthcare in the coming future, which will lead to compromised health of the patients as well as the
community
5. A STUDY OF PREVALENCE OF DEPRESSION AMONG COLLEGE STUDENTS OF KOLAR
DISTRICT, KARNATAKA STATE.
Dr.Muninarayana.C1DR.G.M.Nagaraja2,
Dr. Anil.NS3,
S.Ravishankar4
1 Professor &HOD of Community Medicine,
Sri Devraj Urs Medical College
2 Assistant Professor in Sociology, Department of Community Medicine,
Sri Devraj Urs Medical College
3Associate Professor in Community Medicine,
Sri Devraj Urs Medical College , Kolar
4 Assistant Professor in Bio-statistics,
Sri Devraj Urs medical college
Introduction: Nursing College is recognized as a stressful environment that often exerts a negative effect
on the academic performance, physical health and psychological wellbeing of the student. Depression
among nursing students is an area of increasing concern worldwide.
Objective: To assess the prevalence of depression and its associated factors among nursing students of
Kolar district.
Observations:
AStratified
random
sample
of
430
students
was
assessed
using
separate
questionnaire(Becks Depression Inventory scale) by investigators. Association between depression and
class of studying, age group, social factors like family problems, family history of depression and staying
away from home were analyzed.
Results: Theoverall prevalence of sadness was found to be 47(10.9%).Among those with a symptoms of
pessimism is 30(7%) pastfailure15 (3.5%) loss of pleasure24 (5.6%), suicidal thoughts are 21(4.9%)
amajority of studentshad mild tomoderate degree of depression .This study showed thatamong
395females45are very close to sadness of the depressed and among 352are very close to sadness.
According to this study 18girls had decided to harm themselves or hadsuicidal thoughts. The prevalence
of depression was significantly more among those with family problems and family history of
depression.Conclusion: Prevalence of depression is highly prevalent among nursing students in this area.
Our findings point to the importance of broad screening and psychiatric counseling of this vulnerable
population.
Key words: Depression, Nursing, Prevalence, sadness, suicidal thoughts, loss of pleasure, past failure.
6. “A study on Substance abuse among Medical college students of a medical
College in Tumkur District”
Dr Ashiq Rashid Mir1,Dr Rajanna M S2,Dr Mahesh H3,Dr Ashok J4
1.Post Graduate student ,Sri Siddhartha Medical College ,Tumkur
2.Proffesor and head of department of Community Medicine ,SSMC,Tumkur
3.Assistant Professor ,Department of community Medicine ,SSMC ,Tumkur
4. Professor , Department of Community Medicine ,SSMC,Tumkur
Objectives:
a. To Find the prevalence of substance abuse
b. To find a pattern of substance abuse and various social factors leading to it
Observation: In this cross sectional study ,360 students will be chosen by systematic Random sampling
technique so as to get samples from all semesters.
A standard WHO ASSIST questionnaire will be used to interview the students and gather information
about various types of substances being used ,Reasons for initiation and source from which these
substances are available.
Study is in progress and will be completed by October
Conclusion:
Substance abuse is a serious problem and its roots are deeply embedded in our society .With influence
of substance abuse taking its toll on all fields ,young medical students are equally vulnerable .Medical
profession is a serious proffesion hence various recommendations at the end of the study will help in
understanding and controlling this problem among medical students.
7. Depression and associated risk factors among the elderly in rural field practice areas of tertiary
care institution in Nandyal, Andhra Pradesh
K.Rudra reddy1,D.Surendra babu2, M.A.M Pasha3, Afsar Fatima4, Isaac Ebenezer5
Santhiram Medical College, Kurnool, AP
Background: Depression is a major leading cause of morbidity and mortality. The implementation of
public education campaigns and training of non-psychiatric health professionals on mental health
neglected in several countries, including India, which is the second most populous country in the world
with a population of more than 1.2 billion people, almost one-fifth of the world's population. Depression,
the most common psychiatric disorder among the elderly, is not yet perceived as an important health
problem in India,
Objectives: To estimate the prevalence of depression and associated risk factors in the elderly
population.
Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was done in rural field practice area of Santhiram Medical
College, Nandyal. Almost 1500 individuals are given consent elderly more than 60 years and both sexes
were interviewed and examined. Physical impairment in the subjects was assessed with the Everyday
Abilities Scale for India (EASI), depression by the 15-item Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-15), and
cognitive impairment by the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Data were analyzed using Epi Info
version-7 software. Statistical analysis included proportions, Chi-square test, odds ratio, and its 95%
confidence interval. Multiple logistic regression was done using SPSS version 17.
Results: The prevalence of depression in the study population was 8.9%. It was significantly higher in
urban residents, females, older elderly, and nuclear families, in those living alone, those not working,
illiterates, poor, functionally impaired, and cognitively impaired. In the multivariate analysis,
unmarried/widowed status, unemployment, and illiteracy did not emerge as risk factors.
Conclusions: Urban residence, female gender, higher age, nuclear family, poverty, and functional and
cognitive impairment were found to be associated with depression even after controlling for other factors.
8. Work related stress and job satisfaction among doctors working in a rural hospital in Kolar.
Dr. Ruth Sneha Chandrakumar
Co-Authors: Dr. Mohan Reddy M, Dr. Jagadish SN, Dr Mona N
Sri Devaraj URS Medical College, Tamaka, Kolar
Objectives: a) To study the prevalence and levels of stress among doctors.
b) To study factors influencing job satisfaction.
Observations: Among the 160 doctors who participated in the study 47(29.37%) of them were found to
have work related stress. 16(34%) of them had mild stress, 20 (42.55%) had moderate stress and
11(23.4%) were severely stressed. Females reported higher score as compared to their male
counterparts. More than half of the participants were affected by depression (51.87%). 43 (26.87%) of
them scored high on the anxiety scale. A significant difference in stress between clinical and non-clinical
departments was observed which was statistically significant (p = 0.0000). Long working hours, heavy
workload, low level of reward and lack of resources to carry out their job, were most frequently identified
as stressors. The most common coping strategies used by the participants were acceptance to carry on,
sleep/rest and support network. The overall job satisfaction of all doctors with their jobs was at a very low
level (36%). Doctors who did not have shifts, had been working for longer in the institution and those who
had more vacations per year were more satisfied with their jobs. Working conditions, promotion, career
development and salaries were identified as the main factors causing job dissatisfaction.
Conclusion: From this study we can conclude that detecting stress early and inculcating stress
management skills may improve the quality of life for the doctors, their families and the patients they care
for and increase their motivation to work.
9. Study of socio demographic profile and economic impact in alcoholics attending deaddiction
centre : A cross sectional study in Tumkur
AUTHORS:
1. Dr. Swetha .R
Assistant Professor
Department of Community Medicine
Sri Siddhartha Medical College
Tumkur
2. Dr. Ashok .J
Professor
Department of Community Medicine
Sri Siddhartha Medical College
Tumkur
3. Dr. Usha Rani. S
Assistant Professor
Department of Community Medicine
Sri Siddhartha Medical College
Tumkur
INTRODUCTION:
Alcohol abuse has been identified as one of the major areas of concern in public health in India.
The population groups at great risk are those undergoing rapid socio economic and cultural changes.
Alcohol has a marked effect on the central nervous system. Alcohol produces psychological dependence
of varying degree from mild to strong and physical dependence develops slowly.
AIM& OBJECTIVE: 1. To study the socio-demographic profile of alcoholics
2. To study the cost incurred during alcohol deaddiction
METHODOLOGY:
STUDY DESIGN: Cross –sectional study
STUDY PERIOD: April to July 2014
STUDY POPULATION: Alcoholics attending deaadiction centre
STUDY SETTING: Deaddiction centre
SAMPLE SIZE: 150
STUDY TOOL: Semi- structured questionnaire
DATA COLLECTION: After taking consent and explaining the purpose of the study pretested
questionnaire were filled by interviewing each participant.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Percentage & chi-square test
RESULTS: Average age of the participants was 36.40 ± 8.87 years. Majority of the participants in the
study were from rural area i.e 76% and only 24% were from urban area. Average age of initiation of
alcohol was 22.36± 7.476 years. Average years of usage of alcohol was 14.05±8.25 years.
CONCLUSION:
Alcohol initiation was observed in younger age group and most of them were in economically
productive age group which resulted in burden on the family. Awareness programs need to be conducted
in the community to address alcohol addiction specifically targeting teenagers.
10. TITLE: WORK-FAMILY CONFLICT AND THEIR QUALITY OF LIFE IN WORKING POPULATION
OF A CITY IN KARNATAKA.
Sindhu P1, Ratnaprabha GK2, Aswinkumar3, Prakash R Kengnal4, Ashok5
1Post-graduate
student, 2Assistant Professor, 3Associate Professor, 4Statistician, 5Medico-Social worker,
SS Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Davangere, Karnataka
Background: Work and family represent two of the most central realms of adult life. The last two decades
have been marked by striking changes in the world of work and nature of the family. Work schedules,
work orientation, marriage, children and spouse employment patterns may all produce pressures to
effectively exhibit ones work role or the family role, which are interdependent. However there is dearth of
literature on this association in developing countries, which makes these kinds of studies more required.
Objectives:
1. To assess work family conflict among the working population of a city in Karnataka.
2. To assess quality of life of this study population.
3. To study association between work family conflict and their quality of life.
4. To assess the determinants of work family conflict.
Materials and methods: It’s a community based cross sectional study, carried out among 400 adult
working population of Davangere city during the period of 2 months (August-September 2015), working in
different sectors (Hospitals, Schools, Colleges, Banks and Police department) in Davanagere for atleast
one year. Proportionate samples were selected from each of these sectors representing both genders in
public and private sectors. After obtaining institution’s permission and individual’s written informed
consent, a pretested semi-structured self-administered questionnaire consisting of socio-demographic
details, Carlson’s Work-Familv Conflict Scale and WHO Quality Of Life questionnaire will be administered
to the study population and data will be entered in Microsoft Excel Sheet and analyzed using SPSS 17 for
frequencies and appropriate tests of significance.
Results: Awaited.
11. MANAGEMENT OF WORK STRESS THROUGH YOGA
*Dr Sowmya M N
*Assistant professor, Department of PG studies in Swasthavritta, JSS Ayurveda Medical college &
Hospital, Mysore, Karnataka, India.
Objectives : Stress is a normal physical response to events that make us to feel threatened or upset
balance in the body, causing major damage to health, mood, work productivity, relationships and quality
of life. Managing Stress with Yoga aid to enhance well-being both at work and in daily life.
Observations : yoga is a great stress reducer. During work stress, brain releases Glucocorticoid (Stress
Hormone) which helps to deal with physical and emotional emergencies in the body leading to headache,
backache, neck ache, sleeplessness, ulcers, weight gain and other illness. So Regular practice of
yogasana (postures), pranayama (breath control) and Dhyana (meditation) which helps to calm mind,
racing thoughts and brings those false emergencies into check by bringing equilibrium in autonomous
nervous system, control blood pressure and respiratory rate. Yoga asanas energizes the entire neuroglandular and neuro-muscular system of the body and its regular practice ensures a balanced supply of
oxygenated blood and maintains perfect harmony of all the systems. Mental functions are controlled and
regulated by practice of pranayama and Meditation. If practice yoga for few minutes a day that able to
reduce stress in work place and daily life.
Conclusion : Regular practice of Yoga, Pranayama and Meditation helps to improves work performance
by relieving tension and job stress.
Key words : work stress, Yoga, Pranayama , Dhyana
12. Title: Cross-sectional study on stress, anxiety and depression among medical undergraduate
students of Guntur Medical College, A.P, India.
Nama Suman1, Pratima Matli2, Tej Kumar Chengalva3
1- Senior Resident (Presenting author), Department of Community Medicine, Guntur Medical College,
Andhra Pradesh, India, 2- Post Graduate, Department of Community Medicine, Siddhartha Medical
College, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, India, 3- Assistant Professor, Department of Community Medicine,
Siddhartha Medical College, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, India.
Background: Medical education is perceived to be highly stressful and Indian studies to document this
burden are very few. Therefore, the presence of depression, anxiety and stress among medical
undergraduate students was assessed using a previously validated and standardized instrument,
Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS 42) and the associations with their socio-demographic
characteristics were identified.
Objectives:
1. To assess the prevalence of depression, anxiety and stress among medical undergraduate students.
2. To study the association of stress, anxiety and depression with the socio-demographic characteristics
of medical undergraduate students.
Materials and Methods: In a cross-sectional study, a self-administered, pre-designed questionnaire
DASS 42 was used to collect data on depression, anxiety, and stress among the students along with
their basic socio-demographic profile. All the undergraduate medical students of Guntur medical college,
present on the day of survey were contacted for participation after obtaining informed consent. Scores for
each of the respondents over each of the sub-scales (Depression, Anxiety and Stress) were calculated
as per the severity-rating index.
The data obtained will be analysed using Microsoft excel and SPSS V.15. Descriptive statistics
like percentages and proportions will be used. Inferential statistics like chi square test, ANOVA test, etc
will be used appropriately.
Results and Conclusions: The observations and the subsequent conclusions drawn will be presented at
the time of conference.
13. Study on Stress among working and Non Working Mothers in Tumkur city
1. Dr. Usha Rani. S
Assistant Professor
Department of Community Medicine
Sri Siddhartha Medical College
Tumkur
2. Dr. Swetha .R
Assistant Professor
Department of Community Medicine
Sri Siddhartha Medical College
Tumkur
INDRODUCTION:
Stress and depression symptoms affect over mostly in women especially in working mother’s day
by day due to various responsibilities and child rearing process. working mothers experiencd high level of
stress as compared to unemployed mothers. Work- family spill over may also occur due to having juggle
multiple roles and may result when pressure from work have an effect on ones attitude and behavior
within the family.
AIM& OBJECTIVE: 1. To study stress among working and non working mothers and its associated socio
demographic factors.
METHODOLOGY:
STUDY DESIGN: Cross –sectional study. Household survey
STUDY PERIOD: April to July 2015
STUDY POPULATION: field practice area of Sri Siddhartha medical college
SAMPLE SIZE: With reference to global research from Nielsens survey .prevalence of stress among
Indian women is 87%.
With 10% precision and 5%of alpa error. Sample size size comes to 59.rounded off to 60.So 60 working
mothers and 60 non working mothers are included in the study.
DATA COLLECTION: After taking consent and explaining the purpose of the study pretested
questionnaire were filled by interviewing each participant.300 households of field practice area were
selected by systematic random sampling. working and non working mothers were interviewed till they
reach the required sample size.
Socio demographic information collected and to measure stress holmes and rahe stress scale was used.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: percentages and chisquare test.
RESULTS: during conference
14. THE PREVALENCE OF DEPRESSION AND ITS ASSOCIATED FACTORS IN AN URBAN
POPULATION IN CHENNAI
Velmurugan. A, Post Graduate, Department of Community Medicine, Government Kilpauk Medical
College, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
Objective:This study aimed to determine the prevalence of depression and its associated factors in an
urban population in Chennai.
Observations: Depression was assessed using a self reported and previously validated instrument, the
Patient Health Questionnaire ( PHQ – 9 ). 600 subjects were recruited by simple random sampling using
Family Register from T.P. Chathram, the field practice area of Government Kilpauk Medical college,
chennai. The overall prevalence of depression was 21.6%
( C.I. 18.3% to 24.9% ) and was higher in
females compared to males (females 26.7 % vs. males 16.7% , p < 0.001) . The prevalence of depression
was higher in the lower socioeconomic group
( 17 % ) compared to the higher socioeconomic group (
6% , p < 0.05 ) . The prevalence of depression was also higher among illiterate( 33 % ) compared to
graduates and professionals
( 20% , p< 0.01 ) .
Conclusions: Female gender, lower socioeconomic class, lack of education are associated with
depression in this population. Depression represents a neglected public health problem in india. Our
findings point to the importance of broad screening and psychiatric counselling of this vulnerable
population.
15. Prevalence and Predictors of Depression among the elderly population in rural areas of
Allahabad district: A Cross sectional study.
Dr. Naveen K.H, Assistant Professor, Department of Community Medicine, Mysore Medical College and
Research Institute, Mysore, Karnataka.(Presenting author)
Dr. Manjunatha S.N, Assistant Professor, Department of Community Medicine, MMC & RI, Mysore.
Dr. Vadiraja. N, Assistant Professor cum Statistician, Department of Community Medicine, MMC & RI,
Mysore.
Dr. M.A. Hassan, Professor, Department of Community Medicine, MLN Medical College, Allahabad, U.P
Dr. (Mrs) S. Dwivedi, Professor and Former HOD, Department of Community Medicine, MLN Medical
College, Allahabad, U.P
Background: Depression among elderly population is a major public health issue affecting nearly 10 to
20% of the world’s elderly. In the coming years major share will be contributed by developing countries
like India.
Objective: To study the prevalence of depression and factors associated with it among elderly in rural
areas of Allahabad.
Methodology: Cross sectional community based study was conducted in the rural areas of Allahabad
during the period 2007 – 2008. A total of 411 elderly were selected from 2 blocks, Jasra in trans Yamuna
area and Bahadurpur in trans Ganga area through multistage random sampling method. Geriatric
depression scale (GDS) short form was used to assess depression.
Results: Prevalence of depression among elderly was found to be 19.7%. It was significantly higher in
elderly females (30.5%) compared to elderly men (9.8%). In the univariate analysis gender, occupation,
marital status, current financial status, meeting
with relatives and friends, relationship with family
members, care given during illness by family members, leisure time activities, involvement in social
activities, suggestions in family issues, Activities of Daily living index and anaemia were found to be
significantly associated with depression at 5 percent level. Literacy rate and family type were significant at
10 percent level. On logistic regression analysis gender, care given during illness by family members and
leisure time activities were found to be significant predictors of depression among the elderly people.
Conclusion: The prevalence of depression was high. The significant predictors are gender, care given
during illness by family members and leisure time activities.
Key words: Depression, prevalence, predictors, elderly, rural Allahabad
16. Assessment of Sleep Quality among Medical students of MMC&RI
Dr. Dushyanth.P1, Dr. Mudassir Azeez Khan2
1. Post graduate student, Department of Community Medicine, MMCRI
2. Professor and Head, Department of Community Medicine, MMCRI
Objective
To assess the sleep quality among medical students of MMC&RI using Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index.
Observations:
A cross sectional observation study was conducted among medical students of MMC&RI in order to
assess the quality of sleep by using Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) questionnaire. The study was
conducted among second and third year MBBS students of MMCRI. After obtained consent from the
students the questionnaire was given and students were instructed to fill it anonymously. Additional
information regarding age, sex and year of study were collected and analysed for their association with
sleep quality.
A total of 180 students participated in the study. Among them 95 (52.77%) were females. The mean age
of participants was 20.25 years. The mean PSQI score was 3.12 (Range: 0 to 10). This indicates that the
participants have good sleep quality. There was no significant difference of PSQI between males and
females (t = 1.72,
p = 0.082). All the different components of sleep analysed had lower values
except sleep latency in which 10(5.6%) students had very poor sleep latency. There was no statistically
significant difference among males and females for all the component scores of PSQI.
Conclusion
The quality of sleep among medical college students of MMCRI is good with lower PSQI scores. There
was no difference of sleep quality with respect sex. As sleep quality reflects the psychological health,
majority of medical college students might have developed the ability to cope up with the stress involved
in their study.
17. Gender Equality and Public Mental Health Services in India: A Case Study of Chamarajnagar
District, Karnataka
Devaraj Hosahally
Center for Social Medicine and Community Health
School of Social Sciences
Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067
Background: In India, there is a lack of understanding of gender equality and a lack of research studies
on gender equality and mental health. The present study aims to enhance knowledge and understand the
Gender Equality and Public Mental Health Services (PMHSs) in India from public health perspective.
Objectives: To understand the providers’ experiences, perception and attitude related to gender equality
and PMHSs. To document the perceived challenges faced by the mental health service providers’ in
treating female mental health patients in India. Methods: Semi-structured in-depth interviews were
conducted with the purposefully selected mental health service providers by quota sampling method. The
data were subjected to both qualitative and quantitative analysis by adapting the thematic analysis and
triangulation method. Results: The research study found that, the paramedical staffs like ANMs, ASHAs,
AWWs had positive attitude towards female mental health patients and also have deeper and broader
understanding of gender equality. Whereas, trained medical staff have slightly negative attitude towards
female mental health patients. Therefore, it is clear that the training was not effective to change the
negative attitude of the medical mental health service providers into positive attitude towards the female
mental health patients. Finally, some of the mental health service providers had a gendered and
discriminatory
attitude
towards
female mental health patients in the district as study reveals.
Conclusions: This study highlights the significant contribution to enhance knowledge and understanding
of gender equality and PMHSs in India. The findings of this study have implications for practice, education
and policymaking.
Keywords: Gender Equality, Public Mental Health Services, Perception, Attitude,
18. Mental Health Status and Metabolic Syndrome Among Urban Working Population in a South
Indian City.
Dr. Shashikala N1, Dr. Renuka M2, Dr. Praveen Kulkarni3
1.Faculty, Department of Community Medicine, MMCRI, 2.Professor and HOD, 3. Assistant Professor,
Department of Community Medicine, JSS Medical College, Mysore.
Introduction
Metabolic Syndrome has also been suggested to be an intermediate pathway between depression and
CVD wherein, chronic stress due to prolonged exposure to work stress, repeated stress over a period of
time damages the HPA axis resulting in a maladaptive process and inflammatory factors like CRP
causes depression and poor health habits leading to development of metabolic syndrome.
The prevalence and factors causing stress among the school teachers is very high as compared to other
professional groups which not only affects their health but also adversely affects the students and their
learning environment.2
The interventions have been mainly to reduce the level of work related stress and improve their
performance in teaching, but have neglected an holistic approach to improve their overall health
conditions.
Methodology
Cross sectional study was done in Mysore city among 320 Secondary school teachers aged 20 years and
above, with at least one year of teaching experience. A self administered, pretested and structured
questionnaire based on the WHO Steps Approach for NCD, Gurmeet Singh’s Presumptive Stressful Life
Events Scale (PSLES) for stress, PHQ 9 for depression and GHQ28 for general mental health status.
Results
The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was 115 (38.3%). 30.6% had mild to moderate depression and
only 2.3% had severe depression. 141(47.0%) had moderate stress and only 42(14.)%) had severe
stress. The difference in prevalence between the various groups was statistically not significant stress
(p= 0.108) and depression (p =0.708).
Conclusion
The poor mental health status was significantly associated with high fasting blood glucose levels,
moderate to severe depression was significantly high among females and stress was associated with
diastolic blood pressure, TGs and dyslipidemia.
19.Title: Knowledge and Attitudes of hospital staff towards Deliberate Self Harm (DSH) patients
19. Narendra Kumar MS1, Sumanth M Majgi2, Rajagopal Rajendra3, Murali Krishna4,
Steven Jones5, Paul Keenan6, Rob Poole7, Catherine Robinson8
1. Dr Narendra Kumar MS, Assistant Professor in Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Mysore
Medical College and Research Institute, Mysore, India.
2. Dr Sumanth Mallikarjuna Majgi, Assistant Professor, Department of Community Medicine ,
Mysore Medical College and Research Institute, Mysore, India.
3. Dr Rajagopal Rajendra, Associate Professor , Department of Psychiatry, Mysore Medical College
and Research Institute, Mysore , India.
4. Dr Murali Krishna, Early Career Research Fellow, Wellcome DBT Alliance and Consultant
Psychiatrist at CSI Holdsworth Memorial Hospital, PO Box 28 , Mandimohalla Mysore India
570021.
5. Steve Jones, Senior Lecturer, Edgehill University UK
6. Paul Keenan, Senior Lecturer Edgehill University , UK
7. Prof Catherine Robinson, Professor of Social Policy Research, Centre for Mental Health and
Society, School of Social Sciences, Bangor University, UK
8. Prof Rob Poole, Professor of Social Psychiatry, Centre for Mental Health and Society, School of
Social Sciences, Bangor University, UK.
Objectives: to measure the attitudes of different hospital staff towards patients of deliberate Self Harm
Methods:
Questionnaire based descriptive study, conducted at KR Hospital and CSI Holdsworth Memorial Hospital,
Mysore, during 2014. The questionnaires was administered to the hospital staff, which included the
consultants (60), post graduates and casualty medical officers (113), interns (100), staff nurses (84) and
the medical (192) and nursing students (224)
Observations: The maximum scores were noted across the consultants (103.44) followed by the post
graduates and casualty medical officers (102.12). Interns (101.5) scored better than the medical students
(99.97) out of Maximum score of 150. Nursing staff (99.7) marginally outscored their students (99.29).
Overall, the scores across different groups did not differ much. The attitude towards suicide was better
among those who had a history of suicide in family or friends except across the Staff Nurse group.
However, this difference was statistically significant (p<0.002) among Interns only. There was significant
correlation of age in years with years of clinical experience (r=0.71, p <0.0001) and years since qualified
(r=0.72, p< 0.0001). There were hardly 14 people who had received training with regard to the suicide
across all the groups except the nursing students where there were 40 students who had received
training.
Conclusions:
There is only about 66% of maximum achievable attitude score, towards DSH. This did not differ among
different level of health care workers. Attitude score increased with years of experience. There is lack of
training with regard to self harm for health workers.
20. Suicides in Military - A comprehensive review needed
- Dr. Asha Sougaijam (author)
Assistant professor,
Department of Sociology,
Indira Gandhi National Tribal University,
Regional Campus,Manipur
&
-
Dr. Amrita Sougaijam (co-author)
PGT, 2nd year,
Department of Community Medicine,
Regional Institute of Medical Sciences,
Imphal- Manipur.
Of late, incidence of suicide in the military, have been highlighted by the national press and the issue
also came up for discussion in the Parliament. The yearly average of suicides in the Indian army is
around 100. Some may argue that in an army of 1.2 million that figure is not alarming. For the military life
of every soldier is valuable and needs to be protected. There are some very complex reasons for these
suicides and it is not possible to compartmentalise these into any set pattern or causes.
Army seems to be losing more men to suicide and fratricide than to enemy bullets. Other reasons for
the high suicide rate are 'domestic, family and financial problems.' Soldiers posted in far-flung areas often
undergo tremendous mental stress for not being able to take care of the problems being faced by their
families back home, which could range from property disputes and harassment by anti-social elements to
financial and marital problems. Study reveals that stress, overwork and poor working conditions are some
of the major factors responsible for suicides among the security personnel. Moreover, denial of sanction
leaves to them also responsible for increasing suicides. Also, depression and tension after counter
insurgency operations in J&K and North-East forced some them to take such extreme steps. While
prolonged deployment in counter-insurgency operations in J&K and northeast also takes a toll on the
physical endurance and mental health of soldiers, it's compounded by poor salaries, lack of basic
amenities, ineffectual leadership and sometimes humiliation at the hands of their officers.
Units with high standards of discipline, good morale and esprit-de-corps, with good and caring officers
are less likely to face suicide cases. Good leadership coupled with feelings by each soldier that he forms
a useful member of the unit and his efforts are recognized and appreciated reduces the chances of
depression amongst soldiers who could otherwise be more susceptible to this malady. Efficient
administration in the unit, such as timely grant of leave, ensuring that soldiers get their rightful
emoluments, their professional skills are periodically enhanced adds to their well being and contentment
and all this reduces stress and anxiety which could be precursors to depression. Some units adopt a
system of early detection of cases of stress and anxiety through the ‘buddy system’ and arrange
counselling. As an immediate help at unit level, certain number of Junior Commissioned Officers (JCOs)
are given basic training in counselling.
The government’s proactive measures to create appropriate environment for the defence personnel to
facilitate performance of duties without any mental stress had helped reduce the number of
suicides. Some of these include improvement in living and working conditions, liberalised leave policy,
establishment of grievance redressal mechanism. More than physical and mental strain, extended
deployment in counter-insurgency roles, domestic, family and financial problems have been blamed for
the stress faced by the Indian defence personnel.
Keywords: Suicide, mental/physical health, family, depression, good leadership, Indian army.
21. Title: Substance abuse among tribal children at Wayanad district, Kerala
Sub theme: - Mental Health: Substance abuse.
Authors: Ms.Veena Suresh & Mr.Vivek S
Research scholars
Department of Social Work
Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham Amritapuri Campus , Kerala
Substance abuse refers to the harmful or hazardous use of psychoactive substances, including alcohol
and illicit drugs. Psychoactive substance use can lead to dependence syndrome - a cluster of behavioral,
cognitive, and physiological phenomena that develop after repeated substance use and that typically
include a strong desire to take the drug, difficulties in controlling its use, persisting in its use despite
harmful consequences, a higher priority given to drug use than to other activities and obligations,
increased tolerance, and sometimes a physical withdrawal state (WHO). In this study the researcher
focus on the psychological and social problems faced by tribal children and the risk factors around them
that leads to substance abuse especially tobacco chewing. The objective of the study is to analyze the
pattern of tobacco chewing, to identify the risk factors and psycho social problems faced by them which
indirectly lead to substance abuse. The researcher has adopted a descriptive research design. The
universe of the study is paniya tribal settlement at valaramkkunu, wayanad district. Survey method is
adopted for study and tools for data collection are participant observation and interview schedule from a
sample size of 50 families in paniya tribe. Major findings of the study are most of the tribal children in
paniya tribal settlement is addicted to tobacco chewing. It has become part of their life style. They pattern
of usage is thrice in a day and sometimes even more if they are not going to school. The ratio of both
male and female who are consuming tobacco are equal. The main reason behind tobacco chewing is it is
their part of custom that everybody in the settlement use tobacco. The parents will prepare these tobacco
packets and serve their children instead of meals so that the child will not ask for food for long time. Many
of them are aware about the harmful effects but unwilling to stop the usage due to peer pressure as well
as it part of their culture. The researcher can conclude the study by suggesting that treatment and
preventive measures should be administered for the current children and assertive skill training should be
imparting for the upcoming children to protect them from the risk factors of substance abuse.
22. Quality Of Life among Women Working as Teachers and in Multinational Companies
Kavitha.A* and Dr.Mangala S M**
*Research Scholar, Centre for Women Studies, University of Mysore, Mysore
**The Director, Centre for Women Studies, Manasagangotri, Mysore – 570 005
The World Health Organization has defined quality of life as “an individual’s perception of their position in
life in the context of the culture and value system in which they live and in relation to their goals,
expectations, standards, and concerns. It is a broad ranging concept affected in a complex way by the
person’s physical health, psychological state, level of independence, social relationships and their
relationships to salient features of the environment”. In the present study quality of life is also assessed in
terms of various other psychological, social and environmental variables. The aim of the study was to
analyse the difference in different aspects of quality of life between Women, Working as Teachers and in
Multinational Companies. It was hypothesised that there would be no significant difference in quality of life
between Women working as Teachers and in Multinational Companies. A between group design with
purposive sampling was opted for the study. 30 each of women working as Teachers and in Multinational
Companies were considered for the study. Women between age group of Individuals aged between 30 to
50 years, working at least from past 05 years and married for at least past 03 years were considered for
the study. Women who are single mothers/separated from husband/widows were not considered for the
study. The sample were administered Quality Of Life Questionnaire (BREF, WHO). The responses were
scored adequately and results analysed using t test to analyse the difference in quality of life between
Women working as Teachers and in Multinational Companies. The quality of life was analysed under the
domains of physical health, psychological, social relationships and environment. The results indicated
that that there was significant difference in quality of life in some areas and not in some areas. The results
will be discussed in detail also in reference with other studies and implications of the study will be
highlighted in background to problems faced by women in different occupations.
Key words: Quality Of Life, Women Working as Teachers and in Multinational Companies.
23. Title: Screening for postpartum depression and assessment of risk factors
Authors: Praveen Kumar N., Anirudh Krishna, Sanjay
SIMS, Shivamogga
Introduction: Postpartum depression adversely affects the health of the mother and has also been shown
to cause poor growth and development of the child. Maternal health programs do not undertake screening
of mothers for depression.
Objectives:
1) To screen women attending the district hospital for postpartum depression
2) To determine the risk factors for developing postpartum depression
Methodology: The cross-sectional study recruited 310 women from the immunization clinic during 6 th to 8th
week of postpartum period. A pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire and the Edinburgh Postnatal
Depression Scale (EPDS) were used to interview the women. Descriptive statistics and comparison of
proportions are reported. Statistical analysis was done on SPSS version 21.
Observations: Among 310 women screened, 43 (13.9%) were screened positive for postpartum
depression. Postpartum depression was found to be significantly higher among women from rural families
(P<0.001), lower years of schooling (P=0.006), increasing parity (P=0.038), undesired gender of the child
(adjusted OR 6.5284, 95% CI 2.77-15.37, P<0.005) and marital conflicts (crude OR 2.00, 95% CI 1.013.95, P=0.043).
Conclusion: Screening and management of postpartum depression should be considered for integration
with maternal and child health services.
24. Title: Pain catastrophizing, disability and its relationship with suicidality in patient with
headache.
Author: Dr Harshal T. Rathod, Senior resident/ Post graduate in Dept of Neurology, J.S.S Hospital,
Mysore
OBJECTIVE: To study pain catastrophizing association with disability. In patient with headache it may
contribute to chronicity. Patients with chronic headache often develop suicidal ideation. This study was
conducted to know the catasprophization of pain, disability and its relationship with suicidality.
OBSERVATIONS:
Methods: Two hundred patients suffering from headache were recruited in this study as per selection
criteria. They were assessed with Sociodemographic proforma and Pain catastrophizing scale (PCS),
Henry ford headache disability inventory (HDI) and Columbia-suicide severity rating scale (C-SSRS).
Results: Our study revealed that 11 % of the patients had death wishes and 2% had attempted suicide.
Pain catastrophizing was higher in lower socioeconomic status, while disability is higher among females
and unemployed. Score on disability had a statistically significant association with suicidal thoughts or
intention to act. On the other hand score on catastrophizing pain was statistically significantly associated
with death wish, suicidal ideation with or without intention to act on it, deterrent and controllability of
suicidal ideation, and non-suicidal self-injurious behaviour.
Conclusions: Disability and tendency to magnify seriousness of pain are associated with suicidality in
patients with headache.
25.Title: “A Study to assess the parental stress and factors influencing it among the doctor
mothers in a tertiary care center - Bangalore city”
Dr Ramya. M.S* , DrJyothijadhav** , Dr Ranganath T.S***.
*2 yr Post Graduate, BMCRI
**Associate Proffesor, BMCRI
***HOD &Professor , BMCRI
Introduction:
In olden days man was considered as breadwinner and women were considered as home maker’s. In
today’s scenario, it requires the husband and wife both to work towards fulfilling the financial needs of the
family.
Married working women play the role of homemaker along with the responsibility of balancing their
career, added to this a working mother also manages the responsibility of raising the child.
The profession of a Doctor requires consistent high intensity of work with conflicting time demands and
heavy professional responsibility. Working doctor mothers often play a triple role: mother, doctor and wife,
managing these multiple roles can be an extremely stressful at situations.
Stress is the physiological and psychological reaction that takes place when one perceives an imbalance
in the level of demand placed on the capacity to meet that demand on individuals. Such type of stress in
working mothers can leads to various problems such as prolonged headaches, hypertension and obesity
or can have an influence on their families and working place in varied forms hence affecting their
efficiency at both the places.
Although there are various components which might influence the psychological stress levels of working
doctor mothers, very few studies have been done to understand the parental stress among them hence
the present study is aimed at assessing the parental stress and factors influencing it among the working
doctor mothers so as to set priorities, help make each role more fulfilling which is important for balancing
career and personal life efficiently.
Objectives:

To measure the parental stress among working doctor mothers.

To assess the influence of various factors on the parental stress among working doctor mothers.
Methodology:
Study design: A cross-sectional study
Study period: July-Sept 2015
Study population and size: 100 working doctor mothers in a tertiary care center - Bangalore city- south
zone.
Study method: Data collection is done after obtaining clearance from the institutional Ethics Committee.
After taking informed consent, the subjects will be interviewed by personal interview method by using a
semi-structured, pre tested questionnaire.
Data is analyzed using SPSS statistical software and will be presented in the form of tables, figures,
graphs, diagrams wherever necessary.
Results: results awaited.
Key words: doctor mothers, parental stress .
26.TITLE: A STUDY ON PREVALENCE OF POSTPARTUM DEPRESSION AND ITS INFLUENCING
FACTORS AMONG RURAL WOMEN IN CENTRAL KARNATAKA.
Yamuna B. N1, Ayesha S Nawaz2, Mane Kusum S2, B.A.Varadaraja Rao3
1.
Post-graduate student
2.
Assistant Professor
3.
Professor
S. S .Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Davangere-577005
Background: Postpartum depression (PPD) refers to non-psychotic depressive episodes experienced by
mothers within the period of 4 to 6 weeks after delivery. It is a serious public health issue because of its
devastating effects on mothers, families, and infants. Despite the adverse consequences, it has been
found that more than half the cases of postpartum depression are not detected by health care providers.
This scenario calls for more studies on postnatal depression, in an attempt to better understand the
disease and its association, with a view to prevention, early diagnosis and management, especially in
rural areas of India. Thus, we aimed for this study to determine the prevalence and risk factors associated
with postpartum depression among rural women in south India.
Objectives:
1. To assess the prevalence of PPD among the rural women.
2. To study the factors influencing the occurrence of PPD.
Materials and methods: The present community based cross sectional study will be carried out for a
period of two months among women within 2 weeks to 24 weeks of postpartum period residing in the rural
field practice area of SSIMS & RC, Davangere. After obtaining written informed consent, a pretested
semi-structured questionnaire consisting of socio-demographic details, medical history and Edinburgh
Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) will be administered to the participants by face to face interview. The
results will be expressed as percentages and proportions. Chi square test and Multiple Logistic
Regression will be used to find the association between the study variables.
RESULTS: Ongoing study, results are awaited.
27.STUDY OF KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE & PRACTICE OF TOBACCO CONSUMPTION AMONG I ST
AND FINAL YEAR MEDICAL STUDENTS OF NMCH & RC, RAICHUR
Dr. Ganesha*, Dr. Anant A Takalkar**, Dr. A.T. Kulkarni***,
* PG Student, Department of Community Medicine, NMCH & RC, Raichur
** Professor, Department of Community Medicine, NMCH & RC, Raichur
*** Incharge HOD,Department of Community Medicine, NMCH & RC, Raichur
Introduction: Tobacco is the leading preventable cause of cancer world wide. The world Health
Organization(WHO) estimates that there are currently 6 million deaths every year due to tobacco use and
second hand smoking which unchecked may rise to more than 8 million per year by 20130. During the
21st century, tobacco could kill 1 billion people. Smoking is estimated to cause about 71% of lung cancer.
42% of chronic respiratory diseases and nearly 10% of cardiovascular disease.
Objectives:
1. To study the knowledge, attitude & practice of all forms of tobacco & its consumption in 1 st year
and final year medical students.
2. To access the need of health education about the adverse effects or tobacco consumption to the
students participating in the study.
Methodology:
Study design: A cross-sectional study
Study setting: Navodaya Medical College Hospital & Research Centre, Raichur
Study period: June-July 2015
Sample size: 171 medical students
Results: Awaited
Conclusion: Awaited
Keywords: KAP, tobacco consumption
28. Brainstem and cardiac abnormalities in autistic individuals.
Shreyas Gomedic Ramachandra1, Lindsey Cheu2, Woody McGinnis3, Veronica Marie Miller1, 3, Mudassir
Azeez Khan4
1 Department
of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University ofNew York,
Wadsworth Center, Empire State Plaza, Albany, New York 12201-0509. USA
2 Autism
3
Research Institute, 4182 Adams Avenue, San Diego, CA 92116. USA
Center for Medical Sciences, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, NewScotland
Avenue, Albany New York, 12208. USA
4Department
of Community Medicine, Mysore Medical College & Research Institute, Mysore, Karnataka,
570026 India
Introduction: Behavioral disorders are the hallmarks of autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Cardiovascular
and gastrointestinal dysfunction such as arrhythmias and dyspepsia are also reported in individuals with
autism. Some research have implicated autonomic nervous system comprising the vagus nerve and
dorsal motor nucleus in the pathogenesis of ASD.
Aim: To examine differences in autonomic nervous system between ASD and controls through biological
markers and understand the relationship between autonomic nervous system and ASD.
Method: We conducted a pathological and biochemical study on brainstem autonomic and cardiac tissues
on four autistic cases and four age-matched controls. We quantified inflammatory, neurotransmitter and
amino acid related markers in both the autistic and control tissues. The data was analyzed using
SPSSv18 software.
Results:Alterations in biogenic amines and amino acids associated with dopamine metabolism in the
cardiac tissues of the autistic cases was also present. Amino acids alanine, cysteine and tyrosine were
significantly low in individuals affected by ASD (p< 0.05). 3-methoxytyramine levels were significantly high
(p< 0.05)and dopamine and DOPAC (3-dihydrophenyl acetic acid) levels were low though not statistically
significant in ASD individuals suggesting dopamine pathway dysfunction.
Conclusion:The study is in concordance with the concept that autonomic nervous system is affected in
individuals with autism spectrum disorders. Cardio-vascular and gastrointestinal disturbancescould be
due to autonomic dysfunction and alteration in amino acid and neurotransmitter metabolism that could be
a result of inflammation. Further studies are needed to affirm the association.
Keywords: Autism Spectrum Disorders, Autonomic Nervous System, Inflammation, Astrocytes, Microglia,
Amino acids, Neurotransmitters.
29. ASSESSMENT OFVIOLENT RECIDIVISM AND PSYCHOPATHY IN THE MENTALLY ILL PRISON
INMATES USING VRAG SCORE- A PILOT STUDY IN MYSORE.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Mudassir Azeez Khan1,Shreyas Gomedic Ramachandra1,Julian Gojer2,Anand Reddy3, Prashantha
Bettappa1.
1Department
of Community Medicine, Mysore Medical College & Research Institute, Mysore, India; 2
Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; 3Department of Police, Mysore Central
Prison, Mysore, India.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ABSTRACT
Introduction:Psychopathy is associated with anti-social behavior and is linked to violent criminal
recidivism. Birth order, family size, educational attainment and substance abuse influence psychopathic
traits and it remains to be examined if these factors also have an effect on violent criminal recidivism.
Violent criminal recidivism could be predicted by The VRAG (Violent Risk Appraisal Guide) which is an
actuarial risk assessment instrument that is intended to assess violent criminal recidivism in the forensic
psychiatric subjects.
Aim: To predict violent recidivism, examine psychopathy and other factors such as birth order, family size,
educational attainment and substance abuse in the mentally ill prisoners in an Indian sample.
Method: The VRAG test was administered on a sample of 15 prisoners who were diagnosed mentally ill.
The scores obtained that reflected violent criminal recidivism was correlated with factors such as
psychopathy (PCL-R score), birth order and educational attainment using SPSS software using Pearson’s
correlation scale.
Results: PCL-R score did not show any association with criminal violent recidivism predicted by VRAG
instrument. Birth order did have an association with predicted score of criminal violent recidivism (R= 0.608, P=0.036). There was also a moderate correlation between the commissions of non-violent
offenses with predicted criminal violent recidivism (R= 0.61, P= 0.046). Size of female siblings had a
moderating effect on re-offense (R= -0.694, P= 0.12). Educational attainment and sib-size has a link in
predicting early criminal violence(R=-0.59, P=0.04).
Conclusions:Earlier born sibling, large family size, lower educational attainment, absence or lesser female
siblings is linked to violent criminal recidivism. There was no association with psychopathic checklist
score and predicted recidivism using VRAG tool in this study. Although VRAG instruments are validated
by some studies in non-Indian setup, to validate the scale in India a longitudinal follow-up of the subjects
for violent recidivism is needed.
Keywords: Criminal Recidivism, VRAG, mental disorder, psychopathy, birth order, siblings.
NON COMMUNICABLE DISEASES
1.The Prevalence of hypertension and its associated risk factors among adults in rural Mandya,
Karnataka
Ananthachari KR1, Harish BR2
1-Assistant professor, Department of Community Medicine, Malabar Medical College, Modakkallur,
Kerala,
2- Professor and Head, Department of Community Medicine, Mandya institute of Medical Sciences
(MIMS), Mandya
Background
Hypertension is the commonest cardiovascular disorder (CVD) due to its role in the causation of
coronary heart disease, stroke and other vascular complications. In India, hypertension is one of major
risk factors for cardiovascular mortality and is attributed for 10 % of all deaths. Increasing prevalence in
hypertension is expected due to economic transition, increased population growth, ageing, behavioural
risk factors such as, unhealthy diet and excessive alcohol consumption. Awareness of hypertension and
risk factors for hypertension is less among rural population. Hence the proposed study addresses the risk
factors and awareness of the rural community
Objectives
1.
To estimate the prevalence of hypertension among adults in rural field practice area
2.
To determine the risk factors associated with hypertension among adults in rural field
practice area
Methodology
Cross sectional study was conducted over a period of one year from June 2013 to May 2014
among adults from randomly selected villages in the Keragodu Primary Health Centre area of
MIMS, Mandya. House to house survey was conducted among adults in each village and was
examined for hypertension and interviewed regarding the risk factors of hypertension using a pre
tested, semi structured questionnaire.
Observations
Among 1786 study subjects, 38.6% were males and 61.4% were females. The prevalence of
hypertension was observed to be 25.9%.
Prevalence increased as the age increased. The
prevalence of hypertension was high among obese, those who had history of Diabetes mellitus
and CAD. Awareness of hypertension status was observed to be 24.1%.
Conclusion
The prevalence of hypertension was 25.9%. Various factors like increase in age, obesity, history
of diabetes and CAD are implicated in the occurrence of hypertension
Key words
Prevalence; Hypertension; Risk factor; Rural; CAD
2.A STUDY OF CORD BLOOD LIPID PROFILE IN PRETERM AND TERM NEONATES
Aravind Karinagannanavar, Sreekarthik K P Shubha Jayaram
Background: According to foetal origin hypothesis, atherosclerosis originates during foetal period.
Studies have shown an enhanced rate of coronary heart disease among men and women whose birth
weights were at a lower end of normal range. Objectives: 1) To compare lipid profile of umbilical cord
blood of preterm and term neonates. 2) To compare lipid profile between male and female preterm
neonates. 3)To determine Atherogenic Index of Plasma (AIP) and compare the obtained values between
preterm and term neonates. Methodology: A case-control study was conducted in OBG Department,
Cheluvamba Hospital, from June 2014 to July 2014. All the preterm deliveries reported during this period
were included in the study. Gender matched term babies were selected as controls. The proforma
included socio-demographic profile, obstetric history and cord blood lipid profile among preterm and term
neonates. Results: The mean gestational age in term and preterm neonates was 39.16 ± 1.01 weeks and
33.13 ± 3.28 weeks and birth weight was 3.13 ± 0.45 kg and 2.04 ± 0.55 kg respectively. Among term and
preterm neonates the mean value of serum cholesterol, serum LDL and Atherogenic Index were more
among preterm neonates except serum Triglycerides, serum HDL, serum VLDL and the difference was
not statistically significant. Among male and female preterm neonates the mean value of serum
cholesterol, serum triglyceride, serum HDL, serum LDL and serum VLDL were more among female
preterm neonates except Atherogenic Index and the difference was not statistically significant except
HDL. Conclusion: Altered cord blood lipid profile values were found in preterm neonates in comparison
with term neonates except HDL. Atherogenic Index of Plasma was more in preterm neonates in
comparison with term neonates.
Key Words: Term and Preterm infants, Lipid Profile, Atherogenic Index.
3.Diabetes Mellitus: Current challenges and barriers in the delivery and utilization of health care in
a Coastal district of Karnataka.
Dr. Chethan TK, Assistant Professor, DMWIMS, wayanad, Kerala
OBJECTIVES: - To identify barriers and challenges in health care delivery and utilization of service for the
prevention and control of Diabetes Mellitus
METHODOLOGY: - Focus Group Discussions (FGDs) were undertaken to explore the barriers and
challenges.12 FGDs was conducted with healthcare providers and care seekers from the community
each. The FGDs was facilitated by the investigator in the local language Kannada and using structured
guidelines as per the FGD guide and a note taker will record it. The FGDs was also being record using a
voice recorder. Transcriptions from the audio recordings were the empirical basis for the content analysis.
OBSERVATION:- Health care providers related barriers reported are Lack of training, Lack of motivation,
Lack of consultation time due to high patient load, Lack of adequate staff, Poor management of drug
logistics, Weak referral system, Priorities given to communicable and acute diseases. Patients related
barriers reported are socio- economic constraints, Cultural constraints , difficulty in diet restriction
,Difficulty in changing behavior ,Drug adherence ,Doctor patient communication gap, Lack of knowledge
regarding risk factor, treatment and complications., Lack of skills in self care
CONCULSION: - Lack of adequate staff leads to high patient load causing lack of adequate time for
health care delivery. Lack of knowledge regarding the diseases along with socio-economic and cultural
constraints made life-style modifications difficult. Health care system related barriers like Non availability
of drugs, Doctor patient communication gap are some of the barriers and challenges for utilization of
heath care service
4.Title: Assessing the knowledge, attitudes and practice among offsprings of type 2 Diabetes
Mellitus.
Dr. Deepa. K, Dr. Meera. S, Dr. Shubha jayaram, Dr. Sudhir
Assistant Professor, Professor& Head, Associate Professor, Assistant Professor.
Department of Biochemistry, Mysore Medical College & Research Institute. Department of Community
Medicine, MIMS, Mandya
Objective: To assess the knowledge, attitude and practice among offsprings of type 2 diabetes mellitus
(DM) patients.
Observations:
Total of 300 offsprings of patients were included in the study. 52% were women. Mean age of offsprings
was 29.82±10.2 years with mean weight of 64.52±10.96 Kg. Mean duration of diabetes of their parents
was 8.2±6.8 years. 46% of offsprings knew the pathophysiology of diabetes. Nearly 30% knew the
complications of diabetes. Renal complication was least known to them. Dietary modifications were relied
more than exercises among the interviewed subjects. The offsprings didn’t know about self-care in
diabetes. Overall knowledge was poor in the offsprings. Majority of the offsprings had the knowledge of
role of exercise in diabetes but still they were not practicing it. Only 10% of offsprings had their blood
sugar checked ever.
Conclusions:
Our study reveals a variation between diabetes related health knowledge, attitude and practice among
offsprings of DM. The study shows that the potential diabetes health literacy needs to be improved or
developed for better health promotion. It is important to improve the literacy rate of offsprings of diabetes
as they are more prone. Diabetes education must be imparted by every clinician as per standard norms to
the offsprings who accompany the patients. Generalist or primary care physician should be enriched with
more knowledge so as to tackle the needs of such offsprings.
5.Title: Knowledge and awareness regarding diabetes mellitus among urban slum in Dharwad - A
cross sectional study.
Authors: Dr.Kiran.Patil1,Dr.Pushpa .Patil2
1.Post Graduate, Department of community medicine, SDM college of medical sciences and
hospital,Dharwad
2. Professor, Department of community medicine, SDM college of medical sciences and hospital,
Dharwad
Objectives: To study the level of knowledge and awareness regarding diabetes mellitus in adults of urban
slum in
Dharwad.
Materials and Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted in urban slum of Dharwad city among
adults(n=400) belonging to families of urban slum area of Jannat nagar which also happens to be field
practise area of Department of community medicine, SDM college of medical sciences and hospital. A
pre-tested, pre-designed questionnaire was used after taking verbal consent. Descriptive statistics was
used after entering the data in Excel sheet and analysed using SPSS(version 20)
Results: 74% of the study subjects had heard about diabetes. 79.5% of the study subjects were not
having any knowledge about signs & symptoms.47.5% of the study subjects had misconception that table
sugar is a risk factor for diabetes mellitus and 40% did not have any knowledge about the causes of
diabetes. Relatives & friends were the main source of information followed by doctors & media
Conclusion: Knowledge and awareness regarding diabetes was low in urban slum population.
Implementation of community based awareness programmes and community based diabetes prevention
programme are needed to promote life style changes. Targeted approach and more intensified
campaigns are also needed
6.Title-Awareness of cervical cancerand Human Papilloma Vaccine among Medical students.
Name of authors with their designation:
Dr.Manjula.K,*Dr. Ravish.K.S,** Dr.Ranganath.T.S***,
*Second year postgraduate, Department of Community Medicine, BMCRI
**Assistant Professor, Department of Community Medicine, BMCRI
***Professor and Head, Dept. of Community Medicine, BMCRI
Introduction :
About 432.20 million women aged 15 years & above live in India. Cervical cancer is the most frequent
cancer affecting them. A study conducted in India found 100% Human papilloma virus (HPV) DNA in
cervical samples of cancer diagnosed women &about 82.7% of invasive cervical cancers were attributed
to HPV 16 or 18.Trials indicate that a three-dose schedule of vaccine are highly immunogenic with
98%sero-conversion to the most common HPV types. Misconceptions & poor access to information
influence acceptance of the vaccine by doctors,public in general. Hence this study is done among
medical students who are the future service providers to the community.
Objectives:

To assess the awareness of cervical cancer& various aspects of the Human Papilloma
Vaccinate among medical students.
Study setting:A medical college in Bengaluru.
Methodology:
A Cross sectional study was conducted on 220 medical students in Bangalore Medical College and
Research Institute. Students were asked to answer a questionnaireregarding cervical cancer, Knowledge
& efficacy of HPV vaccine, factors associated with recommending the vaccine& willingness in receiving
education from experts & theresults were analyzed.
Results:The awareness of burden of cervical cancer was 70%,85% student’saccepted, cervical cancer
was preventable by vaccine &the importance of screening. The information about the efficacy 36%&
schedule of the vaccine was 62%. Majority felt inadequate information ofthe vaccine was the main factor
preventing them from recommending
the vaccine& none of the girls in the batch had taken the HPV
vaccine, 94% of the students were ready to receive education by experts.
Conclusion - More awarenessis neededamong medical students about cervical cancer and HPVvaccine.
This will prevent women suffering and reduce the socioeconomic burden on the country.
7.A study on Gender differences in cancer types in Mysuru city cancer care hospitals
Namratha Pai. K1, Lohith M.S1, Asna Urooj1, Mani U.V1, Anil Thomas2, Sathya. M3, Mukesh S3,
and Vishweshwara M.S4
1.DOS in Food Science and Nutrition, Manasagangotri, University of Mysore, Mysuru, Karnataka,
India.
2.Preethi Cancer Centre, Lakshmipuram, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
3.Krishna Rajendra Hospital, Sayyaji Rao Road, Mysuru, Karnataka, India.
4.HCG-Bharath Hospital & Institute of Oncology, Hebbal, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
Objectives: The major objective was to study the trend in different types of cancer, among subjects who
attend hospitals catering to cancer care.
Methods: The study was conducted in three cancer hospitals in Mysuru city. Adopting convenient
sampling technique, 152 subjects were recruited, after obtaining informed consent. The data was
recorded using medical history of histopathologically confirmed cancer subjects who were undergoing
cancer treatment.
Observations: Among the 152 subjects, 90 were males and 62 were females. In the study population 41
different types of cancers were observed. Among male subjects, head and neck cancer (HNC) and
Gastrointestinal cancer (GIC) were more predominant, of which oesophageal cancer was the most
common type followed by cancers of the stomach, lungs and base of tongue. Among female subjects,
other cancers (OC) such as cancers of the breast, cervix and ovary was higher and breast cancer was the
most prevalent cancer. Hence, the data was grouped into three major categories viz., HNC, GIC and OC.
The age of onset of the disease was higher in the age groups between 40-70 years (40-49yrs in females,
n=19; 50-59yrs in males, n=33) and was observed to be earlier in females than in males. A higher BMI
was seen among women with gender specific cancers. Most types of HNCs were seen only in men and
can be related to habits such as tobacco smoking (beedi and cigarette) and alcohol which was not seen
in women. It was observed that 23.33% and 43.33% of males; 25.80% and 30.64% of females were in
Stage III and Stage IV, respectively signifying diagnosis of the disease at terminal stage and lately in
males.
Conclusions: Gender disparity was observed for a majority of cancer types in this study population.
Higher prevalence of HNCs was among men, which associated well with habits such as tobacco smoking
and consumption of alcohol. Women had higher prevalence of gender specific cancers (breast, cervix and
ovary) and were associated with higher BMI. Most of these cancers are diagnosed at terminal stage
wherein, treatment and prognosis becomes more stringent therefore; early screening of the disease
becomes vital.
8.A STUDY OF RISK FACTORS FOR NON COMMUNICABLE DISEASES IN RURAL FIELD
PRACTISE AREA, DEPARTMENT OF COMMUNITY MEDICINE KAKATIYA MEDICAL COLLEGE
WARANGAL.
Authors: Dr.Niharika Lakkoju 2nd year pg community medicine KMC, Warangal.
Dr.K.J.Kishore Kumar Ass.prof,community medicine KMC.
Dr.Punam Kumari Jha,prof & HOD,community medicine KMC.
ABSTRACT:
INTRODUCTION:
Chronic (non-communicable) diseases—including vascular diseases, cancer, chronic respiratory
diseases, diabetes,obesity and accidents—are the leading causes of disability and death are responsible
for 63% of all the deaths worldwide. 80% of all non-communicable diseases deaths occur in low and
middle income countries. It is estimated currently that of every 10 deaths, 6 are attributable to
noncommunicable condition. WHO has proposed a global goal for the prevention and control of chronic
diseases . This goal is for an additional 2% reduction per year in age-specific rates of death attributable to
these diseases.
And the present topic was taken up for study, with an interest to know about the risk factors among
adults 20-49 yrs both young and middle aged groups in rural areas of wardhanapet Kakatiya medical
college Warangal. As most of the young age groups has increase in overweight and tobacco
consumption which causes major morbidities.
AIM AND OBJECTIVES:
1) To study the Socio-demographic profile in study population.
2) TO study the risk factors for Non-communicable diseases in study population.
3) To study the morbidity patterns of non communicable diseases among the study population.
METHODOLOGY
The present study is being conducted at rural health practising area of Warangal.
STUDY DESIGN: A Community based Cross-Sectional Study
STUDY SETTING: wardhanapet, rural field practising area of kakatiya medical college Warangal.
STUDY POPULATION: Population of aged between 20-49 years residing in rural areas of wardhanapet
STUDY PERIOD: august to October 2015.
SAMPLE SIZE CALCULATION: the study population ,residing in rural health center wardhanapet are
included.
STUDY TOOLS:, sphygmomanometer, Weighing machine, measuring tape, Stethoscope.
STUDY VARIABLES:
Study variables are age, gender, educational status, occupation, economic status, tobacco use, alcohol
consumption, dietary habits, physical activity and physical measurements like height, weight, BMI, WHR
.history of hypertension and diabetes.
DATA ANALYSIS:
All statistical analyses will be done by using SPSS software 17 and MS-Excel 2007.
RESULTS:
Will be discussed at the time of scientific session.
9.IMPACT OF A HEALTH EDUCATION INTERVENTION ON BREAST SELF EXAMINATION AMONG
RURAL WOMEN, A CROSS-SECTIONAL COMMUNITY BASED STUDY.
Authors: Dr. Nisha.B, Dr. Murali. R
Department of Community Medicine, Chettinad Hospital & Research Institution
Introduction: Worldwide breast cancer is the most common cancer with 1,677,000 cases, and the most
frequent cause of cancer death in women, accounting for 522,000 deaths. In India it is the second most
common cancer in women with 149,371 new cases and 70218 deaths. Limited access to early detection
and treatment is responsible for more than half of the breast cancer deaths, mainly in low- and middleincome countries, where no organized mammography screening is affordable or feasible. Breast self
examination (BSE) can detect 40% of breast lesions at an early stage. Awareness, understanding and
practising BSE of this disease is half the war won already and will help in making correct decisions.
Aim: To assess the impact of a health education intervention program on breast self examination (BSE)
among women in a rural area in Tamilnadu, India.
Methodology: The study was carried out in three phases; pre-intervention phase, intervention phase, and
post-intervention phase, using a single interventional group.
A total of 250 women were included.
Interventional health education in the form of a lecture, pamphlets, flip charts and demonstration of the
five step method of breast self examination using audio-visual aids was administrated.
Results: There was a significant improvement in knowledge regarding all aspects of breast self
examination of the intervention group from pre- to post-test. After the intervention program, 148 (59%)
women had good knowledge and among them 90.7% practiced (BSE) compared to 0% pre-test. An
overall increase in the awareness of BSE was 43% and 53% of BSE practice was observed in the study
group after intervention. Three cases of breast disease were detected in which one was breast carcinoma
and
two
were
fibro
adenomas.
Conclusion: The knowledge and practices of women toward breast self examination for early detection
was observed to be inadequate in respondents but there was a significant improvement after the
intervention. Health education programs through various channels to increase the awareness and
knowledge about BSE are the need of the hour. Mass media cancer education should promote
widespread access to information about early detection behaviour.
10 .K NO W L E DG E,
AT T IT UDE
AN D PR AC T ICE R EG AR D I NG C ER V IC AL
C AN C E R
SC R E EN ING AM O NG W O M EN I N UR B AN K AN C H IP U R AM T AM I L N AD U I ND I A.
Pr ad e ep a S 1 , R aj am an ic k am Raj k um ar 2
1.F i n al ye ar P os t gr a d u at e s t ud e nt of Com m un it y M e dic i n e
2. Pr of es s or of C om m un it y M e dic i n e
De p artm en t of c om m un it y m e dic i n e.
Me e nak s h i M e dic a l C o l le g e a nd R es earc h i n s ti t ut e, Ka nc hi p ur am Tam il n ad u.
In tro d uc t i o n
Cer v ic a l c a nc er is th e f o ur th m os t c om m on c a nc er in wom en wor ld wi d e , an d is t h e
s ec o n d m os t c om m on c anc er af f ec t i n g f em a l es i n In d i a. I t is a major public health problem is
known to affect women in low socio-economic status in India. Screening for cervical cancer identifies pre
cancer and cancer among women who has no symptoms and may feel perfectly healthy. Previous studies
shows that screening helps in preventionof cervical cancer.
Objective
This study was designed to assess the Knowledge ,Attitude, and Practice regarding Cervical cancer
screening among women aged 30-60 years.
Methodology:
A community based cross sectional study was conducted among 415 women aged 30-60 years. The
street wise list of the women aged 30-60 years was made by random sampling method, 415 women were
selected from in and around the field practice area of Meenakshi Medical college Kanchipuram,
Tamilnadu. Data was collected by interview method, questionnaire was pre designed and pretested.
Results:
Among 415 participants 317 (76.4%) were aware of the term cancer. In that 317, 283(89.3) were aware of
the term cervical cancer, 51(18%) knew the symptoms of this, 21(2.9%) knew about the risk factors.
Women who were aware of cervical cancer, among them 225(79.5%) knew about the cervical cancer
screening, 16 (3.9%) were aware of the available screening methods. 120(28.9%) had positive attitude
towards screening by regularly consulting a doctor. Whereas rest of the women 295(71.1) were not willing
due to lack of interest(37.6%), pain(6.77%), fear(9.15%), feeling of uneasiness/embarrassment(8.81%),
distance(4.06%), cost(4.74%), lack of time (10.84%) and unawareness(58.30%).
It was observed that 56/283(13.5) were had undergone screening for cervical cancer before.
Conclusion:
This study shows, almost half of the women do not have knowledge about cervical cancer screening and
half of the women do have knowledge on this. Majority of those women had negative attitude towards
screening and less practice. Health education will help to improve knowledge and change the attitude and
practice towards screening of cervical cancer which will reduce the mortality towards it.
11.Title: The Use of Complementary and Alternative Medicine by Diabetic patients in Rural Field
practice area of Rajarajeswari Medical College and Hospital, Bengaluru.
Dr. Vidya , Rajarajeshwari Medical College, Bangalore
Introduction:
Diabetes is a major health problem worldwide and the burden is increasing globally, particularly in
developing countries. Mortality from diabetes is projected to rise by more than 50% in the next 10
years.1The use of Complementary and alternative Medicine (CAM) is widespread with a major
reason for use being chronic conditions like Diabetes Mellitus 2. CAM has been defined as the
"Practices, approaches, knowledge and beliefs incorporating plant, animal and mineral based
medicines, spiritual therapies, manual techniques and exercise" 3.
Need for the study:
We have both a high prevalence of Diabetes and a long tradition of CAM use. However, there has
been little research carried out on the use of CAM in the community. So the present study
designed to know present status of perceptions and prevalence of use of CAM and factors
influencing their use.
Objectives:
1. To study perception and prevalence regarding CAM use among Diabetic Patients
2. To know factors influencing use of CAM among Diabetic patients.
Materials and methods:
A community based cross sectional study will be conducted in the rural field practice area of
Rajarajeswari Medical Colleges and Hospital, Bangalore.
Source of Data: Know diabetic subjects aged more than 18years and permanent residents of selected
villages.
Place of study: Villages coming under Primary health center Ittamadu, a rural field practice area of
Rajarajeswari Medical College and Hospital.
Study design: Community based cross sectional study.
Study period: 6 months( March 2015-september2015)
Inclusion criteria:
All study subjects aged more than 18 years of age,
Permanent residents and who were present on the day of survey.
Exclusion criteria:
Those study subjects were not willing to participate in the study.
Sampling technique: Simple random Sampling Technique.
Estimation of Sample size: In order to calculate sample size for this study, Prevalence of CAM use among
Diabetics was 67% in Allahabad, UP, was considered based on a study conducted by D Kumar et al 4 . In
the present study, expecting similar prevalence and to get 95% confidence level and relative precision of
15%, the study requires a minimum of 80 subjects.
SAMPLING METHODOLOGY:
A cross- sectional study will be carried out in the rural field Practice area of Ittamadu Rural Health Centre
covering a population of 10,911(2014) people coming under 19 villages. Villages will be arranged
according to alphabetical order. Using a lottery method village will be selected by random. From the
centre of the village using a currency note the street will be selected. In that street by tossing a coin, side
of the street will be selected. The first house will be selected using a random number from currency note
then selected house in that Particular Street will be visited and adults in that house will be first asked for
known diabetic subjects The process will be repeated till the required sample is met..
Data collection:
IEC approval will be obtained prior to initiation of study.
Data will be collected from the subjects during house visit in rural area by using a specially
designed structured questionnaire and it includes information on the following.
Demographic data- name, age, gender, address, marital status, contacts no. etc.
Socioeconomic status, education level, occupation, monthly income of family.
Disease data:
CAM use: Types of CAM use, frequency of use, benefits and problems with CAM, whether patients using
CAM disclose this use to their physicians.
Method of analysis:
Base line data collected will be subjected to descriptive statistical analysis.
Categorical variables will be compared using Chi-square (χ2) test.
Comparison of continuous variables between groups will be done by t-test. Statistical analysis will
be done with SPSS statistics software for windows.
Results and Discussion of the study will be sent with in septmber 2015
12.GENDER DIFFERENCES IN INFLAMMATORY MARKERS AMONG TYPE 2 DIABETIC SUBJECTS
Sowmya Rajashekar and Asna Urooj
Department of Studies in Food science & Nutrition, University of Mysore, Mysore 570006
Introduction: In India currently around 40.9 million people are diabetic and is expected to rise to 69.9
million by 2025 unless preventive steps are taken. The so called “Asian Indian Phenotype” refers to
certain unique clinical and biochemical abnormalities . Diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases act
as two sides of the same coin. Framingham study, diabetic women have an increased cardiovascular risk
about 3.5 fold higher than non diabetic women, against an increase of "only" 2.1 fold found in male
subjects. In view of the impact of sexual hormones on glucose homeostasis, the molecular pathways
involved in insulin resistance suggest a gender specificity mechanism in the development of diabetic
complications and also seems to progress at a faster rate in females compared to males and women
benefit less from treatment than do men. This provides scope for exploring the same in prevention /
management of inflammatory markers, and help to prevent the CVD risk in type 2 diabetics.
Objectives: To mark the gender differences in inflammatory markers among newly detected and known
type 2 diabetic subjects.
Observations : The study included 33 women and 17 men in the NDM group and 30 women and 20 men
in the DM5 group. The biomarkers namely homocysteine (µmol/l), C-reactive protein (mg/l)n, lipoprotein
(a) (mg / dl) and vitamin B12 (pg/ml)were analyzed. It was observed that the Hcy and Lp(a) values were
higher in males than the females but CRP and Vitamin B12 values were higher in women when compared
to males. (24.54±12.59, 3.81±1.14, 15.67±14.22 and 280.69±77.03 and among the women it was 17.06
±5.54, 5.84 ±3.47, 10.55 ±12.89 and 352.35± 238.02 respectively). Among the DM5 all the values of the
inflammatory markers were higher in males than in females. (It was 24.59 ±5.13, 4.25 ±0.79, 32.70
±14.54 and 343.43 ±178.39 and in women, 17.64 ±5.07, 3.68 ±0.51, 24.25 ± 9.40 and 338.40 ± 158.15
respectively).
Conclusion: From these observations it can be suggested that there are marked differences among the
gender in the values of the inflammatory markers. It can also be suggested that the process of
inflammation begins on the onset of diabetes which can progress as the disease progresses. Thus
periodic analysis is required to efficiently treat the inflammation process to avoid complications related to
cardio vascular risk
13. To assess the adequacy, KAP of diabetic care according to ADA-2015 guidelines amongst the
population of Mysore visiting Apollo Sugar Clinic, Mysore.
Mr. PADMARAJ GANESHMURTHY (RN RM CDE Nutritionist)
MIPS ,MBA HCM,3RD SEMISTER MYSORE
Background: Assessment of adequacy KAP is considered as important measures of outcome in Diabetes
for its better control in India.
Aims and objective
To assess the adequacy, KAP of diabetic care according to ADA-2015 guidelines amongst the population
of Mysore visiting Apollo Sugar Clinic, Mysore.
MATERIALS AND METHODS : Cross-sectional study was conducted for a period of one month among
type 2 Diabetes patients attending Apollo Sugar Clinic Mysore, a pretested and structured questionnaire
was used to obtain the information on Socio-demographic profile Diabetic history and complications.
Data was analyzed using statistical software SPSS- version 16. Data were expressed as mean ± SD for
parametric variables and actual frequencies or percentages for non-parametric data.
Comparison
between groups was done using student’s t test for independent groups, Chi square test, one-way
ANOVAs test, Karl Pearson’s Correlation test. Statistical significance is taken at p < .05.
Results: Total 112 subjects, 71 (63.39%) males and 41 (36.61%) females mean age group of females
58.4+/- 11.8,with most on OHA (64.3%) and 28% on Insulin & OHA had DM more than 10 years.
Hypertension was a predominant co-morbidity associated with DM with almost 63.4% correlation
concluding that prevalence of HTN increased with duration of DM increased incidence of dyslipidemia.
Neuropathy co-existed in 19.6% are males (21.1%) females. 13.4% retinopathy corelated duration with
DM.
Significant correlation was found between control of FBS/PPBS with achieving target levels of HbA1C.
LDL targets were achieved in 50% of the study population ,HDL targets were reached in 39% TGL targets
reached in 36%.
Conclusions of Study : The treatment without KAP is inadequate to achieve stringent goals. Diabetic
Education to the patients to modify the lifestyle and cope-up with the Diabetes can improve the quality of
life, reduce the morbidity and mortality due to Diabetes and its complications.
14.STUDY OF HEALTH SEEKING BEHAVIOUR AMONG DIABETICS IN URBAN FEILD PRACTISING
AREAS OF KAKATIYA MEDICAL COLLEGE, WARANGAL
Authors : Dr. Rafath Unnisa Begum 2nd year pg , community medicine, KMC, Warangal
Dr.K.Bhavani Ass.prof,community medicine, KMC
Dr.Punam Kumari Jha,prof & HOD,community medicine, KMC
INTRODUCTION:
Diabetes is considered to be one of the ICEBERGS disease. It is a chronic disease that occurs when the
pancreas does not produce enough insulin called type 1 DM or insulin dependent diabetes mellitus and
when the body cannot effectively use insulin it produces as type 2 DM or non insulin dependent diabetes
mellitus
and according to it the diagnostic criteria for diabetes is Fasting plasma glucose
>7.0mmol/l(126mg/dl) ,2hr plasma glucose >11.1mmol/l (200mg/dl) and HbA1c>6.5.
WHO
In
2014
the
GLOBAL
PREVALENCE
of
diabetes was
According to
estimated
to
be
9%among adults aged 18+ years. Over the past 30 years, the prevalence of diabetes has increased to
12-18% in urban India and 3-6% in rural India.
Health-care seeking behaviour is important as it determines acceptance of health care and outcomes of
chronic conditions but it has been investigated to a limited extent among persons with diabetes in
developing countries. The aim of the study is to explore health-care seeking behaviour among persons
with type 2 diabetes to understand reasons for using therapies other than adequate treatment and other
factors influencing it.
AIMS & OBJECTIVES:
1. To study the sociodemographic profile among diabetics.
2. To study the health seeking behaviour among diabetics and factors influencing them.
MATERIAL & METHODS:
Study design : community based Cross sectional study
Study setting: urban field practicing areas of Kakatiya medical college ,Warangal
Study period: August – October2015
Study participants: Population of age above 18 reciding in urban areas.
Study tools : Pre designed and pre tested questionnaire.
Study Analysis: done by simple proportions , chi square test using SPSS.
Study variables: Age, sex occupation, socioeconomic status, educational status, religion,
residence, duration of diabetes, family history of diabetes etc. Health seeking variables: Method of
diabetes be diagnosed, seeking treatment upon diagnosis, early treatment at diagnosis, reason for delay
in treatment like financial constraints ,utilizing health facility, use of modern medicine , traditional medicine
etc
RESULTS: will be discussed in the presentation at the time of conference.
15.Title:Knowledge and practice about Cervical cancer screening among women in a rural
population of South India
Dr Sudhir, Assistant Professor, Dept. of Community Medicine, Mandya Institute of Medical Sciences,
Mandya
Objectives:
To find the knowledge of women regarding cervical cancer
To determine screening practices and its determinants
To identify factors for non screening
Observations:
Majority of study subjects were in the age group of 30-60 years. More than the half were illiterate, majority
of them were Hindu and most of them were married with parity of 1-5. Most of the women belonged to
poor socio-economic status. Predictors for doing Pap test were who had knowledge of screening for
cervical cancer and Pap test. 57.5 per cent of women with poor knowledge scores cited knowledge
factors as compared to only 5.8 per cent of women with good knowledge score for not undergoing
screening. A multinomial logistic regression confirmed that those with poor knowledge were significantly
more likely to cite knowledge factors than psychosocial factors (OR=3.36, CI 1.007-11.218). Similarly
those with at least a primary education were less likely to report knowledge factors compared to
psychosocial factors (OR=0.347,CI 0.122- 0.198 P<0.05).
Conclusions:
Major proportions of the rural women were not aware of the risk factors of cervical cancer, the screening
process and its importance as well as good hygienic practices. A comprehensive cancer awareness and
screening programme should be started in the district by involving medical college staff, school teachers,
government officials etc. to create awareness about carcinoma cervix and to dispel misconceptions.
Efforts should be made to prevent the disease and avert untimely deaths in young women.
16.PREVALENCE OF HYPERTENSION IN A MUNICIPAL AREA OF NORTH KERALA
NM Sebastian, Feroz Jenner, Jesha MM, Sheela P Haveri, Veena Money
Dept of Community Medicine, MES Medical College, Perinthalmanna
INTRODUCTION: Hypertension is a major public health problem worldwide. Hence it is important to know
the extent of this problem in our community. Though easily measurable it goes undiagnosed.
OBJECTIVES:
1. To estimate the prevalence of Hypertension among adults aged 30 years and above in
Perinthalmanna municipality.
2. To estimate the proportion of those taking regular treatment among previously diagnosed cases
and among them the proportion having controlled BP.
3. To study the knowledge and practice among hypertensives. METHODOLOGY: Cluster sampling
was done taking each 35 ward as a cluster in Perinthalmanna municipality between February and
April 2015.Sample size was 1070 (Using 20% prevalence as per NCD risk factor survey by IDSP
2007-08). 32 houses were covered from each ward in 35 days and adult >30 years were
interviewed. Pregnant women, terminally ill persons were excluded. Details regarding treatment
pattern, dietary and lifestyle modifications were collected.Blood pressure was recorded on 2
occasions and lowest value was taken.
ETHICAL CONCERN: Institutional Ethics Committee clearance and individual consent taken.
STASTICAL ANALYSIS: Using epi info 3.5.4. various proportions were calculated.
RESULTS: 1154 subjects were interviewed their BP was recorded. Prevalence of hypertension was 32%
in Perinthalmanna municipality. Among previously diagnosed cases 88.2% informed that they take
regular treatment and among them 58% had uncontrolled BP.84.8 % and 36.3% respectively informed
that they made dietary modifications and lifestyle changes.
Conclusion :Prevalence of hypertension was 32% similar to other studies.88.2% informed that they take
regular treatment and 58% were having uncontrolled BP among them.
17.Title: Challenges in seeking health care for hypertension and diabetes patients in tribal areas,
Koraput, Odisha, 2014
Prabhdeep Kaur1, Piyalee Pal1, P Shanmugapriya1, Sudhanshu Sahu2, PK Mohapatra3, Sanjay
Mahendale1
1National
2 Vector
Institute of Epidemiology, Chennai
Control Research Centre (Field station), Koraput, Odisha
3Regional
Medical Research Centre, Dibrugarh, Assam
Background
Cardiovascular diseases are leading cause of death in India not only in urban but also rural/tribal areas.
Early detection and treatment of hypertension and diabetes can reduce cardiovascular morbidity and
mortality. We identified challenges in seeking health care among patients with hypertension and diabetes
and drug adherence among patients in rural Koraput, Odisha, India.
Methods
We conducted community based cross-sectional survey among 97 patients with hypertension and 34
patients with diabetes in Koraput, Odisha. We collected data regarding accessibility, availability and
affordability of treatment and drug adherence using a structured questionnaire and measured blood
pressure to estimate control.
Results
Among the 97 hypertensive and 34 diabetic patients, mean age was 51 years. Walking was the mode of
transport for half of the patients to reach nearest government health facility, median time to reach facility
being 30 minutes. Nearly half of the patients reported lack of availability of drugs for both diseases.
Majority (93%-97%) purchased tablets from outside pharmacies. Median out of pocket expenditure was
Rs 550/- for both the diseases. Overall, 88% of hypertensive and diabetic patients took treatment in the
previous one month and among them 30% missed tablets on one or more days. Only 25% patients had
their blood pressure control.
Conclusions
Patients with hypertension and diabetes had difficulty in accessing health facilities and poor availability of
required drugs. Availability of drugs need to ensured in the public sector health facilities and need to
emphasize the importance of drug adherence to achieve blood pressure control.
18.Title: Prevalence of modifiable cardiovascular risk factors among pre and post menopausal
urban employed women – Mysuru city.
.Charlotte G Karunakaran, and Asna Urooj
(Department of studies in Food Science Nutrition, University of Mysore Manasagangothri. Mysuru)
Objective: To assess the modifiable cardiovascular risk factor pattern among urban employed women in
the context to the menopause status.
Observations: The study covered 443 women employed in various organizations in Mysore city. The
volunteers were administered a set of pre- tested questionnaire, to elicit information on demography,
socio economic status, anthropometric measurements, biochemical parameters, health practices and
family history for Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD). Results showed BMI and WHR to be higher in women
aged > 30years. Higher BMI (>25) was associated with high serum total and LDL cholesterol. Presence of
> 2 CVD risk factors was reported by majority (>50%) of the 1st degree relatives of the participants. It was
observed that irrespective of menopausal status a higher percentage of women exhibited features of
metabolic syndrome. Irrespective of the menopausal status, food behavior showed a trend towards
preference for foods rich in salt, sugar and fat in terms of ”every day” snacking during break time while, at work
Conclusions: Prevalence of CVD risk factors in urban employed women can be attributed to time contraint
to adapt to lifestyle changes and job stress. The results provide valuable information and opportunity for
undertaking primary prevention strategies to reduce the burden of CVD risk factors which can predispose an
individual to determinental cardiac events.
19.Title: Cervical cancer awareness and willingness to participate in screening
programme:
public health policy implications
Upadhyay Madhu, Patra Somdatta, Chhabra Pragati
Department of Community Medicine, University College of Medical Sciences & GTB Hospital, Delhi
Background: Cervical cancer is one of the commonest malignancies among women in India. There is high
mortality as patients usually present at an advanced stage because of lack of awareness and nonexistent
screening programs.
Objectives: To find out awareness about cervical cancer among women and their willingness to utilize
screening services in an urban resettlement colony of Delhi.
Methodology: A community based, cross-sectional study was carried out in a resettlement colony of
North-West Delhi. Semi-structured interview schedule was used to collect information regarding different
aspects of cervical cancer. Analysis was done using SPSS package.
Observations: A total of 373 women were included in the study. Mean age of study participants was 39.14
years. Two third of study population were illiterate. Half of study population was aware of cervical cancer
and only one fourth of population was willing to participate in a screening test. Willingness was higher
among educated, ever user of family planning method and having knowledge about at least one risk
factor, sign or symptom or possibility of early diagnosis of cancer cervix.
Conclusion: The country’s national programme advocates for opportunistic and targeted screening of
women. An understanding of the factors that influences women’s willingness to participate in screening
programme is essential for the success of such programmes. So, this study emphasizes the need for
dissemination of knowledge about various aspects of cancer cervix which is critical for uptake of any
screening programme.
20.A Study on oral cancer awareness in an urban resettlement colony of North East Delhi
Somdatta Patra, Vikas Kumar, Kamal Agarwal
Department of Community Medicine, UCMS & GTB Hospital, Delhi.
Introduction and Objective
Oral cancer, a major cause of mortality is largely preventable by avoiding known risk factors. Early
diagnosis is easy as mouth is accessible for clinical examination. However in India, oral cancer is
frequently diagnosed in advanced stages and thus increasing the mortality rate. The study was conducted
to assess awareness regarding oral cancer among adults in an urban resettlement colony of Delhi.
Methodology
A cross-sectional community based survey was conducted in a resettlement colony of North-east Delhi.
Data were collected using a pretested semi structured questionnaire. Data was entered using Microsoft
Office Excel 2007 spread sheet and analyzed using SPSS.
Results/Observations
A total of 775 study participants were included in the study. Majority (63.5%), of them were females and in
age group of 31-50 years. Although 81 % of the study participants have heard about oral cancer less than
half of them knew that it is preventable (45%) and curable if detected and treated early (42%). It was seen
that females were less aware than males (p value, 0.004). Proportion of participants who were aware
increased as the literacy status increased. No statistical significant association was found between
awareness and socioeconomic status.
Conclusion
This study emphasizes the need for dissemination of awareness about various aspects of oral cancer
especially among females which is critical for reducing incidence and mortality in a developing country.
21. Title: Diabetes treatment compliance and self care practices among patients attending tertiary
care hospital, Mysore
Sumanth M Majgi1, Aparna Balagopal2, Nivedha S3
1- Dr Sumanth Mallikarjuna Majgi, Assistant professor, department of Community Medicine, Mysore
Medical College and Research Institute, Mysore, India
2- Aparna Balagopal Final year MBBS Student, Mysore Medical College and Research Institute,
Mysore, India
3- Nivedha S, Final year MBBS Student, Mysore Medical College and Research Institute, Mysore,
India
Objectives:
To measure the following in diabetes patients attending tertiary care hospital in Mysore
1. Diabetes treatment compliance
2. self care practices
3. the barriers to non-pharmacological interventions
Methods:
It is a cross sectional study with qualitative analysis with a sample size of 171,
assuming prevalence (50%) and relative precision (15%).
Inclusion criteria is any known cases of diabetes mellitus attending medicine
/endocrinology OPD at K R hospital ,Mysore and exclusion criteria is all those
patients who do not consent for the study. The study was done during April-October 2014 at KR Hospital,
Mysore.
Quantitative part included direct interview using Brief medication questionnaire & modified SDSCA.
Qualitative part included in depth interview of subjects.
Observations: A high level of medication adherence was found in 80% of the study population. The
adherence to self-care was found to be 50-75% for diet, 25-50% for exercise and 0-25% for foot care.
According to the qualitative analysis, the important barriers to adherence were
found to be the economic factors, social factors, time factors and physical
constraints.
Conclusions:
The compliance of diabetes for drugs is high. It emphasizes the need to increase awareness among the
public towards the importance of self care activities. The barriers for non-pharmacological interventions
are more of motivational and social types.
22.Assessment of Body Mass Index in Undergraduate MBBS Students of SAIMS, Indore. A Cross
Sectional Study
Dr Ashfaq Modiwala, Dr R. R Wavare, Dr Madhuri Inamdar
Department Of Community Medicine, Sri Aurobindo Medical College and Postgraduate Institute, Indore
(M.P)
An Alarming rise in overweight among young adults which forms a key to upsurge other noncommunicable diseases like diabetes, HTN, stroke, MI as a major concern. Medical students are mature
and also understand the importance of good diet but mostly they ignore proper diet. Around the globe, for
Higher education most of the students live in hostels and hostel life have strong impact on the health
because they depend on themselves and get food from Canteen, whereas Day-scholars are living with
their parents at home who look after them. Objectives: 1)To Assess BMI of Hostlers and Day scholars of
SAIMS, Indore. Method: A cross sectional study was conducted among first year to part 1, final MBBS
undergraduate medical students from Jan 2015 to May 2015 during Afternoon time in SAIMS, Indore. A
pre tested pre designed questionnaire was used, data collection tools and height and weight were
measured and BMI was calculated.Result:Out of 289 medical students, 39.4% were male and 60.6%
were female. Majority were living in 56.1% Hostel and 43.9% were Day-scholars. Association of BMI with
sex (p=0.018) and place of residence Hostel/Day-scholars (p= 0.000) was statistically significant.
Comparison between undergraduate students of Hostler and Day-scholars according to BMIwas found to
be Significant in Normal BMI group (p=0.0038) and in Pre-obese group (p=0.000).Conclusion: In contrast
with some studies, present study shows Abnormal BMI in Hostlers and Day scholars were statistically
significant. Students who are having overweight BMI should get dietary and exercise counseling as
preventive strategy.
Keywords: Obesity, Hostler, Day-scholars, Medical students
23.Barriers in Utilisation of Doorstep Mammography screening by women of Chandigarh
Puri S, Sharma R, Raman, Kaur R
Mobile mammography is an effort to provide doorstep screening and address barriers to avail
screening by women . Though many mobile mammography outreach are there but there is paucity of data
regarding population served and the barriers to avail utilization.
Aims and Objectives: 1) To ascertain the sociodemographic profile of women getting
mammography done.
2) To assess the barriers faced by women in utilization of mammography screening.
Methodology: Cross Sectional Study
Study Time: 18 months
Results: During the 18 months of study period, a total of 34 camps were organized and 272
women had undergone mammography scan. The mean age of the participants under study was 41 years.
Most of the women had middle level of income status (INR 10,001 – 50,000 per month) and education
levels up to secondary level. The major barriers of participants not undergoing for mammography scans
were; difficulty taking time away from work or family 91 ((61.4%), 86 (58.1 %) had fear of being diagnosed
with breast cancer and they avoided being checked. Feeling of embarrassment during mammography
test 63 (42.5%), 16 (10.8%) were apprehensive about harmful effect of radioactivity exposure etc.
Conclusions: In developing country like India, there is a need for raising awareness in relation to
breast cancer and bust the myths pertaining to mammography screening in population.
Key words: Mammography, Chandigarh, women, barriers
24.Title :Hospice and Palliative care: A new movement in India
1. Dr.Vikas Bhatia*
Professor and Head,
Deptt. of Community Medicine and Family Medicine
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar
2. Dr.Swayam P. Parida
Assistant professor
Deptt. of Community Medicine and Family Medicine
All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bhubaneswar
Background :“Palliative care” is the speciality which delivers care to persons with debilitating illnesses and
it starts from diagnosis till death and continues further into bereavement care of family members. The
objective of palliative care is to decrease pain and other distressing factors and not merely disease cure.
The focus is also on providing psycho-social and spiritual support to the affected, thus making palliative
care services inter disciplinary comprising of experts from different fields.
Objective : To understand the situation and advocate for palliative care in India
Observations : The trend of ever increasing elderly population, rising NCDs and cancer burden in
Indiamakes it quite comparable to the trendsseen in developed countries. The prevalence of cancer has
increased in recent years. Nearly one million new cancer cases are diagnosed and more than 80% of
cases present themselves in advanced stage. In India every hour around 60 persons die from cancer and
pain. The figure might increase because of increased life span and more of chronic diseases. It is
estimated that more than 60 % of people who die annually will suffer from advanced diseases.“Hidden
lives, hidden patients” is the theme of World Hospice & Palliative care day being organized on 10 th
Oct,2015, worldwide to bring forth the issues.
Therefore, palliative care is also applicable for people living with HIV AIDS, psychiatric illnesses,
disabilities, congenital diseases, rare diseases, dementia, people affected by war or natural calamities
etc., who need continuous support. The proportion of people affected by all these conditions will continue
to increase in future, demanding palliative care as an essential component of health system.The concept
of palliative care was introduced into India in mid-eighties and has slowly progressed over years. Around
140 organisations spread over 16 States and UTs, are currently providing Hospice and Palliative care
services. These services are more concentrated in metros and large cities with exception of Kerala where
services are more wide spread.
Conclusion :Even after three decades of its inception, the accessibility of palliative care services are not
optimum and a variety of diseases and groups need care. Improved coverage of palliative care services
on governmental policy, education and drug availability are critical. We need to focus on these aspects as
India is committed to provide “Universal Health coverage” and Sustainable Development Goals.
25. ASSESSMENT OF ORAL ANTI-DIABETIC MEDICATION ADHERENCE AND DETERMINANTS OF
NON-ADHERENCE AMONG TYPE II DIABETES MELLITUS PATIENTS RESIDING AT URBAN LOW
INCOME AREA, BANGALORE
Chethana R1, Lakshmi H2
1Associate
Professor, 2Post graduate cum tutor
Department of Community Medicine, Kempegowda Institute of Medical Sciences, Bangalore
BACKGROUND:
Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder associated with high morbidity and mortality among
patients. Adherence to prescribed medication is a key dimension of healthcare quality.
OBJECTIVES:
1. To describe the socio-demographic profile of study subjects.
2. To assess the oral anti-diabetic drug adherence in study subjects.
3. To determine the factors influencing oral anti-diabetic drug non-adherence in study subjects.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
The study was conducted at Urban Health Training Centre, Bangalore from March 2015 to August 2015.
Samples of 70 Type II Diabetes Mellitus patients only on oral anti-diabetic drugs were included. A pretested semi structured proforma was administered and information about socio-demographic profile was
obtained. Morisky Medication Adherence Scale-8 (MMAS) was used to assess medication adherence.
The probable factors that affect adherence to prescribed medications were obtained. Blood sugar level
estimation was done for all subjects.
RESULTS:
Most of the subjects were female 56(80%) in the age group of 35-45yrs 24(34%). Of which 28(40%) were
illiterate, 47(67%) were unemployed with socio-economic status Class IV 53 (78%) of Modified
Kuppuswamy Classification.
A total of 27(38%) had poor adherence (MMAS-8 score of >2). The reasons for poor adherence as
reflected in the present study are - 42(60%) felt hassled about sticking to treatment plan, 31(44%) quoted
as forgetfulness, 22(31%) had difficulty in remembering to take all medications, 16(23%) forgot to bring
along when travelling, 14(20%) had financial problem and stopped when blood sugar levels controlled.
The factors influencing drug non-adherence are non-affordability 50(71%), forgetfulness 31(44%), side
effects 28(40%), unpleasant taste 27(39%), being busy 21(30%), lack of financial support from the family
20(29%) and difficulty in getting the prescribed medications and inaccessibility 16(22%).
Conclusion
An improvement with adherence can be achieved through motivation, continuing patient education about
diabetes.The side effects, cost should always be considered in selecting therapeutic regimen for patients.
Keywords: Type II Diabetes Mellitus, Adherence, factors
26. SERUM ELECTROLYTES STATUS AND ITS CORRELATION WITH GLYCATED HEMOGLOBIN
LEVELS IN DIABETES MELLITUS
Dr Snehal Patil, Registrar/Junior Consultant, Apollo BGS Hospitals, Mysore
OBJECTIVES: To Study electrolytes derangements in diabetics which may lead to diabetic complications.
Electrolytes abnormalities may be correlated with Glycated hemoglobin levels. This study hence is an
attempt to asses the status of serum electrolytes and correlate the electrolyte levels with HbA1c levels in
patients of Diabetes Mellitus.
OBSERVATION:
I) Materials and Methods: 340 subjects were enrolled for the study as per selection criteria. All subjects
were screened for Serum sodium, Serum Potassium by Ion Selective Electrode method, serum calcium,
magnesium and blood sugar levels by automation and glycated hemoglobin by ion exchange resin
method.
2) Results: Study reveals significant elevation in mean blood glucose and glycated hemoglobin levels in
diabetics as compared to controls. Serum sodium, calcium and magnesium levels show statistically
significant decline whereas serum potassium levels are elevated in diabetics as compared to healthy
controls. Subjects were divided in 3 groups depending upon glycated hemoglobin levels. Significant
positive correlation was seen for serum potassium with glycated hemoglobin and a significant negative
correlation was seen for serum sodium, calcium and magnesium with glycated hemoglobin levels.
Conclusion: Study concluded that electrolyte abnormalities exist in Diabetes Mellitus and are correlated to
glycated hemoglobin levels. Hyponatremia, hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia along with increased
potassium levels are seen in diabetics. These abnormalities in turn lead to various diabetic complications.
A better glycemic control can maintain normal electrolyte status and help in minimizing the complications
associated with chronic hyperglycemia especially the microvascular changes leading to chronic
complications. Early detection of electrolyte imbalance and proper therapeutic institution will help change
the outcome of these patients.
27. PREVALENCE OF MYOPIA AMONG HIGH SCHOOL CHILDREN IN AN URBAN AREA.
RajashreeKotabal, Prashanth H L, MangalaBelur, Nandini C, Anirudh Krishna
Background:
Blindness is one of the significant social problems in India with uncorrected refractive errors as
the second major cause accounting for 19.7% of the blindness. The prevalence of myopia in
children varies between countries and ranges from7% to 30%. Among all refractive problems
myopia is the major cause of disability in children.
Objectives:
To study the prevalence of myopia in high school children.
Methodology:
Study design: Descriptive Cross sectional study.
Study period: Two months (June-July 2015).
Study population: 13 - 16 year-old high school children.
Study setting:This study was conducted among high-school children in the urban area of
Shivamogga city of Karnataka state.
Sample size: With expected frequency of 20%, confidence limit at 5% and confidence level at
95% the sample size was calculated to be 246. We recruited 300 children in the study.
Method of data collection:A pretested questionnaire was used for collection of data. Snellen's
chart was used to find themyopia.
Statistical analysis:It was done by using SPSS 21.
Result:
The prevalence of myopia was found to be 23%. Out of 300 students 16%, 5%, and 1.7% of the
students had mild, moderate and severe visual impairment respectively.
Conclusion:
The prevalence of myopia, was high among high school children in urban area and is more in
girls than boys. Early diagnosis and correction of refractive errors has to be done to prevent
future development of blindness.
MISCELLANEOUS
1.Title: A cross sectional study on the factors associated with blood donation among patients
attending Urban Health Training Centre Dharwad, Karnataka.
1.Authors: Dr.Diganth.C.Divya1, Dr. Kotrabasappa K2
1. Post graduate. 2. Associate professor, Department of community medicine, SDM College of medical
sciences and hospital, Dharwad.
Introduction: India, with itsever growing population, is always in short supply of blood for transfusions. The
serious mismatch between demand and availability of blood in Indiais estimated to be 85, 00,000
units/year, against the availability of
44,00,000 units/year. This study was an attempt to know the factors related to blood donation practices
among the public.
Objective: To assess the factors associated with Blood donation practises among the patients attending
urban health training centre, SDMCMSH, Dharwad
Materials and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among patients attending urban health
training centre in the months of June and July2015.A close ended questionnaire was designed and
employed for the study. 199 patients were interviewed after taking verbal consent. Descriptive statistics
was used after entering the data in Excel sheet and analysed using SPSS (version 22)
Results: Only12.1% of the study subjects had donated blood previously. 72% of study subjects attributed
to lack of opportunity as the reason for not donating the blood. 66.8% of the subjects felt campaigns
undertaken by Govt./ NGOs is insufficient motivating factor for blood donation. Males were found to have
donated at a higher proportion than females. The gender differencewas found to be statisticallysignificant.
Educationlevel was also found to be significantly associated.
Conclusions: The study showed that only12.1% of patients had donated blood previously. Govt./NGOs
should more actively campaign on importance of blood donation and take measures to channelize the
subjects who are willing to donate blood voluntarily.
2.“Organ Donation- Awareness, Attitudes and Beliefs among Medical Students of MMCRI, Mysore”
Dr.Amrutha.A.M1, Dr.Mansoor Ahmed2
1. Post graduate, Department of community medicine, MMCRI, Mysore
2. Associate Professor, Department of community medicine, MMCRI, Mysore
Objectives:
a) To understand the awareness about organ donation among the medical students.
b) To study their attitudes and beliefs with regard to organ donation
c) To assess the correlation between awareness, attitudes and beliefs towards organ donation.
Observations:
A convenience sample of 181 medical students studying in 2 nd and 3rd year MBBS in Mysore Medical
College were surveyed using self-administered,pre-tested,semi-structured questionnaire.Out of 181 study
subjects, 93 were females and 88 were males. Mean age of the study subject was 20.23 years.Majority
(90.6%) were belonging to Hindu religion. Majority (N= 150,82.9%) opined that the ideal candidate for
organ donation is the brain dead followed by healthy living donors(N=23,12.7 %) and
cadaver(N=07,3.9%). The mean attitude score was 44.4+/- 5.11(SD). It was found to have a positive
attitude regarding the organ donation process and that their attitude would be influenced by increasing
their knowledge of the organ donation process.
Conclusions: This study suggests the need for further research into the effectiveness of current education
programs for healthcare professionals regarding the organ donationprocess. Future research should also
focus on alternative education programs.
3.Women Work Force in Health for nurturing healthy society: Analysis of role played by grass root
health service and information providers
Mrs. Vahini, Assistant Professor, Department of Electronic Media, Bangalore University. Contact:
vahinias@gmail.com, 9482218980.
Women, as the main agents of primary health care, play an essential role in maintaining family and
community health.
Literate women contribute not only for the healthy family but also for healthy
community. Anganwadi Centers (AWCs) in the community acts as bridge between women in the
community and the government to cater to the health needs of the society. In implementation of health
projects Anganwadi workers (AWWs) and Lady Health Visitors (LHV) play crucial role. Therefore the
present study would like to seek answer for “What is the role played female health work force specifically
by the AWWs and LHVs in catering to the health needs of the community?” The study used document
analysis, survey with questionnaire and the interview as research tools. Study is done in fifteen AWCs of
Ramanagara District of Karnataka. Total sample size of the study is 85.
Study found that female literacy is crucial in creating healthy society. One third of health workforce is
women and there is a significant disparity in literacy among male and female. It is also found that AWW
and LHV are effective change agents in the community. This platform can be used more effectively by
giving communication training. Audio-visuals can compliment and lessen the burden of AWCs.
Key words: Health Communication, Development, literacy, health workforce, Community health,
Anganwadi, effective communication, rural women.
Title : A study to assess the knowledge and practice regarding anemia and its prevention among
rural high school girls
Authors: Shwetha1, Vinay M2, Harish B R3
1. Post Graduate student, Dept. of Community Medicine, MIMS, Mandya
2. Associate Professor, Dept. of Community Medicine, MIMS, Mandya
3. Prof & head, Dept. of Community Medicine, MIMS, Mandya
Objectives
1. To assess the knowledge of rural high school girls regarding anemia and its prevention
2. To assess the practices that they follow which helps prevent anemia
Methodology
Type of study: Cross sectional study
Study subjects: High school students
Study period: March to May 2015
Sample size: 172
Sampling method: Simple random sampling
Observations
Age group of high school girls ranged between 12-14 years. 98.7% of them were Hindus and 1.3%
were Muslims. 62% of them had attained menarche. Most of them belonged to social class IV & V
(46%- class IV, 23%-class V). Maximum number of girls belonged to nuclear family and followed
non vegetarian diet.
37% of them had inadequate knowledge, 63% of them had moderate knowledge and none of them
had adequate knowledge about anemia, its causes and prevention. Most of them received iron
tablets and albendazole tablets less than 6 months back and more than 30% of them did not follow
the practice of wearing footwear while going out. We observed good practice among high school
girls with regard to prevention of anemia.
Conclusion:
Anemia remains as a common health problem among women. Most of the girls had poor
knowledge regarding anemia, its causes and prevention. There is need to improve the knowledge
about anemia which in turn will help in decreasing the prevelance of anemia and spread of
knowledge among other member of the community.
Effect of social support and disclosure of HIV status on adherence among
patients receiving anti-retroviral therapy
Mallya S D1 , Kamath V G2, Nair S3, Kamath A4, Hegde B M5
1 Assistant Professor, Department of Community Medicine, Kasturba Medical College,
Manipal University, Manipal
2 Professor, Department of Community Medicine, Kasturba Medical College, Manipal
University, Manipal
3 Associate Professor, Department of Community Medicine, Kasturba Medical College,
Manipal University, Manipal
4 Associate Professor, Department of Community Medicine, Kasturba Medical College,
Manipal University, Manipal
5 Ex-Senior Medical Officer, ART Centre, Udupi
Objectives: To study the effect of social support and disclosure of HIV status on
adherence among patients receiving anti-retroviral therapy
Observations:The study was conducted in ART centre at district hospital, Udupi,
Karnataka. Participants aged 18 years and above who received ART for more than 3
months were interviewed using a validated, semi structured questionnaire. Most of the
individuals 148(46.5%) belonged to the age category of 31-40 years. Adherence over
the preceding 30 days was >95% among 95.6% of the participants. Among the study
participants, 305(95.9%) were receiving either family or external support or both and 13
(4.1%) of the participants didn‘t receive any support.Of the participants, 295(92.7%) told
that they received support from their family members and 110(34.5%) reported that they
were receiving support from external sources.Majority 209(65.6%) of the participants
received family support for remembering their ART medication.Among the participants,
214 (67.2%) had disclosed their status to their partners. Not disclosing the HIV status
was statistically significantly associated with non-adherence(p=0.029). However social
support was not found to be statistically significantly associated with non-adherence.
Conclusions:An encouraging high proportion (96.9%) of adherence to ART over a 30
day period was observed among this group. However, non- adherence was also of
concern among a small proportion of the participants. The present study reported a very
high level of family support among the participants. Behavioural factors such as not
disclosing the HIV status was found to be a significant predictor of non- adherence.
Participation of Women in Zilla Panchayat: A Sociological Study of Mandya
District
Y. K. Bhagya and R. Sandhya
Department of Post Graduate Studies in Sociology, Government College for Women,
Mandya-571 401. Email: ykbhagya@gmail.com
Women constitute almost half of the population of India. Many factors not limiting to
psychological, social and physical factors hold women from active political involvement.
This is true as far as the panchayat raj Institutions, state or national politics involvement.
Mandya district is an important contributor to agriculture sector in Karnataka state with
major sugarcane, rice and sericulture famers. Mandya district has contributed to state
and national politics, represented by chief minister and central union ministers. In the
present study, the emphasis is given to study women’s participation in Zilla panchayat.
The study was conducted on 25 respondents from elected women Zilla Panchayat
members from Mandya District. The data was collected through individual interviews of
the respondent and was coded, tabulated and analyzed with the help of standard
methods commonly used in social science research in India. The interview schedule
was used to collect primary data from the respondents. About 48% of elected members
come from political background family. Most of members stood election due to pressure
from their family, not on their own interest. The study highlights the awareness of
women members on their knowledge related to panchayat raj, reservation to women in
panchayat raj, various source of panchayat etc. The present study emphasizes the
need for political socialization and political empowerment to women.