МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И НАУКИ РЕСПУБЛИКИ КАЗАХСТАН
КАЗАХСКИЙ НАЦИОНАЛЬНЫЙ ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ
ИМЕНИ К.И.САТПАЕВА
Институт базового образования
имени Аль-Машани
Кафедра иностранных языков
Айжан Жусуповна Мырзабаева
Люция Бариевна Мендыбаева
Иностранный язык
УЧЕБНО-МЕТОДИЧЕСКИЙ КОМПЛЕКС
ДИСЦИПЛИНЫ
По дисциплине «ИНОСТРАННЫЙ ЯЗЫК»
для специальности 5В074600 “Космическая техника и технологии”
Алматы 2013
1
Учебно-методический комплекс для студентов КАЗНТУ им.
К.И.Сатпаева по дисциплине «Язык специальности» (английский) для
специальности –5В074600
Составители: ст.преп. Мырзабаева А.Ж., ст.преп. Мендыбаева Л.Б.,
Алматы КазНТУ, 2013
Аннотация.
Данный учебно-методический комплекс составлен в
соответствии
с
требованиями
квалификационной
характеристики
специалистов,
Государственных
стандартов, основ организации и проведения практических
занятий и включает в себя рабочую программу (силлабус),
список основной и дополнительной литературы, а также
грамматический материал, который предполагает развития
всех видов речевой деятельности и способствует
творческому подходу в овладении английским языком.
Каждая тема состоит из разделов, включающих работу над
текстами,
расширением
потенциального
словаря,
развитием навыков чтения, говорения, аудирования и
письма,
предполагает
выполнение
студентами
традиционных упражнений, групповую и индивидуальную
работу, работу в парах, самостоятельную работу.
Основное внимание в УМК уделяется выработке навыков и
умений
различных
видов
чтения
(изучающее,
ознакомительное, просмотровое, поисковое, критическое и
др.), что в дальнейшем позволит студенту с достаточной
гибкостью и скоростью извлекать из текста смысловую
информацию. В качестве основных учебных материалов
используются оригинальные тексты. К каждой теме
представлены тексты для СРС и СРСП, предполагающие
точное понимание и преодоление при чтении лексических и
грамматических трудностей. Значительное внимание в
УМК уделяется развитию навыков устной речи по темам.
Упражнения
по
обучению
диалогической
и
монологической речи представлены следующим образом:
усвоение материала основного текста урока; усвоение
активного словаря и работа над тематикой.
Рецензент - кандидат филологических наук, доцент кафедры иностранных
языков КазНТУ им.К.И.Сатпаева Шорабаева Н.К.
Печатается по типовой учебной программе, утвержденной Министерством
образования и науки Республики Казахстан на 2013г.
2
КазНТУ имени К.И.Сатпаева, 2013
1 Учебно - методический комплекс дисциплин
1.1 Данные о преподавателях-разработчиках:
Преподаватели, ведущие занятия Мырзабаева А.Ж., Мендыбаева Л.Б.
Контактная информация 257 71 45
1.2 Данные о дисциплине:
Название «Английский технический язык»
Количество кредитов 3
Место проведения 825
Выписка из рабочего учебного плана
1 семестр
Таблица 1
Кредит
ы
1
2
3
3
3
3
9
1
2
3
3
3
3
9
Курс
Семест
р
Академических часов в неделю
Практич.
СРО
СРОП Всег
занятия
*
о
Форма
контроля
Устный
экзамен
Устный
экзамен
2 семестр
Таблица 1
Кредит
ы
1
2
3
3
3
3
9
1
2
3
3
3
3
9
Курс
Семест
р
Академических часов в неделю
Практич.
СРО
СРОП Всег
занятия
*
о
Форма
контроля
Устный
экзамен
Устный
экзамен
1.3 Пререквизиты: Студент 1 курса должен обладать знаниями в
объеме грамматического и лексического материала школьной
программы
1.4Краткое описание дисциплины
Целью обучения английскому языку является формирование
практического владения этим языком, что предполагает дальнейшее
совершенствование умений в различных видах речевой деятельности.
3
Определяются
функциональные
разновидности
диалогической
и
монологической речи, стратегии чтения, типов письменной речи, уровня
сформированности речевых умений в рамках социально-экономической,
научно-технической и общекультурной тематики. Практикуется чтение
общетехнических текстов, ознакомление с технической и научной
терминологией и переводу общетехнических текстов.
В целом цели и задачи, структура и содержание курса обучения
иностранным языкам составлены с учетом специфики профессиональной
подготовки обучающихся в техническом вузе, т.е. с учетом, технических и
общетехнических
дисциплин,
имеющих
отношение
к
горнометаллургической, нефтяной и геологической.
1.5 Данная учебная программа (Syllabus) ставит своей задачей научить
студентов практическому владению английским языком:
-понимать язык реалии науки и техники, грамотно пользоваться в речи
научно-техническими терминами
-знакомиться и уметь работать с техническими текстами
-уметь свободно вести беседу на повседневные профессиональные,
деловые темы
-уметь пользоваться справочной литературой на английском языке
(толковыми словарями, справочниками, энциклопедиями).
-осуществлять перевод общетехнических текстов.
1.6Перечень и виды заданий и график их выполнения:
Виды заданий и сроки их выполнения
1семестр
Виды
контроля
Текущий
контроль
Вид
работы
СР
ДЗ 1
Тема работы
См.таб. тема.1,2
СРСП
English in the3-d
Millenium
См. табл. Тема № 1
ДЗ 2
American Youth
CPCП
К
Лексикограмматический
тест (15п)
См.таб. тема.3,4
ДЗ 3
4
Ссылки на
рекомендуемую
литературу
10 (доп.) стр. 5455
стр. 70-71
1 (осн.) стр. 37-42
14 (доп.) стр. 112114
1таблица
Сроки
Баллы Сдачи
3
1неделя
3
2
неделя
3
неделя
3
9 (доп.)
3
4
4
неделя
5неделя
Лексико-грамтест
3
6неделя
2 (осн.) стр. 40
3
7
СР
Рубежный
контроль
РК
ДЗ 4
СРСП
ДЗ 5
СР
ДЗ 6
Рубежный
контроль
РК
Internet
См. табл. Тема №
2,3
Лексикограмматический
тест (15п)
Application of
Computers
3 (осн.) стр. 75-78
7 (осн.) стр. 20-22
См.таб. тема.5,6
12 (доп.) стр. 101108
3 (осн.) стр. 4-5
The Progress of
Science
См. табл. Тема №
4,5
5 (осн.) стр. 37-40
стр. 45-51
5 (осн.) стр. 175184
3 (осн.) стр. 13-17.
Лексикограмматический
тест (15п)
Лексические темы,
Итоговый экзамен изученные во 2
контроль
семестре
Вид
работы
Тема работы
1
2
3
Текущий
контроль
СР
Дз 1
СРСП
Дз 2
10
9
неделя
3
10
неделя
11
неделя
12
неделя
13
неделя
3
3
3
6 (осн.) стр. 21-28,
Scientific and
Technological
Progress.
2семестр
Виды
Контроля
3
неделя
8
неделя
3
14
неделя
10
15
неделя
40
2 таблица
Ссылка
на Сроки
рекомендуемую
сдачи
литературу
4
6
The Progress of
Science
The role of Russian
Scientists in
Ezploration of
Space
The Use of Nuclear
Power
The Third
American
5
2(осн.) стр.23-25
4(осн)
244
1-я неделя
стр.242- 2-я неделя
1(осн.)стр.132135
3-я неделя
4-я неделя
СРСП
Expedition to the
Moon
К
Space Exploration
Дз 3
Baikonur
Space Research in
Kazakhstan
СР
РК
Лексикограмматический
тест
Дз 4
Рубежный
контроль
СРСП
Дз 5
СР
Дз 6
Дз 7
3 (осн.) стр.1024- 5-я неделя
1025
6-я неделя
3(осн.)стр.1033135
7-я неделя
1(осн.)стр.138140
8-я неделя
9-я неделя
2(осн.)стр.35-38
What is
Nanotechnology
History of
Nanotechnology
Nanofabrication
Approaches in
Nanotechnologies
Baikonur
Cosmodrom
10-я неделя
11-я неделя
1(осн.)стр.299302
12-я неделя
1(осн.)стр.304308
1(осн.)стр.313314
1(осн.)стр.315316
13-я неделя
14-я неделя
2(доп.)
Space Research
and Experiments
on manned Space
Complex
Рубежный
контроль
Лексико Грамматические и
лексические темы
грамати- изученные
в
ческий
семестре
тест.
Итоговый Устный
контроль
экзамен
1.7 Список литературы
6
2(доп.)
2(осн.)стр.10361038
15-я
Неделя
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
ОСНОВНАЯ ЛИТЕРАТУРА
Радовель. Английский язык для технических вузов. Учебное пособие.
Москва, 2010
А.С. Андриенко. Английский язык для студентов неязыковых вузов.
Ростов-на-Дону, «Финекс», 2007
Е.Зинина. 95 устных тем по английскому языку. Москва, Айрис-пресс,
2008
И.В. Орловская, Л.С. Самсонова. Учебник английского языка для
студентов технических университетов и вузов. Москва, Издательство
МГТУ им. И.Э. Баумана, 2000.
Opportunities Pre-Intermediate Student’s book, Longman, 2002.
ДОПОЛНИТЕЛЬНАЯЛИТЕРАТУРА
1. А.П.Агабекян. Английский язык для инженеров. Ростов – наДону
«Феникс», 2003.
2. Интернет www.Space Research.
1.8 Контроль и оценка знаний.
Распределение рейтинговых процентов по видам контроля
№
Вид итогового
вариантов
контроля
1
Экзамен
Таблица 3
%
Виды контроля
Текущий контроль
Рубежный контроль
Итоговый контроль
100
100
100
Сроки сдачи результатов текущего контроля определяется
календарным графиком учебного процесса.
Календарный график проведения всех видов контроля
по дисциплине «Английский язык»
1 семестр
Недели
Виды
контроля
1 2
3
С ДЗ ДЗ
Р 1
2
С
1 1
1
4
К
5
6
7
8
9
10
Таблица 3
11 12 13 14
15
СР ДЗ СР ДЗ РК СРС ДЗ СРС ДЗ ДЗ РК
С 3 С 4
5
6
7
Кол-во
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
контроля
Виды контроля: К – контрольная работа
СРС– самостоятельная работа студента
РК – рубежный контроль
7
1
1
1
1
1
ДЗ – домашние задания (включая по СРСП)
2 семестр
Недели
Виды
контроля
1 2
3
С ДЗ ДЗ
Р 1
2
С
1 1
1
4
К
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
Таблица 4
12 13 14 15
СР ДЗ СР ДЗ РК СРС ДЗ СРС ДЗ ДЗ РК
С 3 С 4
5
6
7
Кол-во
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
контроля
Виды контроля: К – контрольная работа
СРС– самостоятельная работа студента
РК – рубежный контроль
ДЗ – домашние задания (включая по СРСП)
1
1
1
1
Оценка знаний студентов
Итоговая оценка по дисциплине определяется по шкале согласно нижеследующей
таблицы
Оценка по буквенной
системе
А
АВ+
В
ВС+
С
СD+
D
F
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Баллы
%-ное
содержание
95-100
90-94
85-89
80-84
75-79
70-74
65-69
60-64
55-59
50-54
0-49
4
3,67
3,33
3,0
2,67
2,33
2,0
1,67
1,33
1,0
0
Таблица 5
Оценка по традиционной
системе
Отлично
Хорошо
Удовлетворительно
Неудовлетворительно
Перечень вопросов для проведения контроля по модулям и
промежуточной аттестации
1 семестр
I модуль
Why do the teenagers develop values different from those held by their
parents?
Whose values are the teenagers influenced by?
What problems do some young people face?
What sports do you go in for?
What proves the popularity of sports in the country?
8
6. What is the core of professional sports in this country?
7. What sporting activities do people go in for at amateur clubs and keep-fit
centers?
8. Are there any cases of medical personnel being infected?
9. Does a positive HTLV-III test mean that an individual has AIDS?
10.What plan has the World Health Organization undertaken?
II модуль
1. What did the Morrill Act grant?
2. What role did the schools play in the late 19th and early 20th century?
3. What is the most noteworthy feature about American education?'
4. What do American public schools teach?
5. What are the students supposed to do in the laboratories?
6. Will the students have practical work in survey camps or in the laboratories?
7. What do the students use-surveying equipment for?
8. What can you say about studying foreign languages at the University?
9. Does the Mining Engineering Department deal only with metalliferous
mining?
10.Can a student enter the university after he has graduated from the college?
Промежуточная аттестация
1. What sports do you go in for?
2. What proves the popularity of sports in the country?
3. What did Congress approve in 1965?
4. What do American institutions of higher education include?
5. Why does AIDS gain increasing recognition as an epidemic?
6. Is casual contact dangerous?
7. What does the St. Lawrence Seaway connect?
8. What were the America's earely settlers attracted by?
9. What is production value of crude oil in the USA?
10.What are the English names of the country which we call «Англия»?
11. What is the official name of Great Britain?
12. What do you know about geographical situation, population and climate of
Great Britain?
13. What are the oldest British universities?
14. What are the main political parties in Great Britain?
15. What are the major cities of the United States?
Перечень вопросов для проведения контроля по модулям и
промежуточной аттестации
2 семестр
I модуль
1. What is the role of science and technology in our life?
2. What things, which we use in our daily life, would seem miracles to our
9
ancestors?
4. How have great inventions changed our life?
5. What is our century called? Why?
6. Why was it called the atomic age?
7. What problems has the rapid scientific progress aroused?
8. We are grateful to the great scientists and inventors, aren’t we?
9. When did man first begin to think of space travel?
10. What did the famous Italian astronomer Galilei tell people about?
11. What did the German astronomer discover?
II модуль
1. Who made the first steps in conquering space?
2. Who first emerged from the spacecraft into outer space and when?
3. On what spaceship did the American astronauts research the Moon?
4. On what module did the American astronauts descend on to the Moon?
5. What is the use of unmanned space flights?
6. What information can astronauts get flying on manned spaceships?
7. How can spaceships be powered during their flights?
8. What is the most advantageous energy for space flights nowadays?
9. What do you know about the Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generators?
10. What is the Seeback effect?
Промежуточная аттестация
1. What Russia scientist is the founder of astronautics?
2. Who is A.D. Zasyadko and what do you know of him?
3. What do we honor S. Korolyov for?
4. What problems were solved under the guidance of S. Korolyov?
5. What problems did K. Tsiolkovsky solve?
6. When was the first serious story of space travel written?
7. What other books about space were written?
8. What was the name of the first American satellite and when was it fired
into orbit?
9. How did Russian scientists begin to research the Moon?
10.What do you know about the first astronaut to orbit the Earth?
1.9 Политика и процедура
Не допускаются опоздания и пропуски.
Во время занятий пользование сотовыми телефонами запрещено.
Сдачу всех видов контроля производить в установленные сроки.
2.СОДЕРЖАНИЕ АКТИВНОГО РАЗДАТОЧНОГО МАТЕРИАЛА
2.1 Тематический план курса
10
Наименование темы
№
Количество академических
часов
Практически СРСП
СРС
е занятия
1 семестр
15
15
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
15
3
3
3
3
3
15
3
3
3
3
3
1 Theme 1: Students Life
1.English in the Third Millenium
2.American Youth
3.Sport Superstitions
4.Aids - the New Epidemic
5.Leisure Time Activities
2 Тема 2: New Technologies
1.Internet
2.Application of Computers
3.History of Laser and its Application
4.History of Nanotechnology
5.Atomic Energy
3 Тема 3: Innovative Space Technologies
1.The Progress of Science in the 21
Century
2.Scientific and Technological Progress
3.What is Engineering?
4.Biorythm
5.Satellites
Итого:
15
3
3
3
3
3
45
Наименование темы
15
3
3
3
3
3
15
3
3
3
3
3
15
3
3
3
3
3
15
3
3
3
3
3
45
45
Количество академических часов
№
Практическ
ие занятия
11
СРСП
СРС
1
2
3
2 семестр
Тема 1: Space Research
1.The Role of Russian Scientists
in Exploration of Space
2.The Third American Expedition
to the Moon
3.School of Aeronautics and
Austronautics
4. Some Steps in Conquering
Space
5.The Use of Nuclear Power in
Space
15
Тема 2:Space Technologies in
Kazakhstan
1.Baikonur Cosmodrom
2.Space Research in Kazakhstan
3.Space Research and
Experiments on Manned Space
Complexes
4.Kazakh Astronauts
5.The Road to the Stars
Тема 3:Achievements in Space
Industry
1.Propulsion in Space
2.Space Exploration
3.Atomic Power for Space Travel
4.Secrets of Comets
5.Comets and Satellites
15
3
Всего:
(часов)
15
15
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
15
15
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
15
3
15
3
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1 семестр
Task 1. Read the text.
ENGLISH IN THE THIRD MILLENIUM
On the anniversary of Shakespeare’s death, Bridget Lewis talks about the future of the
English language.
T wo thousand years ago English did not exist. A thousand years ago it was a
language used by less than two million people. Now it is the most influential
language in the world, spoken by more than a billion people on the planet, as their
first, second or third language. English currently dominates science, business, the
mass media and popular culture. For example, 80% of e-mails on the Internet are in
English. But where will English be at the end of 10 the third millennium?
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One view is that English is going to become even more important as a global
lingua franca, dominating the world’s trade and media while most other languages
will become localised or just die out. At present, over half the world’s 6,500
languages are in danger of extinction. Another view is that English is already
breaking up, as Latin did, into several separate languages. There are already
dictionaries of the ‘New Englishes’, such as Australian English, full of words that a
British English speaker would not recognise.
Hopefully, neither of these things will happen. Although different 20 varieties of
English will continue to develop around the world, standard English will survive for
international communication.In addition, the frightening prospect of a culturally
uniform world totally dominated by one language is impossible. Already, other
languages are fighting back against the iron grip of English on the 25 Net.
Governments around the world are also starting to protect smaller languages and
recognise the importance of cultural and linguistic diversity. English will probably
stay in control for a long time, at least while the USA remains the top superpower,
but it definitely won’t become the only language in the world.
Task 1.1 Read the text, choose the correct answer.
1. How many people spoke English in 1000 AD?
a) 2 million
b) 12 million
c) 20 million
2. How many people speak it now?
a) 200 million
b) 500 million
c) a billion
3. What percentage of the world's e-mails are in English?
a) 50%
b) 80%
c) 90%
4. How many languages are there in the world?
a) 4,000
b) 6,500
c) 9,000
Task 1.2 Work out the parts of speech of the underlined words below.
Preposition
Adjective
Adverb
Emma left home, (1) rounded the corner on her bike and saw a (2) round metal
object on the road. It went (3) round and round in circles making a strange noise.
Suddenly, a man came (4) round the corner and fired a (5) round of ammunition at
the object before picking it up. Then he looked (6) round and said, 'That's about the
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tenth alien I've (7) rounded up this week.' He (8) rounded off his speech with a
bow and several passersby gave him a (9) round of applause. Emma thought to
herself. There are some very strange people (10) round here!
Task 2. Read the text
AMERICAN YOUTH
What is it like to be a young person in the United States? At 18 years of age,
young people in the United States can take on most of the rights and the
responsibilities of adulthood. Before this occurs, however, the American teenager
(a common name for a young person between the ages of 13 and 19), goes through
the period of adolescence. Psychologists (specialists who study the science of
human behavior) say that most young people experience conflict during this period
of their lives. They are changing rapidly, both physically and emotionally and they
are searching for self-identity. As they are growing up and becoming more
independent, teenagers sometimes develop different values from those held by
their parents. American teenagers begin to be influenced by the values expressed
by their friends, the media (newspapers, television, magazines, etc.) and teachers.
During this period of their lives, young people also begin to participate in social
activities such as sporting events and church group projects, as well to do more
things in the company of members of the opposite sex and fewer things in the
company of their families.
While the teenage years for most American young people are nearly free of
serious conflict, all youths face a certain number of problems. Some young people
have difficulties in their relationships with their parents or problems at school
which may lead to use of alcohol or drugs, the refusal to attend school or even to
running away from home. In extreme cases, some might turn to crime and become
juvenile delinquents (a lawbreaker under 18).
However, for every teenager experiencing such problems many more are
making positive, important contributions to their communities, schools and society.
Task 2.1 Аnswer the following questions.
1. At what age can a young American take the responsibilities of adulthood?
2. What is implied under the “period of adolescenes”?
3. Why do young people experience conflicts during this period of their lives?
4. Why do the teenagers develop values different from those held by their parents?
5. Whose values are the teenagers influenced by?
6. What problems do some young people face?
Task 2.2 Give Russian equivalents to the following word combinations:
the rights of adulthood;
american teenagers;
the period of adolescence;
to experience conflict;
to search for self-identity;
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to participate in social activities;
to develop different values from;
to be free of serious conflicts;
to face a number of problems;
in extreme cases;
to become juvenile;
15delinquents;
a lawbreaker;
to make contributions to the community.
Task 3. Read the text.
SPORT SUPERSTITIONS
Footbal. Many players think that they'll play better if they follow certain
rituals before a match. Some always tie the laces of their right boot first. Others
kiss their football shirts before the match. Some people say that double
numbers on a player's shirt could bring good luck.iDavid Beckham wears a new
pair jof boots for every match!
Rugby. The famous New Zealand rugby team, the All Blacks, perform an
ancient Maori dance called the 'Haka' before each match. It's a very dramatic
sight, and even if it doesn't help the All Blacks to win, it'll definitely frighten the
opposing team!
Formula one racing. World-famous racing driver, Michael Schumacher,
is one of many racing drivers who believes that a ritual will help him win.
He always gets into his car in the same way before a race. For him the left hand side of the car is the lucky side but that is not enough: he makes
certain that he puts his right foot into car first! A strong superstition in the
racing world is that the colous green is unlucky.
Basketbal. The last person to get the ball in the basket in a prematch warm
up will have a good game. If you wipe the soles of your sneakers, you will
definitely have better luck. Michael Jordan always wore blue shorts under his
uniform to bring him luck.
Tennis. Across the world tennis players believe tha holding more than two
balls while serving will probably bring bad luck. Some say that it might be unlucky
to step on the court lines during a match. The famous tennis player Goran
Ivanisevic has a strict pre-game ritual. When in London, he books the same table
of the same restaurant and orders the same feast of fish soup, lamb and ice cream
with chocolate sauce. British number one Tim Henmen, has a favourite shower
cubicle at Wimbledon, which he uses before and after his matches. He refuses to
use any other shower cubicle.
Task 3.1 Answer the questions in pairs.
1. Who always has a shower in the same cubicle at Wimbledon?
2. In which sport is the colour green considered unlucky?
3. If you want to have more luck in basketball, what should you do?
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4. What is the name of the dance performed by the All Blacks rugby team?
Task 3.2 Talking about your country.
1. What are the most popular stars in your country?
2. Do any of the sports stars in your country have superstition?
3. Apart from sports, what else are people superstitions about?
4. Do you have any superstitions or rituals that you believe will bring you good
luck?
5. If you could go to one sporting event anywhere in the world, which would you
go to? Why?
Task 4. Read the text
AIDS - THE NEW EPIDEMIC
Knowledge is the key to preventing this fast-spreading disease. AIDSAcquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, weakens the body’s ability to fight off
infection and disease. It was first reported in the United States in 1981.
More than 70 per cent of all AIDS cases prove fatal within two years of
diagnosis. While doctors are learning more about treating the infections affecting
AIDS victims, little can be done to restore the body`s immune system to normal.
The number of AIDS cases continues growing at a rapid rate. The number of
reported cases doubles every nine to 15 months. This trend is continuing and AIDS
gains increasing recognition as an epidemic.
Scientists believe that a virus known as Human T-Lymphotropic Virus,
Type III (abbreviated HTLV-III) causes AIDS. It appears, that HTLV-III, like
other viruses, may remain latent in the body without ever causing AIDS disease.
HTLV-III, the AIDS virus, passes from person to person through the exchange of
body fluids. Currently, however, nothing indicates that transmission is possible
through sneezing, touching or other casual contact.
Before transmission of AIDS was understood donating blood and receiving
blood transfusions created some fears. But donor`s giving blood transfusions is a
safe activity. In early 1985, blood banks in the United States began using a
screening test for HTLV-III antibody. Beyond screening in the USA, the World
Health Organization (WHO) has begun plans of coordinating a global surveillance
of AIDS. A positive HTLV-III test doesn’t mean that an individual has AIDS.
No cure has yet been found for AIDS. Several drugs which have been
found to have some action against the AIDS virus are now being tested on a small
number of patients.
AIDS is a serious public health problem. Until a cure is discovered
prevention is the only way of fighting it. By knowing the facts about AIDS, taking
personal precautions, and supporting efforts to find a cure everyone can help
fighting AIDS.
Vocabulary:
disease — болезнь
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AIDS(Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome)
— СПИД (Синдром
приобретенного иммунодефицита)
ability — способность
to treat — лечить
victim — жертва
to restore — восстанавливать
rate — скорость, темп
to double — удваивать
to sneeze — чихать
to cough — кашлять
transmission — передача
transfusion — переливание (крови)
screening test — скрининг-тест, предварительное, отсеивающее испытание
WHO(World Health Organization) — ВОЗ, Всемирная Oрганизация
Здравоохранения
surveillance — обследование
cure — лечение, лекарство
drug — зд. Лекарство
prevention — предотвращение, предохранение
precaution — предосторожность
Task 4.1 Answer the questions.
1. How does AIDS affect a person?
2. When was the disease first reported?
3. Is the disease curable?
4. Why does AIDS gain increasing recognition as an epidemic?
5. Is casual contact dangerous?
6. Are there any cases of medical personnel being infected?
7. Does a positive HTLV-III test mean that an individual has AIDS?
8. What plan has the World Health Organization undertaken?
Task 4.2 Find synonyms from the text to the following words and word
expressions:
quick, to go on increasing, tendency, at present, to give blood, to start, to discover,
to control.
Task 4.3 Complete the sentences using preposition + gerund and translate
them:
Model: I know the way (to do) it.
I know the way of doing it.
1. He never thought of… (to become a surgeon).
2. The doctor insisted on… (to double the dose).
3. Who is responsible for … (to feed the patients)?
4. She recognizes the importance of … (to check the data).
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5. They think it is a possible means of … (to save his life).
6. He succeeded in … (to pass his examination).
7. I don’t like his habit of … (to come late).
8. Let us talk. Give your own example. You are tired of … (to read).
Task 5. Read the text
LEISURE -TIME ACTIVITIES
Schools provide American students with much more than academic
education. Students learn about the world through various school-related activities.
More than 80 percent of all students participate in student activities, such as sports,
student newspapers, drama clubs, debate teams, choral groups and bands.
What are the favourite sports of American young people? According to the
survey “The Mood of American Youth”, they prefer football, basketball, baseball,
wrestling, tennis, soccer, boxing, hockey, track and golf.
During their leisure time, students spend much time watching television.
They also listen to music on the radio and tape players. The average American
teenager listens to music on the radio about three hours every day. Without a
doubt, rock-and-roll music is the favorite of teenagers in the United States.
American’s young people are mostly hard working. Many have after-school jobs.
One poll indicated that nine out of 10 teenagers polled said they either had a job or
would like one.
Child labor laws set restrictions on the types of work that youths under 16
years old can do. Many youths work part-time on weekends or after school at fastfood restaurants, baby-sit for neighbour, hold delivery jobs or work in stores.
Many –youths are involved in community service organizations. Some are
active in church and religious-groups such as Girl Scouts or Boy Scouts. About
three million girls aged six to 17 years old belong to Girl Scouts, for example.
They learn about citizenship, crafts, arts, camping and other outdoor activities.
Thousands of young people volunteer to help take care of the elderly, the
handicapped and hospital patients. Many help clean up the natural environment.
Task 5.1 Answer the following questions.
1. How do the students learn about the world?
2. What sports do Americans prefer?
3. Are American’s young people hard-working?
4. What do Child labor laws restrict?
5. What organizations are many young people involved in?
Task 5.2 Ask your friends to put questions on the text and answer them.
Task 5.3 Make up a dialogue on the basis of the text, using the following
expressions:
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American students; school-related activities; favorite sports; to listen to the
music on the radio; after-school jobs; child labour; on weekends; to hold delivery
jobs; outdoor activities; 19handicapped hospital patients; natural environment.
Методические рекомендации:
Для развития навыков говорения рекомендуется использовать
упражнения, предполагающее высказать собственное мнение. Рекомендуется
проработать дополнительную литературу, нацелить студентов находить в них
необходимую и достаточную информацию
Контрольные вопросы:
1. At what age can a young American take the responsibilities of adulthood?
2. What is implied under the “period of adolescences”?
3. Why do young people experience conflicts during this period of their lives?
4. Why are people fond of sports?
5. What is provided for them?
6. What sports and games are popular with you and your friends?
7. What are the most popular stars in your country?
8. How does AIDS affect a person?
9. Why does AIDS gain increasing recognition as an epidemic?
10. Is casual contact dangerous?
Рекомендуемая литература:
3 (ocн) стр.234-237
Task 1. Read the text.
THE INTERNET
The USSR's launch of Sputnik spurred the United States to create the
Advanced Research Projects Agency, known as ARPA, in February 1958 to regain
a technological lead. This agency established the Information Processing
Technology Office (IPTO) which had networked country-wide radar systems
together for the first time. J. Licklider was the first head of the computer research
program and convinced his successors of the importance of this networking
concept.
In July 1961 Leonard Kleinrock published the first paper on packet switching
theory — a technology that allowed packets of data to be sent to different
computers without passing through a centralized mainframe. This was a major step
along the path towards computer networking. The other key step was to make the
computers talk together. To explore this, Lawrence Roberts and Thomas Merwill
connected the TX-2 computer in Massachusetts to the Q-32 in California with a
low speed dial-up telephone line, creating the first wide-area computer network
ever built. The result of this experiment was the realization that the time-shared
computers could work well together, running programs and retrieving data as
necessary on the remote machine.
It should be noted that the history of Internet development revolves around
four distinct aspects. There is the technological evolution that began with early
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research on packet switching and where current research continues to expand the
horizons of the infrastructure along several dimensions, such as scale, performance
and higher level functionality. There is the operations and management aspect of a
global and complex operational infrastructure. There is the social aspect, which
resulted in a broad community of "internauts" (people) working together to create
and evolve the technology. And there is the commercialization aspect resulting in
an extremely effective transition of research results into a broadly deployed and
available information infrastructure.
At present the Internet (Intercontinental Network) is a worldwide net
work of computers and computer networks that can communicate with each other
using Internet Protocol (IP). It is a "network of networks" that consists of millions
of private and public, academic, business and government networks linked by
copper wires, fibre-optic cables, wireless connections and other technologies. The
Internet carries various information resources and services, such as electronic mail,
on-line chat, file transfer and file sharing, on-line gaming, and the inter-linked
hypertext documents and other resources of the World Wide Web (WWW).
The Internet can now be accessed virtually anywhere by numerous means.
Mobile phones, datacards, handheld game consoles and cellular routes allow users
to connect to the Internet from anywhere there is a cellular network supporting that
device's technology. Within the limitations imposed by the small screen and other
limited facilities of such a pocket-sized device, all the services of the Internet,
including e-mail and web browsing, may be available in this way.
Thus, as we see, the Internet has revolutionized the computer and
communications world like nothing before. The invention of the telegraph,
telephone, radio and computer set the stage for this unprecedented integration of
capabilities. The Internet is at once a world-wide broadcasting capability, a
mechanism for information dissemination, and a medium for collaboration and
interaction between individuals and their computers without regard for
geographical location.
Task 1.1 Answer the questions
1. What was the reason of working out the computer research program in America?
2. Who convinced American scientists of the importance of the networking
concept?
3. What American scientist gave the theoretical foundation of remote
communication?
4. What was his theory based on?
5. When was the first computer network built and where?
6. What are the four aspects of the history of Internet development?
7. What is the Internet today?
8. What services can the Internet suggest to users?
9. How сап computer networks communicate with each other?
10. What gave the impetus to the development of the Internet?
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Task1.2 Translate the following words into Russian
tо inform — informal; informatics; information; informer; informationally;
informatization.
to communicate
—
communicant;
communicable;
incommunicable;
communicating; communication; communicative; incommunicative.
to implement — implementation; implemented.
to retrieve — retrieval; retrievable; irretrievable.
to browse — browser; browsing.
to originate — origin; original; unoriginal; originally; origination; originator.
to address — addressability; addressable ; addressee; addressing; addressless;
addressness.
access — accessibility; inaccessibility; accessible; inaccessible; accessory.
sequence — sequent; sequential; sequencer; consequently.
function — functional; functionality; functionally.
Task 1.3 Give synonyms
Nouns:
Concept
Intelligence
Memory
Property
Wish
Simulation
Effect
investigation
understanding
Verbs:
to transfer
to carry out
to expand
to result from
to divide
to take out
to include
to embrace
to assemble
Adjectives:
following
fundamental
initial
accurate
up-to-date
additional
definite
mobile
present-day
Adverbs:
mainly
safely
evidently
widely
consequently
Task 2. Read the text
APPLICATION OF COMPUTERS
Needless to say that informed citizens of our information-dependent society
shoud be computer-literate, which means that they should be able to use computers
as everyday problem-solving devices. They should be aware of the potential of
computers to influence the quality of life. There is little doubt that computers and
their many applications are among the most significant technical achievements of
the last century.
At present a great deal of the work force of most countries is engaged in
creating, processing, storing, communicating and just working with information.
Computers have become commonplace in homes, offices, stores, schools, research
institutes, plants.
The use of computers in business, industry and communication services is
widespread today. Computer-controlled robots are able to improve the quality of
manufactured products and to increase the productivity of industry. Computers can
21
control the work of power stations, plants and docks. They help in making different
decisions and in management of economy.
The work of banks depends upon computer terminals for millions of daily
operations. Without these terminals, records of deposits and withdrawals would be
difficult to maintain, and it would be impossible to make inquiries about the
current status of customer accounts.
Computers form a part of many military systems including communication
and fire control. They are applied for automatic piloting and automatic navigation.
Space exploration depends on computers for guidance and research of on-board
environment.
Computers find application in astronomy and upper atmosphere research.
Weather forecasting, library information services can benefit from computers too.
It is interesting to note that computers are widely used in medicine. They
became valuable medical diagnostic tools. Computers are used for optical scanning
and image processing. Technicians can operate computer tomography scanners
which combine x-rays with computer technology to give sectional views of
patients. The views then can be combined into a single image shown on the screen.
It should be noticed that learning on a computer can be fun. Studies spend
more time with computer-aided instruction performing the assigned task, as
compared with conventional classroom. At last air traffic control is impossible
without computer application. It fully depends upon computer – generated
information.
Many other uses of computers that we cannot imagine at present will
become commonplace in the transition from an industrial to post industrial, or
information, society.
Vocabulary:
numerous investigations— многочисленные
исследования
in terms of — с точки зрения; на языке
periodic table — периодическая таблица
it is common knowledge — общеизвестно
minute unit quantities — мельчайшие
частицы вещества
compound substances — сложные вещества
fundamental particles — элементарные частицы
to account for chemical properties — определять химические свойства
atomic number — порядковый номер
because of the lack of charge — из-за отсутствия заряда
atom-smashing experiments — работы по расщеплению атома
ordinary hydrogen (Н) — легкий водород
heavy hydrogen (D) — тяжелый водород (дейтерий)
mass number — массовое число
Task 2.1 Answer the questions
1. What does a “computer-literate” person mean?
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2. How does a computer influence your life?
3. Where is most of the work force engaged at present?
4. How are computers used in industry?
5. Could banks do without computers nowadays? Why?
6. Where are computers applied in military systems?
7. What other spheres do computers find application?
Task 2.2 Translate the following word combinations
Information-dependent society; needless to say that; everyday problemsolving devices; be aware of smth.; to influence the quality of life; many
applications of computers; at present; the work force; to be engaged in creating,
processing, storing, communicating and just working with information;
commonplace in homes, offices, stores, schools, research industries;
communication services; to increase the productivity of industry; to control the
work of power stations; to make different decisions; management of economy; to
maintain records of deposits and withdrawals; to make inquiries about the current
status of customer accounts; fire control; space exploration; guidance, on-board
environment; upper atmosphere research; weather forecasting; optical scanning
and image processing; computer-aided instruction; air traffic control; the transition
from an industrial to post industrial society.
Task 3. Read the text
HISTORY OF LASER AND ITS APPLICATION
Before stimulated emission was discovered, novelists used to
describe machines that we can identify as “lasers”. The first
fictional device! similar to a military C02 laser (heat-ray) appears
in the sci-fi (scientific) novel The War of the World by Herbert
Wells in 1898. Mikhail Bulgakov; exaggerated the biological
effect of intensive red light in his novel Fatal Eggs, (1925),
without any reasonable description of the source of this red light.
A laser-like device was described in Alexey Tolstoy’s sci-fi
Albert Einstein
novel The Hyperboloid of Engineer Garin in 1927.As it is known
in 1917 Albert Einstein, in his paper On the Quantum Theory of Radiation, laid the
foundation for the invention of the laser and its predecessor, the maser. In 1939i
Valentin Fabricant from Russia predicted the use of stimulated emission to
amplify ‘'short" waves. In 1950 Alfred Kastler, Nobel Prize winner, proposed the
method of optical pumping. In 1953 Charles Townes produced the find microwave
amplifier, a device operating on similar principles to the laser, but amplifying
microwave rather than infrared visible radiation. Townes’s maser was incapable of
continuous output.
At last, the Russian scientists Nikolay Basov and Aleksandr Prokhorov worked
independently on the quantum oscillator and solved the problem of continuous
output systems by using more than two energy levels and produced the first maser.
(As you have possibly guessed,maser is an acronym for Microwave Amplification
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by Stimulated Emission of Radiation). These systems could release stimulated
emission without filling to the ground state, thus maintaining a population
inversion. In 1955 A. Prokhorov and N. Basov suggested an optical pumping of
multilevel system as a method for obtaining the population inversion, which later
became one of the main methods of laser pumping.
Townes, Basov and Prokhorov shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1964 “For
fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the
construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle”. It
should be mentioned that in 1970, another Russian scientist Zhores Alferov, also
Nobel Prize winner, developed laser diodes continuously operating at room
temperature, using the heterojunction structure.
Since the early period of laser history, laser research has produced a variety of
improved and specialized laser types, applied for different performance goals.
There appeared gas lasers and chemical lasers, eximer (exited dimer) and photonic
crystal lasers, solid state lasers and fibre lasers, nuclear reaction and
semiconductor lasers, etc.
As you see now, a laser is an electronic-optical device that emits Coherent light
radiation. The term laser is also an acronym for Light Amplification by Stimulated
Emission of Radiation. Lasers find application I In every section of modem
society, including consumer electronics and Information technology, science and
medicine, industry, defense and entertainment. The most widespread use of lasers
is in optical storage 'devices such as compact discs and DVD players, in which the
laser scans the surface of the disc. Other common applications of lasers are bar
code trailers, laser printers and laser pointers. In industry lasers are used for
cutting and welding and for inscribing patterns (such as the letters on computer
keyboards). In medicine lasers find application in bloodless surgery, kidney stone
treatment, eye treatment and dentistry. In defense they are applied for marking
targets, missile defense, controlled nuclear fusion, etc.
Vocabulary:
a resonant optical cavity — оптический объемный резонатор spontaneous
emission — самопроизвольная эмиссия (излучение)
a flash lamp — лампа свечения
«excited» quantum states — «возбужденное» состояние кванта
population inversion — преобразование наполнения
characteristic coherence — характерная когерентность (связность)
to maintain the uniform polarization — поддерживать однородную
поляризацию the output aperture — выходное отверстие
stimulated emission event — всплеск (порция) вынужденного излучения
the ground state — основное (исходное) состояние
pump power — энергия накачки
gain saturation — активное насыщение
the operating point of the laser — рабочий момент лазера
lasing threshold — порог (предел) усиления
24
Task 3.1 Answer the question:
1. What writers describing fantastic nature devices do you know?
2. Have you read the books of A. Tolstoi, H. Wells, M. Bulgakov?
3. What scientists contributed to the development of the first quantum generators
and in what way?
4. What invention were the Russian scientists awarded for?
5. What are the types of lasers?
6. What is the origin of the word ‘laser’?
7. What spheres do lasers find application?
8. What are the most common applications of lasers in everyday life?
9. How are they used in industry?
10. What application did lasers find in medicine?
Task 3.2 Read and translate word combinations.
stimulated emission; heat-ray; to exaggerate; reasonable description; a laser-like
device; to lay the foundation; laser’s predecessor; Nobel Prize winner; to propose
the method of optical pumping; to produce tin microwave amplifier; continuous
output; microwave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation; to fall to the
ground state; to maintain а рopulation inversion; to suggest an optical pumping of
multilevel system; should be mentioned; to operate continuously; to apply for
different performance goals; solid state lasers; fibre lasers; semiconductor lased to
emit coherent light radiation; consumer electronics; optical storage devices; to
scan the surface of the disc; bar code readers; surgery; treatment and dentistry;
missile defense.
Task 4.Read the text
HISTORY OF NANOTECHNOLOGY
Nanotechnology, in its traditional sense, means building
things from the bottom up, with atomic precision. This
theoretical capability was first envisaged as early as 1951 by
the renowned American physicist Richaul Feynman, Nobel
Prize winner in physics Feynman described a process by which
the ability to manipulate individual atoms and molecules
mightbe developed, using one needed scale.
K. Eric Drexler popularized the won! ‘Nanotechnology’ in
K. Eric Drexler
the 1980’s. He was talking about building machines on the
scull of molecules, a few nanometres wide—motors robot arms, and even whole
computers, tut smaller than a cell. Drexler spent the next ten years describing,
analysing these incredible devices, and responding to accusations of science
fiction. Meanwhile, his technology was developing the ability If build simple
structures on a molecular scale. As nanotechnology become accepted concept, the
meaning of the word shifted to encompass the simpler kinds of nanometre-scale
technology, including anything smaller than 100 nanometres with novel
properties.
25
Michael Roco of the U.S. National Nanotechnology Initiative has described four
generations of nanotechnology development (see chart below). According to Roco
the current era is that of passive nanostructures, materials designed to perform one
task. The second phase, which we are just entering, introduces active
nanostructures for multitasking; for example, actuators, drug delivery devices, and
sensors. The third generation is expected to begin emerging around 2010 and will
feature Nano systems with thousands of interacting components. A few years after
that, the fourth integrated Nano systems, functioning much like a mammalian cell
with hierarchical systems within systems, are expected to be developed.
As work progresses through the four generations of nanotechnology leading up
to molecular Nano systems, which will include molecular manufacturing, it will
become increasingly obvious that engineering of functional systems at the
molecular scale is what nanotechnology is really all about. Thus, as we see,
nanotechnology and nano science got started in the early 1980s with two major
developments: the birth of cluster science and the invention of the scanning
tunnelling microscope (STM). This development led to the discovery of fullerenes
in 1986 and carbon nanotubes a few years later. In another development, the
synthesis and properties of semiconductor Nano crystals was studied. This led to n
fast increasing number of metal oxide nanoparticles of quantum dots. The atomic
force microscope was invented six years after the STM appeared. Nanotechnology
is a highly multidisciplinary field, drawing from fields such as applied physics,
materials science, interface and colloid science, device physics, supra molecular
chemistry (which refers to the area of chemistry that focuses on the non covalent
bonding interaction! of molecules), self-replicating machines and robotics,
chemical engineering, mechanical engineering, biological engineering, and
electrical engineering. Two main approaches are used in nanotechnology. In the
“bottom-up" approach, materials and devices are built from molecular component»
which assemble themselves chemically by principles of molecular recognition. In
the «top-down» approach, nano objects are constructed from larger entities
without atomic-level control. The impetus for nanotechnology comes from a
renewed interest in Interface and Colloid Science, coupled with a new generation
of analytical tools such as till atomic force microscope, and the scanning
tunnelling microscope, Combined with refined processes such as electron beam
lithography and molecular beam epitaxy, these instruments allow the deliberate
manipulation of nanostructures, and lead to the observation of novel phenomena.
Vocabulary:
from the bottom up — снизу до верху
on the scale of molecules — на молекулярном уровне
incredible devices — невероятные устройства
accusations of science fiction — обвинения в научном вымысле
the current era — нынешнее время
nanostructures for multitasking — многоцелевые наноструктуры
like a mammalian cell — подобно клетке млекопитающего
26
molecular manufacturing — молекулярная нанотехнология
guided assembling — управляемая сборка
the scanning tunnelling microscope (STM)- сканирующий туннельный
микроскоп
fullerenes — фулерены
сarbon nanotubes — углеродные нанотрубки
quantum dots — квантовые точки
the atomic force microscope — атомно-силовой микроскоп
on covalent bonding interactions of molecules — взаимодействие молекул
внековалентных связей
self-replicating machines — само репродуцирующие машины
chemical engineering — химическая технология
novel phenomena — неизведанные явления
Task 4.1 Answer the questions:
1. What is nanotechnology in its traditional sense?
2. Who was the first to envisage the theoretical capabilities of nanotechnology?
3. What is the role of К. E. Fexler in the advancement of nanotechnology!
4. How many generations of nanotech development did M. Roco describe?
5. Say a few words about each of them.
6. What inventions contributed to the development ofnanotech?
7. What fields did nanotechnology use for its development?
8. What are the two main approaches in nanotechnology?
9. What gnaw an impetus for nanotech development?
Task 4.2 Find in the text the words for synonyms given bellow (A)
Cоздавать по атомно; традиционный подход; техника функциональных
систем на молекулярном уровне; предлагать пути (способы); изобрести новое
поколение
микроскопов;
трудно
представить;
свидетельствовать;
автомобильная и авиационная промышленность; безопасные летательные
аппараты; расширять границы; обязан своим происхождением; датчики
давления воздуха в машине; благодаря возможностям; обеспечить решение
давнишних проблем; нуждаться в усилиях команды; биологи, химики,
биохимики, физики, механики, специалисты по информационным
технологиям; ушной протез; для того чтобы; то, как морские организмы;
создавать прочные легкие материалы; предлагать улучшенные методы
вакцинации; «прорывное» решение; пройти и отбросить старые способы
производства; таким же образом; предотвращать распространение
больничных инфекций; протез бедра; сделать более приживаемым;
способствовать совместимости с окружающими клетками.
Task 4.3 Find in the text the words for synonyms given bellow (B)
В традиционном смысле; атомная точность; рассмотреть теоретические
возможности; лауреат Нобелевской премии; невероятные приборы;
27
обвинения в научном вымысле; тем временем; принятое понятие;
неизведанные свойства; нынешнее время; пассивные / активные
наноструктуры; многоцелевой; приводы; датчики; клетка млекопитающего;
усиленные составляющие; управляемая сборка; групповая наука;
сканирующий
туннельный
микроскоп;
углеродные
нанотрубки;
металооксидные наночастицы квантовых точек; атомно-силовой микроскоп;
прикладная
физика;
саморепродуцирующие
машины;
принцип
молекулярного распознавания; подходы «снизу — вверх», «сверху — вниз»;
усовершенствованные
процессы;
литография
электронного
луча;
осмотрительное обращение с наноструктурами.
Task 4.3 Find in the text synonyms:
Nouns:
Method
Group
Existence
Technique
Sphere
Possibility
Specialist
Property
environment
Verbs:
tо determine
to come from
to ensure
to involve
to produce
to decrease
to continue
to investigate
to suppose
Adjectives:
common
important
very small
famous
Task 4.4 Find in the text antonyms:
Verbs:
to finish
to pull
to lose
to attract
to weaken
to increase
Adjectives:
expensive
heavy
slow
stupid
old
approximately
useful
dangerous
worse
Task 4.4 Try to remember meanings of the verbs and translate the words
derived from them.
tо accept — acceptance, acceptor, accepted, acceptable, unacceptable,
acceptant, acceptably.
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to prevent — preventable, prevention, preventer, preventive, preventively.
to reduce — reduced, reducible, reducing, reduction.
to encourage — encouragement, encouraging, encouragingly.
to accuse — accusation, accusative, accusatory, accusatorial, accuser.
to disperse — dispersion, dispersed, dispersive, dispersedly, dispersing,
dispersal, disperser, dispersible.
to emerge — emergence, emergency, emergent.
to refine — refined, refinement, refiner, refinery.
to deliberate — deliberately, deliberation, deliberative.
to adapt — adaptable, unadoptable, adaptation, adaptation, adapter, adaptive,
adaptability.
Task 5. Read the text
ATOMIC ENERGY
For many years a lot of famous scientists have made numerous investigations into the matter our world consists of. As far back as in the first half of
the 18-th century the great Russian scientist M. Lomonosov explained the thermal
phenomena in terms of the atomic and molecular theory. In 1869 another
outstanding Russian scientist D. Mendeleyev created the Periodic Table of the
elements based on their atomic weights and chemical properties. In 1895 Wilhelm
Roentgen discovered x-rays which were immediately appreciated by the world for
their medical potential. Next year Henry Becquerel investigated the emission of
rays by uranium. A year later J. J. Thomson discovered the electron. One more
year later Pierre and Marie Curie discovered the first radioactive elements: radium
and polonium. In 1903 Rutherford established the theory of nuclear reactions. In
1913 Niels Bohr introduced the first atom model, the mini solar system, and so on
and so forth. Those researches were only the beginning in the scientific progress of
the mankind.
It is common knowledge nowadays that all elementary forms of matter
consist of minute unit quantities called atoms. The atoms of a given element all
have the same size and weight. Atoms of the same or different elements unite with
each other to form very small particles of compound substances called molecules.
It is also well known that atoms of any matter are composed of positively
charged central core or nucleus surrounded by a cloud of negatively charged
electrons. The charges are equal, so that the atom is electrically neutral. Nucleus
making up most of the weight of the atom consists of two kinds of fundamental
particles, protons and neutrons. Protons, small particles with positive electric
charge, equal numerically to the negative electric charge of electrons. The number
of protons (nuclear or atomic charge) is given by the atomic number and accounts
for the element's chemical properties. Neutrons, particles with no electric charge,
are locked up in the nucleus of an atom, but they can be knocked out in various
kinds of atom-smashing experiments. Because of their lack of charge neutrons
readily penetrate into other nuclei. The part of an atom outside the nucleus is made
of electrons, the number of which is equal to the protons in the nucleus, and is the
29
same as the atomic number of the atoms. As we know an electric current in a wire
consists of the motion of electrons.
The total number of protons and neutrons determines the atomic weight
which varies between 1 (hydrogen) and 92 (uranium). Elements may be composed
of atoms having the same atomic number but different mass number, that is of the
so-called isotops. Hydrogen, for example, occurs in ordinary (H) and heavy (D)
isotope versions which form ordinary (HzO) and heavy (D20) water. The latter is
very expensive and is used in some nuclear reactors.
Task 5.1 Answer the questions
1. What problems have many scientists been engaged with for many years?
2. What did M. Lomonosov try to explain more than two and a half centuries ago?
3. What was D. Mendeleyev's contribution into the development of atomic theory?
4. How did the world appreciate Rent-gen's discovery?
5. When did Thompson discover the electron?
6. What is a molecular?
7. What particles does an atom consist of?
8. How can the atomic weight of an element be determined?
9. What is an isotop?
10. What element is widely used in nuclear reactors?
Task 5.2 Read and translate word combinations:
Famous scientists; numerous investigations; to discover x-rays; to investigate
the emission of rays by uranium; one more year later; to establish the theory of
nuclear reactions; it is common knowledge nowadays; minute unit quantities; the
same size and weight; to unite with each other; compound substances; it is also
well known; positively charged central core or nucleus; negatively charged
electrons; making up most of the weight of the atom; equal numerically; the atomic
number; to account for the element's chemical properties; to be locked up in the
nucleus; to be knocked out; atom-smashing experiments; because of the lack of
charge; to penetrate into other nuclei; to determine the atomic weight; the so-called
isotops; to occur in ordinary hydrogen and heavy hydrogen; to be used in some
nuclear reactors.
Task 5.2 Read and translate words paying attention to prefixes
dis-: disadvantage; disconnect; disappear; disclose; discomfort; discontinue;
discount; discredit; discriminate; disintegrate.
im-: imperfect; impossible; immovable; immaterial; improper.
in-: invisible; inaccurate; inactive; incapable; incompact; insignificant; inhuman;
informal; ineffective; indifferent; indecisive; inconsumable; incorrect.
un-: uncontrollable; unbelievable; unknown; unchanged; uncomfortable;
uncommunicative; undisciplined; unexpected; unfavourable; unforgettable; unkind.
30
non-:
non-effective;
non-aggressive;
noncomparable;
noncomput-able;
nonconstant; noncontrollable; nondigital; nondimen-sional; nonprogrammable;
nonusable.
ir-: irregular; irrelative; irresponsive; irrational; irreplaceable; irrecognizable.
Методические рекомендации:
Нацелить студентов на чтение специальных текстов по теме и умение
находить в них необходимую и достаточную информацию. Обратить
внимание на работу в парах и группах.
Рекомендуемая литература:
2(осн.)стр 23-25, 1(осн)стр.306-308
Контрольные вопросы:
1. What is the role of science and technology in our life?
2. What problems has the rapid scientific progress aroused?
3.What is nanotechnology in its traditional sense?
4. What are the two main approaches in nanotechnology?
5. What invention were the Russian scientists awarded for?
6. What are the types of lasers?
7. What application did lasers find in medicine?
8. What fields did nanotechnology use for its development?
9. What are the two main approaches in nanotechnology?
10. What is a molecular?
Task1. Read the text.
THE PROGRESS OF SCIENCE IN THE 21 CENTURY
Each year many discoveries are happening in science and they change our life.
Lots of things that we know and can do now seemed impossible to people many
years ago. They couldn’t even imagine them. Flying by aeroplanes, travelling by
train or by car are traditional things to us. But the most exciting discoveries are
radio and television. They are not inventions which bring only pleasure. By means
of radio and TV people can do many jobs: guide the flight of rockets and sputniks
in space, help planes to land automatically in bad weather. These discoveries made
possible for Russian scientists to photograph the far side of the moon and to watch
the first space travel. On TV we could watch the interview with our first
cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin while he was in space. The most important discoveries
are new medicines. Hundreds of years ago when there were no medicines people
couldn’t cure serious illnesses. Now these illnesses can be easily cured. One of the
wonders of the 20th century is the “electronic brain” which can solve mathematical
problems much faster than a human being. It also can make translations from one
language into another. Another wonderful discovery is the splitting of the atom.
This process is called nuclear fission. When atoms split they set free a big amount
of energy, and it’s a pity that it is used not only for peaceful purposes. Our country
is proud of the first atomic-power plant which was built in this country. It was in
this country that the first atomic-powered ice-breaker “Lenin” was launched. It
31
happened in 1959. The atomic fuel has no smoke. As you can see the science is
going forward and no one can imagine what will happen in future.
Task 1.1 Eliminate the extra words
1. Discoveries, science, change, impossible, imagine, flying, waste;
2. Aeroplanes, to bring, travelling, traditional, exciting, radio, television;
3. Inventions, pleasure, jobs, guide, flight, rockets, umbrella;
4. Sputniks, space, planes; land, automatically, traditional;
5. To photograph, interview, cosmonaut, medicines, cure, illnesses, pleasure.
Task 1.2 Match the beginnings and endings of the sentences.
1. …….and TV people can do many jobs: guide the flight of rockets and sputniks
in space, help planes to land……. .
2……… made possible for Russian scientists to photograph the far side of
the……. .
3. ………when there were no medicines people couldn’t cure…….. .
4. ……is the “electronic brain” which can solve mathematical problems much
faster….. .
5. ….. set free a big amount of energy, and it’s a pity that it is used not only for….
Task 1.3 Retell the text using words and word combinations from the text
Task 2. Read the text.
SCIENTIFIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL PROGRESS
It’s difficult to overestimate the role of science and technology in our life. They
accelerate the development of civilization and help us in our co-operation with
nature. Scientists investigate the laws of the universe, discover the secrets of
nature, and apply their knowledge in practice improving the life of people.
Let’s compare our life nowadays with the life of people at the beginning of the
20th century. It has changed beyond recognition. Our ancestors hadn’t the slightest
idea of the trivial things created by the scientific progress that we use in our every
day life. I mean refrigerators, TV sets, computers, microwave ovens, radio
telephones, what not. They would seem miracle to them that made our life easy,
comfortable and pleasant. On the other hand, the great inventions of the beginning
of the 20th century, I mean radio, aeroplanes, combustion and jet engines have
become usual things and we can’t imagine our life without them.
A century is a long period for scientific and technological progress, as it’s rather
rapid. Millions of investigations, the endless number of outstanding discoveries
have been made. Our century has had several names that were connected with a
certain era in science and technology. At first it was called the atomic age due to
the discovery of the splitting of the atom. Then it became the age of the conquest
of space when for the first time in the history of mankind a man overcame the
gravity and entered the Universe. And now we live in the information era when
the computer network embraces the globe and connects not only the countries and
32
space stations but a lot of people all over the world. All these things prove the
power and the greatest progressive role of science in our life.
But every medal has its reverse. And the rapid scientific progress has aroused a
number of problems that are a matter of our great concern. These are ecological
problems, the safety of nuclear power stations, the nuclear war threat, and the
responsibility of a scientist.
But still we are grateful to the outstanding men of the past and the present who
have courage and patience to disclose the secrets of the Universe.
Task 2.1 Find in the text English equivalents for these sentences.
1. Трудно переоценить роль науки и техники в нашей жизни.
2. Наши предки не имели ни малейшего представления об обыденных вещах,
созданных прогрессом науки, которыми мы пользуемся каждый день.
3. Были проведены миллионы исследований и сделано бесконечное число
выдающихся открытий.
4. Но у любой медали есть оборотная сторона.
5. И всё же мы благодарны великим учёным прошлого и настоящего, у
которых есть мужество и терпение раскрывать секреты Вселенной.
.
Task 2.2 Complete the sentence with suitable words.
1. Science and technology ... the development of civilization and help us in our ...
with nature.
2. Trivial things created by the scientific progress would seem ... to our ancestors.
3. The great inventions made our life easy,... and ....
4 .A century is a long period for ... and ... progress, as it’s rather ... .
5. Now we live in the
when the computer network ... the globe and... not only
the countries and space stations, but a lot of... all over the world.
6. Rapid scientific progress has ... a number of problems that are a matter of our
great....
Task 2.3 Read the text, choose the correct answer.
1.Scientists investigate the laws of the Universe, discover the secrets of nature and
then
a) write thick books improving the life of people.
b)invent different machines improving the life of people.
c)apply their knowledge in practice improving the life of people.
2.Our life nowadays, as compared with the life of people at the beginning of the
20th century,
a)has not changed at all.
b)has changed beyond recognition.
c)has become more pleasant and comfortable.
3.Our century has had several names that were connected with
a) a certain era in science and technology.
b)a certain era in art and music.
c)the development of the society.
33
Task 2.4 Answer the questions.
1. What is the role of science and technology in our life?
2. What things, which we use in our daily life, would seem miracles to our
ancestors?
3. How have great inventions changed our life?
4. What is our century called? Why?
5. Why was it called the atomic age?
6. What problems has the rapid scientific progress aroused?
7. We are grateful to the great scientists and inventors, aren’t we?
Task 2.5 Put the following sentenses into correct order:
1. Things that make our life easy, comfortable and pleasant.
2. Every medal has its reverse.
3. The role of science and technology in our life.
4. The reason why the 21th century has had several different names.
Task 2.6 Speak about the following:
1. Trivial things that make our life comfortable, but would seem miracles to our
ancestors.
2. Why the 21th century was called the atomic age, the age of the conquest of space
and the information era.
3. The problems caused by the rapid scientific progress.
Task 3. Read the text
WHAT IS ENGINEERING?
The engineering industry makes most of the things that are essential and
useful: aerospace, cars, hospital equipment, telecommunications and even the
humble kettle. Engineering also makes most of the things other industries need
from cash dispensers and electronic mail for the banking industry to microphones
and staging for the entertainment industry. In the production of everything from
chocolates to the Channel Tunnel, the key individuals are the engineers. It’s an
industry that still contributes significantly to the wealth of the UK, the very diverse
manufacturing industry sector alone generates around a third of the national wealth
and employs approximately 32 percent of the working population.
In recent years, engineering has changed out of all recognition. The sheer speed
of change in many manufacturing technologies is startling. Thanks to the
introduction of computers and new technologies like Virtual Reality, people are
more in control than ever. This also means the engineering employers are looking
for people with a wider range of skills and personalities: from lone – theorists to
more gregarious and practical individuals; from managers who can handle people,
lead teams and solve problems, to creative designers with a keen sense of market
realities. Engineering needs them all – women as well as men.
34
Lastly, the objective of engineering education and training should be recognized.
So what should be the objective of undergraduate education? It is to educate and
train people to think and search out knowledge for themselves, and to have the self
– assurance to apply it to the job in hand. Many of the courses are now much too
intensive and students have too little time or encouragement, to read and think for
themselves. The solution is to recognize than it is impossible to cover all the
subjects which an engineer may find useful in a lifetime, and realize that if he has
been correctly educated he can read up on subjects which he may need as he
progresses in his career.
However, industry must recognize that a graduate will need training in the
specific area in which he is working, and must also be prepared to encourage him
to attend continuing education courses and or seminars and conferences as
appropriate. It is clear that there is to be much more interchange of staff between
industry and higher education.
The education and training of engineers must be a partnership between industry
and higher education, which extends from undergraduate education and training
through to post – graduate short and long courses and research.
Task 3.1 Eliminate the extra words
1. Engineering, essential, aerospace, telecommunication, humble, industries,
wind, equpment;
2. Microphones, staging, entertainment, telephone, production, key, contributes,
significantly, banking;
3. Diverse, manufacturing, sector, generates, employs, way, recognition, intensive;
4. Speed, technologies, starling, theorist, gregarious, manager, lesson, trainning;
5. Objectives, undergraduate, search, assurance, encouragement, solution,
mathmetics, courses;
6, Cover, mobile, subject, progress, career, partnership, appropriate, research.
Task 3.2 Match the beginnings and endings of the sentences.
1. …. the things other 1. industries need from cash dispensers and electronic mail
for the banking industry to microphones…. .
2. …. significantly to the wealth of the UK, the very diverse manufacturing
industry sector alone generates around a third of the national wealth…. .
3. …. employers are looking for people with a wider range of skills and
personalities: from lone – theorists to more gregarious and practical individuals;
from managers who can handle people….. .
4. …. to think and search out knowledge for themselves, and to have the self –
assurance to apply… .
5. …. impossible to cover all the subjects which an engineer may find useful in a
lifetime, and realize that if he has been correctly educated…. .
6. …. graduate will need training in the specific area in which he is working, and
must also be prepared to encourage him to attend continuing education courses….
35
Task 3.3 Retell the text using words and word combinations from the text.
Task 4. Read the text
BIORHYTHMS
At the beginning of this century medical scientists made a surprising
discovery: that we are built not just of flesh and] blood but also of time. They were
able to demonstrate that well all have an internal «body clock» which regulates the
rise and! Fall of our body energies, making us different from one day told the next.
The idea of an internal «body clock» should not be] surprising, since the lives of
most living things are domina-1 ted by the 24-hour night-and-day cycle. The most
obvious feature of this cycle is the way we feel tired and fall asleep at night I and
become awake during the day. If the 24-hour rhythm is interrupted, most people
experience unpleasant side effects. As well as the daily rhythm of sleeping and
waking we also have 1 other rhythms which last longer that one day and which
influence wide areas of our lives. Most of us would agree that we feel good on
some days and not so good on others. Scientists have identified the following 1
three biorhythmic cycles: physical, emotional and intellectu-1 al. Each cycle lasts
approximately 28 days and each is divided into a high energy period and a low
energy period of equal j length. During the low energy period we are less resistant
to f illness and tire more easily. The low period puts energy into 1 our «batteries»
for the next high period. During the high energy period of a physical biorhythm we
are more resistant to ill- j ness, better coordinated and more energetic.
The «crytical» 1 or weakest time is the time of changeover from the high
energy period to the low energy period, or vice versa. This «critical» time usually
lasts a day. On the crytical day of a physical j biorhythm, there is a greater chance
of accident and illness. Human experience is always individual and we each have
our own biorhythmic experiences. Some people experience such enormous
physical turbulence on their «physically critical» days that they have to go to bed.
Vocabulary:
flesh — плоть
internal — внутренний
cycle — цикл
obvious — очевидный
approximately — приблизительно
experience — опыт
turbulence — дискомфорт
Task 4.1 Answer the following questions:
1.What are Biorhythms?
2.What problems can people have if their 24-hour rhythm is interrupted?
3.What three biorhythmic cycles have scientists identified?
4.Which is the weakest part of a cycle?
5.How long does each cycle last?
36
Task 5. Read the text
SATELLITES AND
TELECOMMUNICATIONS
Our world is becoming an increasingly complex place in which, we are very
dependent on other people and organizations. An event in some distant part of the
globe can rapidly and significantly affect the quality of life in our home country.
This increasing dependence, on both a national and international scale, forced
us to create systems that can respond immediately to dangers, enabling appropriate
defensive or offensive actions to be taken. These systems are operating all around
us in military, civil, commercial and industrial fields.
A worldwide system of satellites has been created and it is possible to transmit
signals around the globe by bouncing them from one satellite to an earth station
and then to another satellite and so on.
Originally designed to carry voice messages, they are able to carry hundreds of
thousands of separate simultaneous calls. These systems are being adopted to
provide for business communications, including the transmission of voice and
facsimile messages, data and video data.
It is probable that future wide use of satellites in the area of telecommunications
will provide a great variety of information services to transmit directly into our
homes, possibly including personalized electronic mail. The electronic computer is
at the heart of many such systems, but the role of telecommunications is not less
important. There will be a further convergence between the technologies of
computing and telecommunications. The change of this kind will lead us to the
database culture, the cashless society, the office at home, the gigabit-per-second
data network.
One cannot doubt that the economic and social impact of these concepts will be
very significant. Already, advanced systems of communication are affecting both
the layman and the technician.
The new global satellite-communication systems offer three kinds of service.
The first one is voice messages. Satellite telephones are able to make calls from
anywhere on the Earth to anywhere else. That makes them especially useful to use
in remote, third-world villages (some of which already use stationary satellite
telephones), for explorers. Today's mobile phones depend on earth-bound
transmitters, whose technical standards vary from country to country. Satellite
telephones can solve this problem, but it is not a cheap service.
The second service is messaging. Satellite messages have the same global
coverage as satellite telephones, but carry text alone, which is extremely useful for
those with laptop computers. As we see, the Internet works in space too. The only
problem for ordinary users is one-way transmissions. This problem is solved by
using combine transmissions, when you make a call using land communications
and receive ordered information through your satellite plate.
The third service is tracking. Voice and messaging systems also tell their users
where they are to within a few hundred meters. Combined with the messaging
37
service, the location service could help rescue teams, to find lost adventurers, the
police to find stolen cars, exporters to follow the progress of cargoes and so on.
Satellite systems provide better positioning information to anyone who has a
receiver for their signals.
To my thinking, satellite method of communication is the future for all kind of
telecommunications
Vocabulary:
increasingly — все больше и больше
complex — комплекс
dependent — подчиненный, зависящий
the globe — мир, земной шар
to affect — воздействовать
scale — масштаб
to force — заставлять, принуждать
to respond — отвечать, реагировать
immediately — немедленно, тотчас же
to enable — давать возможность или право
appropriate — подходящий, соответствующий
offensive — агрессивный, наступательный
worldwide system — всемирная система
to make (past made, p.p. made) call — звонить
to transmit — передавать, транслировать
remote — отдаленный, далекий; дистанционный
to bounce — зд. передавать по цепочке
explorer — исследователь
to design — разрабатывать, предназначать
to depend on — зависеть от
separate — отдельный
transmitter — передатчик
simultaneous — одновременный
to vary — изменяться, меняться, разнообразить
facsimile message — факсимильное послание, факс
to solve — решать
convergence — конвергенция, схождение в одной точке
coverage — покрытие, зона действия, охват
laptop — лептоп, небольшой портативный компьютер
to lead (past led, p.p. led) — вести, направлять, при водить
network — система, сеть
one-way transmission — одностороняя передача
to doubt — сомневаться
tracking — трекинг, отслеживание
impact — толчок, удар, импульс
within — в, в пределах
38
concept — концепция
rescue — спасение
signif icant—значительный, важный, существенный
layman — непрофессионал, любитель
stolen — украденный
to offer — предлагать
adventurer — искатель приключений, путешеreceiver — приемник
Task 5.1.Answer the questions:
1. Can some events in some distant part of the globe rapidly and significantly
affect the quality of life in ourhome country?
2. Why are we forced to create systems that can respond immediately to dangers,
enabling appropriate defensive or offensive actions to be taken nowadays?
3. Has a worldwide system of satellites been alreadycreated?
4. What does a worldwide system of satellites provide?
5. What services do the new global satellite-communication systems offer?
Task 5.2 Find English equivalents in the text.
1.жизненный уровень
2.международный уровень
3.системы быстрого реагирования
4.всемирная система спутников
5.голосовые сообщения
6.деловые контакты
7.гигабитные каналы
8.сверхсовременные терминалы
9.односторонные передачи
10.трекинг
Task 5.3 Questions for discussion:
1. Why do we try to develop all types of telecommunication?
2. What new telecommunication services do you know?
1. What means of telecommunication do you know?
2. Can we connect to the Internet using our call phone today?
3. What technology made a great contribution to a long-range communication?
4. Was there wireless telegraphy as a means of regular communication before the
outbreak of the First World War?
5. What do you have to do to make a call?
6. What is the engine of progress nowadays?
7. Are social changes to informational society observed in all the countries?
8. Why do we develop the telecommunication system?
Методические рекомендации:
39
Студентам следует прочитать текст очень внимательно, затем готовится к
занятиям в определенной последовательности. Подготовится к устному
сообщению по теме и выполнить все грамматические упражнения в
письменной форме.
Рекомендуемая литература:
4 (осн.) стр 588-589, 2(осн)стр.36-38
Контрольные вопросы:
1. What means of telecommunication do you know?
2. Can we connect to the Internet using our cell phone today?
3. What technology made a great contribution to a long-range communication?
4. Was there wireless telegraphy as a means of regular communication before the
outbreak of the First World War
5. What do you have to do to make a call?
6. What is the engine og progress nowadays?
7. Are social changes to informational society observed in all the countries?
8. Why do we develop the telecommunication system?
9. What are Biorhythms?
10. What three biorhythmic cycles have scientists identified?
2 семестр
Task 1. Read the text
THE ROLE OF RUSSIAN SCIENTISTS IN EXPLORATION OF SPACE
Since Galileo invented the telescope and directed it at the
Moon and other planets in the 16-th century, scientists have
been learning the secrets of the Universe. Many Russian
scientists, engineers and inventors have contributed greatly to
the development of space flights and rocketry since the first
“Rocket Institution” was established in Moscow by the order
of Peter the Great.
A.D. Zasyadko, a talented Russian scientist and celebrated
military leader, began working on various types of combat
rockets in 1814. His rockets had a maximum range of 2,670 m
and were successfully used against enemy cavalry in the Caucasus in 1825.
Zasyadko conducted warfare under Suvorov’s command in 1799, took part in the
Patriotic War of 1812 and was awarded six medals for his bravery.
Thanks to the scientific work of K.I.Konstantinov Russia became the leading
country in rocket artillery in the 19-th century. The scientist developed an electric
ballistic device.
N.I. Kibalchich was the first man in Russia who worked out the design of rocketpropelled vehicle. His device was propelled by a rocket engine
burning powder. Kibalchich described the operating principles of
a powder rocket engine and showed the possibility of controlling
the vehicle and ensuring its stability.
Many other talented scientists influenced l lie development of
40
place vehicles and rocketry in Russia but it was the great Russian self-taught
scientist K.E. Tsiolkovsky, who became l he founder of astronautics, the scientific
study of space travel.
The main problem, Tsiolkovsky had been working at for many years, was creating
a theory of interplanetary travel. He laid the foundation of all subsequent rocket
theories, proved I halt the rocket was the very ship on which the man will be able
to leave the Earth penetrating into boundless spaces. He outlined his design of the
first jet-driven flying machine. It was Tsiolkovsky who suggested the idea of a
multistage rocket and of man-made satellite which could serve as a laboratory for
studying the Universe. Tsiolkovsky succeeded in producing a workable design for
a liquid-cooled rocket combustion chamber. And the first man-made satellite was
taken into the skies by a type of a rocket designed by Tsiolkovsky 50 years ago.
Moreover, the orbit along which the satellite sped had been also calculated by him.
The name of the outstanding Russian scientist S.P.Korolyov will forever be linked
with the era of man’s exploration of space.
He was fond of Tsiolkovsky’s ideas and practically solved three main problems:
the problem of gravitation, the problem of weightlessness and the problem of
reentry. The first problem was overcome with the launching of the first artificial
satellite. Scientists were studying weightlessness, when they fired a vehicle with
dog Laika on board. On safe landing of dogs Belka and Strelka on August 19,
1960, the problem of re-entry was solved. Since that time hundreds of space shots
have been made from Baikonur under the guidance of Korolyov which benefited
Russian science and
national economy.
Vocabulary
jet-driven flying machine — реактивный летательный аппарат
a liquid-cooled rocket combustion chamber — камера сгорания ракеты с
жидкостным охлаждением.
Task 1.2. Answer the question
1. What 3 problems did Korolev solve?
2. What "first" in space exploration has the Soviet Union achieved?
3. What benefits for mankind has space exploration brought?
4. What was Tsiolkovsky`s idea of a space ship?
5. Why is Tsiolkovsky called " Father of Cosmonautics?
Task 1.3 Fill in the prepositions1.Since Galileo invented the telescope and
directed it ____ the Moon and other planets ____ the 16-th century, scientists have
been learning the secrets ____ the Universe.
2. Many Russian scientists, engineers and inventors have contributed greatly ___
the development ____ space flights and rocketry since the first “Rocket
Institution” was established ____ Moscow ____ the order of Peter the Great.
3.A.D. Zasyadko, a talented Russian scientist and celebrated military leader, began
working _____ various types _____ combat rockets _____ 1814.
41
Task 1.4 Retell the text using new lexical words.
Task 1.5 Work in two groups. One group asks 5 questions to the second group
about the text and answer the questions and then changes their roles.
Task 1.6 Which word is the odd one out? Check the meaning of new
words in your dictionary.
Telescope, planet, Universe, flight, space, rocket, vehicle, backpack, astronautics,
travel, satellite, gravitation, combustion chamber, ship, weightlessness,board.
Рекомендуемая литература:
1(осн)стр.138-140
Контрольные вопросы:
1. What problems had Tsiolkovsky been working at for many years?
2. What have Russian scientists been learning since 16-th century?
Task 2. Read the text.
The Third American Expedition to the Moon
People all over the world have followed with great interest the flight to the
Moon of three American astronauts: Alan Shepard, Edgar Mitchell and Stuart
Roosa. The courageous spacemen have left more than a million kilometers behind
them, and are now returning home with new scientific data on the history and the
nature of Earth’s satellite, which we have all known for so many centuries, but
which we have not known well at all.
Astronauts Shepard and Mitchell spent more than 33 hours on the Moon,
including two moon walks. During the first walk they set up scientific instruments,
collected rocks and took pictures. Scientists in the American space center had even
greater hopes connected with their second walk: they hoped the astronauts would
reach a crater, where they would collect rocks as old as the Moon, as old as the
whole solar system itself. But the climb to the top of the crater was so difficult that
the brave astronauts had to return to their spaceship. When they got there, they
could hardly stand on their feet, and they had to begin their trip back to Earth
immediately.
And now they are on their way home. Though they did not succeed in all their
scientific tasks, the expedition as a whole was successful. A lot of people
congratulated the courageous American astronauts and the scientists, engineers
and workers who made their flight possible.
Task 2.1 Choose the correct variant to complete sentences.
1. Huge areas would be…
a) conserved and recycled.
42
b) infertile and become uninhabitable.
c) destroyed by UV rays.
2. Practical measures must be taken to…
a) flood coastal areas and vast tracts of farmland.
b) improve the ecological situation.
c) protect animals.
Task 2.2 Retell the text using new lexical words
Task 2.3 Which word is the odd one out? Check the meaning of new
words in your dictionary.
The moon, flight, astronaut, spaceman, sack, solar, engineer, expedition, space,
crater, rock, nature, kilometers.
Task 4. Read the text.
Some steps in conquering space.
For hundreds of years people have been dreaming of cosmic flights. Yet the
dream remained only a dream till 1957 when Soviet people sent up the first manmade satellites. The space age began on October 4, 1957, when the Soviet Union
placed Sputnik I into orbit as the Earth's first artificial satellite. On January 31,
1958, the United States entered space with its first artificial satellite, Explorer I.
Since then scores and scores of instrument-carrying space crafts have been fired
spinning around the Earth and racing deep into the Solar system.
Some unmanned space crafts have been sent to the Moon and planets. In 1959,
for example, the Soviet Luna 3 travelled around the Moon, took pictures of the
side never before seen by man, and then transmitted those pictures back to the
Earth.
On April 12, 1961 a Soviet citizen, Major Yuri Gagarin became the first man to
orbit the Earth. In his Vostok spaceship Gagarin made only one turn around the
Earth but the success of his flight and the absence of any unfavorable
consequences paved the way for the next manned flights. Four months later, on
August 6, Major Titov orbited the Earth 17 times in the Vostok 2 spacecraft.
An outstanding achievement in the Russian space program occurred in 1965
with the dramatic flight of Voskhod 2 in which the cosmonaut Alexei Leonov
emerged from the craft into outer space to perform the human experiments in
space.
Numerous manned space flights round the Earth signified the beginning of a new
stage in man’s study of the Universe. They showed that before long men would
land on planets of the Solar System. On July20,1969 two American astronauts of
the three-men Apollo II spacecraft becamethe first human beings to set foot upon
our nearest planetary neighbor, the Moon. Neil Armstrong and Edwin Aldrin
descended on to the Moon on the Eagle landing module. They took numerous
photo- graphs, carried out scientific experiments and left a plaque, summarizing
theirhistoric mission by the inscription: “...We came in peace for all mankind”.
43
The American crew of the Apollo-II landed on the Moon
Task 4.1 Answer the questions.
1. When did the people’s dream of cosmic flights stop to be a dream?
2. What happened in October 1957?
3. What was the name of the first American satellite and when was it fired into
orbit?
4. How did Russian scientists begin to research the Moon?
5. What do you know about the first astronaut to orbit the Earth?
6. What mission did A.Leonov, a Russian cosmonaut, perform?
7. When and how did Americans investigate the Moon?
8. What did they leave on the Moon?
9. How did mutual cooperation of Russia and America take place?
10. What is the role of manned and unmanned flights for the exploration of the
Universe?
Task 4.2 Read, translate and remember word combinations.
Conquering spaceman-made satellites; to place into orbit; to fire an artificial
satellite; to spin around the Earth; an unmanned spacecraft; to take pictures; the
absence of any unfavourable consequences; to pave the way; an outstanding
achievement; to emerge from the craft into outer space; to perform experiments in
space; numerous manned space flights; spacecraft; the first human being; to set
foot upon the Moon; to descend on the Eagle landing module; to carry out
scientific experiments; mutual cooperation; to result in launching spaceships;
successful docking in the orbit; crew transferring from one vehicle to the other; in
conclusion it should be noted; be of great significance.
Task 4.3 Which word is the odd one out? Check the meaning of new words
in your dictionary
Artificial, cosmic, orbit, planet, cosmonaut, craft, mankind, island, Universe,experiment, spacecraft.
Task 4.4 Translate the words.
To conquer — conquest, conqueror, conquerable, conquering.
44
To explore — explorer, exploration, exploratory = explorative, exploring.
To transmit — transmitter, transmission, transmissible, intransmissible.
To signify — significance, significant, insignificant, signification.
To perform — performance, performer, performed, performing.
To investigate — investigator, investigation, investigative = investigatory.
To know — knowledge, known, unknown, knowing, knowledgeable, knowingly,
know-how, know-nothing.
To convert — converter, conversion, convertible, inconvertible, convertibility.
To conduct — conductor, semiconductor, conduction, conductivity, if To expand
— expansion, expanded, expanse, expansive, expansibility.
To react — reaction, reactor, reactive, reactivity, reactionist, reactionary.
To produce — producer, production, productive, productivity, producible, to
reproduce, reproduction.
To radiate — radiation, radioactive, radioactivity, radiology, radium.
To discover — discovery, discoverer, discovered, discovering.
To launch — launcher, launching, launched.
Task5. Readthetext
THE USE OF NUCLEAR POWER IN SPACE
In the early years of space research scientists knew they needed a long-lived
power source that would also be compact and able to endure a rocket ride into
space. Chemical batteries, fuel cells and solar panels were all tried. Batteries and
fuel cells were limited by their fuel, and solar panels took up large amounts of
space and would not be effective for missions far from the sun. A new concept
was investigated — a power generator that worked from the heat given off by a
decaying radioactive source.
As we can see the nuclear sciences play a very important role in the exploration
of space. Whether we need a satellite to track hurricanes on earth, run a space
station in orbit, send spaceships to explore the moons of Jupiter or send people to
Mars — these missions require large amounts of power and knowledge of the
effects of natural radiation in space. By studying the nuclear sciences and
applying that knowledge, we can power and protect satellites, the International
Station and space travellers. Since the weight and size of satellites and spaceships
limit what we can put into space, nuclear power has many advantages.
When nuclear airplanes and rockets were being designed, the most successful
application of nuclear energy in space was born — a safe, effective and reliable
power source known as the Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator (RTG) has
powered satellites to the far reaches of the solar system and beyond. An RTG
consists of two pieces: a radioactive element used as a heat source (such as
Plutonium—238, which becomes physically hot as it decays), and a way to
convert heat into electricity. The heat is converted into electricity by a
thermoelectric converter, which takes advantage of the Seeback effect. The
Seeback effect is a principle of thermoelectricity, where a voltage is produced
when electrons move across the junction of two different types of material,
usually metals or semiconductors, when the materials are at different
45
temperatures.
A Radioisotope Thermoelectric Generator (RTG)
Many American spacecraft have been powered by RTGs lately, more man one
RTG was often used to generate the needed electricity. RTGs provided power on
the moon’s surface during the Apollo missions, kept the Pioneer and Voyager
satellites going on their long trips through the Solar system, and most recently
have powered the Galileo mission to Jupiter, the Ulysses mission to the Sun and
the Cassini mission to Saturn.
After many years, new ideas for the use of nuclear power in outer space are
being planned. The fact that fissioning a certain mass of material can give us 10
million times more energy than a chemical reaction using the same amount of
material is a compelling argument for the research, testing and use of nuclear
energy to power the human race’s expansion into the solar system.
Vocabulary
long-live power source — источник энергии с долгим сроком службы
fuel cells — топливные элементы
a decaying radioactive source — источник радиоактивного распада
to track hurricane son earth — проследить за движением ураганов на земле
to run a space station in orbit — удерживать космическую станцию на орбите
radio isotope thermoelectric generator —радиоизотопный, термоэлектрический
генератор
the far reaches of the solar system — далекие миры солнечной системы
a thermoelectric converter— термоэлектрический преобразователь
theApollo mission— полет корабля Аполлон
a compelling argument— убедительное доказательство
Task 5.1Answer the questions.
1. What kind of power did scientists always need for space exploration?
2. Why were batteries and fuel cells not suitable for space missions?
3. Did scientists use solar panels in space for a long time?
4. What kind of energy source is a new concept in the solution of the problem of
space plights?
5. What tasks can spaceships perform?
6. What are the main advantages of nuclear engines?
7. What generator is used in long-distance space flights?
8. What do you know of its construction?
9. In what missions did it find application?
10. What is the compelling argument for the nuclear power research and
application in space conquering?
46
Task 5.1 Which word is the odd one out? Check the meaning of new
words in your dictionary.
Battery, power generator, fuel, heat, fuel cells, temperature, energy, power source,
outer space, generator,wastes,power research,application, nuclear energy.
Task 5.2 Find in the texts Some steps in conquering space and The use of
nuclear power English equivalents for these words and word combinations.
Вывести спутник на орбиту; облететь Землю; освоение космоса;
искусственный спутник; проникнуть в солнечную систему, управляемый
космический аппарат; отсутствие неблагоприятных последствий;
прокладывать путь,выходить из корабля в открытый космос;
многoчисленные полеты в космос с человеком на борту; изучение вселенной;
трехместный космический корабльвысадиться на Луне; спускаемый модуль;
проводить научные эксперименты; взаимное сотрудничество; приводить к
запуску; успешная стыковка на орбите; переход экипажа из одного аппарата
в другой;
Долгосрочные источники энергии; топливные элементы; испытывать
солнечные
панели;
занимать
большое
пространство;
источник
радиоактивного распада; исследование космоса; следить за передвижением
ураганов на Земле; управлять полетом станции на орбите; исследовать
спутники Юпитера; преимущества ядерной энергии; относительно легкий по
весу; доставлять энергию для длительных полетов;
Task 5.3 Find in the texts Some steps in conquering space and The use of
nuclear power the words ,for synonyms given below
Verbs: to research, to spin, to explore (2), to launch (2), to land, to orbit (2), to
mean, to perform, to use, to conclude, to compose, to join, to send, to transform, to
defend, to give off, to demand, to replace, to take place, to demonstrate, to come
down.
Nouns: flight, fission, investigation, importance, launch, exploration, sputnik,
writing, man, cosmos (2), spaceship (2), cosmonaut (2), road, world, apparatus,
application, influence, idea, storm, quantity, energy.
Adjectives: distant, artificial, famous, sunny, cosmic, atomic, complex, various,
significant.
Task 5.4.Fill in the prepositions.1.___ the early years ___ space research
scientists knew they needed n long-lived power source that would also be compact
and able to endure a rocket ride into space.
2. A new concept was investigated — a power generator that worked ____ the
heat given off _____ a decaying radioactive source.
3.As we can see the nuclear sciences play a very important role ___ the
exploration _____ space.
47
Task 5.5 Match each word from the list with the words given below
radiation satellite
rocket
space
flight
reactor
fuel
general-purpose,air -cooled ; boiling-water,engine , liquid , solid
,nuclear,age; shuttle; flight , station, : artificial ; communication ;
meteorological , atomic ; alpha ; beta ; infra-red, general-purpose; air-cooled
, engine ; liquid ; solid, continuous ; distance ;
experimental,orbital,heat,multistage, navigation, nuclear
Space:; space age; space shuttle; space flight space station; space suit; space
walk; spaceship; spacecraft; outer space; space-man.
Flight: continuous flight; distance flight; experimental flight; inter-planetary
flight; orbital flight; satellite flight; supersonic flight.
Satellite: artificial satellite; communication satellite; meteorological satellite;
multistage satellite; navigation satellite; aircraft launching satellite; scientific
satellite; earth satellite. rocket; ballistic ; earth-satellite ; exploratory ,nuclear ;
general-purpose; air-cooled , engine ; liquid ; solid ; nuclear
Radiation: atomic radiation; alpha radiation; beta radiation; decay initiation;
continuous radiation; electromagnetic radiation; electron Nation; heat radiation;
high-frequency radiation; high-intensity radiation; infra-red radiation; penetrating
radiation; radioactive radiation; secondary radiation; ultra-violet radiation.
Rocket: atomic rocket; ballistic rocket; earth-satellite rocket; exploratory rocket;
ground rocket; (un)guided rocket; instrument-carrying packet; liquid-fuel liquidpropellent rocket; long-range rocket; multi- stage rocket; single-stage rocket;
nuclear-powered rocket; orbital rocket; powder rocket; research rocket; space
rocket; satellite rocket.
Reactor: nuclear reactor; general-purpose reactor; air-cooled reactor; boilingwater reactor; chain reactor; fission-type reactor; high- power reactor; plasma
reactor; atomic reactor; reactor-converter.
Fuel: engine fuel; liquid fuel; solid fuel; nuclear fuel; propellent fuel; Jet aircraft
fuel.
Методические рекомендации: Продолжить развитие навыков чтения,km а
также обогатить словарный запас новой лексикой по теме и отработать их в
прилагаемых упражнениях, а затем использовать в монологической и
диалогической речи. Выполнить серии упражнений по данной теме.
Рекомендуемая литература:
1(осн)стр.138-140,1 (осн)стр132-135
48
4(осн)стр.242-244
Контрольные вопросы:
1. What happened in October 1957?
2. What do you know about the first astronaut to orbit the Earth?
3. What problems had Tsiolkovsky been working at for many years?
3. What have Russian scientists been learning since 16-th century?
4. What kind of power did scientists always need for space exploration?
5. What tasks can spaceships perform?
Task 5. Read the text:
Satellites and
telecommunications
Our world is becoming an increasingly complex place in which, we are very
dependent on other people and organizations. An event in some distant part of the
globe can rapidly and significantly affect the quality of life in our home country.
This increasing dependence, on both a national and international scale, forced
us to create systems that can respond immediately to dangers, enabling appropriate
defensive or offensive actions to be taken. These systems are operating all around
us in military, civil, commercial and industrial fields.
A worldwide system of satellites has been created and it is possible to transmit
signals around the globe by bouncing them from one satellite to an earth station
and then to another satellite and so on.
Originally designed to carry voice messages, they are able to carry hundreds of
thousands of separate simultaneous calls. These systems are being adopted to
provide for business communications, including the transmission of voice and
facsimile messages, data and video data.
It is probable that future wide use of satellites in the area of telecommunications
will provide a great variety of information services to transmit directly into our
homes, possibly including personalized electronic mail. The electronic computer is
at the heart of many such systems, but the role of telecommunications is not less
important. There will be a further convergence between the technologies of
computing and telecommunications. The change of this kind will lead us to the
database culture, the cashless society, the office at home, the gigabit-per-second
data network.
One cannot doubt that the economic and social impact of these concepts will be
very significant. Already, advanced systems of communication are affecting both
the layman and the technician.
The new global satellite-communication systems offer three kinds of service.
The first one is voice messages. Satellite telephones are able to make calls from
anywhere on the Earth to anywhere else. That makes them especially useful to use
in remote, third-world villages (some of which already use stationary satellite
telephones), for explorers. Today's mobile phones depend on earth-bound
49
transmitters, whose technical standards vary from country to country. Satellite
telephones can solve this problem, but it is not a cheap service.
The second service is messaging. Satellite messages have the same global
coverage as satellite telephones, but carry text alone, which is extremely useful for
those with laptop computers. As we see, the Internet works in space too. The only
problem for ordinary users is one-way transmissions. This problem is solved by
using combine transmissions, when you make a call using land communications
and receive ordered information through your satellite plate.
The third service is tracking. Voice and messaging systems also tell their users
where they are to within a few hundred meters. Combined with the messaging
service, the location service could help rescue teams, to find lost adventurers, the
police to find stolen cars, exporters to follow the progress of cargoes and so on.
Satellite systems provide better positioning information to anyone who has a
receiver for their signals.
To my thinking, satellite method of communication is the future for all kind of
telecommunications
Vocabulary:
increasingly — все больше и больше
complex — комплекc
dependent — подчиненный, зависящий
the globe — мир, земной шар
to affect — воздействовать
scale — масштаб
to force — заставлять, принуждать
to respond — отвечать, реагировать
immediately — немедленно, тотчас же
to enable — давать возможность или право
appropriate — подходящий, соответствующий
offensive — агрессивный, наступательный
worldwide system — всемирная система
to make (past made, p.p. made) call — звонить
to transmit — передавать, транслировать
remote — отдаленный, далекий; дистанционный
to bounce — зд. передавать по цепочке
explorer — исследователь
to design — разрабатывать, предназначать
to depend on — зависеть от
separate — отдельный
transmitter — передатчик
simultaneous — одновременный
to vary — изменяться, меняться, разнообразить
facsimile message — факсимильное послание, факс
50
to solve — решать
convergence — конвергенция, схождение в одной точке
coverage — покрытие, зона действия, охват
laptop — лептоп, небольшой портативный компьютер
to lead (past led, p.p. led) — вести, направлять, при водить
network — система, сеть
one-way transmission — одностороняя передача
to doubt — сомневаться
tracking — трекинг, отслеживание
impact — толчок, удар, импульс
within — в, в пределах
concept — концепция
rescue — спасение
signif icant—значительный, важный, существенный
layman — непрофессионал, любитель
stolen — украденный
to offer — предлагать
adventurer — искатель приключений,
receiver — приемник
Task 5.1.Answer the questions:
1.Can some events in some distant part of the globe rapidly and significantly affect
the quality of life in our home country?
2.Why are we forced to create systems that can respond immediately to dangers,
enabling appropriate defensive or offensive actions to be taken nowadays?
3.Has a worldwide system of satellites been already created?
4.What does a worldwide system of satellites provide?
5.What services do the new global satellite-communication systems offer?
Task 5.2 Find English equivalents in the text.
1.жизненный уровень
2.международный уровень
3.системы быстрого реагирования
4.всемирная система спутников
5.голосовые сообщения
6.деловые контакты
7.гигабитные каналы
8.сверхсовременные терминалы
9.односторонные передачи
10.трекинг
Task 5.3 Questions for discussion:
1. Why do we try to develop all types of telecommunication?
2. What new telecommunication services do you know?
1. What means of telecommunication do you know?
51
2. Can we connect to the Internet using our call phone today?
3. What technology made a great contribution to a long-range communication?
4. Was there wireless telegraphy as a means of regular communication before the
outbreak of the First World War?
5. What do you have to do to make a call?
6. What is the engine of progress nowadays?
7. Are social changes to informational society observed in all the countries?
8. Why do we develop the telecommunication system?
Task 5.4 Retell the text using new lexical words.
Task 5.5 Which word is the odd one out? Check the meaning of new
words in your dictionary.
Transmission, data, layman, adventurer, receiver, network, transmitter,
scale,explorer,tracking,theglobe,laptop,report,network,impact,coverage,
concept.
Методические рекомендации:
Студентам следует прочитать текст очень внимательно, затем готовится к
занятиям в определенной последовательности. Подготовится к устному
сообщению по теме и выполнить все грамматические упражнения в
письменной форме.
Рекомендуемая литература:
4 (осн.) стр 588-589, 2(осн)стр.36-38
Контрольные вопросы:
1. What means of telecommunication do you know?
2.Can we connect to the Internet using our cell phone today?
3.What technology made a great contribution to a long-range communication?
4.Was there wireless telegraphy as a means of regular communication before the
outbreak of the First World War?
5.What do you have to do to make a call?
6.What is the engine og progress nowadays?
7.Are social changes to informational society observed in all the countries?
8.Why do we develop the telecommunication system?
9. What three biorhythmic cycles have scientists identified?
Theme 2: Space Technologies in Kazakhstan
Task 13.Read the text
Baikonur Cosmodrome
52
Baikonur Cosmodrome is the launch
complex where Sputnik 1, Earth's first
artificial satellite, was launched.
Image at right: Launch Complex 333-L:
Baikonur has two Proton launch
complexes, one for international launches,
and one for Russian military launches.
Each launch complex consists of two
launch pads. Launch Complex 333, the left
launch pad, was used for the Zarya launch.
This launch pad, which is also referred to
as "point 23," was fully refurbished in 1989. Launch pad 333-R is currently
undergoing refurbishment.
The rocket that lifted Yuri Gagarin, the first human in orbit, was also launched
from Baikonur. In fact, all Russian crewed missions are launched from Baikonur,
as well and one for Russian military launches. Each launch complex consists of
two launch pads. Launch Complex 333, the left launch pad, was used for the Zarya
launch. Thi
s launch pad, which is also referred to as "point 23," was fully refurbished in 1989.
Launch
pad
333-R
is
currently
undergoing
refurbishment.
The rocket that lifted Yuri Gagarin, the first human in orbit, was also launched
from Baikonur. In fact, all Russian crewed missions are launched from Baikonur,
as well as all geostationary, lunar, planetary and ocean surveillance missions.
All space station flights using Russian launch vehicles will be launched from
Baikonur. Baikonur is also the only Russian launch site capable of launching the
Proton launch vehicle, which was used for Zarya, the first element launch of the
space station.
The name Baikonur is misleading. The former Soviet Union used the name and
coordinates of a small mining town, Baikonur, to describe the location of its rocket
complex. In fact, the launch complex is about 322 kilometers (200 miles)
southwest of the mining town near Tyuratam in Kazakhstan. This
misrepresentation was done intentionally to hide the actual location of the launch
complex. Although the true location is now known, the launch complex is still
referred
to
as
Baikonur.
Location
The Baikonur Cosmodrome is located in the Republic of Kazakhstan, in a semiarid zone. It is approximately 2,100 kilometers (1,300 miles) southeast of Moscow,
Russia. The annual temperature averages 13 degrees Celsius (55 degrees
Fahrenheit), but ranges from minus 40 degrees Celsius (minus 40 degrees
Fahrenheit) in winter to plus 45 degrees Celsius (113 degrees Fahrenheit) in the
summer
53
Map of Baikonur Cosmodrome
Weather around
Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan
This is the weather forecast for Kazalinsk and Dzhusaly in Kazakhstan.
Baikonur is situated between these two towns, so the weather should be about the
same or very close to the weather conditions there.
The name Baikonur actually belonged to a small mining town 322 km (200 miles)
away from the space center. The soviets used this name to mislead the outside
world, as it was very popular among the world powers to confuse each other.
A very Brief History
of Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan
Originally it was built for certain types of nuclear weapon test-launch site. To
build one, certain criteria had to be met in choosing the right area. These criteria
were: vast and scarcely populated area, preferably no agricultural activities nearby,
presence of a railway and fresh water sources. And bingo, a place was found. It
was on the route of the Moscow-Tashkent railway, near the reliable water
source Syrdarya, one of the major rivers of Central Asia, in a semi-arid zone to the
east of the Aral Sea. The place was near a small village of Turatam. The Soviet
Government adopted the Resolution for building a nuclear test zone on 12.02.55,
exactly one month after the beginning of the construction. A supporting town
54
of Leninsk (1958-1995)next to the launch site was built to accommodate the staff
working on the project with the full infrastructure. It was a closed city during
theUSSR. December 20, 1995 the town was renamed Baikonur.
"Space Tourism" in Kazakhstan
Now many travel companies organize guided tours to the city of Baikonur, the
cosmodrome and the other sights round the area to let you have a touch of an outer
world. With sufficient amount of finances and having met all the physical criteria,
you can also become a space tourist.
Task 1.1 Answer the questions
1.How many launch complexes has Baikonur?
2.Where is Baikonur located?
3.Who was the first man in orbit?
4.What kind of surveillance missions are launched from Baikonur?
Task 1.2 Make sentences putting the words in the correct order and
translate
1 Launch, each, of, two, launch, pads, consists, complex
2. Is located, in the Republic, in a semi-arid, the Baikonur, zone, cosmodrome,
of Kazakhstan
3. In Kazakhstan, forecast, this is, the weather, for Kazalinsk, and Dzhusaly.
Task 1.3. Discuss with each other the text (make plan and follow the plan in
your discussion)
Task 1.4. Write a short essay on the topic "Baikonur"
Task 1.5.Fill in the prepositions :
1.The rocket that lifted Yuri Gagarin, the first human ___ orbit, was also launched
____ Baikonur.
2 The name Baikonur actually belonged ____ a small mining town 322 km (200
miles) away _____ the space center.
3. It was ______ the route of the Moscow-Tashkent railway, near the reliable water
source Syrdarya.
Task 1.6 Which word is the odd one out? Check the meaning of new
words in your dictionary.
Surveillance, mission, degree, location, vehicle, test-launch site, nuclear weapon,
route, water sources, construction, space tourist, launch,rocket, orbit, pad,
scruffy,cosmodrome.
Task 2. Read the text
55
Space research in Kazakhstan
Nazarbayev and on the basis of Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of the
Kazakh SSR № 166 from 13.03.1991, a special comprehensive program
«Kazakhstan-Space» has been developed. The program laid the basic directions of
space exploration in Kazakhstan. For these tasks in 1991, the Institute of Space
Research was established, and the founder and first director was the academician
U.M.Sultangazin, who made a fundamental contribution to the establishment and
development of space research in Kazakhstan. Currently, one of the priorities of
the strategic development of scientific and technical potential of the Republic is to
create a space industry. In order to do this the National Space Agency
(Kazkosmos) was created in Kazakhstan in 2007, whose activities are primarily
aimed at the development and implementation of target space technology and
development of space science for socio-economic development of the state.It
should be noted that for the first time the Kazakhstan’s cosmonaut T.A. Musabaev
carried out complex studies and experiments on manned space stations during the
flight aboard the OC «Mir» “(1994, 1998) and the International Space
Station (ISS, 2001). Space research in Kazkosmos is mainly carried out in
JSC «National Center for Space Research and Technology» (JSC «NCSRT»),
which consists of four research institutes: V.G. Fesenkov Astrophysical Institute,
Institute of Ionosphere, Space Research Institute, Institute of Space Engineering
and Technology. JSC «NCSRT» has a great experimental basis: a base of modern
experimental equipment, test sites, observatories, laboratories which carry out
basic and applied research in the field of space activities on approved priorities.
Space science in Kazakhstan is developing in the framework of State programs for
basic and applied research: «Scientific research and experiments of the Republic of
Kazakhstan on the OC «Mir»-1991, 1994, 1998,«Development of Space Activity
of the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2005-2007»,«Development of scientific and
methodological bases of research and utilization of space, Earth exploration from
space for technological and socio-economic development of Kazakhstan» 20062008,«Applied research in the field of space activities» in 2008 and 2009,«Study
of systems and objects of near and far space, study of the Earth from space,
development of scientific bases of space technology» for 2009-2011.
Task 2.1 Answer the questions
1.What was developed by Nazarbaev and the cabinet of Ministers in 1991?
2.When was the institute of space Research established?
3. Who was the first Kazakhstan‘s cosmonaut?
Task 2.2 Give a short summary of the text in written form .
Task 2.3 Which word is the odd one out? Check the meaning of new
words in your dictionary.
Basis, exploration, laboratory, equipment, test site, observatory, technology,
applied research, contribution to, object, cabinet, music.
56
Task 2.4 Complete each sentence using one of the words given in the list.Use
each word once only.
Industry , exploration,
aboard ,
comprehensive
1.Currently, one of the priorities of the strategic development of scientific and
technical potential of the Republic is to create a space __________
2.The program laid the basic directions of space ____________ in Kazakhstan.
3. Nazarbayev and on the basis of Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of the
Kazakh SSR № 166 from 13.03.1991, a special _________ program «KazakhstanSpace» has been developed.
4.It should be noted that for the first time the Kazakhstan’s cosmonaut T.A.
Musabaev carried out complex studies and experiments on manned space stations
during the flight ________the OC «Mir» “ and the International Space
Task 3. Read the text
SPACE RESEARCH AND EXPERIMENTS ON MANNED SPACE
COMPLEXES(A)
With the permanent support of President Nursultan Nazarbayev and the close
collaboration of scientists and specialists of Kazakhstan’s institutions and the
Russian space industry organizations, research on manned space complexes were
developed, beginning with the flight of Kazakhstan’s cosmonaut T.O. Aubakirov
aboard the orbital complex (OC) «Mir» in 1991. Tasks formulation, development
of space experiments (SE) were carried out with a participation of scientists and
professionals from more than 20 research institutes and organizations in
Kazakhstan. So, eight space experiments were carried out in 1994, and twenty
three complex experiments were performed in 1998. In 2001, Kazakhstan was one
of the first to implement a program of research and experiments aboard the
international space station. From 1991 to 2001 the cosmonaut T. Musabayev
participated in space research and experiments in the following areas: «Physical
and technical studies», «Natural-resource monitoring», «Geophysical Research»,
«Space biotechnology and biomedicine. Within the framework of works in the area
«Physical and technical studies», SE «Temir», «Demedzh/ Ceramics», «Denial /
Exec» (1994, 1998) were conducted. These results and later studies formed the
basis for the development of new directions «Space Materials» and «Space
Device». The impact of microgravity on the physical and technical properties of
metal melts has been studied. The new layered structures of melts, which can be
used for new materials with desired properties, were obtained. These materials are
of interest to the aerospace industry for the creation of units and elements of new
space crafts design in Kazakhstan for various purposes, payloads, space launch
57
vehicles and protection. Later in the process of preparation of scientific programs
for Kazakhstan’s cosmonauts to the ISS on the stage of cosmonaut preparation,
important results have been yielded. New metallized polyimide materials with high
optical reflection coefficient of 82-95% and high surface thermal and electrical
conductivity have been created and explored. These materials are the basis for
creating a “space sail”, new coatings for equipment operating in open space. The
properties of new superconducting materials that could be used as an
electromagnetic protection and for making high-frequency resonators and shells for
the space thermonuclear propulsion engine are studied. Tissue mimicking
multifunctional polymeric materials (enamel and alanine) have been created and
studied to estimate the contribution of various components of the space radiation in
the total dose to the ISS .
Task 3.1 Read the text “ Future of Space Instrumentation”(B)
In future, space instrumentation can be developed on the basis of new
materials created and devices designed during the perfotesting facility for
modeling and regular tests on the radiation resistance of the element base of a new
generation with the subsequent their installation aboard Kazakhstan’s satellites for
various purposes, a device for purification of the atmosphere on the ISS and the
ground-based enclosed spaces on the basis of new adsorptive materials that can
simultaneously connect chemical and biological air pollutants. A created highspeed spectrometric and radiometric complex will be used to explore the
conditions of the upper atmosphere and to develop recommendations for civil
aviation under the conditions of the passage of the regions with thunderstorm
activity.In the framework of the area «Natural resource monitoring», ground-based
and space-borne experiments (CE «Biday», «Shop», «Ger», «Echo», «Caspian»,
«Aral», «Car», «SIYAP», 1991, 1994, 1998) associated with estimates of the state
of land cover, water and snow resources of eco-crisis regions were carried out. The
results were used to estimate the productivity of agricultural crops in major grainproducing regions. Areas prone to the most active development of desertification
processes were identified, and estimates of the state of eco-crisis regions were
completed. These works are successfully continued after the creation of the
National space monitoring system.
58
Figure 1. a - Tien-Shan Research Observatory (2800 m above sea level)
Task 1.3. Discuss with each other the text (make plan and follow the plan in
your discussion)
Task 1.4. Write a short essay on the topic : ” SPACE RESEARCH AND
EXPERIMENTS ON MANNED SPACE COMPLEXES”(A)
Task 2.4 Complete each sentence using one of the words given in the list.Use
each word once only.
Equipment ,
experiments
research,
development,
productivity,
1. Tasks
formulation, development of space ________ (SE) were carried out with a
participation of scientists and professionals from more than 20 research These
results and later studies formed the basis for the development of new directions
«Space Materials» and «Space Device»institutes and organizations in Kazakhstan.
2. From 1991 to 2001 the cosmonaut T. Musabayev participated in space _____
and experiments in the following areas: «Physical and technical studies», «Naturalresource monitoring», «Geophysical Research», «Space biotechnology and
biomedici3.These results and later studies formed the basis for the_________of
new directions «Space Materials» and «Space Device». .
4.These materials are the basis for creating a “space sail”, new coatings
for_________operating in open space.
59
5.The results were used to estimate the _______ of agricultural crops in major
grain-producing regions.
Read the text
“Experiments in Space”(C)
In the framework of geophysical studies ground-based and space-borne
experiments «Atmosphere», «Plasmasphere», «Shadow», «Field», «Mesosphere»
(1994, 1998), whose purpose was studying the physical properties of the
atmosphere, ionosphere and mesosphere, were carried out. A series of experiments
devoted to the development of physical foundations and methodological concepts
into account the influence of the ionosphere on the path of space communications
and the accuracy of satellite geodesy and navigation were conducted. Data
obtained from the orbital group of «Inter cosmos» made possible to reveal signs of
low-frequency electromagnetic radiation from an area of earthquakes, with a
certain correlation with the intensity of events. Later, based on two-level (groundbased measurements and processing of Earth’s images from the satellites
Terra/MODIS) experiments, the study of optical characteristics of the upper
atmosphere over areas of a thunderstorm activity has been carried out to determine
their relationship with the development of abnormal conditions on space crafts for
various purposes. The results are used to estimate the likelihood of emergency
situations and develop practical recommendations for the operating conditions of
civil aircraft and spacecraft for various purposes during the thunderstorm activity.
A series of experiments in space biotechnology (CE «Muscat»,1991, 1994, 1998,
2001) Space Medicine (SE «Densaulyk» - «Tangra», «Ak-Jol», «Alma», «AlaTau», 1991, 1994, 1998) and Space Nutrition (SE «Dastarkhan», 1994, 1998,
2001) have been carried out which results became the basis for a new direction in
Kazakhstan -«Space biotechnology and space life and science». The aim of SE on
the OC «Mir» for space biotechnology was to study the complex influence of space
factors on growth and development of cell cultures of wheat and potatoes as the
main crops in Kazakhstan. Unique results that allow to study the processes of
division, differentiation and metabolism of plant cells and intercellular interaction
in weightlessness have been obtained. As a result of practical selection of plant
cells, two new potato varieties characterized by particularly resistance to diseases
and adverse environmental factors have been created and they are zoned to the
eastern and south-eastern Kazakhstan. At the pre-stage in the preparation of the
program on the ISS, ground-based investigation and assessment of the possible
harmful effects of space flight factors on stem cells of astronaut was carried out. A
selection of stress-clones of wheat for the creation of promising lines and sending
them in the selection process has been done.
60
Figure 1. b - astrophysical observatory complex (1450 m above sea level)
Research in the field of space medicine is related with the study of processes of
adaptation of a cosmonaut to difficult conditions of a flight. Substantial changes in
the transport of glucose, protein and lipids on the surface of red blood cells and
skin-galvanic potential of certain areas of the skin of a cosmonaut were found. A
testing complex for studying the functional state of a person in extreme conditions,
including training of astronauts has been created. The results will be used to
develop practical recommendations to control the functional state of human being
in the aerospace, sports, extreme medicine, as well as in practical public health.
The most important part of the space biomedicine is space nutrition. Scientists of
Kazakhstan have developed specialized products and biologically active additives,
having directed the properties. They increase the adaptive capacities of cosmonauts
and reduce the harmful impact of space flight, including radiation exposure.
Developed specialized products are designed to strengthen the immune system of
cosmonauts, as well as for those who is in extreme conditions and in remote
regions of the Republic (sportsmen, employees of the emergency ministry (EM)
and others).
Task 3.1 Answer the questions
1. What was developed by Nazarbaev and the cabinet of Ministers in 1991?
2. When was the institute of space Research established?
3. Who was the first Kazakhstan‘s cosmonaut?
4. What important results have been yielded from the preparation of Kazakhstan
‘s cosmonauts for the International Space Station?
5. What new materials have created in the process of preparation of scientific
61
programs?
Task3. 2 Make sentences putting the words in the correct order and
translate.
1.continued, the National, monitoring, These, system, after, the creation,
successfully, are, space, works, of
2.on the physical, The impact, of microgravity, and technical, properties, of, metal,
has been studied, melts
3. To implement, Kazakhstan, aboard, the international, in 2001, a program, and
experiments, was one of, of research, space station, the first
Task3.3 Fill in the prepositions
1.Nazarbayev and ____ the basis ____ Resolution ___ the Cabinet of Ministers of
the Kazakh SSR № 166 from 13.03.1991, a special comprehensive program
«Kazakhstan-Space» has been developed.
2. So, eight space experiments were carried ____ in 1994, and twenty three
complex experiments were performed ___ 1998.
3. These materials are the basis ____ creating a “space sail”, new coatings
_____equipment operating ___open space .
Task 3.4 Give a short summary of the text in written form
Task 3.5 Complete each sentence using one of the words given in the list.Use
each word once only.
Development, flight, unique, difficult,
1. ______ results that allow to study the processes of division, differentiation and
metabolism of plant cells and intercellular interaction in weightlessness have been
obtained.
2.Research in the field of space medicine is related with the study of processes of
adaptation of a cosmonaut to ________conditions of a flight.
3. The aim of SE on the OC «Mir» for space biotechnology was to study the
complex influence of space factors on growth and ________ of cell cultures of
wheat and potatoes as the main crops in Kazakhstan.
4. They increase the adaptive capacities of cosmonauts and reduce the harmful
impact of space ________ ,including radiation exposure.
Task 5. Read the text
THE ROAD ТО THE STARS
When did man first begin to think of space travel?
Man began to think of space travel in the second century A. D. At that time a
Greek, Lucian of Samos, wrote a fantastic story about a man who was carried to
the Moon by a storm. In his second story about space, Lucian’s hero flew to the
Moon with a pair of wings which he had made himself.
62
But for the next 1400 years, in the years of the inquisition, people could not
even think of travelling to the Moon.
About 300 years ago the famous Italian astronomer Galilei looked through his
telescope and told people about the other worlds which he had seen. Again people
began to think of reaching other planets.
In 1634, there appeared a story about a journey to the Moon by Johannes
Kepler, the German astronomer. He discovered how the planets moved around the
Sun. Kepler was a scientist ,but in his book his hero was carried to the Moon by
«magic moon people», who could fly through space. Kepler gave a detailed
description of the Moon which he had seen through his telescope.
After Kepler’s book, there were many others about space travel. The first
serious story of space travel was written in1640 by Bishop Wilkins of England. He
described physical conditions on the Moon and he also said about the ways in
which man could possibly live on the Moon. The first man who wrote] about a
rocket as a spaceship was the Frenchman, Cyrano de Bergerac. In his book his
space travelers flew to the Moon and the Sun in the rocket.
When those books were written, nobody seriously thought about space travel.
Then in 1865 Jules Verne, the French novelist, wrote the story «From the Earth to
the Moon», in which he tried to show the scientific principles of space travel. By
the time that H. G. Wells, the English author, wrote «The Firsts Men on the
Moon» in 1901, man was already at the beginning of a new era in the development
of air travel and conquering outer space.
VOCABULARY:
spaceship – космический корабль
travel - путешествовать
scientist - ученый
wings - крылья
conquering -завоевание
physical conditions – физические условия
detailed - детальный
description - описание
Task 5.1 Answer the following questions:
1. When did man first begin to think of space travel?
2. What did the famous Italian astronomer Galilei tell people about?
3. What did the German astronomer discover?
4. When was the first serious story of space travel written?
5. What other books about space were written?
Task 5.2 Which word is the odd one out? Check the meaning of new words
in your dictionary.
Wing , travel, scientist, the Moon, telescope, planet, journey, rocket, holiday,
outer space, the Sun, way, world, inquisition.
63
Task 5.3. Discuss with each other the text (make plan and follow the plan in
your discussion)
Task 5.4. Write a short essay on the topic " The Road to the Stars"
Task 5.5 Complete each sentence using one of the words given in the list.Use
each word once only.
The Sun,
rocket, space,
telescope,
1.About 300 years ago the famous Italian astronomer Galilei looked through his
_________ and told people about the other worlds which he had seen.
2. The first man who wrote about a ________as a spaceship was the Frenchman,
Cyrano de Bergerac.
3. Man began to think of ________ travel in the second century A. D.
4. He discovered how the planets moved around _______
Методические рекомендации: Научить студентов аннотировать небольшой
текст, давать необходимый комментарий, суммировать сведения из разных
источников.
Рекомендуемая литература:
3(осн)стр.133-135, 2(доп), 2(доп)
Контрольные вопросы:
1. Where is Baikonur located?
2.Who was the first man in orbit?
3.When was the institute of space Research established?
4. Who was the first Kazakhstan ‘s cosmonaut?
5. When was the first serious story of space travel written?
6. What other books about space were written?
Theme 3 : Achievements in Space Industry
Task 1.Read the text.
PROPULSION IN SPACE
It is well known that the only means of propulsion in outer space is some type
of rocket. As stated in Newton’s laws of motion, one mass can be accelerated only
by having a force push between* it and another mass. In space the second mass
must be carried aboard the vehicle. This is the fundamental principle of rocketry.
There are some basic types of power plants. Some of them have been used for
many years and have been perfected. Others are rather new achievements. In the
first type, the propellant gas is accelerated by heat energy generated by chemical
reactions. This is the most fully developed system and is the one used in many
rockets fired at present. Another type involves acceleration of a gas by heat energy
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from nuclear reactors, electric arcs or the Sun. In this system the large power plant
weight is a certain difficulty that can be compensated only by higher exhaust
velocities, the achievable velocity is limited only by the heat resistance of the
structural materials.
One more propulsion system is an electrical operation in which the propellant
can be converted to ions accelerated by electric fields, or by combined electric and
magnetic effects. Much higher exhaust velocities can be reached by electrical
acceleration. There is one more system based on the emission of photons
producing thrust.
Vocabulary
By having a force push between — за счет силового толчка, возникающего
между
Exhaust velocity — скорость истечения
Exhaust nozzle — выхлопное соплo
Task 1.1 Answer the questions.
1. What is the only means of population in outer space?
2. What is the fundamental principle of rocketry?
3.What are basic types of power plants?
4. What is an electriical operation?
Task 1.2 Which word is the odd one out? Check the meaning of new words
in your dictionary.
Exhaust velocity, rocketry, vehicle, propulsion, exhaust nozzle, achievement,
heat, reaction, literature, power plant, resistance, emission, proton, thrust,
propellant gas.
Task 1.2 Put the prepositions in each space
1.As stated ___ Newton’s laws ____ motion, one mass can be accelerated only
____ having a force push between it and another mass.
2.___ the first type, the propellant gas is accelerated ____ heat energy generated
____ chemical reactions.
3.____ the first type, the propellant gas is accelerated ___ heat energy generated
___ chemical reactions
Task 1.3 Match synonyms:
1. to accelerate
2. to generate
3. a plant
4. velocity
5. a motion
6. achievement
a) make
b) a refinery
c) rate
d) movement
e) fulfilment
f) hurry
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Task 1.3 Discuss with each other the text (make plan and follow the plan in
your discussion)
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Task 1.4 Write a short essay on the topic "Propulsion in Space"
Task1.5 Read the text and summarize in your own words, using these
phrases.
The text / article under review ...(gives us a sort of information about...)
The article deals with the problem ...
The subject of the text is ...
At the beginning(of the text) the author describes ... (dwells on explains ...; touches
upon ...; analyses ...; comments characterizes underlines ...; reveals ...; gives
account of...).
The article begins with the description of ..., a review of ..., the analysis of....
The article opens with ...
Then(after that, further on, next) the author passes on to ..., gives a detailed
(thorough) analysis (description), goes on to say that...
At the end of the article the author draws the conclusion that...; the author sums it
all up (by saying ...).
To finish with, the author describes ....
In conclusion the author ...
Task 1.6 Complete each sentence using one of the words given in the list.Use
each word once only.
Propellant, thrust, nuclear, propulsion, outer
1.It is well known that the only means of propulsion in _______ space is some
type of rocket.
2.In the first type, the _________ gas is accelerated by heat energy generated by
chemical reactions.
3.There is one more system based on the emission of photons producing ______.
4. Another type involves acceleration of a gas by heat energy from ________
reactors, electric arcs or the Sun.
5.There is one more system based on the emission of photons producing _______.
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Read the text
SPACE EXPLORATION (А) .
Entering the twenty-first century, we have an unimaginable array of technology
and a generation of young people schooled in these technologies. Three decades
ago people placed six flags on the Moon. Our automatic space stations reached
almost all planets of Solar System. Today we no longer try for new space
achievements; instead we celebrate the anniversaries of the past. Our work is
unfinished.
We have read a large amount of books and magazines, in addition to the
science books. People have been preparing to land on Mars, but because of some
obstacles, we have not realized it yet.
If we compare technologies of 1960s and 1970s, when major achievements in
space exploration were made and technologies we have today, we might be
surprised. The Apollo Lunar Module had a computer in it, as we all know. The
Lunar Module computer had 4,096 bytes of erasable storage. Current processors
reach over 3000MHz, hundreds times more that it was that time and modern
personal computers often have over 500 million bytes of erasable storage, to say
nothing of modern fixed storage. 30 years of advancement have given us the;
ability to do even more in rocketry and computing and everywhere else. Our
future achievements should not be dwarfed by our past achievements.
We need to explore space, using a combination of automated probes and manned
missions. Humans need to explore space, because by not doing so, we are denying
our creative and curious nature.
Vocabulary:
unimaginable — невообразимый
array — множество, совокупность
to place — разместить, установить
to reach — достичь, добраться
Solar System — Солнечная система
achievement — достижение, успех
to celebrate — праздновать, веселиться, радоваться
anniversary — годовщина, юбилей
obstacle — помеха, преграда, препятствие
to realize — осуществлять, выполнять
exploration — изучение, исследование
erasable — стираемый, оперативная (о памяти)
advancement — развитие, достижение, прогресс, успех
ability — способность
rocketry — ракетная техника
to dwarf — останавливать рост; препятствовать развитию
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manned mission — пилотируемый полет/миссии
curious — любопытный, любознательный, пытливый
Task 2.1Answer the following questions
1.
When did people place flags on the Moon?
2.
Have all planets of Solar System been visited by our automatic space
stations?
3.
Why do we need to explore space?
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
—
Task2.2 Read the text and summarize in your own words, using these
phrases.
The text / article under review ...(gives us a sort of information about...)
The article deals with the problem ...
The subject of the text is ...
At the beginning(of the text) the author describes ... (dwells on explains ...; touches
upon ...; analyses ...; comments characterizes underlines ...; reveals ...; gives
account of...).
The article begins with the description of ..., a review of ..., the analysis of....
The article opens with ...
Then(after that, further on, next) the author passes on to ..., gives a detailed
(thorough) analysis (description), goes on to say that...
At the endof the article the author draws the conclusion that...; the author sums it
all up (by saying ...).
To finish with, the author describes ....
In conclusion the author ...
Task 2.3 Put one suitable prepositions in each space:
1.We have read a large amount ___ books and magazines,____addition
____ the science books.
2.Our future achievements should not be dwarfed___our past achievements.
3.We need to explore space, using a combination ___ automated probes
and manned missions.
Task 2.4 Which word is the odd one out? Check the meaning of new words
in your dictionary.
Manned vision, anniversary, Solar System, exploration, clock, manned
mission,obstacle, dwarf, probe, achievement, computer, advancemen , obstacle.
Task 2.5 Match antonyms:
1. obstacle
2. to reach
3. to realize
4. major
a) accept
b) fail
c) aid
d) minor
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5. modern
6. to deny
e) leave
f) ancient
Task 3. Read the text
ATOMIC POWER FOR SPACE TRAVEL
Many scientists of today believe that nuclear engines are the best as propulsion
for the spaceships that make extremely long voyages through the interplanetary
space.
Atomic engines are relatively light in weight and can deliver power for years
without running out of fuel. Up to now thermical power has been used to drive
rocket engines. This power is obtained by burning oxygen and hydrogen. In both,
the chemical and the nuclear rocket engines it is the heat energy that expands the
hydrogen gas and causes it to escape through the nozzle at high speed. In the first
case it is the heat of the chemical burning of hydrogen and oxygen; in the second
— the heat from the fissioning or splitting of atoms inside the reactor. In the
atomic engine designed for providing a large thrust, heat is generated by carefully
controlled atomic fission in a reactor.
This heat is used to heat hydrogen, which then thrusts out of the exhaust nozzle
at a great speed to push the rocket. Tremendous power is needed to drive a rocket
or spaceship beyond the forces of the Earth’s gravity. But when the ship is already
deep in sace, much smaller power supplies are necessary to propel the ship.
Atomic power can provide both these propulsion requirements. It makes great
contribution to space research.
Task 3.1 Answer the questions.
1.Why are nuclear engines the best?
2.How has thermical power been used?
3.Explain how thermical power is obtained?
Task 3.2 Fill in the prepositions.
1. Many scientists ____ today believe that nuclear engines are the best as
propulsion ____ the spaceships that make extremely long voyages through the
interplanetary space.
2. Atomic engines are relatively light ____ weight and can deliver power ___
years without running out ___ fuel.
3. In the atomic engine designed ____ providing a large thrust, heat is generated
_____ carefully controlled atomic fission ____ a reactor.
Task 3.3 Write a short essay on the topic "Atomic power for space travel "
Task 3.4 Make new words from the letters included in the given words:
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Astronautics: astronaut, train, cost, count, …
Exploration: portion, exit, print, export
Classification: fission, fiction, class, scan, ….
Task 1.2 Which word is the odd one out? Check the meaning of new words
in your dictionary.
Rocket engine, voyage, exhaust nozzle, fuel, propulsion, fission,hydrogen, heat,
nuclear rocket, oxygen, atomic power, atom, requirement,thrust, gravity,building.
Task 4. Read the text.
Secrets of Comets
Comets caused great terror amongst people in ancient times. Many thought the
brilliant and mysterious light of a comet to be the warning of coming disaster — a
plague, a war, an earthquake, or the death of an important person. Others feared
that comets would fall directly on the Earth, causing instant destruction. Even
today, some people still think that comets will hit our planet, but that is not very
likely, because their orbits are so far away from the Earth. Some scientists have
speculated that a stray comet may have hit the Earth about 65 million years ago.
Dust particles from the comet clouded the Earth’s atmosphere, causing
temperatures to drop and plants to die. As a result, dinosaurs and other animals
that fed on plants soon starved to death.
Before people knew what comets were, they were frightened by them.
Throughout history, comets have been the subject of a lot of stories. It has already
been mentioned that early people were afraid of comets, thinking they brought bad
news, and caused such catastrophes as earthquakes, hurricanes and diseases. They
also thought the appearance of comets was related to the births and deaths of
important people. They believed that comets came from the gods to foretell some
great disaster, a famine, a war.
Ancient Egyptians believed that comets were sky pictures of a woman with
long, untidy hair. In ancient Greece, comets thought to be orbiting planets with
people on them. American Indians considered comets to be the spirits of stars.
Today, we know that none of the ancient beliefs about comets is true, and that the
appearance of comets during important historical events was mere coincidence.
Comets present their own special world and at first, it is hard to understand. But if
you read as much literature as you can, you will easily understand and enjoy it
more from one book to another. You will answer all the questions that you have in
your mind: it will involve you, and it will be constantly interesting for you.
Task 4.1 Complete the following sentences:
1. To every puzzle we can ..., and for every secret ... .
2. They thought that the appearance of comets was related to the births and ....
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3. American Indians considered comets to be ... .
4. Comet Hailey has its own…
Task 4.2 Are the following statements true (T) or false ( F) ?
1. Comets consist of a body and a tail.
2. The streak of light from a «shooting star» appears very slowly.
3. Comets appear to be very small and spectacularly, they are not very beautiful.
4. Comets caused great terror amongst people in ancient times.
5. Ancient Egyptians believed that comets were sky pictures of a child.
6. It is rather easy to understand what comets are.
Task 4.3 Match a line in A with a line in B:
A
shaking of the earth
2)
b) fragment,
the small
3)
part that remains
4)
c) the smallest possible
5)
quantity, very small bit
6)
d) to kill with hunger
7)
e) uncleanness
f) to consider attentively
g) birth, starting point
Task 4.4 Read the text about the secret of comets and discuss the given
problem in groups.
One more, not less exciting phenomenon that can be found in the world above
them? What are they like? What are they? Have you ever thought about it? Where
do they come from? Have you ever asked yourself about it? Of course we all know
that comets consist of a body and a tail, but if you are asked you for much more
information, you probably won’t be able to answer. Of course, for many people
it’s like a puzzle or a secret. But to every puzzle we can find an answer, and for
every secret we can find a key. Comets appear to be very large, and they are
spectacularly beautiful. They are also mysterious, because nobody knows for sure,
where they come from. There have been several theories of their origin. One
theory claimed that comets were remnants of a volcano located on one of the
larger planets in our solar system. Today most scientists think comets may have
created from a huge cloud of particles that surrounds our entire solar system.
1)
origin (n)
remnant (n)
particle (n)
earthquake (n)
speculate (y)
starve (v)
pollution (n)
В
a)
Task 4.5 Look up the following words from the text in bold type in a
monolingual dictionary; find appropriate synonyms and definitions:
spectacularly, origin, remnant, particle, earthquake, to speculate, to starve. Use
them in active vocabulary while sharing your opinion on the problem of the text.
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Read the text Space : The Big Frontier
Before you start
Task1.1 Read the article. Match these headings with the paragraphs (A-E).
• Life on Mars
• The Space Race
• The Last Frontier
• Globetrotters
• Into Deep Space
Task 1.2.Find sentences in the text that mean the same as these colloquial
sentences. Paragraph letters are in brackets.
• The space age kicked off when they sent up Sputnik 1. (B)
• But they carried on sending out robot ships to have a look round.(B)
• Space exploration is in again because of that new telescope. (C)
• It's so good that it's found loads of new planets. (C)
• They're going to launch robot ships to find places like Earth. (D)
Task 1.3.Match these words with the idiomatic expressions from the text (1-6)
in italics.
just beginning, all over the world,
a stage on the way, the possibilities are endless,
started off, shown we've been
1 We have left our mark everywhere.
2 The four corners of the globe.
3 It triggered the space race.
4 It's a stepping stone.
5 It's in its infancy.
6 The sky's the limit.
Task 1.4.Classify the linking words underlined in the text.
a) reason (explains the cause of an action)
b)purpose (shows the aim of an action)
Example 1 purpose
Task 1.5 Which of the linkers are followed by modal verbs?
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Space: The Big Frontier
A 'What's beyond that hill?' 'What's on the other side of that river?' Curiosity and
the desire to explore have been with us since our ancestors left Africa (1) to spread
out over the world. By the beginning of the 21st century, virtually all of Planet
Earth has been visited, photoed, described, mapped. We have left our mark (and
our rubbish) in the four corners of the globe. Now only one frontier remains to
explore - space.
B The age of space exploration began in 1957, when Sputnik 1 was launched by
the Soviet Union. The first successful manned flight took place in 1961, when Yuri
Gagarin was shot into space. This triggered the 'space race' between the USA and
the USSR, culminating in the moon landing in 1969. After this, there was
something of an anticlimax and the number of manned missions dropped off,
largely (2) due to the end of the space race. Nevertheless, space probes like Pioneer
and Voyager continued to be sent out (3) in order to explore the neighbouring
planets such as Mars and Venus. The American shuttle and the Russian Mir Space
Station were also ground-breaking, (4) as they developed the practicalities of space
travel.
C Recently, there has been another burst of interest in space (5) as a result of the
Hubble Telescope. It was launched in 1990 (6) so that astronomers could observe
space without interference from the Earth's atmosphere. The Hubble has provided
views of such phenomena as distant galaxies, dying stars and black holes. (7)
Because of its precision, over fifty new planets have been located beyond our solar
system. Other exciting developments have been the Prospector and Pathfinder
probes (8) for exploring our solar system, looking for water on the Moon and
primitive life on Mars.
D The International Space Station is now being built in the Earth's orbit and
soon will be working as a permanently manned scientific base, (9) so as to research
life in space and provide a stepping stone (10) in case future manned missions are
sent out. Further space probes, such as Deep Space, will be sent out (11) in order
that they might detect small Earth-like planets where there might be life. A
permanent base will probably be established on the Moon in the next twenty years
and a manned mission to Mars might take place some time after. Later in the
century, some scientists believe we may develop the technology (12) so as to be
able to begin interstellar exploration, starting with our nearest star, Proxima
Centauri, four light years away.
E In conclusion, space exploration is still in its infancy and is restricted by many
technical problems but the possibilities are incredible. While humankind's innate
curiosity remains, we will keep exploring. The sky is no longer the limit.
Методические рекомендации: Внимательно проработать и выполнить все
после текстовые упражнения. Максимально использовать дополнительный
материал из рекомендуемой литературы.
Рекомендуемая литература:
1(осн)стр.140, 2(осн)стр.35-38, 1(осн)стр.306-308
73
Контрольные вопросы:
1. What is the most advantageous energy for space flights nowadays?
2. How can spaceships be powered during their flights?
3. What comets mean for different people?
4. What attitude do you have towards them?
5.What is nanotechnology in its traditional sense?
3.4. План занятий в рамках самостоятельной работы студентов
под руководством преподавателя (СРСП). 1 cеместр
№
п/
п
1.
Наименование темы
Формы проведения
Space exploration
2.
Вiorythm
Объе
м
часов
Составить и выучить
письменный глоссарий
Написать эссе
7
7
3.
Nanofabrication
.Устное сообщение.обратить.
внимание на терминологию
6
5
Possibilities of nanotechnology
Перевод текста..
Устное сообщение.
5
Global warnings
Написать реферат и сделать устную презентацию
5
Job trends
Перевод текста..
Перессказ текста.
5
Laser Propulsion
Подготовить.
устное сообщение.
4
5
6
7
74
8
Talking via Space
Подготовить информацию в
виде докладa
5
Всего часов за 2 семестр:
45
3.4.План занятий в рамках самостоятельной работы студентов под
руководством
преподавателя (СРСП). 2 cеместр
№
п/
п
1.
Наименование темы
Формы проведения
Устное сообщение.
Объе
м
часов
5
An encyclopedia on a tiny
Crystal
2.
Made in Space
3.
Thirty years of the Space Age
4
Living abroad the Space Shuttle
5
Coставить и выучить глоссарий
терминов по заданной теме
Перевод текста.
.
Устное сообщение.
Подготовить информацию
в виде. доклада
5
Написать эссе
5
Устное сообщение.обратить
внимание на терминологию
Перевод текста.
.
5
5
5
Time Travel and New Universes
6.
Space Cooling
7.
Manned Systems for the
Exploration of the Solar System
Подготовить устное сообщение
8
History of Robotics
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5
5
9
Telecommunication
Подготовить информацию
в виде. доклада
Всего часов за 2 семестр:
5
45
Task 1. Read the text
SPACE EXPLORATION (B)
Mankind always dreamed of overcoming gravitation and reaching other
planets. But it was only in the 1960ies that this dream was to become reality.
On the 12th of April 1961 the spaceship «Vostok» was launched into space
with a man on board and after orbiting our planet successfully returned to the
Earth. The first man to overcome gravitation and orbit the Earth was Yuri Gagarin.
This day went down in history of mankind as an outstanding achievement, opening
the space era. In the course of space exploration there have been lots of
achievements of world science and technology. This period saw the launching of
many earth satellites, numerous space laboratories. Among the achievements we
may enumerate the landing of automatic stations on the Moon, the flights of space
laboratories towards Venus and Mars.
These are the years of manned space flight programs: Valentina Tereshkova
was the first woman-cosmonaut to make a space flight, A. A. Leonov achieved the
first «space walk» in 1965, the first Soviet experimental station with four
cosmonauts on board went into orbit, the first American expedition landed on the
Moon.
The Soviet «Lunokhod», automatic orbital stations «Soyuz» and other space
laboratories opened up a new period of space exploration. From the first
experiments scientists went over to systematic exploration of space.
Recently there have been calls to reduce expenditure on space research
programs. I think it would be a serious mistake to allow this to happen. There is a
direct link between the development of space research programs and different
earth technologies. The higher the former are the more developed the latter are.
VOCABULARY:
onboard — на борту
mankind — человечество
era — эрa
in the course of — входе
world science and technology — мировая наука и техника
numerous — многочисленный
to enumerate — перечислять
flight — полет
was the first... to make — былпервый, ктосовершил
cosmonaut — космонавт
to land — приземляться
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it would be a serious mistake to allow this to happen — было бы серьезной
ошибкой допустить это
earth technologies — земные технологии
the former — первый (из двух)
the latter — последний (из двух)
the higher... the more developed — чем выше... тем более развиты
Task 4.5 Answer the following questions:
1. What did mankind always dream about?
2. When did this dream become reality?
3. When was the spaceship «Vostok» launched?
4. Was Yuri Gagarin the first man to overcome gravitation and orbit the Earth?
5. As what day did the 12th of April go down in history?
6. What has there been in the course of space exploration?
7. What did this period see?
8. Enumerate the stages of manned space flight programs,
9. What opened up a new period of space exploration?
10. What calls have there been recently?
11. Would it be a serious mistake to allow to reduce expenditure on space
exploration?
12. What kind of link is there between the development оf space research
programs and different earth technologies
Read the text
Biorhythms
At the beginning of this century medical scientists made a surprising discovery:
that we are built not just of flesh and] blood but also of time. They were able to
demonstrate that well all have an internal «body clock» which regulates the rise
and! Fall of our body energies, making us different from one day told the next.
The idea of an internal «body clock» should not be] surprising, since the lives of
most living things are domina-1 ted by the 24-hour night-and-day cycle. The most
obvious feature of this cycle is the way we feel tired and fall asleep at night I and
become awake during the day. If the 24-hour rhythm is interrupted, most people
experience unpleasant side effects. As well as the daily rhythm of sleeping and
waking we also have 1 other rhythms which last longer that one day and which
influence wide areas of our lives. Most of us would agree that we feel good on
some days and not so good on others. Scientists have identified the following 1
three biorhythmic cycles: physical, emotional and intellectu-1 al. Each cycle lasts
approximately 28 days and each is divided into a high energy period and a low
energy period of equal j length. During the low energy period we are less resistant
to f illness and tire more easily. The low period puts energy into 1 our «batteries»
for the next high period. During the high energy period of a physical biorhythm we
are more resistant to ill- j ness, better coordinated and more energetic. The
«crytical» 1 or weakest time is the time of changeover from the high energy period
to the low energy period, or vice versa. This «critical» time usually lasts a day. On
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the crytical day of a physical j biorhythm, there is a greater chance of accident and
illness. Human experience is always individual and we each have our own
biorhythmic experiences. Some people experience such enormous physical
turbulence on their «physically critical» days that they have to go to bed.
Vocabulary:
flesh — плоть
internal — внутренний
cycle — цикл
obvious — очевидный
approximately — приблизительно
experience — опыт
turbulence — дискомфорт
Task 4.1 Answer the following questions:
1.What are Biorhythms?
2.What problems can people have if their 24-hour rhythm is interrupted?
3.What three biorhythmic cycles have scientists identified?
4.Which is the weakest part of a cycle?
5.How long does each cycle last
Task 3. Read the text.
NANOFABRICATION
Nanotechnology, a new field in science, is any technology that contains
components smaller than 100 nanometres. For scale, a single virus particle is
about 100 nanometres in width.
It should be noticed that materials reduced to the nanoscale can show
different properties compared to what they exhibit on a macro scale, enabling
unique applications. For instance, opaque substances become transparent
(copper); inert materials become catalysts (platinum); Mable materials turn
combustible (aluminium); solids turn into liquids at room temperature (gold);
insulators become conductors (silicon). A material such as gold, which is
chemically inert at normal scales, can serve as a potent chemical catalyst at
Nano scales. Much of the fascination with nanotechnology stems from these
quantum and surface phenomena that matter exhibits at the Nano scale.
An important subfield of nanotechnology related to energy is
nanofabrication. Nanofabrication is the process of designing and creating
devices on the nanoscale. Creating devices smaller than 100 nanometers opens
many doors for the development of new ways to capture, store, and transfer
energy. The inherent level of control that nanofabrication could give scientists
and engineers would be critical in providing the capability of solving many of
the problems that the world is facing today related to the current generation of
78
energy technologies.
People in the fields of science and engineering have already begun
developing ways of utilizing nanotechnology for the development of
consumer products. Benefits already observed from the design of these
products are an increased efficiency of lighting and heating, increased
electrical storage capacity, and a decrease in the amount of pollution from the
use of energy. Benefits such as these make the investment of capital in the
research and development of nanotechnology a top priority.
Research for longer lasting batteries has been an on going process for
years. Researchers have now begun to utilize nanotechnology for battery
technology. Some laboratories have utilized nano materials to alter the
wetting behaviour of the surface where the liquid in the battery lies to spread
the liquid droplets over a greater area on the surface and therefore have
greater control over the movement of the droplets. This gives more control to
the designer of the battery. This control prevents reactions in the battery by
separating the electrolytic liquid from the anode and the cathode when the
battery is not in use and joining them when the battery is in need of use.
Task 3.1 Fill in the prepositions 1.___ scale, a single virus particle is about
100 nanometers ___ width. 2.An important subfield __nanotechnology related
to energy is nanofabrication. 3.People in the fields ____ science and
engineering have already begun developing ways of utilizing nanotechnology
___ the development ___ consumer products.
Task 3.2 Make new words from the letters included in the given words:
Nanoparticlen – particle; coil; …
Amplification – fiction; aim; …Semiconductor – conductor; rod; dot; …
Task 4. Read the text.
•
•
•
•
POSSIBILITIES OF NANOTECHNOLOGY
As we know, nanotechnology refers to a field of applied science and
technology whose theme is the control of master on the atomic and molecular
scale, generally 100 nanometres or smaller, and the fabrication of devices or
materials that lie within that size range. Nanotechnologies are sure to possess
numerous possibilities nowadays. They include:
The creation of entirely new materials with superior strength, electrical
conductivity, resistance to heat and other properties.
Microscopic machines for a variety of uses, including probes that could be
injected into the body for medical diagnostics and repair.
A new class of ultra-small, super-powerful computers and other electronic
devices, including spacecraft.
A technology in which biology and electronics are merged, creating “gene
chips” that instantly detect food-borne contamination, dangerous substances in
79
•
•
the blood or chemical warfare agents in the air.
Artificial organs.
The development of “molecular electronics” and devices that “self assemble,”
similar to the growth of complex organic structures in living organisms.
Theoretically, once set in motion, such self-assembling devices would build
themselves, making electronics processing far less expensive than conventional
semiconductor processing.
With 15,342 atoms, this parallel-shaft speed reducer gear is one of the largest
Nano mechanical devices ever modelled in atomic detail.
Task 5. Read the text
LASER AND ITS OPERATION
As it is known, a laser is an electronic-optical device that emits coherent
light radiation. A typical laser emits light in a narrow, low-divergence
monochromatic beam with a well-defined wavelength.
A laser is composed of an active laser medium, or gain medium, and a
resonant optical cavity. The gain medium transfers external energy into the
laser beam. It is a material (gas, liquid, solid or free electrons )of controlled
purity, size, concentration and shape, which amplifies the beam by the process
of stimulated emission. The gain medium | energized, or pumped, by an
external energy source. Examples of pump sources include electricity and light,
for example from a flash lamp Щ from another laser. The pump energy is
absorbed by the laser medium placing some of its particles into high-energy
(“excited”) quantum states. Particles can interact with light both by absorbing
photons or by emitting
The gelium-neon laser. The glowing ray in the middle of an electric discharge
produces light
photons. Emission can be spontaneous or stimulated. In the latter case, THE
photon is emitted in the same direction as the light that is passing by. When the
number of particles in one excited state exceeds the number of particles in some
lower-energy state, population inversion is achieved and the amount of
stimulated emission due to light that passes through
is larger than the amount of absorption. Hence, the light is amplified. Strictly
speaking, these are the essential ingredients of a laser. However, usually the
term laser is used for devices where the light amplified is produced as
spontaneous emission from the same gain medium as where the amplification
takes place. Devices where light from an external puree is amplified are
normally called optical amplifiers.
The light generated by stimulated emission is very similar to the input
original in terms of wavelength, phase, and polarization. This gives laser light
its characteristic coherence, and allows it to maintain the uniform polarization
and often monochromaticity established by the optical i cavity design.
80
The optical cavity, a type of cavity resonator, contains a coherent BEAM of
light between reflective surfaces so that the light passes through the gain medium
more than once before it is emitted from the output aperture. As light circulates
through the cavity, passing through the gain medium, if the gain (amplification) in
the medium is stronger than the resonator losses, the power of the circulating light
rises. But each simulated emission event returns a particle from its excited state to
the ground state, reducing the capacity of the gain medium for further
amplification. When this effect becomes strong, the gain is said to be saturated.
The balance of pump power against gain saturation and cavity losses produces an
equilibrium value of the laser power inside the cavity; this equilibrium determines
the operating point of the laser. If the chosen pump power is too small, the gain is
not sufficient to overcome the resonator losses, and the laser will emit only very
small light powers. The minimum pump power needed to begin laser action is
called the lasing threshold. The gain medium will amplify any photons passing
through it, regardless of direction; but only the photons aligned with the cavity
manage to pass more than once through the medium and so have significant
amplification.
A laser may be either be built to emit a continuous beam or a train of short
pulses. This makes fundamental differences in construction, usable laser material
and application.
Vocabulary:
a resonant optical cavity — оптический объемный резонатор spontaneous
emission — самопроизвольная эмиссия (излучение) a flash lamp —
лампа свечения
«excited» quantum states — «возбужденное» состояние кванта population
inversion — преобразование наполнения characteristic coherence —
характерная когерентность (связность)
to maintain the uniform polarization — поддерживать однородную
поляризацию the output aperture — выходное отверстие stimulated
emission event — всплеск (порция) вынужденного и» лучения
the ground state — основное (исходное) состояние
pump power — энергия накачки
gain saturation — активное насыщение
the operating point of the laser — рабочий момент лазера
lasing threshold — порог (предел) усиления
Task 5.1 Answer the questions
1.What kind of a beam does a laser emit?
2. What does a laser contain?
3. What material amplifies the laser beam?
4. What energizes the gain medium?
5. What is the process of amplifying the light?
6. What are the main types of emission?
7. What is the role of optical cavity?
81
8. How does further light amplification take place?
9. What determines the operating point of the laser?
10. What is the lasing threshold?
Task 5.1 Find English equivalents in the text
Узкий монохроматический луч с минимальной дивергенцией
(отклонением); активная среда; объемный резонатор; путем поглощения и
излучения фотонов; самопроизвольное излучениe; вынужденная эмиссия;
низкоэнергетическое состояние; преобразование наполнения; когерентный
луч света; выходное отверстие; возбужденное состояние частиц; сокращать
объем активной среды; активное насыщение; величина равновесия; рабочий
момент лазера; энергия накачки; порог усиления; поток коротких импульсов;
основное различие.
Task 6 Read the text.
GLOBAL WARNINGS
The islanders of Kiribati and Tuvalu do not need to read about climate
change and global warming — they can see it happening all around them. Sea
levels are rising, and this is changing the way the people in these small Pacific
islands live. Farmers have to grow crops in tin cans because there is too much salt
in the ground, the fish are dying because the sea is too warm, and drinking water is
harder and harder to find. The small island of Tebua Tarawra has already
disappeared, and the islanders of Kiribati and Tuvalu are afraid that more of their
land will soon be under water.
Most scientists around the world agree that the Earth is getting warmer.
They believe that some places are already 2° hotter than they were 50 years ago,
and that temperatures will go up another 5° in the next hundred years. This means
that the ice at the North and South Pole will melt, the oceans will expand and the
sea will rise by as much as one metre.
In the atmosphere above the earth, gases like carbon dioxide naturally trap
the sun's heat and keep the air warm. This stops most of the world from becoming
covered in ice. However, the problem is that human beings are now making this
happen more quickly and dramatically in what scientists call the 'greenhouse
effect'. We are creating more and more carbon dioxide by burning fossil fuels (coal
and oil) to make electricity and drive cars. In the USA alone, each person creates
six tons of carbon dioxide a year.
Nobody knows what will happen if global warming continues, but we can
look at an example from the past to see what might happen. In the Pacific Ocean
there is another small island, a rocky, treeless place called Easter Island, which has
many strange old statues. Hundreds of years ago it was green and rich and covered
in trees. However, the islanders cut down their trees to make fires, build boats and
move their statues. As the forests got smaller, they had less fruit and fewer wild
animals and birds to eat; and the people began to go hungry. In the end, there were
no trees at all. The islanders started wars and killed each other, until there was
almost no-one left.
82
Some scientists believe that in the future the weather will be more extreme
— there will be stronger hurricanes, bigger floods and longer droughts. Some parts
of the world may get warmer and wetter, and others may get colder. This may
affect forests, the food we grow and the animals that live in the wild, and cause
disease to spread more quickly. In many ways we are luckier than the Easter
Islanders, we know about the problems and dangers and what we should do. Let us
hope that we do not make the same mistakes and we learn to look after the
environment.
Task 6.1 Complete these sentences with words from A.
There was a lot of heavy ________ last night. The area is flooded.
The strong_________ knocked down the tree.
Be careful of the strong________. You might get sunburn.
A cool ________on a hot day stops you becoming hot.
Task 6.2 These pictures show other problems which affect the environment.
Talk about what they show.
Task 7. Read the text
Before you start
1. In pairs, discuss these questions.
2. The Key Words may help you.
3. What job areas have become more important in the last twenty years?
4. What jobs have become less important?
5. What skills and qualities are useful to get a good job nowadays?
Job trends
Job areas: agriculture, coal mining, information technology, the media,
driving, language skills, organisational ability, typing Qualities: co-operation,
creativity, cultural awareness, flexibility, initiative, motivation of the Fittest
Between now and the 21 st century citizens of the world's richest and most
technologically advanced nations will find it increasingly difficult to keep up
83
with the demand for change. For them, the future will arrive too soon.' So begins
Alvin Toffler's book Future Shock, written back in 1970.
Now people are beginning to pay attention to Toffler's prediction, because the
speed of change is accelerating rapidly. It is sometimes difficult to work out the
patterns of change. What should you do? (1)____.________
Take a deep breath and try to get a sense of the good things the future has to
offer.
You don't need to be a genius to predict the job areas which will be most
affected by technological change. Agriculture, textiles, coal mining and heavy
industry are all doing badly. (2) _____ ._______.
Without doubt, the number of jobs in information technology will rise
dramatically. There are currently over 100 million computers in the world and by
2020 the number will be around one billion. (3) _____ .
The job market is getting more and more competitive and the idea of a 'job
for life' has There are also many other important changes taking place in the
workplace. First, already become old-fashioned. (4)________.
According to Mark Hastings of the Institute of Management, in the future people
will organise their working life around a variety of contracts, instead of working
just for one company.
In the same way, companies will change; they will be organised more
democratically. People will move sideways to do different jobs, rather than moving
up the 'company ladder' as before. Many more people will work for small, dynamic
companies which can react quickly to changes in the market. Other people will
give up working for a boss and become self-employed. All this means that
companies will require people who are flexible and responsible. (5) ____.
Good communication skills will be essential. According to Dr Laurence Lyons
of the Future Work Forum, women will initially have an advantage in this area.
James Traeger, of the training agency Menswork, explains that many men will
have to be retrained. It's not about making men more like women, but helping men
to communicate as well.'
We are undoubtedly moving towards a global economy English will probably
remain the international business language, so learning Russian or Chinese is not a
priority. (6) _____ . Above all, a manager will need to feel comfortable working
with people from other cultures and coping with cultural differences.
New technology is the driving force behind the rapidly changing workplace, so
don't get left behind. You don't need to become a computer expert, but you must
consider improving your computer skills. Work with more than one program in
case you have to use them at work, and try to read about all the latest technology.
Undoubtedly, all this new technology is changing the way we work and
offering many alternative ways of working. Rather than go into an office, a lot of
people are connected to the Internet and now work from home. Working like this
may give you the flexibility you want - to live where you want, to continue your
studies and to have a lot more free time. That must be good news.
Task 7.1 Study the Reading Strategies.
84
Reading Strategies:
Texts with sentence gaps
First, read the text to get the general idea.
Read each paragraph with a sentence gap again and identify the topic of the
paragraph, e.g. gap 1 = dealing with change.
Read the sentences before and after the gaps. Look for clues about the missing
sentence, e.g. gap 1 = the answer to a question.
Then, look at the missing sentences and underline the linking words, e. of all g.
first.
For each gap, find a sentence that matches the topic of the paragraph and links with
the sentences before and after it, e.g. gap 1 - d.
Follow the stages in the Strategies box to find the correct sentences (a-f) for each
gap (1-6) in the text.
On the other hand, business and professional services, the media, information
technology, and the biosciences are doing really well.Because of this, computer
programmers and systems analysts will be in much greater demand.
However, understanding other people, their minds, culture and history will be vital.
First of all, don't panic.They will also need people who can work co-operatively
and get on well in a team.Because of this, workers will have to be more flexible.
Task 7.2 Read the article again and answer these questions.
1.What is 'future shock' and how does it affect people?
2.What are the job areas of the future?
3.How will careers change?
4.How will companies change?
5.What skills and personal qualities will?
6.Write down some of the predictions made by the journalist.
Task 7.3 Use your own words where possible.
Example: The journalist said that, in the future, sectors like farming, mining and
heavy industry would probably lose jobs. She ...
Task 7.4 In pairs, discuss what things you can do to improve your future
career prospects.
Speaking and vocabulary: global issues
Task 7.5 Match the newspaper headlines A-N to the global issue above.
Work in pairs. Discuss these questions.
Can you think of any other global issues?
Which three issues are most important to you? Why?
Task 7.6 Look at these sentences and decide if you agree, partly agree,
disagree or strongly disagree.
We should find solutions to our own problems before we try to help the rest of the
world.
Women worry about the world's problems more than men do.
Politicians will find solutions to the world's problems.
There is nothing that I can do about the world's problems.
85
It is the job of the United Nations (not national governments) to solve the world's
problems.
Самостоятельная работа студента под руководством преподавателя
(СРСП)
№
1
2
3
Наименован
ие темы
Задания
Форма
проведения
Методические
рекомендации
Устное
Possibilities
сообщение.
of
Письменное
Nanotechnolo выполнение
gy
упражнений.
Дискуссия.
Ознакомление с
Ролевая игра. грамматическим
Беседа
и
закономерностя
ми
предлагаемого
языкового
материала
Atomic Power Перевод
for Space
текста.
Travel
Письменное
выполнение
упражнений.
Устное
сообщение.
Перевод
текста.
Colider
Письменное
выполнение
упражнений.
Устное
сообщение.
Дискуссия.
Прочитать текст,
Ролевая игра. Ответить на
Пересказ.
вопросы.
Рекоменду
емая
Объе
литература м в
часа
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1
(осн.)стр
.314-315
3
1 (осн.)
стр. 220221
3
Дискуссия.
Найти
Ролевая игра. дополнительный
1(осн.)стр.
Пересказ.
материал и
представить его 294
в виде доклада
3
86
4
5
6
7
8
9
The Use
Laser
Перевод
текста.
Письменное
выполнение
упражнений
Дискуссия.
Ролевая игра
Написать
эссе.
В специальной
литературе
1(осн.)стр.
найти
дополнительную 286-287
информацию.
3
Laser and its
Operations
Перевод
текста.
Письменное
выполнение
упражнений
Дискуссия.
Ролевая игра
Написать
эссе.
Прочитать текст,
Ответить на
1(осн.)стр.
вопросы. 5
282-284
3
Science and
International
Cooperation
Устное
сообщение.
Письменное
выполнение
упражнений.
Superconduct
ivity
Перевод
текста.
Письменное
выполнение
упражнений.
Устное
сообщение.
Перевод
текста.
Письменное
выполнение
упражнений.
Устное
сообщение
Перевод
текста.
Письменное
выполнение
упражнений
Дискуссия.
Ознакомление с
Ролевая игра. грамматическим
4(осн.)стр.
Беседа
и
закономерностя 150-151
ми
предлагаемого
языкового
материала
Дискуссия.
Прочитать текст,
Ролевая игра. Ответить на
4(осн.)стр.
Пересказ.
вопросы.
156-157
New Hope
for Energy
The
International
space Station
3
3
Дискуссия.
Найти
Ролевая игра. дополнительный
4(осн.)стр.
Пересказ.
материал и
представить его 164-165
в виде доклада
3
Дискуссия.
Ролевая игра
Написать
эссе.
3
87
В специальной
литературе
4(осн.)стр.
найти
дополнительную 170-172
информацию.
10
Thirty Years
of the Space
Station
11
Lidar
12
Living a
Board the
Space Shuttle
13
14
15
Перевод
текста.
Письменное
выполнение
упражнений
Дискуссия.
Ролевая игра
Написать
эссе.
Прочитать текст,
Ответить на
4(осн.)стр.
вопросы.
178-180
Перевод
текста.
Письменное
выполнение
упражнений.
Устное
сообщение
Перевод
текста.
Письменное
выполнение
упражнений
Дискуссия.
Найти
Ролевая игра. дополнительный
2(доп.)
Пересказ.
материал и
представить его
в виде доклада
Дискуссия.
Ролевая игра
Написать
эссе.
В специальной
литературе
4(осн.)стр.
найти
дополнительную 180-181
информацию
Digital Watch Перевод
текста.
Письменное
выполнение
упражнений
Дискуссия.
Ролевая игра
Написать
эссе.
Прочитать текст,
Ответить на
4(осн.)стр.
вопросы.
194-195
Перевод
текста.
Письменное
выполнение
упражнений
Дискуссия.
Ролевая игра
Написать
эссе.
Прочитать текст,
Ответить на
4(осн.)стр.
вопросы.
199-200
Перевод
текста.
Письменное
выполнение
упражнений.
Устное
сообщение
Дискуссия.
Найти
Ролевая игра. дополнительный
4(осн.)стр.
Пересказ.
материал и
представить его 204-205
в виде доклада
Mass
Production
Electric Light
Всего часов
45
88
3
3
3
3
3
Task 1. Read the text
SPACE EXPLORATION (B)
Mankind always dreamed of overcoming gravitation and reaching other
planets. But it was only in the 1960ies that this dream was to become reality.
On the 12th of April 1961 the spaceship «Vostok» was launched into space
with a man on board and after orbiting our planet successfully returned to the
Earth. The first man to overcome gravitation and orbit the Earth was Yuri Gagarin.
This day went down in history of mankind as an outstanding achievement, opening
the space era. In the course of space exploration there have been lots of
achievements of world science and technology. This period saw the launching of
many earth satellites, numerous space laboratories. Among the achievements we
may enumerate the landing of automatic stations on the Moon, the flights of space
laboratories towards Venus and Mars.
These are the years of manned space flight programs: Valentina Tereshkova
was the first woman-cosmonaut to make a space flight, A. A. Leonov achieved the
first «space walk» in 1965, the first Soviet experimental station with four
cosmonauts on board went into orbit, the first American expedition landed on the
Moon.
The Soviet «Lunokhod», automatic orbital stations «Soyuz» and other space
laboratories opened up a new period of space exploration. From the first
experiments scientists went over to systematic exploration of space.
Recently there have been calls to reduce expenditure on space research
programs. I think it would be a serious mistake to allow this to happen. There is a
direct link between the development of space research programs and different
earth technologies. The higher the former are the more developed the latter are.
VOCABULARY:
onboard — на борту
mankind — человечество
era — эрa
in the course of — входе
world science and technology — мировая наука и техника
numerous — многочисленный
to enumerate — перечислять
flight — полет
was the first... to make — былпервый, ктосовершил
cosmonaut — космонавт
to land — приземляться
it would be a serious mistake to allow this to happen — было бы серьезной
ошибкой допустить это
earth technologies — земные технологии
the former — первый (из двух)
the latter — последний (из двух)
the higher... the more developed — чем выше... тем более развиты
89
Task 4.5 Answer the following questions:
1. What did mankind always dream about?
2. When did this dream become reality?
3. When was the spaceship «Vostok» launched?
4. Was Yuri Gagarin the first man to overcome gravitation and orbit the Earth?
5. As what day did the 12th of April go down in history?
6. What has there been in the course of space exploration?
7. What did this period see?
8. Enumerate the stages of manned space flight programs,
9. What opened up a new period of space exploration?
10. What calls have there been recently?
11. Would it be a serious mistake to allow to reduce expenditure on space
exploration?
12. What kind of link is there between the development оf space research
programs and different earth technologies
Task 2. Read the text
WHAT IS NANOTECHNOLOGY?
I. Nanotechnology is an emerging science in which new materials and tiny
structures are built atom-by-atom, or molecule-by-molecule, instead of the
more conventional approach of making parts from pre-existing materials. In
other words it is the engineering of functional systems at the molecular scale. It
is an exciting area of scientific development which promises ‘more for less’. It
offers ways to create smaller, cheaper, lighter and faster devices that can do
more and cleverer things, use less raw materials and consume less energy.
Nanotechnology originates from the Greek word meaning “dwarf”. Nano is
a prefix meaning one-billionth, so a nano meter is one-billionth (10 -9) of a
metre, which is tiny, only the length of ten hydrogen atoms, or about one
hundred thousandth of the width of a hair! Although scientists have
manipulated matter at the nanoscale for centuries, calling it physics or
chemistry, it was not until a new generation of microscopes were invented in
1980s in IBM, Switzerland that the world of atoms and molecules could be
visualized and managed.
In simple terms, nanotechnology can be defined as ‘engineering at a very
small scale’, and this term can be applied to many areas of researchand
development — from medicine to manufacturing and computing, und even to
textiles and cosmetics. It can be difficult to imagine exactly how this better
understanding of the world of atoms and molecules has and will effect the
everyday objects we see around us.
Nanotechnology, in one sense, is the natural continuation of the miniaturization
revolution that we have witnessed over the last decade, where millionth of a
90
metre (10-6 m) micro engineering became commonplace, for example, in the
automotive and aerospace industries enabling the construction of higher quality
and safer vehicles and planes. It was the computer industry that kept on pushing
the limits of Miniaturization, and many electronic devices we see today have
nano features that owe their origins to the computer industry — such as
cameras, CD and DVD players, car airbag pressure sensors and inkjet printers.
II Because of the opportunities nanotechnology offers in creating new features
and functions, it is already providing the solutions to many long-standing medical,
social and environmental problems. Because of its potential, nanotechnology is of
global interest. It is the area of research that is truly multidisciplinary. The
contribution of nanotechnology to new products and processes cannot be made in
isolation and requires a team effort, which may include life scientists — biologists
and biochemists — working with physicists, chemists and information technology
experts. Consider the development of a new cochlear implant, and what that might
require — at least a physiologist, an electronic engineer, a mechanical engineer
and a biomaterials expert. This kind of teamwork is essential, not only for a
cochlear implant, but for any new, nano-based product. Nano scientists are now
enthusiastically examining how the living world ‘works’ in order to find solutions
to problems in the ‘non-living’ world. The way marine organisms build strength
into their shells hail lessons in how to engineer new lightweight, tough materials
for cars the way a leaf photosynthesizes can lead to techniques for efficiently
generating renewable energy; even how a nettle delivers its sting can suggest better
vaccination techniques. These ideas are all leading to what is termed ‘disruptive’
solutions, when the old ways of making things nil completely overtaken and
discarded, in much the same way as a DVD has taken over from videotape, or a
flat screen display from a cathode ray tube. There are many examples of the
application of nanotechnology from the simple to the complex. For example, there
are nano coatings which can repel dirt and reduce the harmful cleaning agents, or
prevent the spread of hospital-borne infections. New-generation hip implants can
be made more ‘body friendly’ because they have a nano scale topography that
encourages acceptance by the cells in their vicinity. Moving on two more complex
products, a good example of the application of nanotechnology is a mobile phone,
which has changed dramatically in a few years — becoming smaller and smaller,
while growing cleverer and faster and cheaper!
Let’s have a look at some
examples of nano materials.
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A quantum computer which can find two 100 digit numbers knowing their product
(производное). 2 — Biological nano machines — natural robots that can assemble
and dismount other molecules. 3 — Atomic force microscope capable of
displacing atoms. 4 — Carbon nanotubes with the highest heat conductivity. 5 —
A quantum dot — an electronic unit capable of “capturing” electrons and holding
them in space of some nanometres. 6 — Gigantic magneto-resistive effect
produced a revolution in computer discs. 7 — Nanoparticles of dioxide tint greatly
increase their antibacterial properties under the action of the sun (the phenomenon
of photocatalysis). 8 — The Kremlin star is made of colloid gold ( Кassy purple). 9
— Small inhibiting RNA (ribonucleic acid) — a real prototype cancer medicine.
Vocabulary:
conventional approach-традиционный подход
pre-existing materials-существовавшие ранее материалы
raw materials-сырье
in simple terms-говоря простым языком
ear implant –ушной протез (имплантант)
inkjet printers-струйные принтер
disruptive solutions-прорывные решения
old ways … are overtaken and diсkared- старые пути (способы) пройдены
отброшены
flat – screen display плоский экран
to build strength into the shell-накапливать силу в раковине
to engineer new lightweight tough materials-создовать прочные материалы
легкого веса
todeliversting-жечь, передавать жгучесть
nano coatings-нанопокрытия
to make more body friendly implants-изготавливать более совместимые (с
организмом ) протезы
to encourage acceptance-способствовать совместимости
Task 2.1Answer the questions.
1.What is the difference between Nano technological and conventional
approaches of making things?
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2. What kind of engineering is nanotechnology?
3. What advantages does nanotechnology offer in creating new products?
4. What is the origin of the word ‘nanotechnology’?
5. What basic inventions contributed to the development of the new science?
6. What electronic devices have nano features?
7. Is nanotechnology a multidisciplinary science? Prove it.
8. Can you give an example of the necessity of the team efforts for the
development of nanotechnology products?
9. What do scientists learn so enthusiastically the environment world for?
10. Give some examples of the application of nanotechnology.
Task 2.2 Read, translate and remember words combinations.
An emerging science; tiny structures; built atom-by-atom; conventional
approach; pre-existing materials; the engineering of functional I systems at the
molecular scale; to promise ‘more for less’; to offer ways to create; to use less raw
materials and consume less energy; to originate from the word; to manipulate
matter; to visualize and manage the world of atoms; in simple terms; in one sense;
to witness the miniaturization revolution; to become commonplace; safer vehicles
of higher quality; to push the limits of miniaturization; to owe the origin; car
airbag pressure sensors; inkjet printers; because of the opportunities; long-standing
environmental problems; to require a team effort; life scientist; ear implant; a
scratch-resistant lens; soap powder; to build strength into shells; to engineer new
lightweight; to generate renewable energy; nettle delivers its sting; ‘disruptive’
solutions; to overtake completely, to discard old ways; nano coatings; to repel dirt;
to reduce the need flif harmful cleaning agents; to prevent the spread of hospitalborne infections; hip implants.
Task 2.3 Find in the text the words corresponding to the following
definitions.
1. A device for detecting, measuring or recording physical phenomena.
2. The technology dealing with very small compact devices.
3. A digital carrier of encoded information.
4. A device for taking photographs.
5. Covering of special material which can repel dirt, preventing the spread of
infections.
6. A device producing or transmitting sound.
7. An operation to produce immunity to a specific disease.
Task 3. Read the text.
NANOFABRICATION
Nanotechnology, a new field in science, is any technology that contains
components smaller than 100 nanometres. For scale, a single virus particle is
about 100 nanometres in width.
It should be noticed that materials reduced to the nanoscale can show
different properties compared to what they exhibit on a macro scale, enabling
93
unique applications. For instance, opaque substances become transparent
(copper); inert materials become catalysts (platinum); Mable materials turn
combustible (aluminium); solids turn into liquids at room temperature (gold);
insulators become conductors (silicon). A material such as gold, which is
chemically inert at normal scales, can serve as a potent chemical catalyst at
Nano scales. Much of the fascination with nanotechnology stems from these
quantum and surface phenomena that matter exhibits at the Nano scale.
An important subfield of nanotechnology related to energy is
nanofabrication. Nanofabrication is the process of designing and creating
devices on the nanoscale. Creating devices smaller than 100 nanometers opens
many doors for the development of new ways to capture, store, and transfer
energy. The inherent level of control that nanofabrication could give scientists
and engineers would be critical in providing the capability of solving many of
the problems that the world is facing today related to the current generation of
energy technologies.
People in the fields of science and engineering have already begun
developing ways of utilizing nanotechnology for the development of
consumer products. Benefits already observed from the design of these
products are an increased efficiency of lighting and heating, increased
electrical storage capacity, and a decrease in the amount of pollution from the
use of energy. Benefits such as these make the investment of capital in the
research and development of nanotechnology a top priority.
Research for longer lasting batteries has been an on going process for
years. Researchers have now begun to utilize nanotechnology for battery
technology. Some laboratories have utilized nano materials to alter the
wetting behaviour of the surface where the liquid in the battery lies to spread
the liquid droplets over a greater area on the surface and therefore have
greater control over the movement of the droplets. This gives more control to
the designer of the battery. This control prevents reactions in the battery by
separating the electrolytic liquid from the anode and the cathode when the
battery is not in use and joining them when the battery is in need of use.
Task 3.1 Fill in the prepositions 1.___ scale, a single virus particle is about
100 nanometers ___ width. 2.An important subfield __nanotechnology related
to energy is nanofabrication. 3.People in the fields ____ science and
engineering have already begun developing ways of utilizing nanotechnology
___ the development ___ consumer products.
Task 3.2 Make new words from the letters included in the given words:
Nanoparticlen – particle; coil; …
Amplification – fiction; aim; …Semiconductor – conductor; rod; dot; …
Task 4. Read the text.
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POSSIBILITIES OF NANOTECHNOLOGY
As we know, nanotechnology refers to a field of applied science and
technology whose theme is the control of master on the atomic and molecular
scale, generally 100 nanometres or smaller, and the fabrication of devices or
materials that lie within that size range. Nanotechnologies are sure to possess
numerous possibilities nowadays. They include:
• The creation of entirely new materials with superior strength, electrical
conductivity, resistance to heat and other properties.
• Microscopic machines for a variety of uses, including probes that could
be injected into the body for medical diagnostics and repair.
• A new class of ultra-small, super-powerful computers and other electronic
devices, including spacecraft.
• A technology in which biology and electronics are merged, creating “gene
chips” that instantly detect food-borne contamination, dangerous substances in
the blood or chemical warfare agents in the air.
• Artificial organs.
• The development of “molecular electronics” and devices that “self
assemble,” similar to the growth of complex organic structures in living
organisms. Theoretically, once set in motion, such self-assembling devices
would build themselves, making electronics processing far less expensive than
conventional semiconductor processing.
With 15,342 atoms, this parallel-shaft speed reducer gear is one of the largest
Nano mechanical devices ever modelled in atomic detail.
Task 5. Read the text
LASER AND ITS OPERATION
As it is known, a laser is an electronic-optical device that emits coherent light
radiation. A typical laser emits light in a narrow, low-divergence monochromatic
beam with a well-defined wavelength.
A laser is composed of an active laser medium, or gain medium, and a resonant
optical cavity. The gain medium transfers external energy into the laser beam. It is
a material (gas, liquid, solid or free electrons )of controlled purity, size,
concentration and shape, which amplifies the beam by the process of stimulated
emission. The gain medium | energized, or pumped, by an external energy source.
Examples of pump sources include electricity and light, for example from a flash
lamp Щ from another laser. The pump energy is absorbed by the laser medium
placing some of its particles into high-energy (“excited”) quantum states. Particles
can interact with light both by absorbing photons or by emitting
The gelium-neon laser. The glowing ray in the middle of an electric discharge
produces light
photons. Emission can be spontaneous or stimulated. In the latter case, THE photon
is emitted in the same direction as the light that is passing by. When the number of
95
particles in one excited state exceeds the number of particles in some lower-energy
state, population inversion is achieved and the amount of stimulated emission due
to light that passes through
is larger than the amount of absorption. Hence, the light is amplified. Strictly
speaking, these are the essential ingredients of a laser. However, usually the term
laser is used for devices where the light amplified is produced as spontaneous
emission from the same gain medium as where the amplification takes place.
Devices where light from an external puree is amplified are normally called optical
amplifiers.
The light generated by stimulated emission is very similar to the input original
in terms of wavelength, phase, and polarization. This gives laser light its
characteristic coherence, and allows it to maintain the uniform polarization and
often monochromaticity established by the optical i cavity design.
The optical cavity, a type of cavity resonator, contains a coherent BEAM of
light between reflective surfaces so that the light passes through the gain medium
more than once before it is emitted from the output aperture. As light circulates
through the cavity, passing through the gain medium, if the gain (amplification) in
the medium is stronger than the resonator losses, the power of the circulating light
rises. But each simulated emission event returns a particle from its excited state to
the ground state, reducing the capacity of the gain medium for further
amplification. When this effect becomes strong, the gain is said to be saturated.
The balance of pump power against gain saturation and cavity losses produces an
equilibrium value of the laser power inside the cavity; this equilibrium determines
the operating point of the laser. If the chosen pump power is too small, the gain is
not sufficient to overcome the resonator losses, and the laser will emit only very
small light powers. The minimum pump power needed to begin laser action is
called the lasing threshold. The gain medium will amplify any photons passing
through it, regardless of direction; but only the photons aligned with the cavity
manage to pass more than once through the medium and so have significant
amplification.
A laser may be either be built to emit a continuous beam or a train of short
pulses. This makes fundamental differences in construction, usable laser material
and application.
Vocabulary:
a resonant optical cavity — оптический объемный резонатор spontaneous
emission — самопроизвольная эмиссия (излучение) a flash lamp — лампа
свечения
«excited» quantum states — «возбужденное» состояние кванта population
inversion — преобразование наполнения characteristic coherence —
характерная когерентность (связность)
to maintain the uniform polarization — поддерживать однородную
поляризацию the output aperture — выходное отверстие stimulated emission
event — всплеск (порция) вынужденного и» лучения
the ground state — основное (исходное) состояние
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pump power — энергия накачки
gain saturation — активное насыщение
the operating point of the laser — рабочий момент лазера
lasing threshold — порог (предел) усиления
Task 5.1 Answer the questions
1.What kind of a beam does a laser emit?
2. What does a laser contain?
3. What material amplifies the laser beam?
4. What energizes the gain medium?
5. What is the process of amplifying the light?
6. What are the main types of emission?
7. What is the role of optical cavity?
8. How does further light amplification take place?
9. What determines the operating point of the laser?
10. What is the lasing threshold?
Task 5.1 Find English equivalents in the text
Узкий монохроматический луч с минимальной дивергенцией
(отклонением); активная среда; объемный резонатор; путем поглощения и
излучения фотонов; самопроизвольное излучениe; вынужденная эмиссия;
низкоэнергетическое состояние; преобразование наполнения; когерентный
луч света; выходное отверстие; возбужденное состояние частиц; сокращать
объем активной среды; активное насыщение; величина равновесия; рабочий
момент лазера; энергия накачки; порог усиления; поток коротких импульсов;
основное различие.
Task 6 Read the text.
GLOBAL WARNING
The islanders of Kiribati and Tuvalu do not need to read about climate
change and global warming — they can see it happening all around them. Sea
levels are rising, and this is changing the way the people in these small Pacific
islands live. Farmers have to grow crops in tin cans because there is too much salt
in the ground, the fish are dying because the sea is too warm, and drinking water is
harder and harder to find. The small island of Tebua Tarawra has already
disappeared, and the islanders of Kiribati and Tuvalu are afraid that more of their
land will soon be under water.
Most scientists around the world agree that the Earth is getting warmer.
They believe that some places are already 2° hotter than they were 50 years ago,
and that temperatures will go up another 5° in the next hundred years. This means
that the ice at the North and South Pole will melt, the oceans will expand and the
sea will rise by as much as one metre.
In the atmosphere above the earth, gases like carbon dioxide naturally trap
the sun's heat and keep the air warm. This stops most of the world from becoming
covered in ice. However, the problem is that human beings are now making this
happen more quickly and dramatically in what scientists call the 'greenhouse
97
effect'. We are creating more and more carbon dioxide by burning fossil fuels (coal
and oil) to make electricity and drive cars. In the USA alone, each person creates
six tons of carbon dioxide a year.
Nobody knows what will happen if global warming continues, but we can
look at an example from the past to see what might happen. In the Pacific Ocean
there is another small island, a rocky, treeless place called Easter Island, which has
many strange old statues. Hundreds of years ago it was green and rich and covered
in trees. However, the islanders cut down their trees to make fires, build boats and
move their statues. As the forests got smaller, they had less fruit and fewer wild
animals and birds to eat; and the people began to go hungry. In the end, there were
no trees at all. The islanders started wars and killed each other, until there was
almost no-one left.
Some scientists believe that in the future the weather will be more extreme
— there will be stronger hurricanes, bigger floods and longer droughts. Some parts
of the world may get warmer and wetter, and others may get colder. This may
affect forests, the food we grow and the animals that live in the wild, and cause
disease to spread more quickly. In many ways we are luckier than the Easter
Islanders, we know about the problems and dangers and what we should do. Let us
hope that we do not make the same mistakes and we learn to look after the
environment.
Task 6.1 Complete these sentences with words from A.
There was a lot of heavy ________ last night. The area is flooded.
The strong_________ knocked down the tree.
Be careful of the strong________. You might get sunburn.
A cool ________on a hot day stops you becoming hot.
Task 6.2 These pictures show other problems which affect the environment.
Talk about what they show.
Task 7. Read the text
Before you start
98
1. In pairs, discuss these questions.
2. The Key Words may help you.
3. What job areas have become more important in the last twenty years?
4. What jobs have become less important?
5. What skills and qualities are useful to get a good job nowadays?
Job trends
Job areas: agriculture, coal mining, information technology, the media,
driving, language skills, organisational ability, typing Qualities: co-operation,
creativity, cultural awareness, flexibility, initiative, motivation of the Fittest
Between now and the 21 st century citizens of the world's richest and most
technologically advanced nations will find it increasingly difficult to keep up with
the demand for change. For them, the future will arrive too soon.' So begins Alvin
Toffler's book Future Shock, written back in 1970.
Now people are beginning to pay attention to Toffler's prediction, because the
speed of change is accelerating rapidly. It is sometimes difficult to work out the
patterns of change. What should you do? (1)____.________
Take a deep breath and try to get a sense of the good things the future has to
offer.
You don't need to be a genius to predict the job areas which will be most
affected by technological change. Agriculture, textiles, coal mining and heavy
industry are all doing badly. (2) _____ ._______.
Without doubt, the number of jobs in information technology will rise
dramatically. There are currently over 100 million computers in the world and by
2020 the number will be around one billion. (3) _____ .
The job market is getting more and more competitive and the idea of a 'job
for life' has There are also many other important changes taking place in the
workplace. First, already become old-fashioned. (4)________.
According to Mark Hastings of the Institute of Management, in the future people
will organise their working life around a variety of contracts, instead of working
just for one company.
In the same way, companies will change; they will be organised more
democratically. People will move sideways to do different jobs, rather than moving
up the 'company ladder' as before. Many more people will work for small, dynamic
companies which can react quickly to changes in the market. Other people will
give up working for a boss and become self-employed. All this means that
companies will require people who are flexible and responsible. (5) ____.
Good communication skills will be essential. According to Dr Laurence Lyons
of the Future Work Forum, women will initially have an advantage in this area.
James Traeger, of the training agency Menswork, explains that many men will
have to be retrained. It's not about making men more like women, but helping men
to communicate as well.'
We are undoubtedly moving towards a global economy English will probably
remain the international business language, so learning Russian or Chinese is not a
99
priority. (6) _____ . Above all, a manager will need to feel comfortable working
with people from other cultures and coping with cultural differences.
New technology is the driving force behind the rapidly changing workplace, so
don't get left behind. You don't need to become a computer expert, but you must
consider improving your computer skills. Work with more than one program in
case you have to use them at work, and try to read about all the latest technology.
Undoubtedly, all this new technology is changing the way we work and
offering many alternative ways of working. Rather than go into an office, a lot of
people are connected to the Internet and now work from home. Working like this
may give you the flexibility you want - to live where you want, to continue your
studies and to have a lot more free time. That must be good news.
Task 7.1 Study the Reading Strategies.
Reading Strategies:
Texts with sentence gaps
First, read the text to get the general idea.
Read each paragraph with a sentence gap again and identify the topic of the
paragraph, e.g. gap 1 = dealing with change.
Read the sentences before and after the gaps. Look for clues about the missing
sentence, e.g. gap 1 = the answer to a question.
Then, look at the missing sentences and underline the linking words, e. of all g.
first.
For each gap, find a sentence that matches the topic of the paragraph and links with
the sentences before and after it, e.g. gap 1 - d.
Follow the stages in the Strategies box to find the correct sentences (a-f) for each
gap (1-6) in the text.
On the other hand, business and professional services, the media, information
technology, and the biosciences are doing really well.Because of this, computer
programmers and systems analysts will be in much greater demand.
However, understanding other people, their minds, culture and history will be vital.
First of all, don't panic.They will also need people who can work co-operatively
and get on well in a team.Because of this, workers will have to be more flexible.
Task 7.2 Read the article again and answer these questions.
1.What is 'future shock' and how does it affect people?
2.What are the job areas of the future?
3.How will careers change?
4.How will companies change?
5.What skills and personal qualities will?
6.Write down some of the predictions made by the journalist.
Task 7.3 Use your own words where possible.
Example: The journalist said that, in the future, sectors like farming, mining and
heavy industry would probably lose jobs. She ...
Task 7.4 In pairs, discuss what things you can do to improve your future
career prospects.
100
Speaking and vocabulary: global issues
Task 7.5 Match the newspaper headlines A-N to the global issue above.
Work in pairs. Discuss these questions.
Can you think of any other global issues?
Which three issues are most important to you? Why?
Task 7.6 Look at these sentences and decide if you agree, partly agree,
disagree or strongly disagree.
We should find solutions to our own problems before we try to help the rest of the
world.
Women worry about the world's problems more than men do.
Politicians will find solutions to the world's problems.
There is nothing that I can do about the world's problems.
It is the job of the United Nations (not national governments) to solve the world's
problems.
Task 7.7 Work in small groups and compare your opinions
Наименование темы для самостоятельной работы студентов, их
содержание и объем в часах. (СРС)
№ Наименование Задания
Методические
Рекомендуемая Часы
рекомендации
литература
темы
1
Моя будущая
карьера
1.Устное
сообщение
по теме
2.Выполнить
упражнение
Прочитать текст в
специальной
литературе.
2 (доп.)
2
Резюме.
Выбор
профессии
1.Устное
сообщение
по теме
2. Написать эссе
3.Выполнить
упражнение
1.Написать эссе
по
заданной
теме
2.
Составить
диалог
3.Выполнить
упражнения
1.Устное
сообщение
по теме
2.Ответить на
Прочитать текст в
специальной
литературе.
2 (доп.)
3
Научнотехнический
прогресс
4
История
лазеров
На сайте
Интернета найти
необходимую
информацию.
Прочитать текст
Вашингтон и
ответить на
вопросы.
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3
3
9 (доп.)
3
3
1
(осн..)стр.278280
5
Лазерная
технология
6
Типы лазеров
7
Electricity
8
Computers
Concern You
9
Made in Space
10 Transport for
Tomorrow
вопросы
3.Выполнить
упражнения
1.Устное
сообщение
по теме
2.Составить
диалог
3. Выполнить
упражнения
4.Пересказать
текст
1.Устное
сообщение
по теме
2. Составить
диалог
3. Выполнить
упражнения
1.Устное
сообщение
по теме
2.Выполнить
упражнение
1.Устное
сообщение
по теме
2. Написать эссе
3.Выполнить
упражнение
1.Устное
сообщение
по теме
2.Ответить
на
вопросы
3.Выполнить
упражнения
1.Устное
сообщение
по теме
2.Ответить
на
вопросы
3.Выполнить
упражнения
На сайте
Интернета найти
необходимую
информацию.
1(осн.)
стр.285-287
3
Прочитать текст и
выполнить
1(осн.)
задание.
стр.293-294
3
Прочитать текст в
специальной
литературе.
4(осн.)стр.3637
3
Прочитать текст в
специальной
литературе.
4(осн.)стр.7273
3
На сайте
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необходимую
информацию.
4(осн.)стр.8082
3
Прочитать текст
Вашингтон и
ответить на
вопросы.
4(осн.)стр.9597
3
102
11 A new Era for
Aircraft
12 The Return of
the Dirigibles
13 Descending to
New Ocean
Depth
14 Greenwich
15 Optical
Technology
1.Устное
сообщение
по теме
2.Составить
диалог
3. Выполнить
упражнения
4.Пересказать
текст
1.Устное
сообщение
по теме
2. Составить
диалог
3.
Выполнить
упражнения
1.Устное
сообщение
по теме
2.Выполнить
упражнение
1.Устное
сообщение
по теме
2. Написать эссе
3.Выполнить
упражнение
1.Устное
сообщение
по теме
2.Составить
диалог
3. Выполнить
упражнения
4.Пересказать
текст
На сайте
Интернета найти
необходимую
информацию.
4(осн.)стр.110112
3
Прочитать текст и 4(осн.)стр.118выполнить
119
задание.
3
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специальной
литературе.
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4(осн.)стр.125127
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Грамматический справочник
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Task 1.1 Translate the sentences .Pay attention to using Present Perfect
Continuous.
For hundreds of years people have .been dreaming of cosmic flights, j 2. It
had been snowing for an hour when I started to drive home. 3. I had been driving
for 20 minutes before the accident happened. 4. How long will the spacecraft have
been flying when it reaches the space station? I will have been flying for two
weeks. 5. How long had you been studying English before you entered the
University? 6. Many people have been taking the bus every day for many years. 7.
That man has been standing at the bus stop, and has been waiting for the bus for
fifteen minutes. 8, 1low long will your Granny have been working before she
retires? She will hum been working for about 30 years. 9. How long have they been
broadcasting this news ? They have been broadcasting it for more than 15 minute
already. 10. How long will you have been reading before you go to bed? I’ll have
been reading for half an hour before going to bed.
Task 1.2 Give answers according to the model.
A.in Present Perfect Continuous.
— Why are you so angry? (quarrel with Max).
— I am angry because I’ve been quarrelling with Max. I
1. Why are her eyes red? (cry). 2. Why are you so dirty? (repair mycar in the
garage). 3. Why is Kate’s coat wet? (walk in the rain). 4. Why is the Den’s mouth
blue? (eat bilberries). 5. How did she learn to speak English so well? (live in
England). 6. Why is Mike not at the lesson? (wait for Alice). 7. Why is Mary not
at the seminar? (look after her little brother). 8. Why haven’t they had time to call
on us? (arrange their journey).
B. in Past Perfect Continuous.
— Did she work at the University? — Yes, she did.
— How long had she been working there before she retired? (for 25 years).
— She had been working at the University for 25 years.
|
Did you stay at the hotel when you were in St. Petersburg? ... How long ... when
Mary arrived? (for a week). 2. Did they study French before they went to France?
... How long ... (for five years). 3. Did Mr. Smith work at his book last year? ...
How long ... before he sent it to the publishing house? (for about a year). 4. Did
you play chess yesterday? ... How long ... before you took part in the chess
tournament for the first time? (for five years). 5. Did it rain yesterday? ... How
long ... before you could go for a walk? (for an hour). 6. Did the Petrenkos live in
Kiev in 1940? ... How long ... when the war broke out? (for ten years). 7. Did Kate
work at the language laboratory last week ? ... How long ... before she could speak
fluently? (for three years).
С. in Future Perfect Continuous.
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- How long will he have been working at the factory by the end of П1кyear?
(for twenty years).
-He will have been working there for twenty years.
1.How long will you have been writing your book when I arrive? (for some
months). 2. How long will she have been studying English when the enters the
University? (for seven years). 3. How long will he have ben working at his thesis
when his supervisor come back from America? for half a year). 4. How long will
Mrs. Rice have been teaching Russian before she comes to Russia? (for three
years). 5. How long will the train have been running when it reaches Tula? (for 12
hours). 6. How long will they have been waiting for Ann when she returns from
the concert? (for about four hours). 7. How long will Alex have been using your
car before you return from Moscow? (for three weeks).
В.Open the brackets and put the verbs in the proper tenses.
Ever since A. Volta first (to produce) a source of continuous current,scientists (to
form) theories on this subject. 2. The main problem К.Tsiolkovsky (to work) at
for many years, (to be) creating a theory of Interplanetarytravel. 3. This plant (to
produce) steel since 1965. 4. This (fi1m (to run) for over two months till the next
film (to be released). 5. We (to test)the new apparatus for several hours before we
(to go) on with our experiment. 6. You (to read) this article since 10 o’clock. It’s
about midday now and you (to read still) and (not to finish) reading it yet.
7.The Salyut space stations (to serve) for astronautical observations and material
processing experiments for more than 30 years. 8. This engineer (towork) at this
scientific research institute since 1995. 9. Scientists (to make)these experiments
for two months before the head of the laboratory(to arrive). 10. The satellite (to
orbit) around the Earth for several yearsbefore it (to stop) its operation in 2017.
Task 1.Make up the questions and answer the questions according to the
model.
Ask your friend: where he lives.
— Where do you live? — I live in Pushkinskaya street.
1.Ask your friend if he has a sister or a brother. 2. Ask him (her) what foreign
language he studied at school. 3. Ask him if he is ready for the lesson. 4. Ask him
if he has already done his home task. 5. Ask him if he has written the essay in
literature. 6. Ask him when he will finish his work. 7. Ask him if he will have
finished his work by the evening. 8. Ask him if he had spoken English before he
entered the University. 9. Ask him if he knows when the first man orbited the
Earth. 10. Ask him who the founder of astronautics was.
Task 1.1Put each verb in brackets into a suitable tense. Translate the
sentences.
A. Translate into Russian.
My brother (work) at a research institute. He (work) there for five years since
2002. This year he (work) at his thesis. He (write) his thesis for some months.
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Now he (make) experiments at the laboratory. I hope he (to finish) his job by
midday and we (to go) to some place to have |i snack.
Nick (write) a letter when I came. He (write) a letter for an hour when I
entered. Nick (not write) a letter yesterday and he (not write) it before my coming.
He just (finish) to write his letter and now (to put) it into an envelope.
Don’t go out, it (rain) now. It (rain) since early morning. I think il soon (stop)
raining. It often (rain) in autumn, you know. Two days ago it also (rain) and we (to
get) wet through while we (to run) home from the river.
Mike (learn) German next year. He (study) German for seven years when he
enters the University. He (learn) these new words and (translate) the article by the
time you come to see us in the evening. He (to like) German and (to speak) the
language rather well.
1. Helen (do) her homework in an hour. She (do) it from 5 till 7 o’clock. She
(finish) her work by 7 o’clock and then we (go) for a walk.
Task 1.5 Read and translate these sentences. Pay attention to prepositions.
А. among, between
Bus N5 runs between Piccadilly Circus and Trafalgar Square.2. They like to walk
in the forest among the high trees. 3.1 can’t find my handkerchief among all those
things. 4. Let it stay between you and me. 5. I’ll is lying on the grass among
beautiful flowers. 6. Who is that boy standing between Fred and Alex? 7. There is
a small table between two armchairs.
A. besides,
except
I. All the boys are playing football except Tom. He is watching their game. 2, We
study many subjects at school besides English. 3. Kate likes eat the fruits except
bananas. 4.1 have two more friends besides Pete. 5. Den trains much in the gym,
besides his morning exercises, в. Besides jazz. I enjoy rap and rock. 7. Everybody
agrees with me except Mike.
C. beyond
l. You can’t enjoy the sea; it’s beyond that big hill. 2. I’m doing my pest, but to
help him is beyond my power. 3. The scenery in some parts of the Caucasus is
beautiful beyond description. 4. Children, don’t go beyond the garden-gate! 5. His
honesty is beyond doubt. 6 . The house is a little beyond the bridge.
Task 1.6 Complete the sentence with a suitable preposition.
1.The airplanes start regularly __ in the case____ a storm.
2. I can’t do it alone; you have to ask somebody else me.
3. The ship makes regular voyages_ Sochi and Taganrog
4. He goes _ school every day ______ Sunday.
5. I can’t get what he is talking______ ; it’s my understanding.
6. Ann failed to see the manager as she came____his visiting hours.
7. Kate is fairest _____ the girls our group. Her beauty is____
doubt.
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8. He has no time left ____ work and studies; and he has no experience
____training.
9. Don’t get frightened, you’re _____friends.
school
2.8 Тестовые задания для самоконтроля.
Choose the correct form,A,B,C,D, to complete the sentence.
1.Mendeleyev’s Periodic Table is based on the atomic weights of elements and
their chemical___________.
A.processes
B. protons
C. properties
D.probabilities
2. Atoms consist of positively charged ________and negatively electrons
revolving around it.
A. neutron
B. nucleus;
C. molecule
D. electrons
3. It`s well known that _________discovered the electron.
A.Lomonosov
B.Faraday
C.Thomson
D. Becquerel
4. In a nuclear plant heat is produced by________atoms.
A.splitting
B.heating
C. cooling
D.connecting
5. It is nuclear_______ that breaks unstable nuclei into smaller ones
releasing a great amount of energy.
A. fusion;
B. fraction;
C. function;
D. fission.
6. ____ is considered one of the main fuels for the nuclear powerplant.
A. mendelevium;
B. radium;
C. uranium;
D.polonium.
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7. American astronauts descended on to the Moon in the
__________
landing module.
A. Apollo;
B. Eagle;
C. Explorer;
D. Discovery.
8. We know that the design of the first rocket-propelled vehicle was worked out by
A. Konstantinov;
B. Kibalchich;
C.Korolyov;
D.Tsiolkovsky.
9. Nuclear power has many____ for its application in satellites and spaceships.
A.admissions;
B.adoptions;
C.advantages;
D. accomodations.
10. The first walk into outer space was performed by the Russian cosmonaut from
____the spaceship.
A. Voskhod;
B. Vostok;
C. Soyuz;
D.Molnia.
2 .Match the words in A with their definitions in B
A
11. Vehicle
B
a) a moon revolving around a larger planet.
12.
Satellite
b) the world; the totality of all the things that exist.
13.
Fission
c) joining up with another vehicle in outer space.
14.
Emission
d) a splitting; division into parts.
15.
Docking
e) the ejection of electrons from a surface by heat,
radiation, etc.
16.
Universe
f) any device for carrying persons or objects over land
or in space.
17.
Nucleus
g) the first American artificial satellite.
18.
Vostok
h) the landing module on which two Americans
descended on to the Moon
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19.
Eagle
i) the spaceship launched with the first man to orbit the
earth.
20.
Explorer
j) the central part of an atom, constituting almost all of
the mass of an atom
2.8 Тестовые задания для самоконтроля.
Choose the correct form,A,B,C,D, to complete the sentence.
1.Mendeleyev’s Periodic Table is based on the atomic weights of elements and
their chemical___________.
A.processes
B. protons
C. properties
D.probabilities
2. Atoms consist of positively charged ________and negatively electrons
revolving around it.
A. neutron
B. nucleus;
C. molecule
D. electrons
3. It`s well known that _________discovered the electron.
A.Lomonosov
B.Faraday
C.Thomson
D. Becquerel
4. In a nuclear plant heat is produced by________atoms.
A.splitting
B.heating
C. cooling
D.connecting
5. It is nuclear_______ that breaks unstable nuclei into smaller ones
releasing a great amount of energy.
A. fusion;
B. fraction;
C. function;
D. fission.
6. ____ is considered one of the main fuels for the nuclear powerplant.
109
A. mendelevium;
B. radium;
C. uranium;
D.polonium.
7. American astronauts descended on to the Moon in the
__________
landing module.
A. Apollo;
B. Eagle;
C. Explorer;
D. Discovery.
8. We know that the design of the first rocket-propelled vehicle was worked out by
A. Konstantinov;
B. Kibalchich;
C.Korolyov;
D.Tsiolkovsky.
9. Nuclear power has many____ for its application in satellites and spaceships.
A.admissions;
B.adoptions;
C.advantages;
D. accomodations.
10. The first walk into outer space was performed by the Russian cosmonaut from
____the spaceship.
A. Voskhod;
B. Vostok;
C. Soyuz;
D.Molnia.
2 .Match the words in A with their definitions in B
A
11. Vehicle
B
a) a moon revolving around a larger planet.
12.
Satellite
b) the world; the totality of all the things that exist.
13.
Fission
c) joining up with another vehicle in outer space.
14.
Emission
d) a splitting; division into parts.
15.
Docking
e) the ejection of electrons from a surface by heat,
radiation, etc.
16.
Universe
f) any device for carrying persons or objects over land
or in space.
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17.
Nucleus
g) the first American artificial satellite.
18.
Vostok
h) the landing module on which two Americans
descended on to the Moon
19.
Eagle
i) the spaceship launched with the first man to orbit the
earth.
20.
Explorer
j) the central part of an atom, constituting almost all of
the mass of an atom
Task 1.2 Put suitable words in each space.
21. Interface and Colloid Science gave great______ to the advancement of
nanoscience.
A. birth;
B. development;
C.impetus;
D. research.
22. Nanotechnology is the engineering of functional systems at the____
scale.
A. atomic;
B. particle;
C. electron;
D. molecular.
23.For hundreds of years people ______ of cosmic flights.
A. had been dreaming
B. has been dreaming
C. have been dreaming
D. is dreaming
24.Russian scientists _____ already solved many problems of nuclear
physics.
A. had
B. has
C. have
D.are
25. New____ of microscopes helped advance the science of nanotechnology
A. gravitation;
B. production;
C.generation;
D.contribution.
26.Implants made with the use of nanotechnology______
acceptance
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by the native cells.
A. encourage;
B.enlarge;
C.endeavour;
D.engage.
27.The great self-taught scientist K.Tsiolkovsky lived at the beginning of the__
-th century.
A .20.
B. 17
C. 19
D.18
28.______
worked out the technology that allowed him to build new
devices at a molecular scale.
A . R. Feynman;
B. R. Drexler;
C. V. Roco;
D. B. Gates.
29 . The invention of____led to the discovery of nanotubes and the research
of semiconductor nanocrystals.
A.AFM
B.STM
C.IBM
D.DVD
30.Nanotechnology is supposed to appear in _____
A. 1959
B. 1980
C. 1986
D. 2005
Ключи правильных ответов:
1.A
6.C
11. f
16.b
21 C.
2.B
7.B
12.a
17.j
22. D
3.C
8.B
13.d
18.i
23. C
4.A
9.C
14.e
19.h
24. C
5.D
10.B
15.c
20.g
25. C
Тематический глоссарий
A
аccelerate- ускорять(ся)
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26. A
27. A
28. B
29. B
30. A
achieve- достигать, завершать
adjust – приспосабливать, регулировать
agent – фактор, вещество, действующая сила
artificial – искусственный
B
beam – луч, пучок лучей, излучать
bond – связь, соединение
broadcast – передавать (сообщение), ретранслировать, вещание
browse – просматривать (содержимое)
С
challenge – трудность, препятствие, представлять трудность
charge – заряд, заряжать
combustion – горение, сгорание
сonduct – проводить, сопровождать
conductivity – проводимость
consume – потреблять, расходовать
crew – экипаж, команда
D
deployment – развертывание, установка
detect – обнаруживать, выявлять
discharge – разряд, разгрузка, выхлоп
droplet – капелька
E
emergency – авария, чрезвычайная ситуация
engine – машина, двигатель
exploration – исследование, развертка
explore – исследовать, обследовать
F
fail – сбой, отказ, повреждение, выходить из строя
failure – поломка, отказ, неисправность
fire – запускать, выстреливать, увольнять
fission – расщепление, деление (атомного ядра)
flight – полет
fuel – топливо
G
generate –генерировать, производить, вырабатывать
gravity – притяжение, тяготение, сила тяжести
H
handle-обращаться,иметь дело с
harmful-вредный,пагубный
I
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ignition – зажигание, воспламенение
implement-выполнять,осуществлять
J
join-соединение
junction-узел,соединение
К
knowledge- знания,осведомленность
know-how-технология,методика,знания
L
launch – запуск, запускать
lubrication – смазка, смазывание
M
maintain – обслуживать, содержать, эксплуатировать
man-made – исскуственный
multi-stage –многоступенчатый
N
nozzle – сопло
nozzle exhaust –выхлопное сопло
nuclear – ядерный
O
operate – работать, действовать, функционировать
orbite the earth –облететь Землю
outer – внешний, наружный
P
pave way –проложить путь
propel –двигать, приводить в движение
propellant – ракетное (топливло)
propulsion – движение вперед, двигатель, силовая установка
Q
quality – качество, свойство, характеристика
R
research –исследование, изучение, исследовать
rocketry – ракетостроение
S
satellite – спутник
spasecraft – космический летательный аппарат
T
transfer – передавать, переносить, передача, переход
treatment –обращение ,обработка
U
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Unit – единица, блок, устройство, модуль
Universe – вселенная
V
versatile –универсальный, разносторонний, многофункциональный
Venus – Венера
W
Work out – разрабатывать
World wide – всемирный (об информационной сети)
X
X-ray – рентгеновы лучи, рентгеновский
Y
уield – выход (результатов), выпуск, выдача, выдавать
Z
zone –зона, область, полоса
Мырзабаева Айжан Жусуповна
Мендыбаева Люция Бариевна
Иностранный язык
учебно-методический комплекс дисциплины
(для специальности 5В074600 – Космическая техника, технологии)
115
Протокол заседания кафедры
«Иностранных языков»
№____ « ___ » _______
Протокол заседания НМС института
«Базового образования»
г.
2013 г.
№_____ « ____ »________ 2013
Подписано в печать … 20…г.
Тираж … экз. Формат 60х84 1/16. Бумага типографская № 1.
Объем … п. л. Заказ № … Цена договорная
Издание Казахского национального технического университета
имени К.И. Сатпаева
Информационно-издательский центр КазНТУ
г. Алматы, ул. Сатпаева, 22
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