Supplementary material Table S1 Climate and geographical information for 8 meteorological stations around Mt. Xiangpi Meteorological station Gangcha Gonghe Haiyan Chaka Tianjun Tuole Delingha Dachaidan MAT/°C MAP/mm N(Latitude) E(Longititude) -0.3 4.1 0.5 2.2 -1.1 -2.7 3.8 1.9 381.3 391.9 211.5 360.0 292.9 166.7 - 37.33 36.27 36.95 37.78 37.30 38.50 37.37 37.51 100.85 100.62 100.85 99.08 99.03 98.3 97.37 95.22 Altitude/m Time span 3301.5 2835.0 3140.0 3087.6 3404.0 3668.0 2981.5 3173.2 1970-2000 1971-2000 1956-2007 1971-2000 Station No. 52856 52753 52737 52713 Note: ‘-‘means data not available. We obtained climate and geographical information for 8 meteorological stations around Mt. Xiangpi and developed a transfer function between MAT and the geographic parameters using the least squares multiple regressions by SPSS software with an equation as follow. MAT = 29.806+0.601×LAT-0.191×LON-0.01×ALT (R2 = 0.99, n=9), where LAT, LON, and ALT represent latitude, longitude and altitude, respectively. The equation has a RMSE of ±0.43 °C, which means this equation can predict MAT that fits well with the actual values. Table S2 Climate and geographical information for 7 meteorological stations around Mt. Rungwe, Tanzania Locations IRINGA MBEYA TUKUYU KYELA KISANGA MATAMBA IPINDA Altitude/m MAT/°C MAP/mm 1428 1706 1424 503 147 2107 491 19.1 17.0 20.5 25.3 25.8 16.6 24.1 661.0 850.0 1960.4 1270.2 1357.0 1061.9 1502.9 A similar transfer function between altitude and MAT was obtained according to the meteorological record in Table S2: MAT = -0.005×Altitude+26.96 (R2 = 0.96, n = 7) 1