Earth Science Final Exam Study Guide
DUE DATE:
IGNEOUS ROCKS
Name
1.
Describe Granite______________________________________________________________
2.
Describe Basalt
3.
Oceanic crust is (mafic/felsic) and therefore has a (high/low) amount of silica.
4.
How can you tell if a rock is intrusive?
_______________________________________________
5.
How can you tell if a rock is extrusive?
________________________________________________
6.
Describe Felsic rocks. ____________________________________________________________
7.
Describe Mafic rocks. _____________________________________________________________
8.
Draw each intrusive igneous rock structure. (Dike, Sill, Laccolith, Batholith)
9.
Describe how each type of rock can become the other type of rock. (Rock Cycle)
10.
Describe the 3 different types of volcanos (include shape, type of crust, eruption type)
A.
Shield -
B. Composite -
C. Cone -
11.
How is magma different than lava?
12.
Describe a pyroclastic flow.
PLATE TECTONICS
13. What is the minimum number of seismograph stations needed to locate an epicenter?
A) 10 B) 2
A) Collision boundary
C) 3 D) 15
14. Volcanoes occur at which of the following plate boundaries?
B) divergent boundary C) transform fault
15. The shapes of what two continents' coastlines led to early suggestions they had been joined at one time?
A) South America and Africa
C) Australia and Africa
B) North America and Australia
D) Asia and North America
16. Which letter locates the epicenter of the earthquake?
A) B B) D C) C D) A

17. _________________ is thought to be the cause of plate movement.
A) Giant fish inside the Earth B) Hamsters on treadmills
D) Subduction zones C) Convection currents
Base your answer to question 18 on the diagram below. It represents contour lines on a topographic map with cross-section line AB.
18. Draw the topographic profile (SIDE VEIW) along line AB.
19. Which letter indicates the focus of the earthquake?
20. The further one gets from a spreading center, the older the seafloor rock gets.
A) true B) false C) maybe
Base your answer to question 21 on the diagram below.
21. Which diagram best shows the magnetic pattern and relative age of the igneous bedrock on the west side of the ridge?
A) B) C)
22. The diagram to the right is an example of a ______mountain.
A) folded B) dome C) fault-block
23. Mid-ocean ridges (rifts) normally form where tectonic plates are ______.
A) diverging
C) converging
B) stationary
D) sliding past each other

Base your answer to question 24 on the diagram below. It represents three seismograms showing the same earthquake as it was recorded at three different seismic stations, A, B, and C.
24. Which statement correctly describes the distance between the earthquake epicenter and these seismic stations?
A) B is closest to the epicenter, and C is farthest from the epicenter.
B) C is closest to the epicenter, and A is farthest from the epicenter.
C) A is closest to the epicenter, and C is farthest from the epicenter.
D) A is the closest to the epicenter, and B is the farthest from the epicenter.
Base your answers to questions 25 and 26 on the diagrams below.
25. Which diagram represents plate movement associated with transform faults such as those causing
California earthquakes?
A) A B) B C) C D) D
26. Which location best represents the boundary between the African plate and the South American plate?
A) A B) B C) C D) D
27. The diagram to the right is an example of a ______mountain.
A) dome B) fault-block C) folded
28. Draw a transform fault.

29. Which of the following is an important reason why Wegener's continental drift hypothesis was NOT widely accepted?
A) Not all the continents appear as though they were once joined
B) Wegener did not present any fossil evidence
C) Wegener did not explain how the continents moved
D) The magnetic properties of rocks had not yet been discovered
Base your answer to question 30 on the geologic cross sections below, which represent bedrock from different areas on Earth.
30. All the cross sections most likely represent areas of________.
A) mountain building B) plateau development
D) crustal stability C) seashore erosion
31. Draw a normal fault and a reverse fault. Which one has tension stress? Which one has compression stress?
32. The diagram below is an example of a ______ mountain.
A) fault-block B) dome
Base your answer to question 33 on the map below.
C) folded
33. Which present-day geologic feature in Nepal resulted from this collision?
A) a rift valley
C) a mountain range
B) an oceanic trench
D) an oceanic ridge
34. The letter A in the diagram is a , letter B is a .

35. The theory of plate tectonics helps to explain the locations of ________.
A) volcanoes and the mantle
C) earthquakes and volcanoes
B) the mantle and the lithosphere
D) earthquakes and the lithosphere
Base your answers to questions 36 through 38 on the topographic map below.
36. What is the approximate gradient along the straight dashed line between points X and Y?
A) 50 m/km B) 100 m/km C) 150 m/km D) 300 m/km
37. What is a possible elevation of point A?
A) 575 meters B) 600 meters C) 655 meters D) 710 meters
38. In which general direction does Flint Creek flow?
A) northeast B) southeast C) southwest D) northwest
MINERALS
39.
List the 5 characteristics of a mineral:
1) _____I____________________________________________________________________
2) _____S___________________________________________________________________
3) _____O____________________________________________________________________
4) _____D____________________________________________________________________
5) _____A____________________________________________________________________
40.
Silicates always have what two elements in them?
41.
The physical properties of minerals are: (what we find with scratch test, etc.) Describe each.
1) ___________________________________________________________________________
2) ___________________________________________________________________________
3) ____________________________________________________________________________
4) ____________________________________________________________________________
5) ____________________________________________________________________________
6) ____________________________________________________________________________
WEATHERING & EROSION
42.
Define weathering:
43.
Define erosion:

44.
Examples of physical weathering are:
45.
Examples of chemical weathering are:
46.
List the 5 agents of erosion/transportation of sediment:
1) _________________
3) _________________
5) _________________
METAMORPHIC ROCKS
2) _________________
4) _________________
47.
What happens to rocks as they are metamorphosed?
48.
Bands of minerals caused by intense pressure are called:
49.
What are the two ways that rocks can be metamorphosed?
50.
Describe the 3 types of metamorphism:
1.
dynamic:
2.
regional:
3.
contact:
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
51.
Compare and contrast conglomerate and breccia.
52.
Describe mud cracks:
53.
Describe fossils:
54.
How are sedimentary rocks classified?
55.
Describe what happens to sediment as they become more mature.
RIVER SYSTEMS
56.
Sort all of these features of a river system into erosional or depositional. alluvial fan,
floodplain, cut bank, point bar, river channel, delta, oxbow lake/swamp
EROSIONAL:
DEPOSITIONAL:

57.
Describe what a tributary and braided river is.
58.
Compare and contrast a delta and an alluvial fan.
VA GEOLOGY & NATURAL RESOURCES
Use the map of VA below and label each letter with the name of the geologic province. Then answer the questions below.
A.
B.
B
C.
D.
E.
A
D
E
C
59.
In what province are you most likely to find sand and gravel as a natural resource?
60.
In what province do we mine and use coal?
61.
Which province has the most karst topography (caves, sinkholes, etc.)
62.
Sort all of these natural resources into renewable or nonrenewable. coal, natural gas,
rocks/minerals, geothermal, oil, wood, water, solar, wind, nuclear
RENEWABLE:
NON-RENEWABLE:
GEOLOGIC TIME & DATING
Use the geologic timeline on p. 669 to answer the questions in this section.
63.
Put these segments of time in order from largest to smallest: period, eon, era, epoch
64.
Which era is currently the present era?
65.
In which period were the first mammals alive?
66.
Compare and contrast absolute and relative dating:
67.
Describe what an unconformity is:
68.
What is the law of superposition? How about inclusion or embedded fragments?

Use the diagram below to answer questions about relative dating.
69.
Give the letter of one igneous intrusion.
70.
Which rock layer is older, B or C?
71.
Which rock layer is older, A or X?
72.
Which rock layer is older, Y or X?
73.
What type of unconformity is represented by layers
A-X being faulted and tilted?
74.
Define half-life and explain how we can use this in absolute dating:
SOILS
75.
How are soils formed?
76.
Compare and contrast residual & transported soils.
77.
The correct order in the development of the soil stages from youngest to most mature in the diagram below is
A.
I, II, IV, III
B.
III, I, II, IV
C.
II, IV, III, I
D.
III, II, IV, I
In the soil horizons profile directly above, give the letter of the layer that is best described here:
78.
parent rock:
79.
weathered bedrock:
80.
layer that experiences the most weathering and erosion: