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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.
INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................... 5
1.1.
BACKGROUND ........................................................................................................................................... 5
1.2.
STUDY OBJECTIVES ................................................................................................................................... 6
1.3.
METHODOLOGY ......................................................................................................................................... 7
2.
DEFINING AN APPROACH TO SUSTAINABLE HUMAN SETTLEMENT AND SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT FOR THE CITY OF JOHANNESBURG ................................................................... 11
2.1.
SUSTAINABLE HUMAN SETTLEMENT DEFINITIONS ........................................................................................ 11
2.2.
BROADER PERSPECTIVES OF SUSTAINABILITY – GLOBAL, NATIONAL, PROVINCE ............................................ 12
2.3.
THE CITY’S CURRENT APPROACH TO SUSTAINABILITY AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT ................................ 14
3.
SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS ........................................................ ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
3.1.
POLICY AND LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK ........................................................ ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
3.2.
DEVELOPMENT TRENDS AND POTENTIAL ...................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
3.2.1.
PROVINCIAL / CITY REGION ISSUES, OPPORTUNITIES AND TRENDS ................ ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
3.2.2.
CITY-WIDE OPPORTUNITIES AND TRENDS .................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
3.3.
ECONOMIC PERFORMANCE ......................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
3.4.
DEMOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS ..................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
3.4.1.
ESTIMATED POPULATION / HOUSEHOLD GROWTH......................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
3.4.2.
DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE ............................................................................ ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
3.4.3.
EMPLOYMENT ........................................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
3.4.4.
BREAKDOWN OF INCOME GROUPS .............................................................. ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
3.4.5.
SEGMENTING THE HOUSING MARKET .......................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
3.4.6.
CITY’S DEPRIVATION INDEX ........................................................................ ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
3.5.
CURRENT HOUSING BACKLOGS AND FUTURE INCREMENTAL DEMAND ............. ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
3.6.
PROPERTY MARKET SUPPLY AND DEMAND .................................................. ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
3.6.1.
RESIDENTIAL GROWTH .............................................................................. ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
3.6.2.
RESIDENTIAL PROPERTY PRICES AND TRENDS ............................................. ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
4.
INSTITUTIONAL ENVIRONMENT: CURRENT HOUSING DELIVERY ...... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT
DEFINED.
4.1.
INSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENTS OF CURRENT HOUSING DELIVERY: NATIONAL, PROVINCIAL AND LOCAL
GOVERNMENT........................................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
4.2.
FORMAL HOUSING DELIVERY METHODS AND FUNDING MECHANISMS .............. ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
4.2.1.
INFORMAL / UNREGULATED HOUSING DELIVERY METHODS AND FUNDING MECHANISMS . ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT
DEFINED.
4.3.
ANALYSIS OF FINANCE FOR HOUSING: FINANCIAL SUSTAINABILITY OF FORMAL AND INFORMAL DELIVERY
METHODS ................................................................................................ ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
4.3.1.
DEFINED.
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CONCLUSIVE SUMMARY: FINANCIAL ARRANGEMENTS TO CONSIDER FOR THE SHSUP ... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT
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4.4.
HOUSING INSTITUTIONS, CAPACITY AND OPERATIONS ................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
4.4.1.
CURRENT HOUSING CAPACITY AND OPERATIONS ......................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
4.4.2.
CITY OF JOHANNESBURG’S HOUSING INSTITUTIONS AND MOE’S .................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
4.4.3.
EXTERNAL HOUSING INSTITUTIONS IN JOHANNESBURG ................................. ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
4.4.4.
GAPS AND CHALLENGES OF CITY OF JOHANNESBURG’S HOUSING ADMINISTRATION STRUCTURES ........... ERROR!
BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
5.
LESSONS LEARNT FROM PREVIOUS MECHANISMS OF HOUSING DELIVERY ................ ERROR!
BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
5.1.
RATIONALE AND CRITERIA FOR PROJECT SELECTION ...................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
5.2.
SELECTED CASE STUDY PROJECTS ............................................................. ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
5.3.
SUSTAINABILITY THEMES FOR ANALYSIS ...................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
5.4.
SUMMARY OF KEY ISSUES AND LESSONS LEARNT IN PAST AND CURRENT HOUSING DEVELOPMENTS ....... ERROR!
BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
6.
KEY FINDINGS, CHALLENGES AND CONCLUSIVE SUMMARY ............ ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT
DEFINED.
6.1.
KEY ISSUES/FEATURES .............................................................................. ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
7.
SPATIAL PROPOSALS ............................................................ ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
7.1.
FUTURE HOUSING PROVISION PRINCIPLES ................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
7.2.
IDENTIFICATION OF STRATEGIC AREAS ......................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
7.2.1.
PRIORITY PUBLIC TRANSPORT NETWORK AREAS ......................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
7.2.2.
EXISTING HOUSING PROJECT AREAS .......................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
7.2.3.
REDEVELOPMENT AREAS ........................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
7.2.4.
CITY REGION CONSOLIDATION AND INFILL AREAS ......................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
7.2.5.
EXPANSION AREAS .................................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
8.
HOUSING DEMAND AND SUPPLY OPPORTUNITIES MODEL ................ ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT
DEFINED.
8.1.
INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
8.2.
DESIGN OF THE DEMAND AND SUPPLY OPPORTUNITIES MODEL ...................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
8.3.
ASSUMPTIONS FOR BASE SCENARIO ............................................................ ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
8.3.1.
LAND AVAILABILITY .................................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
8.3.2.
INCOME GROUP ALLOCATION ..................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
8.3.3.
HOUSING TYPOLOGY ALLOCATION .............................................................. ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
8.3.4.
PHASING OF DEVELOPMENT ....................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
8.4.
HOUSING DEMAND AND OPPORTUNITIES MODEL: BASE SCENARIO RESULTS ... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
8.5.
ALTERNATIVE DEVELOPMENT OPTIONS ....................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
8.6.
CONCLUSIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................. ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
9.
IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY .............................................. ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
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9.1.
INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
9.2.
PRIORITY STRATEGIC INTERVENTIONS ......................................................... ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
9.3.
CONCLUSION ............................................................................................ ERROR! BOOKMARK NOT DEFINED.
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1: SHSUP Process and Outputs
Figure 2: Development Drivers and Paradigm Source: Joburg 2040: Growth and Development Strategy
Figure 3: City of Johannesburg Household Forecast (2010-2030)
Figure 4: Population Increase (2001-2030) – Base Scenario
Figure 5: Number of Households Increase (2001-2030) – Base Scenario
Figure 6: CoJ Age Profiles
Figure 7: Schooling Levels within CoJ
Figure 8: Segmenting the Housing Market
Figure 9: Long Term Average Residential Stand Size Trend
Figure 10: Average Building Size According to Building Year
Figure 11: Proportion of full Title Properties – Long Term Trend
Figure 12: Full Title Average Land Utilisation Rate
Figure 13: Dwelling Houses Completed
Figure 14: Flats and Townhouses Completed
Figure 15: The Housing Finance Spectrum in the FSC Target Market (thousands households)
Figure 16: CoJ USDG Year on Year Capital Allocation by Division 2012-2015
Figure 17: Demand and Supply Opportunities Model: Concept
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Stakeholder Engagement Programme
Table 2: Key Economic Indicators of the Market Area, 2011
Table 3: City of Johannesburg Population Forecast (2010-2030)
Table 4: City of Johannesburg Household Forecast (2010-2030)
Table 5: Low and High Scenario Assumptions
Table 6: Key socio-economic indicators of the City of Johannesburg
Table 7: Households Segments
Table 8: Criteria applied in compilation respective Deprivation Domains
Table 9: Demand per Income Category
Table 10: Residential buildings completed by size of dwelling house (City of Johannesburg MM)
Table 11: Flats and Townhouses Completed (Johannesburg MM)
Table 12: Human Settlements key functions, roles and responsibilities of three spheres of Government
Table 13: Provides a summary of the various delivery methods and funding mechanisms that are currently
available
Table 14: Summary of Informal Delivery Methods and Funding Mechanisms
Table 15: 5 year Housing Delivery Targets for the City of Johannesburg’s Department of Human Settlements
Table 16: Social Housing Roles and Responsibilities
Table 17: JOSHCO, JDA and JPC and Responsibilities
Table 18: External Housing Institutions
Table 19: Case Study Projects Selected
Table 20: Summary of Lessons Learnt
Table 21: Summary of the Development Principles
Table 22: Strategic Areas
Table 23.1-23.3: Housing Typologies (Low, Medium, High)
Table 24: Land Use Budget Process Example
Table 25: Joburg: Standards Used in Land Use Budget
Table 26: Assumptions for Base Scenario: Income Composition per Strategic Area
Table 27.1-27.11: Typologies per Strategic Area
Table 28.1: Total Dwelling Units
Table 28.2: Total Housing Typologies
Table 28.3: Dwellings/Hectare
Table 28.4: Priority
Table 28.5: Total Unit Costs
Table 28.6: Tenure Split: Total Dwelling Units
Table 28.7: Community Facility Model
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Table 29: Alternative Development Options: Base Scenario
Table 30: The Breadth of Options upon which Households might consider making an Investment
Table 31: Summary of Incentives available to the private sector
Table 32: Functional Responsibilities of the Sustainable Services Cluster
LIST OF MAPS
Map 1: Regional Context
Map 2: Spatial Structure
Map 3: Provincial Housing Programme Focus Areas
Map 4: Stormwater backlogs
Map 5: Gravel roads backlogs
Map 6: Power hot spots
Map 7: Sanitation hot spots
Map 8: Water hot spots
Map 9: Transport and Movement Network
Map 10: Strategically City-owned Land
Map 11: Johannesburg LSM Profile
Map 12: Spatial Manifestation of the Deprivation Index
Map 13: Informal Settlement, 2011
Map 14: Region A-G: Backyard Units 2009
Map 15: Johannesburg Residential Growth (2001-2009)
Map 16: Strategic Areas
Map 16.1-16.4: Strategic Areas
Map 17: Strategic Areas
Map 17.1: Consolidation and Infill Areas: North Eastern Suburbs
LIST OF ANNEXURES
ANNEXURE A: Towards an Approach to Sustainability and Sustainable Development for the CoJ
ANNEXURE B: Policy Tables: National B1, Provincial B2, Local B3
ANNEXURE C: Housing Typology Case Studies
ANNEXURE D: Key Elements to Guide the Spatial Dimension of the SHSUP
ANNEXURE E: Strategic Areas Identified
ANNEXURE F: Market Analysis per Strategic Area
ANNEXURE G: Housing Typologies and Design Guidelines
ANNEXURE H: Building Housing Finance Systems to Support Sustainable Human Settlements
ANNEXURE I: Property Economics Perspective on the Housing Demand and Opportunities Model
ANNEXURE J: Strategic Levers, Objectives and Interventions
ANNEXURE K: Informal Backyard Rental Accommodation: A Summary of Issues and Policy Emanating from
Certain Previous Research
ANNEXURE L: Summary Overview of Incentives
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1.
INTRODUCTION
It is currently estimated that 38% per cent of Africa’s population, 297 million people, live in urban
areas. By 2030, this figure is expected to increase to approximately 54% of a projected population of
around 1,405 million (UNCHS 2001a). Africa’s rate of urbanisation of 3.5% per year represents the
highest in the world. The City of Johannesburg is one of the 40 cities in Africa that currently host
populations of more than one million residents and it is expected that by 2015 more than 70 cities will
be included within this list. Southern Africa and South Africa in particular, are among the leading
region in terms of increasing urbanisation in Africa. It is a realistic expectation that the City will
continue to play a prominent role in absorbing the pressures of urbanisation in decades to come.
The reasons for rapid growth of urban populations include overall high population growth rates, and
‘pull factors’ such as opportunities for employment, education, and improved access to health care
which attract people from urban areas.
There are also many social challenges associated with
urbanisation, such as migration to find employment and greater income security. In many urban areas
rates of economic growth and infrastructure development have lagged urbanisation rates, resulting in
high levels of unemployment, inadequate standards of housing and services, and impacts on human
health and development. Environmental disasters and conflicts have also caused many people to flee
rural areas and to seek refuge in urban centres. Slums often lack access to many essential services
such as water, sanitation, and waste disposal, whilst increased pressures of pollution on the
environment are detrimental to human health.
The United Nations Millennium Development Goals are aimed at achieving sustainable human
settlements where the quality of life is improved and maintained in terms of both physical or spatial
and emotional well-being. The Brundtland Commission, defines sustainability as “…meeting the
needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their
own needs”.
Source: http://www.unep.org/dewa/Africa/publications/aeo-1/203.htm
The Republic of South Africa has experienced 18 years of democracy. However, the challenges
associated with rapid urbanisation and growth have necessitated the need to rethink the role of
settlements in terms of City building, urban form and aspects of sustainability.
1.1.
Background
During 2011/12 the City has interacted extensively with the Department of National Treasury whilst
developing the Built Environment Performance Plan (BEPP). The BEPP allows the City to access
Urban Settlement Development Grant (USDG) funding. During these interactions, it was agreed that a
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more efficient utilisation of USDG funding needed to be explored due to the limitations of the typical
“RDP type” housing model and the questionable sustainability of the urban form it has delivered.
Additionally, the City’s review of the City’s Growth and Development Strategy during 2011 (GDS
2040) and the escalating importance and demand for sustainable service delivery has necessitated a
rethinking of the City’s stance on sustainability and its implications on human settlements.
The combination of the BEPP and GDS 2040 processes necessitated the enhancement of the Spatial
Development Framework (SDF) and Growth Management Strategy (GMS) philosophy and led to the
inception of the Sustainable Human Settlement Urbanisation Plan (SHSUP) process.
The Sustainable Human Settlements Urbanisation Plan (SHSUP) has been developed to i) reflect
on current and future demand and growth in terms of urbanisation trends and projections; ii)
demonstrate and propose solutions to the current dysfunctional spatial form; and iii) direct existing
and future resources towards making fundamental changes to achieve the objectives and aspects
associated with Sustainable Human Settlements.
1.2.
Study Objectives
The purpose of the Sustainable Human Settlement Urbanisation Plan (SHSUP) is to craft a future
development paradigm in relation to accommodation provision within the City from 2012 – 2030 and
beyond, to specifically address the strategic responses and interventions required. In so doing, the
SHSUP will demonstrate how the City can achieve its goal of adequate and appropriate supply of
serviced public land and building stock as well as facilitating private sector developments within the
most strategic locations. This paradigm, informed by the City’s Growth and Development Strategy is
founded on a number of emerging principles including:

securing and developing on locations that support the objectives of the Spatial Development
Framework;

diversifying accommodation and delivery options (i.e. developers);

aligning the development of accommodation concurrently with social / physical infrastructure

accelerating the delivery of rental stock; and

realising a 1:1 ratio in respect of “give-away” v “rental” stock.
Aligned to GDS 2040, the SHSUP contributes to Outcome 2 of the GDS which demands “the
provision of a resilient, liveable, sustainable urban environment underpinned by infrastructure
supportive of a low-carbon economy”. Additionally, in line with the Executive Mayor’s State of the City
Address (2012) the development of the SHSUP will assist in the implementation of Key Flagship
Programme 5 which is based on transforming Informal Settlements to Sustainable Human
Settlements. It is anticipated that the SHSUP will be aligned with strategies co-ordinated through the
Sustainable Services Cluster amongst others.
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The detailed objectives of the SHSUP are noted below. These were derived from the Terms of
Reference developed to assist in the formulation of the document and the processes associated with
its completion.

Confirm and quantify formal and informal accommodation backlogs and growth potential;

Identify strategic locations within GMS priority areas for residential growth;

Determine the desired urban form and typology options in these strategic locations;

Prioritise and phase the implementation of the highest and best strategic locations, noting
implications for the City;

Development of an accommodation model to assist in identifying and assessing demand and
opportunities in future areas for delivery; and

Recommend key levers and other planning, institutional and financial tools, policies,
programmes, and strategies to resolve critical issues in unlocking access to accommodation in
the formal and informal markets.
1.3.
Methodology
The Phases associated with the development of the SHSUP are outlined in the following Figure 1
and narrative that follows.
Figure 1: SHSUP Process and Outputs
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Phase 1: Analysis, Synthesis and Gap Identification

Analyse information (existing and new) found in order to produce a clear coherent synthesis of
current housing delivery, institutional capacity and systems and future demand;

Develop income and affordability categories for target user groups;

Present and test research and findings as well as affordability categories with key stakeholders;

Identify what the problems, gaps and needs are in the current housing system:
o
quantum of housing demand,
o
institutional mechanisms and capacity for delivery
o
financial systems.
Phase 2: Development of Principles and Scenarios

Formulation of an agreed set of principles that underpin provision of all future housing;

Developing an agreed set of scenarios for future housing provision based on:
o
The desired distribution of housing provision across certain agreed upon strategic
locations in the City of Johannesburg;
o
The expected population growth rate and demographic profile for future housing
demand;
o
The target socio-economic user groups for future housing demand in specific strategic
locations across the City;
o
Communicate and Test the agreed set of principles and scenarios with key stakeholders
and expert groups.
Phase 3: Modelling of Demand and Opportunities for Supply

Developing a City-wide model of housing opportunities in an agreed format based on the findings
of the Analysis (Phase 1) and the agreed Principles and Scenarios in Phase 2;

Assessing the Desired Yield of housing units per strategic area - including testing against local
area-based planning frameworks;

Identification of specific strategic nodes and precincts within which to develop housing options;

Develop a comprehensive chart of housing opportunities per strategic node or precinct that
clearly communicates:
o
Appropriate Housing Typologies to be provided per target User Group; Quantum of
housing units that can and should be provided per user group and per typology in
respective locations; Estimated unit cost of providing each type of housing unit in
respective locations; Total area of land needed to provide desired number of units in
respective locations, related to the typology selected;
o
Present draft findings to key stakeholders and expert groups in order to discuss content.
Phase 4: Develop a practical Implementation Plan with cost estimates

Comprehensive set of actions needed to be taken by the City in order to realise the desired
housing supply quantified and modelled in the strategic locations;
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
Detailing of a set of institutional and financial mechanisms for delivery ;

Indicative supporting social infrastructure types and associate costs required to meet the
demands and proposals in the various locations identified;

Develop prioritisation criteria and phasing of prioritised actions in collaboration with the client, key
stakeholders and expert advisory groups. Assignment of roles and responsibilities for
implementation of various components of the supply chain;

Workshopping the implementation plan, prioritising, allocation of roles and responsibilities and
phasing with key stakeholders and expert advisory groups.
Project Resources and Internal Co-ordination
Utilising USDG funds, the City was able to secure additional capacity to complete the SHSUP using
external service providers.
In addition to a lead consultant project team, an advisory panel
(coordinated by “Work in Development”) have been appointed to assess and act as a sounding board
for the proposals made by the consultant team and project coordinator. Furthermore, a Stakeholder
Steering Committee comprising all City departments and Municipal Entities has been formed in order
to update and solicit input from the various stakeholders on a phase by phase basis.
1. Project Coordinator: Development Planning and Facilitation (DPF)
2. Consulting Team
3. Advisory Group
4. Technical Committee:
a. DPF
b. Human Settlements
c.
Lead Consultant
d. Advisory Panel
5.
Steering Committee – all Departments and Municipal Entities
Table 1 below illustrates the various engagements that took place during the completion of the
SHSUP.
Table 1: Stakeholder Engagement Programme
Advisory / Stakeholder Group
Stakeholder Steering Committee
Advisory Group
Date
06 / 12 / 11
13 / 02 /12
Stakeholder Steering Committee
24 / 02 / 12
Advisory Group and break away
groups
19 / 03 / 12
Advisory Group
16 / 04 / 12
Phase 3: Modelling results / Methodology
Stakeholder Steering Committee
11 / 05 / 12
Advisory Group
14 / 05 / 12
Phase 3 : Modelling Detail / Prelim
Implementation Themes
Phase 4: Implementation plan
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Purpose
Inception Meeting
Phase 1: Status Quo Information and
Analysis Presentation
Phase 1: Status Quo Information and
Analysis Presentation
Phase 2: Development Principles and
Strategic locations
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2.
DEFINING AN APPROACH TO SUSTAINABLE HUMAN SETTLEMENT
AND
SUSTAINABLE
DEVELOPMENT
FOR
THE
CITY
OF
JOHANNESBURG
A common vision on and understanding of sustainable human settlement and sustainable
development is crucial to moving towards more sustainable human settlements for the City.
Responses to urban development and management need to consider integrated and new responses
to evolving challenges in the implementation of sustainable development to move toward the vision of
sustainability (Maiello et al., 2011). Furthermore, the SHSUP needs to establish the platform and
framework to support a convincing and credible shift from the provision of housing and
accommodation per se to a more holistic concept of sustainable human settlements.
The following chapter of the report provides an outline of the concepts of Sustainable Human
Settlement and Sustainable Development and considers how these concepts have been applied and
utilised within the City of Johannesburg. Annexure A provides a more comprehensive overview of the
theoretical aspects of sustainability.
2.1.
Sustainable Human Settlement Definitions
The concepts of Sustainable Human Settlement and Sustainable Development are frequently used
interchangeably and whilst they do share some common aspects, it is important to distinguish
between their respective features.
The concept of Sustainable Development is normally associated with the common themes of
economic growth, human development and environmental protection. Performance and assessments
are frequently made in relation to these themes at local, national, regional or global levels. It is
therefore a more rounded and complete response to urbanisation given that the concept
acknowledges the need to take cognisance of the spatial and environmental, social and financial and
institutional implications of rapid population growth and urbanisation.
In land use, the term “sustainable development” has come to include:

Green development – the consideration in implementation of community-wide or regional
environmental implications, usually with a mixture of expected and unexpected consequences;

Land development – the process of altering the landscape in any way with a mixture of expected
and unexpected consequences;

Mixed-use development – the practice of allowing more than one type of use in a building or set of
buildings with a mixture of expected and unexpected consequences;

Real estate development – related to business including practices from renovation to purchase of
raw land with a mixture of expected and unexpected consequences;
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
Subdivision of land, or a development – a piece of land divided from a larger portion for sale or
further development;

Urban planning or development – the concept includes land use planning and transportation
planning to improve lives of communities with a mixture of expected and unexpected
consequences;

Transit orientated development – the mixed-use practice in which residential or commercial areas
are designed to maximise access to public transport.
In the generally accepted understanding of “development”, these matters are also considered:

Community development – actions taken to improve life for local communities;

Economic development – the economic elements in social change;

Rural development – actions and initiatives taken to improve the standard of living in non-Urban
neighbourhoods, countryside, and remote villages; and

Social development and processes of change in societies
The concept of Sustainable Human Settlements is more commonly associated with appropriate,
secure and serviced shelter for citizens. This term has been used synonymously with sustainable
housing in South Africa and has been used to describe integrated housing developments i.e. well
located housing in close proximity to socio-economic opportunities (for example jobs, transportation
networks and social amenities and networks). However, satisfying these requirements and elements
of SHS does not necessarily resolve all the dimensions of Sustainable Development, particularly
those aspects concerning economic growth and environmental protection.
The emphasis of this SHSUP is more tailored to the concept of the SHS. However, it is acknowledged
that there is an implicit need for the City and development partners to respond to the broader
challenges of Sustainable Development via the implementation of the SHSUP, facilitation of specific
projects and through on-going processes and initiatives undertaken by the City.
2.2.
Broader Perspectives of Sustainability – Global, National, Province
The emphasis on sustainability as both a founding vision and institutional process within the City is
congruent with global, national and City Region sentiment and rhetoric.
Globally, the sustainability agenda has been developed and continues to be expressed through:

The emergence of environmental advocacy organisations such as Friends of the Earth, the
International Institute for Environment and Development, Greenpeace, the Worldwatch Institute,
and the International Institute for Sustainable Development;
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
The effectiveness of the lobbying activities of advocacy groups has been improved through the
establishment of funds such as the Environmental Defence Fund, which provides resources to
address environmental issues more effectively through legal mechanisms;

Increased public awareness of environmental issues via advocacy organisations and also through
initiatives such as Earth Day;

Community engagement in pro-environment initiatives e.g. the Chipko Movement in India and the
Greenbelt Movement in Kenya;

The in-principle adoption of sound development principles such as “polluter pays”;

The release of the World Conservation Strategy and the World Charter for Nature;

The mainstreaming of ISO 14001 environmental management protocols;

The formulation of global sustainability indices, the preparation and adoption of codes of conduct
such as Responsible Care, and the formulation of Protocols, Agenda, and the Millennium
Development Goals.
Nationally, sustainability is mandated in the Constitution (1996: Section 24) which provides that “Everyone has the right to an environment that is not harmful to their health or well-being; and to have
the environment protected for the benefit of present and future generations through reasonable
legislative and other measures that prevent pollution and ecological degradation promote
conservation and secure ecologically sustainable development and use of natural resources while
promoting justifiable economic and social development.”
Sustainability is a fundamental cornerstone of the National Spatial Development Perspective and
National Development Plan with references being made to “sustained rapid economic growth”,
“sustainable economic activities”, “sustainable employment”, and the measurement of success “by the
degree to which the lives and the opportunities of the poorest South Africans are transformed in a
sustainable manner” (National Spatial Development Perspective, 2006; National Development Plan:
Vision for 2030, 2011:3).
The vision of a “sustainable society” is also articulated (National Strategy and Action Plan for
Sustainable Development, 2010:5). The vision is underpinned by the “fundamental principles” of (1a)
human dignity and social equity, (1b) justice and fairness, and (1c) democratic governance; the
“substantive principles” of (2a) efficient and sustainable use of natural resources, (2b) socio-economic
systems that are embedded within, and dependant on, eco-systems; and (2c) basic human needs that
must be met to ensure resources necessary for long-term survival are not destroyed for short term
gain; and “process principles” which apply to implementation, namely (3a) integration and innovation,
(3b) consultation and participation, and (3c) implementation in a phased manner. The following is the
national vision of a “sustainable society”:
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“South Africa aspires to be a sustainable, economically prosperous and self-reliant nation state that
safeguards its democracy by meeting the fundamental human needs of its people, by managing its
limited ecological resources responsibly for current and future generations, and by advancing efficient
and effective integrated planning and governance through national, regional and global collaboration.”
In the context of the Province, the Gauteng Provincial Government (GPG) strives for “the sustainable
city” encompassing “sustainable economic growth and sustainable job creation”, “sustainable socioeconomic development” and “sustainable communities”. The following initiatives illustrate the
sustainability vision of the GPG 
Gauteng Spatial Development Framework (2000);

Integrated Sustainable Rural Development Strategy (2000);

Gauteng Open Space Framework;

Gauteng Environmental Implementation Plan (2002);

Growth and Development Strategy for the Gauteng Province (2005);

Gauteng Sustainable Development Strategy: State of Play Report (2006);

Gauteng Social Development Strategy (2006);

Gauteng Air Quality Management Plan (2009);

A Strategy for a Developmental Green Economy for Gauteng (2010);

Gauteng Employment Growth and Development Strategy (2010);

Draft (Revised) Gauteng Spatial Development Framework (2010);

Gauteng Vision 2055.
A number of these are considered in more detail in Annexure B (Table B2).
2.3.
The City’s Current Approach to Sustainability and Sustainable
Development
The Johannesburg 2040 Growth and Development Strategy (GDS 2040, 2011) is premised on an
overarching Vision of sustainability for the City of Johannesburg “in which human and economic
development will not destroy the natural ecological carrying capacity of the cities, regions, nations and
interconnected global environment within which it occurs, and will not destroy the wider capacity of all
to endure” (Joburg 2040 GDS, 2011:25).
The GDS is founded on four inter-related drivers – in respect of social, environmental, economic and
institutional/political change – namely: Human and Social development; Economic growth;
Environment and Services (including the related infrastructure); and Governance. The progressive
realisation of a City that is Resilient, Sustainable and Liveable are the intended consequences of
these drivers and has provided the conceptual framework that will inform the City’s engagement with
various institutions, organisations and stakeholders. Figure 2 provides a diagrammatical
representation of this perspective.
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Figure 2: Development Drivers and Paradigm
Source: Joburg 2040: Growth and Development Strategy (page 23)
The principles of sustainability and the underlying directives of GDS 2040 have been evident in the
various contemporary and a number of key historic policies and plans of the City. An indicative list of
policies and plans of the City of Johannesburg that incorporate the vision of sustainability follows:

Sustainable Housing Strategy (2001);

Joburg Metropolitan Open Space System (2002);

Sanitation Policy (2002);

Integrated Infrastructure Plan (2003),

Refinement of the Urban Development Boundary Strategy and its Implications for Growth (2003);

Expanded Public Works Programme Policy and Implementation Framework (2004);

City Safety Strategy (2005);

Human Development Strategy (2005);

Sustainable Human Settlements and Sustainable Housing Typology Research Project (2006);

Growth Management Strategy (2008);

Framework for Non-Motorised Transport (2009);

Informal Trading Policy (2009);

Regional Spatial Development Frameworks (2010);

Spatial Development Framework (SDF, 2010);

Integrated Development Plan (2012),

Integrated Transport Plan;

Built Environment Performance Plan (BEPP, 2011);
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
Consolidated Johannesburg Town Planning Scheme (2011);

Integrated Waste Management Policy (2011);

The business plans, annual reports and performance plans of the municipal entities, being -
City Parks;
-
City Power;
-
Johannesburg Water (JW);
-
Metrobus;
-
Pikitup;
-
the Johannesburg Development Agency (JDA);
-
the Johannesburg Property Company (JPC);
-
the Johannesburg Roads Agency (JRA); and
-
the Johannesburg Social Housing Company (Joshco).
A number of these are considered in more detail in Annexure B (Table B3).
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